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<document id="3F8FCFA2B543A5A4E4EC5106712CDBDA" ID-DOI="10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765" ID-GBIF-Dataset="04764dd2-e290-4bda-bb86-5e7070125152" ID-ISSN="2347-5129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11659163" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718383240590" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rosidah" docDate="2023" docId="14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJFishAquatStud.11.1.A.26-30.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 11 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4C58C81CAA25A52E947307742031BFD1.2:IntJFishAquatStud.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="4C58C81CAA25A52E947307742031BFD1" docStyleName="IntJFishAquatStud.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Phyllanthus niruri L." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="E83B5B4DD000FFE74F08A662FFB80264" masterDocTitle="A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="26" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1736269687596" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9A96D230FD56D550B53F9DFE06EFD11D">A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="CB9A47F5F1712CDC5E6507C1F2581E53">A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BFEB728758C3A2C85AD1D28670A68327">Rosidah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F8A00ED06A50066E2FCF8359CFEAA7D">Rosidah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D275366AD4BCC17649B8C4248AB16B77">Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B7B30935BBD85BFB22D0D0FCF16E65AB">Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8CFFAAC99DB2B9A9909335FFBABD257C">International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CA02583215F89679C633EF5751D9A4EE">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="50215398766BE9CED99994A3E84FFE54">2023-01-01</mods:number>
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<treatment id="14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516484" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233743404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12516484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="D4B1C1A8D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<subSubSection id="D4B1C1A8D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" bold="true" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" bold="true" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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2. Classification and morphology of
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2. Classification and morphology of
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64EF3A410FD5E00EE" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[507,742,626,650]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64EF3A410FD5E00EE" ID-CoL="4H47G" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[507,742,626,650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64EF3A410FD7F00EE" bold="true" box="[507,711,626,650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64EF3A410FD7F00EE" bold="true" box="[507,711,626,650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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L.
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L.
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</taxonomicName>
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</taxonomicName>
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@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ L.
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</subSubSection>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D4B1C1A8D001FFE54F68A4F2FBB1057C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<subSubSection id="D4B1C1A8D001FFE54F68A4F2FBB1057C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A4F2FF5501F9" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A4F2FF5501F9" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64F68A4F2FEFC00C3" box="[96,324,656,680]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64F68A4F2FEFC00C3" box="[96,324,656,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A4F2FE9D00CC" box="[96,293,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A4F2FE9D00CC" box="[96,293,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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L.
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L.
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</taxonomicName>
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</taxonomicName>
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@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ it is called Bhumyamalaki
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<elevation id="17867510D001FFE64EA7A54BFDBA0125" box="[431,514,809,833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
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<elevation id="17867510D001FFE64EA7A54BFDBA0125" box="[431,514,809,833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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</quantity>
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DPL, in rocky places, damp places such as along waterways, or among grass and shrubs [Dalimarta]. The classification of
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DPL, in rocky places, damp places such as along waterways, or among grass and shrubs [Dalimarta]. The classification of
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64D10A504FD43011A" box="[536,763,870,894]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64D10A504FD43011A" box="[536,763,870,894]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64D10A504FD65011A" box="[536,733,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64D10A504FD65011A" box="[536,733,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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L.
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L.
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</taxonomicName>
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</taxonomicName>
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@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ L.
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[14 Kardinan, 2004]
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[14 Kardinan, 2004]
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</paragraph>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A2B4FD8607A1" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A2B4FD8607A1" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64F68A2B4FEF3068A" box="[96,331,1238,1262]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64F68A2B4FEF3068A" box="[96,331,1238,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A2B4FE91068A" box="[96,297,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A2B4FE91068A" box="[96,297,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
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L.
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L.
