From f3fc12cfafcaf5e8ce39e341f340de80ac76be02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 7 Jan 2025 17:13:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-01-07 17:08:08 --- .../23/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C.xml | 148 +++++++++--------- .../15/22601550FFF69F71FF406CB1CAB7FCF5.xml | 92 +++++------ 2 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/14/02/23/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C.xml b/data/14/02/23/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C.xml index b33bcc99b3a..118b567b6f9 100644 --- a/data/14/02/23/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C.xml +++ b/data/14/02/23/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C.xml @@ -1,52 +1,52 @@ - - - -A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture + + + +A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture - - -Author + + +Author -Rosidah -Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia +Rosidah +Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia -text - - -International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies +text + + +International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies - -2023 - -2023-01-01 + +2023 + +2023-01-01 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -26 -30 + +26 +30 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765 -journal article -10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765 -04764dd2-e290-4bda-bb86-5e7070125152 -2347-5129 -11659163 +journal article +10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765 +04764dd2-e290-4bda-bb86-5e7070125152 +2347-5129 +11659163 2. Classification and morphology of - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ L. - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ it is called Bhumyamalaki 1000 m DPL, in rocky places, damp places such as along waterways, or among grass and shrubs [Dalimarta]. The classification of - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ L. [14 Kardinan, 2004] - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ is a wild herb plant, originating from Asia and has now reached the African, Aus Fig 1: - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Plant 3. The content and benefits of - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -153,12 +153,12 @@ L. In general, the - + Phyllanthus niruri L. plant contains several complete chemical compounds, so it is very beneficial for health. - + P. niruri contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpenoids @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpeno . Apart from containing bioactive compounds of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, P. - + niruri also contains molecules of lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycosides, ellagitannins, triterpenes, phenyl propanoids, ricinolic acid, niruriside, phyltetralin, essential oils, anthraquinones and arbutin @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ also contains molecules of lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycosides, el ] . Quantitatively, the -Phyllanthus niruri L +Phyllanthus niruri L plant contains a total phenol equivalent to 28.05 g of gallic acid in @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ of plant extract, while the content of flavonoids in of plant extract is equivalent to 61.41 g of quercetin, while the filantin content in 70% -P niruri +P niruri ethanol extract of 0.864% [16] . Traditionally this plant has been widely used by people in tropical countries to treat various @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ and boosting the immune system ] . The ability of - + P. niruri to treat various diseases is due to its pharmacological properties, including as an immunomodulator, antiviral, antibacterial, diuretic, anti-hyperglycemic and hepatoprotector @@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ to treat various diseases is due to its pharmacological properties, including as 4. Applications of - + Phyllanthus niruri L. @@ -307,33 +307,33 @@ as an immunostimulant that can increase the resistance of humans and animals inc Two sets of Oreochromis mossambicus fish groups, each consisting of 6 groups (n = 8 per group) were used as test fish to prove the ability of - + P. niruri as an immunostimulant by observing the levels of an body titers and neutrophil levels. The part of the - + P. niruri plant used was the leaf in the form of an aqueous extract. The extract was given to fish by intraperitoneal injection with various doses, namely 20, 2, 0.02 and 0.002 mg /kg fish body weight. To observe the activity of antibody titers, the first group of fish, after two days of administration of - + P. niruri leaf extract, were challenged with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) which function as antigens. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are given by intraperitoneal injection with the first dose of 5% of 0.1 mL and a second dose of 25% (booster) of 0.1 mL given three days after the first dose, then observed for 60 days from the first injection. As for observing neutrophil activity, fish in the second set were challenged with 100 μL HA- BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of 5 mg via intraperitoneal injection, then observations were made for 12 days. The results showed that administration of - + P. niruri aqueous extract resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the activation of antibody and neutrophil responses. Of the various doses tested, the group of fish that were given - + P. niruri leaf aqueous extract at a dose of 20 mg /kg body weight gave the maximum increase in primary and secondary antibody responses on the 15th day of observation. Whereas the group of fish that were given -P. niruri +P. niruri leaf aqueous extract at a dose of 0.02 mg /kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on day 6 @@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ leaf aqueous extract at a dose of Oreochromis niloticus ) that have been given - + P. niruri leaf extract through injection are able to survive against @@ -361,13 +361,13 @@ was significantly the best concentration with the highest survival of tilapia, w Cyprinus carpio ) after being given feed mixed with -P. niruri +P. niruri powder for 60 days was then challenged with A. hydrophila bacteria with a density of 103 CFU with the cohabitation method through water in a rearing aquarium, able to survive the attack of these bacteria. Giving - + P. niluri powder as much as 2% ( @@ -398,13 +398,13 @@ The results of research conducted by Ma'at ] showed that - + P. niruri had an immunomodulating effect in vitro . -P. niruri +P. niruri extract ( 50-200 