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<mods:title id="79E3B1F26CE10D146A42B63E49617E40">Two new plioplatecarpine mosasaurs (Mosasauridae; Plioplatecarpinae) of the genus Ectenosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of North America</mods:title>
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@ -58,7 +61,7 @@
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<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF88673BFE2A12A08525F96B" blockId="17.[246,667,1691,1753]" box="[390,522,1729,1753]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
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<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF88673BFE2A12A08525F96B" box="[390,522,1729,1753]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionStartId-1="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionStartId-2="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetBox-1="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId-0="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetId-1="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetId-2="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." captionText-2="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="16">FIGS. 11–13</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF88673BFE2A12A08525F96B" box="[390,522,1729,1753]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionStartId-1="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionStartId-2="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetBox-1="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId-0="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetId-1="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetId-2="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." captionText-2="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888196" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888200" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13888196/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13888200/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">FIGS. 11–13</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF88673BFF3C1293853DF882" blockId="17.[112,799,1778,1840]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
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@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ from erosional gullies within the lower 21 meters of the unnamed member of the
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,
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<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FFDC16268661FDD2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FFDC16268661FDD2" box="[112,334,582,609]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Upper Cretaceous" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Upper Cretaceous</location>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FEFB16278682FDD2" box="[343,429,582,608]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[110,181,1899,1921]" captionTargetBox="[202,1418,204,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-64@7.[155,1457,192,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov., YPM VP4673. A-C. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C. Detail of olfactory canal. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FEFB16278682FDD2" box="[343,429,582,608]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[110,181,1899,1921]" captionTargetBox="[202,1418,204,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-64@7.[155,1457,192,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov., YPM VP4673. A-C. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C. Detail of olfactory canal. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888170/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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), located in the NE 1/4, SE 1/4 of
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<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FF2116088793FD31" box="[141,188,617,643]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Sec.</collectorName>
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30,
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@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ E.,
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F328BDE9FF8B6738FD1D160885CBFD31" box="[689,740,617,643]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">USA</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FD5E160887B9FD15" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[112,183,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[244,1389,216,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-192@4.[225,1403,191,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Geography and Stratigraphy. A. Generalized map of the United States during the Santonian Stage of the Cretaceous (~85 mya) with localities for YPM VP4673 (1) and ALMNH:Paleo:4673 (2). B. Generalized correlation chart of Coniacian to Campanian surface stratigraphy for Kansas and Alabama, USA. Base map data modified from Blakey (2014). Stratigraphic chart modified from Szabo et al. (1988) and Everhart (2014)." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FD5E160887B9FD15" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[112,183,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[244,1389,216,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-192@4.[225,1403,191,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Geography and Stratigraphy. A. Generalized map of the United States during the Santonian Stage of the Cretaceous (~85 mya) with localities for YPM VP4673 (1) and ALMNH:Paleo:4673 (2). B. Generalized correlation chart of Coniacian to Campanian surface stratigraphy for Kansas and Alabama, USA. Base map data modified from Blakey (2014). Stratigraphic chart modified from Szabo et al. (1988) and Everhart (2014)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888168/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FF0616ED87F5FD14" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FF0616ED87F5FD14" box="[170,218,652,678]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="The" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">The</location>
|
||||
locality has since been reclaimed for farmland and is no longer available for study.
|
||||
|
|
@ -250,7 +253,7 @@ specimen during graduate work at the University of
|
|||
The frontal of
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FE7511288561FAD6" box="[473,590,1353,1380]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
:Paleo:5452 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FD42112887EDFA35" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FD42112887EDFA35" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is essentially complete, but suffered some minor subaerial weathering prior to collection, particularly on its dorsal side. In overall appearance, the frontal is strikingly similar to that of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FE2811B485EDFA43" box="[388,706,1493,1521]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FE2811B48592FA43" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[388,701,1493,1521]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">Ectenosaurus clidastoides</taxonomicName>
|
||||
|
|
@ -280,7 +283,7 @@ and
|
|||
and
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FD27129185EBF8B8" box="[651,708,1776,1802]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sv00-20xv" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">SMU</collectionCode>
|
||||
76350. Instead, the anteriormost portion of the dorsal surface (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FFD5135787CDF8E2" box="[121,226,1846,1872]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FFD5135787CDF8E2" box="[121,226,1846,1872]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) of the frontal is transversely arched or domed anteriorly, a trait absent in other specimens referred to the genus. This arching gives way to a generally planar dorsal surface, which thickens parasagittaly, then thins abruptly at the antorbital margins, and forms a broad, shallow sulcus posteriorly. Tiny foramina are present across the entire dorsal surface. The posterior sulcus deepens and expands to form a shallow depression that would have met the dorsal parietal table, forming the mesokinetic axis of the skull, movement along which may have been inhibited by a series of short vertical keels and overlapping flanges arising from the posterior margin of the frontal and the anterior margin of the parietal. This mode of contact appears to have been similar to, but simpler and less restrictive than, that seen in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FA2E162484A0FD36" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FA2E162484A5FD36" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
