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<document id="13993500078EE97391E017E2F42F126D" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9401462457" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913330" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712167746961" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wheeler, Elisabeth A., Manchester, Steven R. &amp; Baas, Pieter" docDate="2023" docId="038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.40.14.1-55.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (14)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.3:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Malpighiales JUSS. EX BERCHT. &amp; J. PRESL 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="FFB38D7DA33F9621547BFFC0FFD49B4F" masterDocTitle="A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1728052592909" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D400D7A79DF3D196BC4F88B2C7ADBFD6">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="019FCF9E9BECD12A8F969085F9C3C984">Wheeler, Elisabeth A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A3F4F6A7C921583FB22CEFA91FBA188E">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B781327E1BB6291F217C1ED0AED4C45">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960D54D1FE34FD329943" box="[170,742,500,524]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54D1FE34FD329943" blockId="44.[170,742,500,524]" box="[170,742,500,524]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D54C0FE34FD329943" ID-CoL="MLP" ID-ENA="3646" authority="JUSS. EX BERCHT. &amp; J. PRESL, 1820" authorityName="JUSS. EX BERCHT. &amp; J. PRESL" authorityYear="1820" box="[187,742,500,524]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">MALPIGHIALES JUSS. EX BERCHT. &amp; J. PRESL, 1820</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960D55F7FDDEFDEC9EF6" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D55F7FDDEFDD09979" blockId="44.[396,516,542,566]" box="[396,516,542,566]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D55F7FDDEFDD09979" box="[396,516,542,566]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">FIG. 20A–L</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFD92FE2199DF" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D54EBFD92FE9F9923" bold="true" box="[144,331,594,620]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D5526FDB5FE3399DF" box="[349,487,629,656]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFD59FCF498BF" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
Wood diffuse-porous; solitary vessels rare, 8% solitary vessels, vessels predominantly in radial multiples of 2–6 (-9) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D549DFD1FFEA799B6" box="[230,371,735,761]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20A–C</figureCitation>
); mean tangential diameter 52 µm (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D5402FCC2FF779853" box="[121,163,770,796]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=11), range 26–76 µm; 90–121 vessels per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA313960D56ADFCC2FD35985A" attach="left" box="[726,737,770,789]" fontSize="8" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates simple and scalariform with fewer than 10 bars (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D54A3FC89FEB4982C" box="[216,352,841,867]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20D–F</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits alternate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D56D0FC89FCC7982C" box="[683,787,841,867]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20G</figureCitation>
), horizontal diameter 6–8–10 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to intervessel pits, generally oval in outline, with reduced borders (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D559FFC72FD9B9883" box="[484,591,946,972]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
). Vessel elements short, &lt;350 µm. Thin-walled tyloses abundant (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D56CAFC15FCC798BF" box="[689,787,981,1008]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFC39FEA09F79" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fibers thin- to thick-walled, apparently non-septate, pitting not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFBFFFCC79F33" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Axial parenchyma not obvious in transverse sections, but visible in longitudinal section, strands of 4–8 cells.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFB46FE739E45" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
Rays 1–2 seriate, mostly uniseriate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D5637FB45FD199FEF" box="[588,717,1157,1184]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20J, K</figureCitation>
); average biseriate ray height 227 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D55A6FB68FDD19F8C" box="[477,517,1192,1219]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=52) µm, 131–315 µm. Rays composed primarily of procumbent cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D56C1FB0CFF519E45" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20I, L</figureCitation>