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</taxonomicName>
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</taxonomicName>
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@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ is a wild herb plant, originating from Asia and has now reached the African, Aus
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<caption id="C8D4C2ABD001FFE64E03A1F2FDE805C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516482" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12516482" box="[267,592,1935,1957]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12516482/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" startId="1.[267,300,1936,1957]" targetBox="[227,631,1510,1914]" targetPageId="1">
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<caption id="C8D4C2ABD001FFE64E03A1F2FDE805C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516482" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12516482" box="[267,592,1935,1957]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12516482/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" startId="1.[267,300,1936,1957]" targetBox="[227,631,1510,1914]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64E03A1F2FDE805C1" blockId="1.[267,592,1935,1957]" box="[267,592,1935,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64E03A1F2FDE805C1" blockId="1.[267,592,1935,1957]" box="[267,592,1935,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E03A1F2FEFF05C1" bold="true" box="[267,327,1936,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Fig 1:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E03A1F2FEFF05C1" bold="true" box="[267,327,1936,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Fig 1:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E45A1EDFDA105C1" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[333,537,1935,1957]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E45A1EDFDA105C1" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[333,537,1935,1957]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E45A1EDFE4505C1" box="[333,509,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E45A1EDFE4505C1" box="[333,509,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
L.
|
L.
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Plant
|
||||||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A1A9FD1B0587" blockId="1.[96,762,1995,2110]" box="[96,675,1995,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A1A9FD1B0587" blockId="1.[96,762,1995,2110]" box="[96,675,1995,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A1A9FD1B0587" bold="true" box="[96,675,1995,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A1A9FD1B0587" bold="true" box="[96,675,1995,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||||||
3. The content and benefits of
|
3. The content and benefits of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64EBFA1A9FD1B0587" box="[439,675,1995,2019]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64EBFA1A9FD1B0587" box="[439,675,1995,2019]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64EBFA1A9FD3C0587" bold="true" box="[439,644,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64EBFA1A9FD3C0587" bold="true" box="[439,644,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
L.
|
L.
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -153,12 +153,12 @@ L.
|
||||||
</paragraph>
|
</paragraph>
|
||||||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A188FB0F0673" blockId="1.[96,762,1995,2110]" lastBlockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A188FB0F0673" blockId="1.[96,762,1995,2110]" lastBlockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||||||
In general, the
|
In general, the
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E18A18BFE450A65" authority="L. plant" authorityName="L. Plant" box="[272,509,2025,2049]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E18A18BFE450A65" authority="L. plant" authorityName="L. Plant" box="[272,509,2025,2049]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E18A18BFE610A65" box="[272,473,2025,2049]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E18A18BFE610A65" box="[272,473,2025,2049]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
L.
|
L.
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
plant contains several complete chemical compounds, so it is very beneficial for health.
|
plant contains several complete chemical compounds, so it is very beneficial for health.
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64FB3AE45FE9B0A5A" box="[187,291,2087,2110]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64FB3AE45FE9B0A5A" box="[187,291,2087,2110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64FB3AE45FE9B0A5A" box="[187,291,2087,2110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64FB3AE45FE9B0A5A" box="[187,291,2087,2110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpenoids
|
contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpenoids
|
||||||
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpeno
|
||||||
</superScript>
|
</superScript>
|
||||||
. Apart from containing bioactive compounds of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
|
. Apart from containing bioactive compounds of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64AB4A681FA6B029E" box="[1468,1491,227,250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P.</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64AB4A681FA6B029E" box="[1468,1491,227,250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P.</emphasis>