|
||||
|
|
@ -338,7 +341,7 @@ frontal being almost completely obscured beneath the left mandible. In
|
|||
:
|
||||
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FAC2119D829EF9A5" box="[1390,1457,1532,1559]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Paleo</collectorName>
|
||||
:5452 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FCE51241849CF988" box="[841,947,1568,1594]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FCE51241849CF988" box="[841,947,1568,1594]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the frontal is bisected ventrally by the olfactory canal, which is bordered on either side by prominent descending processes that run roughly parallel before converging abruptly, then immediately diverging where the canal opens to accommodate the olfactory bulb.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FCEC12AE8459F95B" box="[832,886,1743,1769]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">This</collectorName>
|
||||
forms a roughly X-shaped configuration, with the descending processes thickest where they almost meet at the crux of the
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,7 +387,7 @@ or
|
|||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the ventral separating ridge appears to be absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8A6739FFDC133B8674F810" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" startId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" targetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8A6739FFDC133B8674F810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" startId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" targetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8A6739FFDC133B8674F810" blockId="19.[112,1498,1881,1955]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FFDC133B87F7F8DD" bold="true" box="[112,216,1882,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Figure 11</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
|
@ -418,9 +421,9 @@ Frontal in dorsal (
|
|||
Only the incomplete anterior half of the parietal is preserved on
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFE05178D8536FBB5" box="[425,537,1004,1031]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
:Paleo:5452 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFD1D178D87A7FB98" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFD1D178D87A7FB98" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Prior to collection, the parietal split horizontally into dorsal and ventral halves that were subsequently glued together during preparation. The dorsal parietal table (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFF111018860BFB21" box="[189,292,1145,1171]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFF111018860BFB21" box="[189,292,1145,1171]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) can be divided into two regions: a broad anterior subrhomboidal shelf that merges smoothly into an elongate posterior shaft with rounded, parallel sides, which would have branched into the missing suspensorial rami. There is no evidence of a parasagittal ridge. A large subcircular parietal foramen, very slightly longer than wide, is centered on the dorsal table, and set back from the frontoparietal suture by a distance roughly equal to twice its diameter. Dorsally, the position and shape of the foramen compares well with that of both
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFFDC11B88795FA41" box="[112,186,1497,1523]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5bc7-5n0c" name="Fort Hays Sternberg Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FHSM</collectionCode>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFF6D11B887DDFA41" box="[193,242,1497,1523]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">VP-</collectionCode>
|
||||
|
|
@ -439,7 +442,7 @@ Most of the lateral descending process (descensus processus parietalis of
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8D673EFCCC154D8271FCC8" blockId="20.[832,1521,195,1944]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
The ventral surface of the parietal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFABE154D8253FEF5" box="[1298,1404,300,327]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFABE154D8253FEF5" box="[1298,1404,300,327]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888194/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is dominated by a large elliptical foramen, at least twice as long as wide, in contrast with its circular dorsal opening. It is unclear whether this dorsoventral variance is an artifact of plastic deformation or accurately reflects the anatomy of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFCCF15BA84D2FE45" box="[867,1021,475,503]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFCCF15BA84D6FE45" authorityName="Kiernan & Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[867,1017,475,503]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">E. shannoni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
|
|
@ -454,7 +457,7 @@ as the ventral triangular eminence, present in halisaurines and many russellosau
|
|||
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8D673FFCCC17E0860AFBFB" blockId="20.[832,1521,195,1944]" lastBlockId="21.[112,801,859,1941]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFCCC17E084D0FC2F" bold="true" box="[864,1023,897,925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quadrate—</emphasis>
|
||||
Only a small portion of the left quadrate was collected (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFB9317C783F9FC72" box="[1087,1238,934,960]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionTargetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetId="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A‒D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFB9317C783F9FC72" box="[1087,1238,934,960]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionTargetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetId="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888196/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A‒D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but it preserves the contact and fusion of the suprastapedial process with the infrastapedial and the presence of a dorsomedially directed flange from the infrastapedial that overlaps the expanded dorsodistal end of the suprastapedial, a trait already mentioned in the description of
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFAE5103682ADFBC3" box="[1353,1410,1111,1137]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
|
||||
VP4673 as unknown in any mosasaur other than
|
||||
|
|
@ -480,7 +483,7 @@ or
|
|||
In
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFB5F110E824BFA38" box="[1267,1380,1391,1418]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
:Paleo:5452, the infrastapedial process forms a delicate cheliform structure that not only overlaps the suprastapedial posterodorsally, but ventrally as well, embracing it in a sort of pincer grip while also creating a cradle that abuts the suprastapedial terminus. Complete fusion between the two processes can only be observed ventromedially (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFCE512078495F932" box="[841,954,1638,1664]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionTargetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetId="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFCE512078495F932" box="[841,954,1638,1664]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionTargetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetId="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888196/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). While the full extent of fusion is unclear,, the processes are less extensively fused than in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFA0612E98494F975" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFA0612E98498F975" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
