Add updates up until 2024-10-04 12:07:53

2024-10-04 12:14:04 +00:00 · 2024-10-04 12:14:04 +00:00 · 7297979cd6
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 Co-infection and the density of 
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 The density of 
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 was evaluated using relative qPCR based on the single (Sp 
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 ) and double co-infection (Sp 
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 ) status. As expected, the results showed that flies infected with 
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 (Sp 
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 and Sp 
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 ) had a significantly higher density of 
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 compared to those not infected (Sp 
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 between flies infected with 
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 and not infected with 
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 (Sp 
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 ) and those infected with both (Sp 
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 of 
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 Among the 35 samples sequenced, 14 sequences from Comoe in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA1756249FF2DF8B2FEA749CF" box="[229,374,1903,1926]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 , two from the CIRDES colony, and two from Walewale in 
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 were used for the analysis. For the four genes used for the sequencing, 2,885 base pairs of sequence were generated. The comparison of the sequences showed a global nucleotide mutation rate of 0.06% with two SNPs (
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 ). These two SNPs were found on the 
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 /745 bp) and 
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 gene (1 
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 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA1756249FAB7FB3AFA6B4AB7" box="[1407,1466,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">rRNA</emphasis>
 and 
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 and 
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 , two genotypes were found, while only one was detected for CIRDES (
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 and 
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 ). Three different haplotypes were found in the sampling areas with a specific haplotype for the CIRDES colony and 
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 and 
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 sharing the same haplotypes (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A1756249FAAEFA5DFA654BDE" box="[1382,1460,1408,1431]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="9.[113,171,532,553]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 6. Spiroplasma haplotypes found in the same individuals collected in East and Southern African countries. The frequency of occurrence of the haplotypes is shown in the last column. The number in parentheses indicates the total number of flies in which the haplotype was detected." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 6</tableCitation>
 , 
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A1756249FCE5FA42FCBA4BFF" box="[813,875,1439,1462]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[113,180,1536,1557]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,934,1516]" captionTargetId="figure-429@9.[151,1436,934,1516]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Neighbor-Joining consensus tree (A) and Haplotype network analysis (B) of the Spiroplasma in G. tachinoides in Burkina Faso and Ghana. (A) Neighbor-Joining consensus tree was built after alignment of all the concatenated sequences. The method used to calculate the distance was Tamura-Nei. (B) Haplotype network generated based on the ML tree which was generated based on Spiroplasma sequences. The black lineaments on the lines represent mutation events between the haplotypes. The different colors represent the locations. The reference sequence of Spiroplasma in G. fuscipes fuscipes species (KX159391) was used as the outgroup for construction of both phylogenetic tree and haplotype network." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
 ).
 </paragraph>
 </subSubSection>
 </treatment>
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 <treatment id="0B4D879BA1766248FCE5F9D5FF01490F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0B4D879BA1766248FCE5F9D5FF01490F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0B4D879BA1766248FCE5F9D5FF01490F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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 <paragraph id="835B368DA176624AFCE5F9D5FC0A4808" blockId="4.[813,1288,1544,1601]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 <heading id="D81381E1A176624AFCE5F9D5FC0A4808" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="4">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCE5F9D5FC0A4808" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 Interaction between 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFBF9F9D5FB004868" ID-CoL="6466Q" authority="Saglio et al. 1973" box="[1073,1233,1544,1569]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBF9F9D5FB004868" bold="true" box="[1073,1233,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 and 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFCE5F9F5FC0A4808" ID-CoL="64874" authority="Gruby, 1843" box="[813,987,1576,1601]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCE5F9F5FC0A4808" bold="true" box="[813,987,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 </emphasis>
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 </subSubSection>
 <subSubSection id="CBFE6506A1766248FCE5F983FF01490F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
 <paragraph id="835B368DA176624AFCE5F983FB84483B" blockId="4.[813,1109,1630,1650]" box="[813,1109,1630,1650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCE5F983FB84483B" bold="true" box="[813,1109,1630,1650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Prevalence of co-infections</emphasis>