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64C30A760FCCE037D" box="[824,886,258,281]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64C30A760FCCE037D" box="[824,886,258,281]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A760FCCE037D" box="[824,886,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A760FCCE037D" box="[824,886,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
also contains molecules of lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycosides, ellagitannins, triterpenes, phenyl propanoids, ricinolic acid, niruriside, phyltetralin, essential oils, anthraquinones and arbutin
|
also contains molecules of lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycosides, ellagitannins, triterpenes, phenyl propanoids, ricinolic acid, niruriside, phyltetralin, essential oils, anthraquinones and arbutin
|
||||||
|
|
@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ also contains molecules of lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycosides, el
|
||||||
]
|
]
|
||||||
</superScript>
|
</superScript>
|
||||||
. Quantitatively, the
|
. Quantitatively, the
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B01A794FB5D006A" box="[1033,1253,502,526]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">Phyllanthus niruri L</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B01A794FB5D006A" box="[1033,1253,502,526]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">Phyllanthus niruri L</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
plant contains a total phenol equivalent to
|
plant contains a total phenol equivalent to
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64B2AA477FBCD0049" box="[1058,1141,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.805" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="g" value="28.05">28.05 g</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64B2AA477FBCD0049" box="[1058,1141,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.805" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="g" value="28.05">28.05 g</quantity>
|
||||||
of gallic acid in
|
of gallic acid in
|
||||||
|
|
@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ of plant extract, while the content of flavonoids in
|
||||||
of plant extract is equivalent to
|
of plant extract is equivalent to
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64B3BA430FB3C000F" box="[1075,1156,594,619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.141" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="g" value="61.41">61.41 g</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64B3BA430FB3C000F" box="[1075,1156,594,619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.141" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="g" value="61.41">61.41 g</quantity>
|
||||||
of quercetin, while the filantin content in 70%
|
of quercetin, while the filantin content in 70%
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CF7A410FBE200ED" box="[1023,1114,625,649]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CF7A410FBE200ED" box="[1023,1114,625,649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
ethanol extract of 0.864%
|
ethanol extract of 0.864%
|
||||||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64AA7A40DFA750019" attach="right" box="[1455,1485,623,637]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">[16]</superScript>
|
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64AA7A40DFA750019" attach="right" box="[1455,1485,623,637]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">[16]</superScript>
|
||||||
. Traditionally this plant has been widely used by people in tropical countries to treat various
|
. Traditionally this plant has been widely used by people in tropical countries to treat various
|
||||||
|
|
@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ and boosting the immune system
|
||||||
]
|
]
|
||||||
</superScript>
|
</superScript>
|
||||||
. The ability of
|
. The ability of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64A5BA548FA0B0125" box="[1363,1459,810,833]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64A5BA548FA0B0125" box="[1363,1459,810,833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64A5BA548FA0B0125" box="[1363,1459,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64A5BA548FA0B0125" box="[1363,1459,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
to treat various diseases is due to its pharmacological properties, including as an immunomodulator, antiviral, antibacterial, diuretic, anti-hyperglycemic and hepatoprotector
|
to treat various diseases is due to its pharmacological properties, including as an immunomodulator, antiviral, antibacterial, diuretic, anti-hyperglycemic and hepatoprotector
|
||||||
|
|
@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ to treat various diseases is due to its pharmacological properties, including as
|
||||||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64C30A25CFB100611" blockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64C30A25CFB100611" blockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A25CFA6B0632" bold="true" box="[824,1491,1086,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A25CFA6B0632" bold="true" box="[824,1491,1086,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||||||
4. Applications of
|
4. Applications of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B6FA25CFA2C0632" box="[1127,1428,1086,1110]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B6FA25CFA2C0632" box="[1127,1428,1086,1110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B6FA25CFAEC0632" bold="true" box="[1127,1364,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B6FA25CFAEC0632" bold="true" box="[1127,1364,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
L.
|
L.