); 12–15 per linear mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFAD2FF1E9E00" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Storied structure, radial canals, and oil/mucilage cells absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFA98FEEF9ED9" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D54EBFA98FEE39E3D" bold="true" box="[144,311,1368,1394]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Specimen—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D5543FA99FE889E3C" box="[312,348,1369,1395]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84892, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A313960D5493FABCFEE39ED9" box="[232,311,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFA5FFDEC9EF6" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" box="[144,568,1439,1465]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D54EBFA5FFE939EF6" bold="true" box="[144,327,1439,1465]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D55B1FA5FFE249EF6" box="[458,496,1439,1465]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960D54EBFA02FB139819" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBFA02FCF49DC3" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D54EBFA02FEE89E93" bold="true" box="[144,316,1474,1500]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Comments—</emphasis>
Specimen
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D55C0FA03FE0A9E92" box="[443,478,1475,1501]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84892 was problematic because it was highly compressed. The longitudinal sections provided a combination of radial and tangential views, measuring the quantitative vessel features and rays per mm were affected by the compression. The tyloses made it difficult to measure vessel element lengths.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D54EBF955FB139819" blockId="44.[112,801,594,1958]" lastBlockId="44.[831,1520,194,1453]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D54EBF955FD2C9DFF" bold="true" box="[144,760,1685,1712]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Comparison with modern and fossil woods—</emphasis>
We searched InsideWood’s modern and fossil wood database multiple times using various combinations of features, with almost all searches including wood diffuse-porous (5p), vessels in radial multiples of four or more common (10p), perforation plates simple (13p), intervessel pits alternate and not minute (22p 24a), fibers non-septate (66p), narrow rays (searching for rays 1–3 seriate - 97p or rays uniseriate - 96p). Although scalariform perforation plates are rare, we used their presence (14p). Most searches returned
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5053FEC9FA7C9A6C" authority="Kuprian (1962)" authorityName="Kuprian" authorityYear="1962" box="[1064,1448,264,293]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D5053FEC9FB349A6A" box="[1064,1248,265,293]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Nothofagaceae</emphasis>
Kuprian (1962)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D51CCFEC9FCA69A08" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Fagales</taxonomicName>
), which is an unlikely match because no macro- or microfossils of this Southern Hemisphere family have ever been found in the Northern Hemisphere (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A313960D51ECFEB2FC119AFF" author="Pujana, R. R. &amp; D. A. Fernandez &amp; C. Panti &amp; N. Caviglia" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref38596" refString="Pujana, R. R., D. A. Fernandez, C. Panti, and N. Caviglia. 2021. The micro- and megafossil record of Nothofagaceae in South America. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 196: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2021">Pujana et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D50DAFE55FA7F9AFF" authority="sensu APG" authorityName="APG" box="[1185,1451,405,432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae sensu APG</taxonomicName>
were also returned as well as other malpighialean families (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5744FE1CFB5D9AB8" authority="Harms, 1925" authorityName="Harms" authorityYear="1925" box="[831,1161,476,503]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Achariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Achariaceae Harms, 1925</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D50E3FE1CFA3E9AB9" authority="Juss., 1789" authorityName="Juss." authorityYear="1789" box="[1176,1514,476,502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae Juss., 1789</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5744FDC0FBB49955" authority="Klotzch, 1859" authorityName="Klotzch" authorityYear="1859" box="[831,1120,511,538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Peraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Peraceae Klotzch, 1859</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5011FE3FFA3F9956" authority="Martinov, 1820" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[1130,1515,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae Martinov, 1820</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5744FDE2FB419973" authority="Endl., 1841" authorityName="Endl." authorityYear="1841" box="[831,1173,546,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Putranjivaceae Endl., 1841</taxonomicName>
). Results of other searches included
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D57CAFD85FB66992F" authority="Juss." authorityName="Juss." box="[945,1202,581,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Elaeocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Elaeocarpaceae Juss.</taxonomicName>
(1816,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5174FD85FBF199CC" authority="Bercht. and J. Presl, 1820" authorityName="Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Oxalidales Bercht. and J. Presl, 1820</taxonomicName>
). No fossil wood in the InsideWood database was a good match. In spite of reviewing the family descriptions in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A313960D501BFD6FFA629985" author="Metcalfe, C. R. &amp; L. Chalk" box="[1120,1462,687,714]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" refId="ref37662" refString="Metcalfe, C. R. and L. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2 vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U. K., 1500 pp." type="book" year="1950">Metcalfe and Chalk (1950)</bibRefCitation>