 </paragraph>
 <paragraph id="835B368DA1766248FC9DF94AFF01490F" blockId="4.[813,1467,1686,2046]" lastBlockId="6.[113,768,1711,1862]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 The results of the analysis showed that 12.56% of the flies were infected both with 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFBEBF96BFB744884" box="[1059,1189,1718,1741]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBEBF96BFB744884" box="[1059,1189,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 and 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFB1FF96BFAB44884" box="[1239,1381,1718,1741]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB1FF96BFAB44884" box="[1239,1381,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 , regardless of country, location, and sex. However, the prevalence of single infections of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFC31F92EFBAA4943" box="[1017,1147,1779,1802]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC31F92EFBAA4943" box="[1017,1147,1779,1802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 (35.83%) was higher than that of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFC85F8CCFC0A4961" box="[845,987,1809,1832]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC85F8CCFC0A4961" box="[845,987,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 (17.46%) (
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFB92F8CCFB4A4961" box="[1114,1179,1809,1832]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[113,180,1517,1538]" captionTargetBox="[119,761,1036,1496]" captionTargetId="figure-504@7.[119,761,1035,1496]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Prevalence of co-infection Spiroplasma-Trypanosoma in wild G. tachinoides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628834/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
 ). The association between 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFCE5F8EDFC7E490E" box="[813,943,1840,1863]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCE5F8EDFC7E490E" box="[813,943,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 and 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFC2FF8EDFBA4490E" box="[999,1141,1840,1863]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC2FF8EDFBA4490E" box="[999,1141,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 infections was analyzed using the Cochran-Manthel-Haenzel (
 <collectionCode id="E5F5AE48A176624AFBBDF893FB62492C" box="[1141,1203,1870,1893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CMH</collectionCode>
 ) test and chi-square test. Across all samples, the 
 <collectionCode id="E5F5AE48A176624AFBE2F8B0FBB749CD" box="[1066,1126,1901,1924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CMH</collectionCode>
 test showed a significant deviation from independence between the two infections (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCFDF874FC954988" bold="true" box="[821,836,1961,1985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFC8CF879FC9F49FD" attach="both" box="[836,846,1956,1972]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 <collectionCode id="E5F5AE48A176624AFC85F877FCA64988" box="[845,887,1962,1985]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MH</collectionCode>
 = 5.19, df = 1, 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBD3F877FBF94988" box="[1051,1064,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.02). The chi-square test confirmed that the independence between 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFBBDF815FB264996" box="[1141,1271,1992,2015]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBBDF815FB264996" box="[1141,1271,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 and 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFAE4F815FA6B4996" box="[1324,1466,1992,2015]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFAE4F815FA6B4996" box="[1324,1466,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 infections was significant with a Bonferroni correction of 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA1746248FFB9F968FFAF4884" bold="true" box="[113,126,1717,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OE</emphasis>
 = 0.006 (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA1746248FF24F968FF2A4884" bold="true" box="[236,251,1717,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A1746248FF33F972FED448F6" attach="left" box="[251,261,1711,1727]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</superScript>
 = 9.85, 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA1746248FEACF968FEA04885" box="[356,369,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">p</emphasis>
 = 0.03). However, when considering countries, only in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA1746248FEF8F909FEA248A2" box="[304,371,1748,1771]" name="Ghana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 the chi-square test did show a significant deviation from independence between the two microbial infections (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA1746248FF2CF8CDFF224961" bold="true" box="[228,243,1808,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A1746248FF3BF8D6FF2C4952" attach="left" box="[243,253,1803,1819]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</superScript>
 = 13.004, 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA1746248FEA3F8CCFEA94961" box="[363,376,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001) (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A1746248FE2DF8CCFDE34961" box="[485,562,1809,1832]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Distribution of the association between the presence of Trypanosoma spp. and the presence of Spiroplasma according to country and location." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 3</tableCitation>
 and Supplementary 
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A1746248FFB9F8F2FF10490F" box="[113,193,1839,1862]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="8.[113,171,1437,1458]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 4. Summary of information on nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the partial sequences of Spiroplasma in G. tachinoides." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 4</tableCitation>
 ).