|
||||
|
|
@ -489,7 +492,7 @@ In
|
|||
The infrastapedial process of
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFAE412CC82ADF975" box="[1352,1410,1709,1735]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
|
||||
VP4673 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFCE512B1848EF958" box="[841,929,1744,1770]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[112,183,1614,1636]" captionTargetBox="[172,1437,217,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-185@9.[125,1482,192,1603]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov., YPM VP4673. A–C. Left quadrate in medial (A), anterior (B), and posterior (C) views. D–F. Left squamosal in ventral (D), lateral (E), and medial (F) views. Arrow indicates suprastapedial/infrastapedial contact. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFCE512B1848EF958" box="[841,929,1744,1770]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[112,183,1614,1636]" captionTargetBox="[172,1437,217,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-185@9.[125,1482,192,1603]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov., YPM VP4673. A–C. Left quadrate in medial (A), anterior (B), and posterior (C) views. D–F. Left squamosal in ventral (D), lateral (E), and medial (F) views. Arrow indicates suprastapedial/infrastapedial contact. Scale bars=5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888172/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) may have enfolded the suprastapedial in much the same way, but preservation makes this difficult to determine with any certainty; fusion appears to have been more extensive in the Niobrara Chalk specimen. In neither
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFC08133B833BF8C7" box="[932,1044,1882,1909]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
:Paleo:5452 nor
|
||||
|
|
@ -506,7 +509,7 @@ or
|
|||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8C673FFFDC168D87F8FC86" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" startId="21.[112,183,748,770]" targetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8C673FFFDC168D87F8FC86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888196" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13888196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888196/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" startId="21.[112,183,748,770]" targetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8C673FFFDC168D87F8FC86" blockId="21.[112,1492,747,821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFFDC168D87CFFCB3" bold="true" box="[112,224,748,770]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Figure 12:</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFF49168A86E3FCB0" authority="Kiernan & Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan & Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[229,460,747,770]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
|
|
@ -555,7 +558,7 @@ VP4673, it would still have been more complex than the ball-and-socket condyle/c
|
|||
The majority of the right coronoid (Fig. 13D‒F) is preserved, though it should be noted that some portions have been heavily restored with plaster by G.L. Bell, Jr. (M.J. Polcyn
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFB1E173882C0FCC7" box="[1202,1519,857,885]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">personal communication</emphasis>
|
||||
2022). Fortunately, the restored portions are unpainted and easily discernible from the fossil itself. As in most russellosaurines, the coronoid is a short, saddle-shaped wedge of bone straddling the anterior rim of the surangular and forming a posteromedial sutural contact with a buttress on the surangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8C673FFB14104F826CFBFB" box="[1208,1347,1070,1097]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 13E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8C673FFB14104F826CFBFB" box="[1208,1347,1070,1097]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888200/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 13E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This sutural contact is more complex in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFB3510308226FBDE" box="[1177,1289,1105,1132]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
:Paleo:5452 than in
|
||||
|
|
@ -605,7 +608,7 @@ and is more dorsally located. In
|
|||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8F673CFEB0129C867AF8A5" box="[284,341,1789,1815]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
|
||||
VP4673, are especially prominent on the interior surface of the medial descending wing.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8F673CFFC3122C87B9F903" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" startId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" targetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8F673CFFC3122C87B9F903" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888200" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13888200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888200/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" startId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" targetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8F673CFFC3122C87B9F903" blockId="22.[111,1513,1613,1713]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFFC3122C87CBF9D7" bold="true" box="[111,228,1613,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 13:</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8F673CFF46122E86F1F9D5" authority="Kiernan & Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan & Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[234,478,1615,1639]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
|
|
@ -640,7 +643,7 @@ VP4673, are especially prominent on the interior surface of the medial descendin
|
|||
A total of twenty-seven vertebrae are preserved with
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8F673CFEA91307865AF833" box="[261,373,1894,1921]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
:Paleo:5452, including five cervicals, thirteen dorsals, five pygals, and four caudals. Most of the vertebrae consist of badly weathered centra lacking most of the cortical surface, neural arches, synapophyses. zygopophyses, and transverse processes. The best cervical vertebra (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8F673CFC711323836CF8EE" box="[989,1091,1858,1884]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8F673CFC711323836CF8EE" box="[989,1091,1858,1884]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888200/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) preserves a distinct anteroventral ridge extending from the anterior rim of an elliptical hypapophyseal peduncle to the ventral rim of the cotyle. In lateral profile, this ridge forms a shallowly concave arc, as seen in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8E673DFF5C14878606FEB2" box="[240,297,230,256]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
|
||||
VP4673 and other species of
|
||||
|
|
@ -649,7 +652,7 @@ VP4673 and other species of
|
|||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
The articular surfaces of the pygals are sub-square in anteroposterior view. Only one of the caudles is well preserved (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8E673DFF50152E8648FEDB" box="[252,359,335,361]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13G</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8E673DFF50152E8648FEDB" box="[252,359,335,361]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13888200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13888200/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13G</figureCitation>
|
||||
); it is subcircular in anteroposterior profile and preserves two rounded, posteroventrally oriented peduncles for articulation with the haemal arch.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in a new issue