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -307,33 +307,33 @@ as an immunostimulant that can increase the resistance of humans and animals inc
|
||||||
Two sets of
|
Two sets of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CDCA0E6FB4604F8" box="[980,1278,1668,1692]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">Oreochromis mossambicus</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CDCA0E6FB4604F8" box="[980,1278,1668,1692]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">Oreochromis mossambicus</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
fish groups, each consisting of 6 groups (n = 8 per group) were used as test fish to prove the ability of
|
fish groups, each consisting of 6 groups (n = 8 per group) were used as test fish to prove the ability of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B36A0A0FB2604BD" box="[1086,1182,1730,1753]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B36A0A0FB2604BD" box="[1086,1182,1730,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B36A0A0FB2604BD" box="[1086,1182,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B36A0A0FB2604BD" box="[1086,1182,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
as an immunostimulant by observing the levels of an body titers and neutrophil levels. The part of the
|
as an immunostimulant by observing the levels of an body titers and neutrophil levels. The part of the
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CD6A09DFB820572" box="[990,1082,1791,1814]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CD6A09DFB820572" box="[990,1082,1791,1814]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64CD6A09DFB820572" box="[990,1082,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64CD6A09DFB820572" box="[990,1082,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
plant used was the leaf in the form of an aqueous extract. The extract was given to fish by intraperitoneal injection with various doses, namely 20, 2, 0.02 and
|
plant used was the leaf in the form of an aqueous extract. The extract was given to fish by intraperitoneal injection with various doses, namely 20, 2, 0.02 and
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64CA4A138FBA00516" box="[940,1048,1882,1906]" metricMagnitude="-9" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mg" value="0.002">0.002 mg</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64CA4A138FBA00516" box="[940,1048,1882,1906]" metricMagnitude="-9" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mg" value="0.002">0.002 mg</quantity>
|
||||||
/kg fish body weight. To observe the activity of antibody titers, the first group of fish, after two days of administration of
|
/kg fish body weight. To observe the activity of antibody titers, the first group of fish, after two days of administration of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B89A1FBFB5305CB" box="[1153,1259,1944,1968]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B89A1FBFB5305CB" box="[1153,1259,1944,1968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B89A1FBFB5305CB" box="[1153,1259,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B89A1FBFB5305CB" box="[1153,1259,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaf extract, were challenged with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) which function as antigens. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are given by intraperitoneal injection with the first dose of 5% of 0.1 mL and a second dose of 25% (booster) of 0.1 mL given three days after the first dose, then observed for 60 days from the first injection. As for observing neutrophil activity, fish in the second set were challenged with 100 μL HA- BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of
|
leaf extract, were challenged with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) which function as antigens. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are given by intraperitoneal injection with the first dose of 5% of 0.1 mL and a second dose of 25% (booster) of 0.1 mL given three days after the first dose, then observed for 60 days from the first injection. As for observing neutrophil activity, fish in the second set were challenged with 100 μL HA- BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54DE5A680FF3A037E" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="5.0">5 mg</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54DE5A680FF3A037E" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="5.0">5 mg</quantity>
|
||||||
via intraperitoneal injection, then observations were made for 12 days. The results showed that administration of
|
via intraperitoneal injection, then observations were made for 12 days. The results showed that administration of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DECA743FF260332" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DECA743FF260332" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DECA743FF260332" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DECA743FF260332" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
aqueous extract resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the activation of antibody and neutrophil responses. Of the various doses tested, the group of fish that were given
|
aqueous extract resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the activation of antibody and neutrophil responses. Of the various doses tested, the group of fish that were given
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E34A7F9FE2103D6" box="[316,409,411,434]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E34A7F9FE2103D6" box="[316,409,411,434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E34A7F9FE2103D6" box="[316,409,411,434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E34A7F9FE2103D6" box="[316,409,411,434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54F68A7DBFF1B03B5" box="[96,163,441,465]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="20.0">20 mg</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54F68A7DBFF1B03B5" box="[96,163,441,465]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="20.0">20 mg</quantity>
|
||||||
/kg body weight gave the maximum increase in primary and secondary antibody responses on the 15th day of observation. Whereas the group of fish that were given
|
/kg body weight gave the maximum increase in primary and secondary antibody responses on the 15th day of observation. Whereas the group of fish that were given
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DEDA795FF230049" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DEDA795FF230049" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54D3FA477FD2C0049" box="[567,660,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="0.02">0.02 mg</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54D3FA477FD2C0049" box="[567,660,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="0.02">0.02 mg</quantity>
|
||||||
/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on day 6
|
/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on day 6
|
||||||
|
|
@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E54A430FDF5000E" box="[348,589,594,618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Oreochromis niloticus</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E54A430FDF5000E" box="[348,589,594,618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Oreochromis niloticus</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
) that have been given
|
) that have been given
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54FA2A410FEB600ED" box="[170,270,626,649]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54FA2A410FEB600ED" box="[170,270,626,649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54FA2A410FEB600ED" box="[170,270,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54FA2A410FEB600ED" box="[170,270,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaf extract through injection are able to survive against
|
leaf extract through injection are able to survive against
|
||||||
|
|