 </paragraph>
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 Prevalence of single and multiple 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFB29FE6CFA5E4F83" ID-CoL="64874" authority="Gruby, 1843" box="[1249,1423,433,458]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB29FE6CFA5E4F83" bold="true" box="[1249,1423,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
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 infections
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 The screening of the flies indicated the presence of different taxa of 
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 , including 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB4DFDFBFB4E4C74" box="[1157,1183,550,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tc</emphasis>
 (
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 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFB78FDFBFA6A4C74" box="[1200,1467,550,573]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="congolense">Trypanosoma congolense</taxonomicName>
 <typeStatus id="5C5F882FA176624AFCE5FD98FC8B4C15" box="[813,858,581,604]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
 : Savanah, Kilifi, Forest
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 ), 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBB3FD98FB444C15" box="[1147,1173,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tv</emphasis>
 (
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 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB62FD98FAAB4C15" box="[1194,1402,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma vivax</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 ), and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCE5FDBEFC974C33" box="[813,838,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tz</emphasis>
 (
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFCA7FDBEFBE44C33" box="[879,1077,611,634]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanozoon" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCA7FDBEFC264C33" box="[879,1015,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanozoon</emphasis>
 sp.
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 : 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBA8FDBEFB804CFE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFBA8FDBEFA664C33" box="[1120,1463,611,634]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="brucei" subSpecies="brucei">Trypanosoma brucei brucei</taxonomicName>
 , 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFCE5FD5FFB524CD0" box="[813,1155,642,665]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="brucei" subSpecies="gambiense">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</taxonomicName>
 , 
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 , 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFCB2FD7DFB804CFE" box="[890,1105,672,695]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="evansi">Trypanosoma evansi</taxonomicName>
 </emphasis>
 ). The overall prevalence of single or multiple 
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 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC60FD62FBE74C9F" box="[936,1078,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 infections among all tested flies was 69.97% (457/653). The prevalence of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFB70FD00FA974CBD" box="[1208,1350,733,756]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB70FD00FA974CBD" box="[1208,1350,733,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 varied significantly between countries (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB94FD26FBBA4D5A" bold="true" box="[1116,1131,763,787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
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 = 37.18, df = 1, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFA87FD21FA8D4D5A" box="[1359,1372,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001) and locations (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC0FFCC7FC074D7B" bold="true" box="[967,982,794,818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFC1EFCC9FC314D6D" attach="left" box="[982,992,788,804]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 452.21, df = 7, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB1DFCC6FB334D7B" box="[1237,1250,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001). In 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFAB9FCC7FA664D78" box="[1393,1463,794,817]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 , the prevalence was significantly higher than in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFAD9FCE4FA4C4D19" box="[1297,1437,825,848]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 , at 86.38% and 20.76%, respectively (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFB79FC8AFAD44D27" box="[1201,1285,855,878]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Global prevalence of Spiroplasma in Glossina tachinoides according to locations and countries." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2</tableCitation>
 and 
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFA8EFC8AFA584D27" box="[1350,1417,855,878]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,180,871,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetId="figure-413@7.[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628832/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
 ). In 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFCE5FCABFCA24DC4" box="[813,883,886,909]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 , the prevalence varied significantly with location (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCFDFC49FC954DE5" bold="true" box="[821,836,916,940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFC8CFC53FC9F4DD7" attach="left" box="[836,846,910,926]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 125.43, df = 5, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB9DFC48FBB34DE5" box="[1109,1122,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001), with a prevalence of 100% in some locations such as Sissili Bridge, Fumbissi, Kumpole, and Grogro (
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFBEDFC0CFBB24DA1" box="[1061,1123,977,1000]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,180,871,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetId="figure-413@7.[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628832/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
 and Supplementary 
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFAF5FC0CFA5C4DA1" box="[1341,1421,977,1000]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Distribution of the association between the presence of Trypanosoma spp. and the presence of Spiroplasma according to country and location." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 3</tableCitation>
 ).