mg /kg) can elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses. As the results of research by Nworu @@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ extract ( showed that -P. niruri +P. niruri water extract ( 12.5-200 g @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ water extract ( Table 1: Applications of - + Phyllanthus niruri L. Sebagai Immunostimulant @@ -461,14 +461,14 @@ L. Sebagai Immunostimulant Administration of - + P. niruri aqueous extract via intraperitoneal. Injection Fish were injected intraperitoneally with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The first dose of 0.1 mL of 5% and the second dose (booster) of 0.1 mL of 25% - + P. niruri extract dose of 20 mg/fish body weight resulted in a maximum increase in antibody levels on day 15. @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ extract dose of 20 mg/fish body weight resulted in a maximum increase in antibod Administration of - + P. niruri leaf aqueous extract by intraperitoneal injection. @@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ leaf aqueous extract by intraperitoneal injection. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with HA-BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of 5 mg as much as 100 μL. A dose of -P. niruri +P. niruri extract of 0.02 mg/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on the 6th day. @@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ extract of 0.02 mg/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil l Administration of - + P. niruri leaf aqueous extract by injection. @@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ bacteria. Giving water extract of - + P. niruri leaves through feed. @@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ Infection of fish with In Table 1 it can be seen that the - + P. niruri plant used as an immunostimulant is the leaf part, in the form of extract or powder (flour) and the method of administration is also by injection or through feed. Testing the ability of these plants as immunostimulants in fish can be carried out using various challenge test methods and various observational indicators, among others by looking at antibody levels, neurophil levels and survival of fish after being challenged with pathogenic bacteria. The @@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ of fish tested, the challenge test method and the dosage used influenced the res Based on the results of several studies above, it proves that - + P. niruri can be used as an immunomodulator that can induce fish resistance to pathogenic bacteria. As according to the POM Agency (2006) @@ -583,33 +583,33 @@ can be used as an immunomodulator that can induce fish resistance to pathogenic ] that - + P. niruri is an immunomodulator, which can improve or enhance the immune system. The main component and is an active compound as an immunostimulant which is contained in - + P niruri flavonoids. The mechanism of flavonoids as an immunostimulant is to activate the body's cells by sending intracellular signals to cell receptors, so that the body's cells work optimally. Apart from flavonoids, other compounds contained in - + P. niruri , including phyllanthin and hyphophyllanthin are two compounds that have antiinflammatory activity so that they can strengthen immunity. Another opinion states that - + P. niruri has an effect as an immunomodulator through activation and augmentation of the cellular immune system. Specifically - + P. niruri can activate neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes. The increase in phagocytosis by neutrophils indicates an accelerated process of eradicating pathogenic microbes, especially for extracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria or fungi. - + P. niruri can induce an increase in monocytes and macrophages, which are able to lyse infecting intracellular pathogenic cells and expose these pathogenic cells to other immune components in the extracellular compartment. In addition, -P niruri +P niruri can modulate cytokine secretion, including stimulating IFN-γ, TNF- α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and suppression of IL-10. This shows that - + P. niruri can induce the body's defense, by engaging the cellular immune system against foreign pathogens @@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ can induce the body's defense, by engaging the cellular immune system against fo ] . On the basis of the immunostimulatory properties possessed by - + P. niruri from a series of non-specific (neutrophil), specific (antibody) parameter tests and other tests, namely the survival rate of fish challenged with pathogenic bacteria can be used either as a routine feed supplement to activate the immune system of cultivated fish, other than that it can be used as an adjuvant in the use of vaccines. diff --git a/data/22/60/15/22601550FFF69F71FF406CB1CAB7FCF5.xml b/data/22/60/15/22601550FFF69F71FF406CB1CAB7FCF5.xml index 861d3381213..7d3c0d10589 100644 --- a/data/22/60/15/22601550FFF69F71FF406CB1CAB7FCF5.xml +++ b/data/22/60/15/22601550FFF69F71FF406CB1CAB7FCF5.xml @@ -1,67 +1,67 @@ - - - -Click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Khuzestan province (Iran): with three new species, Craspedostethus izehensis sp. n., Dicronychus khuzestanicus sp. n. and Gurjevelater catei sp. n. + + + +Click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Khuzestan province (Iran): with three new species, Craspedostethus izehensis sp. n., Dicronychus khuzestanicus sp. n. and Gurjevelater catei sp. n. - - -Author + + +Author -Nasserzadeh, Hiva -Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran +Nasserzadeh, Hiva +Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran - - -Author + + +Author -Platia, Giuseppe -Via Molino Vecchio, 21 a, 47043 - Gatteo (FC), Italy +Platia, Giuseppe +Via Molino Vecchio, 21 a, 47043 - Gatteo (FC), Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Serri, Sayeh -Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran +Serri, Sayeh +Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2023 - -2023-09-18 + +2023 + +2023-09-18 - -5346 + +5346 - -2 + +2 - -101 -130 + +101 +130 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5346.2.1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5346.2.1 -journal article -268661 -10.11646/zootaxa.5346.2.1 -fad649af-4e78-47fb-9657-c0804303efaf -1175-5326 -8354558 -E2B84393-BA33-4ECE-944D-4623DA0B9603 +journal article +268661 +10.11646/zootaxa.5346.2.1 +fad649af-4e78-47fb-9657-c0804303efaf +1175-5326 +8354558 +E2B84393-BA33-4ECE-944D-4623DA0B9603 - + - + Calais brandti Platia & Gudenzi, 1999 @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ , CPG ). - + Khuzestan province : 11 exs.