@ -361,13 +361,13 @@ was significantly the best concentration with the highest survival of tilapia, w
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B44A6A6FB4702BF" box="[1100,1279,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Cyprinus carpio</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B44A6A6FB4702BF" box="[1100,1279,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Cyprinus carpio</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
) after being given feed mixed with
|
) after being given feed mixed with
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B0DA681FBDD029E" box="[1029,1125,226,250]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B0DA681FBDD029E" box="[1029,1125,226,250]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
powder for 60 days was then challenged with
|
powder for 60 days was then challenged with
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54CE6A763FB3D037D" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1006,1157,257,281]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">A. hydrophila</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54CE6A763FB3D037D" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1006,1157,257,281]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">A. hydrophila</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
bacteria with a density of
|
bacteria with a density of
|
||||||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54AA6A763FA6C0369" attach="right" box="[1454,1492,255,281]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">103</superScript>
|
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54AA6A763FA6C0369" attach="right" box="[1454,1492,255,281]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">103</superScript>
|
||||||
CFU with the cohabitation method through water in a rearing aquarium, able to survive the attack of these bacteria. Giving
|
CFU with the cohabitation method through water in a rearing aquarium, able to survive the attack of these bacteria. Giving
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C30A73CFC290311" box="[824,913,349,373]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niluri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C30A73CFC290311" box="[824,913,349,373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niluri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54C30A73CFC290311" box="[824,913,349,373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niluri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54C30A73CFC290311" box="[824,913,349,373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niluri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
powder as much as 2% (
|
powder as much as 2% (
|
||||||
|
|
@ -398,13 +398,13 @@ The results of research conducted by Ma'at
|
||||||
]
|
]
|
||||||
</superScript>
|
</superScript>
|
||||||
showed that
|
showed that
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54CC3A7BBFB950394" box="[971,1069,473,496]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54CC3A7BBFB950394" box="[971,1069,473,496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54CC3A7BBFB950394" box="[971,1069,473,496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54CC3A7BBFB950394" box="[971,1069,473,496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
had an immunomodulating effect
|
had an immunomodulating effect
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54AB6A7BBFCD2006A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">in vitro</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54AB6A7BBFCD2006A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">in vitro</emphasis>
|
||||||
.
|
.
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C72A795FC6B006A" box="[890,979,502,526]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C72A795FC6B006A" box="[890,979,502,526]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
extract (
|
extract (
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54B3CA794FB14006A" box="[1076,1196,502,526]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="125.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="50.0">50-200 mg</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54B3CA794FB14006A" box="[1076,1196,502,526]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="125.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="50.0">50-200 mg</quantity>
|
||||||
/kg) can elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses. As the results of research by Nworu
|
/kg) can elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses. As the results of research by Nworu
|
||||||
|
|
@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ extract (
|
||||||
showed
|
showed
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54BA1A451FA83002F" box="[1193,1339,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54BA1A451FA83002F" box="[1193,1339,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
that
|
that
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54BD4A456FA83002F" box="[1244,1339,564,587]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54BD4A456FA83002F" box="[1244,1339,564,587]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
</emphasis>
|
</emphasis>
|
||||||
water extract (
|
water extract (
|
||||||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54C48A430FC00000E" box="[832,952,594,618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0625" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.125" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="106.25" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="12.5">12.5-200 g</quantity>
|
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54C48A430FC00000E" box="[832,952,594,618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0625" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.125" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="106.25" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="12.5">12.5-200 g</quantity>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ water extract (
|
||||||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" blockId="2.[440,1147,716,738]" box="[440,1147,716,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" blockId="2.[440,1147,716,738]" box="[440,1147,716,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54EB0A4AFFDB40086" bold="true" box="[440,524,717,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Table 1:</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54EB0A4AFFDB40086" bold="true" box="[440,524,717,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Table 1:</emphasis>
|
||||||
Applications of
|
Applications of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DA5A4AEFBC30086" authority="L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" authorityName="L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" box="[685,1147,716,738]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DA5A4AEFBC30086" authority="L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" authorityName="L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" box="[685,1147,716,738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DA5A4AEFCE60086" box="[685,862,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DA5A4AEFCE60086" box="[685,862,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
L. Sebagai Immunostimulant
|
L. Sebagai Immunostimulant
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -461,14 +461,14 @@ L. Sebagai Immunostimulant
|
||||||
</th>
|
</th>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A574FE54011A" box="[280,492,790,894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A574FE54011A" box="[280,492,790,894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
Administration of
|
Administration of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A546FEE80131" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A546FEE80131" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A546FEE80131" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A546FEE80131" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
aqueous extract via intraperitoneal.