 </paragraph>
 <paragraph id="835B368DA176624AFC9DFC2DFBF24B53" blockId="4.[813,1467,519,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 The most frequently found trypanosomes were 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFA82FC2DFAB24A4E" box="[1354,1379,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tz</emphasis>
 and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFA52FC2DFA654A4E" box="[1434,1460,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tv</emphasis>
 , with a prevalence of 30.2% and 22.42%, respectively. However, only 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC6FFBF3FC114A0C" box="[935,960,1070,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tz</emphasis>
 varied significantly with country (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFA8DFBF0FA854A0C" bold="true" box="[1349,1364,1069,1093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
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 = 7.54, df = 1, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC71FB91FC174A2A" box="[953,966,1100,1123]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.006) and location (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB1BFB96FB334A2A" bold="true" box="[1235,1250,1099,1123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFB29FB9BFB3A4A1F" attach="left" box="[1249,1259,1094,1110]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 185.82, df = 7, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC96FBB6FCBA4ACB" box="[862,875,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001). 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFC2EFBB6FB254ACB" box="[998,1268,1131,1154]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="congolense">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC2EFBB6FB254ACB" box="[998,1268,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trypanosoma congolense</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 was found in the two locations in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFC17FB54FBBA4AE9" box="[991,1131,1161,1184]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 (Comoe at 2.37% and Folonzo at 2.00%), and only in one location in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFB32FB7AFAEF4AF7" box="[1274,1342,1191,1214]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 (Walewale (2.87%)). Its prevalence varied significantly with country (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFCFDFB39FC954AB5" bold="true" box="[821,836,1252,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
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 = 6.426, df = 1, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBF5FB38FB9B4AB5" box="[1085,1098,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.01) and location (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFAF7FB39FA9F4AB5" bold="true" box="[1343,1358,1252,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFA86FB02FA894AA6" attach="left" box="[1358,1368,1247,1263]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 34.97, df = 7, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC64FADEFC684B53" box="[940,953,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001).
 </paragraph>
 <paragraph id="835B368DA176624AFC9DFAFFFB364B98" blockId="4.[813,1467,519,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 The 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC4EFAFFFC694B70" box="[902,952,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TvTz</emphasis>
 multiple infection was the most prevalent in the samples (11.22%). In 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFBD0FA9DFB8F4B1E" box="[1048,1118,1344,1367]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 , no 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFB46FA9CFB134B11" box="[1166,1218,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TcTv</emphasis>
 double infections were found, while in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFC1BFA82FBB14B3F" box="[979,1120,1375,1398]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 , no triple infections 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFAFDFA82FA504B3F" box="[1333,1409,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TcTvTz</emphasis>
 were found. The prevalence of the double infections varied only according with location (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBFDFA46FB954BFA" bold="true" box="[1077,1092,1435,1459]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFB8CFA4BFB9F4BEF" attach="left" box="[1092,1102,1430,1446]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 245.15, df = 7, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFA81FA41FA874BFA" box="[1353,1366,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 &lt;0.001) (
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFCFDFA67FCA24B98" box="[821,883,1466,1489]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,180,871,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetId="figure-413@7.[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628832/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
 and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFC62FA66FC0D4B9B" box="[938,988,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TcTz</emphasis>
 Supplementary 
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFB40FA67FB094B98" box="[1160,1240,1466,1489]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Distribution of the association between the presence of Trypanosoma spp. and the presence of Spiroplasma according to country and location." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 3</tableCitation>
 ).