|
aqueous extract via intraperitoneal.
|
||||||
</td>
|
</td>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A574FC48011A" box="[521,1008,790,894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Injection Fish were injected intraperitoneally with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The first dose of 0.1 mL of 5% and the second dose (booster) of 0.1 mL of 25%</td>
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A574FC48011A" box="[521,1008,790,894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Injection Fish were injected intraperitoneally with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The first dose of 0.1 mL of 5% and the second dose (booster) of 0.1 mL of 25%</td>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A574FACC011A" box="[1041,1396,790,894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A574FACC011A" box="[1041,1396,790,894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B11A575FBD30148" box="[1049,1131,791,812]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B11A575FBD30148" box="[1049,1131,791,812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B11A575FBD30148" box="[1049,1131,791,812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B11A575FBD30148" box="[1049,1131,791,812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
extract dose of 20 mg/fish body weight resulted in a maximum increase in antibody levels on day 15.
|
extract dose of 20 mg/fish body weight resulted in a maximum increase in antibody levels on day 15.
|
||||||
|
|
@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ extract dose of 20 mg/fish body weight resulted in a maximum increase in antibod
|
||||||
</th>
|
</th>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A5E7FE54066E" box="[280,492,901,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A5E7FE54066E" box="[280,492,901,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
Administration of
|
Administration of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A5E4FEE701D3" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A5E4FEE701D3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A5E4FEE701D3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A5E4FEE701D3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaf aqueous extract by intraperitoneal injection.
|
leaf aqueous extract by intraperitoneal injection.
|
||||||
|
|
@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ leaf aqueous extract by intraperitoneal injection.
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A5E7FC48066E" box="[521,1008,901,1034]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Fish were injected intraperitoneally with HA-BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of 5 mg as much as 100 μL.</td>
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A5E7FC48066E" box="[521,1008,901,1034]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Fish were injected intraperitoneally with HA-BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of 5 mg as much as 100 μL.</td>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A5E7FACC066E" box="[1041,1396,901,1034]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A5E7FACC066E" box="[1041,1396,901,1034]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
A dose of
|
A dose of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B8CA5F6FB6A01CD" box="[1156,1234,915,937]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B8CA5F6FB6A01CD" box="[1156,1234,915,937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
extract of 0.02 mg/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on the 6th day.
|
extract of 0.02 mg/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on the 6th day.
|
||||||
</td>
|
</td>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA5E7FA00066E" box="[1428,1464,901,1034]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA5E7FA00066E" box="[1428,1464,901,1034]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ extract of 0.02 mg/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil l
|
||||||
</th>
|
</th>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A273FE54063A" box="[280,492,1041,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A273FE54063A" box="[280,492,1041,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
Administration of
|
Administration of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A270FEE70626" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A270FEE70626" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A270FEE70626" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A270FEE70626" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaf aqueous extract by injection.
|
leaf aqueous extract by injection.
|
||||||
|
|
@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ bacteria.
|
||||||
</th>
|
</th>
|
||||||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A201FE5406D6" box="[280,492,1123,1202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A201FE5406D6" box="[280,492,1123,1202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
Giving water extract of
|
Giving water extract of
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E4DA2E3FE2006F2" box="[325,408,1153,1174]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E4DA2E3FE2006F2" box="[325,408,1153,1174]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E4DA2E3FE2006F2" box="[325,408,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E4DA2E3FE2006F2" box="[325,408,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
leaves through feed.