 </paragraph>
 </subSubSection>
 </treatment>
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 Prevalence of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFEE0FB44FE194AFB" ID-CoL="6466Q" authority="Saglio et al. 1973" box="[296,456,1177,1202]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFEE0FB44FE194AFB" bold="true" box="[296,456,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 </emphasis>
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 The presence of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFE82FB12FE1D4AAF" box="[330,460,1231,1254]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE82FB12FE1D4AAF" box="[330,460,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 in wild populations of tsetse flies was assessed using a PCR-based method to amplify part of the 16S 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFF20FAD1FEF24B6A" box="[232,291,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">rRNA</emphasis>
 gene. Positive samples were identified based on the observed amplicon band size in the electrophoresis gel for all tsetse species. Sequencing of the respective PCR amplicons revealed that 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFEBEFAB5FE294B36" box="[374,504,1384,1407]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFEBEFAB5FE294B36" box="[374,504,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 infection was only confirmed in 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFF13FA5AFEA54BD7" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1851" box="[219,372,1415,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tachinoides">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFF13FA5AFEA54BD7" box="[219,372,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. tachinoides</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE4DFA5AFE464BD7" box="[389,407,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
 = 41) and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDDBFA5AFD4E4BD7" box="[531,671,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 G. f. 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFD85FA5AFD4E4BD7" authorityName="Newstead" authorityYear="1910" box="[589,671,1415,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">fuscipes</taxonomicName>
 </emphasis>
 (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFD78FA5AFD134BD7" box="[688,706,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
 = 6), both belonging to the 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFE93FA78FE7C4BF5" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[347,429,1445,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE93FA78FE7C4BF5" box="[347,429,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">palpalis</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 subgenus (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFDEFFA78FDA74BF5" box="[551,630,1445,1468]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[197,255,109,130]" captionTargetBox="[197,2004,155,1280]" captionText="Table 1. Spiroplasma identification in 8 Glossina species from 10 different countries using 16S rRNA, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) , and Sanger sequencing." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
 ). In the case of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFF50FA19FEE54B92" authorityName="Newstead" authorityYear="1910" box="[152,308,1476,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFF50FA19FEE54B92" box="[152,308,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. brevipalpis</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 , 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE84FA19FDD44B92" box="[332,517,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 G. m. 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFE68FA19FDD44B92" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1851" box="[416,517,1476,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morsitans">morsitans</taxonomicName>
 </emphasis>
 , 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDD4FA19FE694BB0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 G. m. submorsitans, 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFFB9FA3FFF2B4BB0" authorityName="Austen" authorityYear="1903" box="[113,250,1506,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidipes">G. pallidipes</taxonomicName>
 , G. p. gambiensis
 </emphasis>
 , and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE3DFA3FFD544BB0" box="[501,645,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 G. p. 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFDFBFA3FFD544BB0" baseAuthorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[563,645,1506,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">palpalis</taxonomicName>
 </emphasis>
 , the amplified sequence belonged to different microbial species, primarily 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFFB9F9C2FEC1487F" authorityName="Frankland &amp; Frankland" authorityYear="1887" box="[113,272,1567,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cereus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFFB9F9C2FEC1487F" box="[113,272,1567,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bacillus cereus</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 , 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFED6F9C2FE2F487F" authorityName="Berliner" authorityYear="1915" box="[286,510,1567,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thuringiensis">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFED6F9C2FE2F487F" box="[286,510,1567,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bacillus thuringiensis</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 , 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFDC5F9C2FD29487F" box="[525,760,1567,1590]" class="Bacilli" family="Enterococcaceae" genus="Enterococcus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Lactobacillales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="cecorum">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDC5F9C2FD29487F" box="[525,760,1567,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Enterococcus cecorum</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 , and some uncultured bacteria (Data not shown).
 </paragraph>
 <paragraph id="835B368DA176624AFF51F981FB404FC9" blockId="4.[113,768,1231,2049]" lastBlockId="4.[813,1467,239,384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 The PCR results indicated an overall 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFDF9F981FD62483A" box="[561,691,1628,1651]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDF9F981FD62483A" box="[561,691,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 prevalence of 39.27% in 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE9AF9A6FE2448DB" box="[338,501,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFE9AF9A6FE2048DB" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1851" box="[338,497,1659,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Glossinidae" genus="Glossina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tachinoides">G. tachinoides</taxonomicName>
 .
 </emphasis>
 The prevalence did not differ significantly between 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFE5EF944FDF548F9" box="[406,548,1689,1712]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 , 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFDF8F944FDA748F9" box="[560,630,1689,1712]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 , and the laboratory colony (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFED1F96AFEF94886" bold="true" box="[281,296,1719,1743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFEE0F96FFEE3488B" attach="left" box="[296,306,1714,1730]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 2.12, df = 2, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDC0F965FDC44886" box="[520,533,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.34), with 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFD64F965FF7348A4" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 and 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFF29F90BFEF448A4" box="[225,293,1750,1773]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 showing a prevalence rate of 46.56% and 52.94%, respectively (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFE9EF928FE754945" box="[342,420,1781,1804]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Global prevalence of Spiroplasma in Glossina tachinoides according to locations and countries." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2</tableCitation>
 ). However, a significant variation in 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFF5FF8C9FEC84962" box="[151,281,1812,1835]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFF5FF8C9FEC84962" box="[151,281,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 prevalence was found across the various sampling locations (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFE89F8ECFE814900" bold="true" box="[321,336,1841,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFE98F8F1FE8B4975" attach="left" box="[336,346,1836,1852]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 22.61, df = 8, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDFEF8EFFD924900" box="[566,579,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.003) (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFD79F8EFFD2E4900" box="[689,767,1842,1865]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Global prevalence of Spiroplasma in Glossina tachinoides according to locations and countries." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2</tableCitation>
 and 
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFF68F88DFF39492E" box="[160,232,1872,1895]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[113,180,1606,1627]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,1074,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-353@6.[340,1247,1074,1586]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Prevalence of Spiroplasma according to location. Bars marked with the same lower-case letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628830/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
 and 
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFED7F88DFEFD492E" box="[287,300,1872,1895]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,180,871,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetId="figure-413@7.[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628832/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</figureCitation>
 ). Specifically, there was a significant difference in prevalence between the two sampling locations in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFFB9F853FF2C49EC" box="[113,253,1934,1957]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
 (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFEC4F850FECA49EC" bold="true" box="[268,283,1933,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFED3F855FEF449D1" attach="left" box="[283,293,1928,1944]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 6.459, df = 1, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDCFF853FDC549EC" box="[519,532,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.01), with a higher prevalence observed in Folonzo. Similarly, a significant difference was found between the prevalence rate in different locations in 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFF02F834FEDF4649" box="[202,270,2025,2048]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 (
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFED7F834FEFF4648" bold="true" box="[287,302,2025,2049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Χ</emphasis>
 <superScript id="74919BC5A176624AFEE6F83EFEE949BA" attach="left" box="[302,312,2019,2035]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
 = 11.955, df = 5, and 
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFDFCF837FD904648" box="[564,577,2026,2049]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">p</emphasis>
 = 0.03), with the highest prevalence observed in the Mortani region (98.44%), where 100% of the female flies were infected. Conversely, the lowest prevalence of 
 <taxonomicName id="44E44D0EA176624AFBADFEF1FB364F0A" box="[1125,1255,300,323]" family="Spiroplasmataceae" genus="Spiroplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Entomoplasmatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tenericutes" rank="genus">
 <emphasis id="B190EA9FA176624AFBADFEF1FB364F0A" box="[1125,1255,300,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spiroplasma</emphasis>
 </taxonomicName>
 was recorded in Kumpole, 
 <collectingCountry id="FBF3761DA176624AFC56FE97FC304F28" box="[926,993,330,353]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ghana</collectingCountry>
 (25%), with male flies showing no sign of infection (
 <tableCitation id="CE660336A176624AFC50FEB4FC394FC9" box="[920,1000,361,384]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[113,171,238,259]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Global prevalence of Spiroplasma in Glossina tachinoides according to locations and countries." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2</tableCitation>
 , 
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFC3FFEB4FBEE4FC9" box="[1015,1087,361,384]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[113,180,1606,1627]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,1074,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-353@6.[340,1247,1074,1586]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Prevalence of Spiroplasma according to location. Bars marked with the same lower-case letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628830/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
 and 
 <figureCitation id="1BDF2A08A176624AFBBEFEB4FB524FC9" box="[1142,1155,361,384]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,180,871,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetId="figure-413@7.[151,1436,238,851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12628832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12628832/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</figureCitation>
 ).
 </paragraph>
 </subSubSection>
 </treatment>
 </document>