|
leaves through feed.
|
||||||
|
|
@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ Infection of fish with
|
||||||
In
|
In
|
||||||
<tableCitation id="D129A798D002FFE54F88A2BAFF6C0694" box="[128,212,1240,1264]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[440,498,717,738]" captionTargetId="graphics-403@2.[108,1479,754,1203]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1: Applications of Phyllanthus niruri L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
<tableCitation id="D129A798D002FFE54F88A2BAFF6C0694" box="[128,212,1240,1264]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[440,498,717,738]" captionTargetId="graphics-403@2.[108,1479,754,1203]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1: Applications of Phyllanthus niruri L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||||
it can be seen that the
|
it can be seen that the
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED6A2BBFD850694" box="[478,573,1241,1264]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED6A2BBFD850694" box="[478,573,1241,1264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED6A2BBFD850694" box="[478,573,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED6A2BBFD850694" box="[478,573,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
plant used as an immunostimulant is the leaf part, in the form of extract or powder (flour) and the method of administration is also by injection or through feed. Testing the ability of these plants as immunostimulants in fish can be carried out using various challenge test methods and various observational indicators, among others by looking at antibody levels, neurophil levels and survival of fish after being challenged with pathogenic bacteria. The
|
plant used as an immunostimulant is the leaf part, in the form of extract or powder (flour) and the method of administration is also by injection or through feed. Testing the ability of these plants as immunostimulants in fish can be carried out using various challenge test methods and various observational indicators, among others by looking at antibody levels, neurophil levels and survival of fish after being challenged with pathogenic bacteria. The
|
||||||
|
|
@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ of fish tested, the challenge test method and the dosage used influenced the res
|
||||||
</paragraph>
|
</paragraph>
|
||||||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54F68A069FBB1057C" blockId="2.[96,763,1240,2093]" lastBlockId="2.[824,1491,1240,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54F68A069FBB1057C" blockId="2.[96,763,1240,2093]" lastBlockId="2.[824,1491,1240,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||||||
Based on the results of several studies above, it proves that
|
Based on the results of several studies above, it proves that
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DECA06EFF260425" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DECA06EFF260425" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DECA06EFF260425" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DECA06EFF260425" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
can be used as an immunomodulator that can induce fish resistance to pathogenic bacteria. As according to the POM Agency (2006)
|
can be used as an immunomodulator that can induce fish resistance to pathogenic bacteria. As according to the POM Agency (2006)
|
||||||
|
|
@ -583,33 +583,33 @@ can be used as an immunomodulator that can induce fish resistance to pathogenic
|
||||||
]
|
]
|
||||||
</superScript>
|
</superScript>
|
||||||
that
|
that
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54D12A00AFD37041B" box="[538,655,1640,1663]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54D12A00AFD37041B" box="[538,655,1640,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D12A00AFD37041B" box="[538,655,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D12A00AFD37041B" box="[538,655,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
is an immunomodulator, which can improve or enhance the immune system. The main component and is an active compound as an immunostimulant which is contained in
|
is an immunomodulator, which can improve or enhance the immune system. The main component and is an active compound as an immunostimulant which is contained in
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DE2A0A6FF26049D" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DE2A0A6FF26049D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DE2A0A6FF26049D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DE2A0A6FF26049D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
flavonoids. The mechanism of flavonoids as an immunostimulant is to activate the body's cells by sending intracellular signals to cell receptors, so that the body's cells work optimally. Apart from flavonoids, other compounds contained in
|
flavonoids. The mechanism of flavonoids as an immunostimulant is to activate the body's cells by sending intracellular signals to cell receptors, so that the body's cells work optimally. Apart from flavonoids, other compounds contained in
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E14A13FFE280510" box="[284,400,1885,1908]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E14A13FFE280510" box="[284,400,1885,1908]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E14A13FFE280510" box="[284,400,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E14A13FFE280510" box="[284,400,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
, including phyllanthin and hyphophyllanthin are two compounds that have antiinflammatory activity so that they can strengthen immunity. Another opinion states that
|
, including phyllanthin and hyphophyllanthin are two compounds that have antiinflammatory activity so that they can strengthen immunity. Another opinion states that
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54EAEA1DBFDB105B4" box="[422,521,1977,2000]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54EAEA1DBFDB105B4" box="[422,521,1977,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54EAEA1DBFDB105B4" box="[422,521,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54EAEA1DBFDB105B4" box="[422,521,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
has an effect as an immunomodulator through activation and augmentation of the cellular immune system. Specifically
|
has an effect as an immunomodulator through activation and augmentation of the cellular immune system. Specifically
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54D00A195FDD20A6A" box="[520,618,2039,2062]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54D00A195FDD20A6A" box="[520,618,2039,2062]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D00A195FDD20A6A" box="[520,618,2039,2062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D00A195FDD20A6A" box="[520,618,2039,2062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
can activate neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes. The increase in phagocytosis by neutrophils indicates an accelerated process of eradicating pathogenic microbes, especially for extracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria or fungi.
|
can activate neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes. The increase in phagocytosis by neutrophils indicates an accelerated process of eradicating pathogenic microbes, especially for extracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria or fungi.
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B12A357FB3A0728" box="[1050,1154,1333,1356]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B12A357FB3A0728" box="[1050,1154,1333,1356]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B12A357FB3A0728" box="[1050,1154,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B12A357FB3A0728" box="[1050,1154,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
can induce an increase in monocytes and macrophages, which are able to lyse infecting intracellular pathogenic cells and expose these pathogenic cells to other immune components in the extracellular compartment. In addition,
|
can induce an increase in monocytes and macrophages, which are able to lyse infecting intracellular pathogenic cells and expose these pathogenic cells to other immune components in the extracellular compartment. In addition,
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B62A3CDFB7B07A3" box="[1130,1219,1455,1479]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P niruri</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B62A3CDFB7B07A3" box="[1130,1219,1455,1479]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">P niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
can modulate cytokine secretion, including stimulating IFN-γ, TNF- α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and suppression of IL-10. This shows that
|
can modulate cytokine secretion, including stimulating IFN-γ, TNF- α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and suppression of IL-10. This shows that
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A4BA38FFA1A0460" box="[1347,1442,1517,1540]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A4BA38FFA1A0460" box="[1347,1442,1517,1540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A4BA38FFA1A0460" box="[1347,1442,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A4BA38FFA1A0460" box="[1347,1442,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
can induce the body's defense, by engaging the cellular immune system against foreign pathogens
|
can induce the body's defense, by engaging the cellular immune system against foreign pathogens
|
||||||
|
|
@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ can induce the body's defense, by engaging the cellular immune system against fo
|
||||||
]
|
]
|
||||||
</superScript>
|
</superScript>
|
||||||
. On the basis of the immunostimulatory properties possessed by
|
. On the basis of the immunostimulatory properties possessed by
|
||||||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A28A02BFAC70404" box="[1312,1407,1609,1632]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A28A02BFAC70404" box="[1312,1407,1609,1632]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||||||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A28A02BFAC70404" box="[1312,1407,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A28A02BFAC70404" box="[1312,1407,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||||||
</taxonomicName>
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||||||
from a series of non-specific (neutrophil), specific (antibody) parameter tests and other tests, namely the survival rate of fish challenged with pathogenic bacteria can be used either as a routine feed supplement to activate the immune system of cultivated fish, other than that it can be used as an adjuvant in the use of vaccines.
|
from a series of non-specific (neutrophil), specific (antibody) parameter tests and other tests, namely the survival rate of fish challenged with pathogenic bacteria can be used either as a routine feed supplement to activate the immune system of cultivated fish, other than that it can be used as an adjuvant in the use of vaccines.
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,67 +1,67 @@
|
||||||
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).
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Loading…
Reference in a new issue