and reviewing the literature on the aforementioned families, at this time, we are not able to assign it to family. We suggest it belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D50FBFCD9FA5E987C" authority="Martius" authorityName="Martius" box="[1152,1418,793,819]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Malpighiales Martius</taxonomicName>
, but we cannot confirm that placement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960D5724FC9EFAD69EE3" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D5724FC9EFAD69EE3" blockId="44.[831,1520,194,1453]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5724FC9EFC149835" box="[863,960,862,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D5724FC9EFC149835" box="[863,960,862,890]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Populus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D57BEFCA0FC039835" box="[965,983,864,890]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D500AFC9FFB7F9834" box="[1137,1195,863,891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D500AFC9FFB7F9834" box="[1137,1195,863,891]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A313960D50CAFCA0FB179835" box="[1201,1219,864,890]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753) (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D514AFC9FFC1998D2" authority="Mirbel (1815))" authorityName="Mirbel" authorityYear="1815" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae Mirbel (1815))</taxonomicName>
are common in the compression floras of the
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A313960D5744FC66FC52988F" box="[831,902,934,960]" name="United States of America" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
, although woods of those genera are rare, which is probably because they readily decay making them less likely to enter the fossil record. Initially, we thought this sample might be
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5074FBCEFBA49F65" box="[1039,1136,1038,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D5074FBCEFBA49F65" box="[1039,1136,1038,1066]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Populus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D50EEFBCFFB1B9F64" box="[1173,1231,1039,1067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D50EEFBCFFB1B9F64" box="[1173,1231,1039,1067]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the transverse section of this diffuse-porous wood shows narrow and abundant vessels that are commonly in radial multiples, abundant narrow rays, and axial parenchyma looked to be rare. However, this first impression was incorrect because this wood has some scalariform perforation plates, a feature that does not occur in present-day
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D51CEFB23FA3B9FB0" box="[1461,1519,1251,1279]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D51CEFB23FA3B9FB0" box="[1461,1519,1251,1279]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D571FFAC4FC1F9E6F" box="[868,971,1284,1312]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D571FFAC4FC139E6F" box="[868,967,1284,1312]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Populus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Moreover, strands of axial parenchyma are visible in the longitudinal sections. This sample serves as a cautionary tale that generally wood identification needs to be based on microscopic examination of longitudinal sections, not just transverse section.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

319
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<treatment id="038AF505A313960E57BDF9F6FB1F99CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AF505A313960E57BDF9F6FB1F99CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AF505A313960E57BDF9F6FB1F99CC" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D57BDF9F6FBC79D36" authority="LIGNIER, 1907 " authorityName="LIGNIER" authorityYear="1907" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960D57BDF9F6FABC9D1E" box="[966,1384,1590,1618]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D57BDF9F6FABC9D1E" blockId="44.[950,1401,1483,1657]" box="[966,1384,1590,1618]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D57BDF9F6FB179D1D" box="[966,1219,1590,1618]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">HAMAMELIDOXYLON</emphasis>
LIGNIER, 1907
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960D5794F99CFA949D36" box="[1007,1344,1628,1657]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D5794F99CFA949D36" blockId="44.[950,1401,1483,1657]" box="[1007,1344,1628,1657]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
CF.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5062F99DFA949D36" box="[1049,1344,1628,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D5062F99DFAC29D36" box="[1049,1302,1629,1657]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">HAMAMELIDOXYLON</emphasis>
SP.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A313960E5022F949FB1F99CC" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960D5022F949FB019DEE" blockId="44.[1113,1237,1673,1697]" box="[1113,1237,1673,1697]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D5022F949FB019DEE" box="[1113,1237,1673,1697]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">FIG. 21A–H</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A313960F5724F977FD389CD5" blockId="44.[831,1520,1719,1957]" lastBlockId="46.[112,800,1779,1946]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D5724F977FBCF9D9E" bold="true" box="[863,1051,1719,1745]" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Description—</emphasis>
Wood diffuse-porous, narrow growth increments, boundaries of 1–3 radially narrow fibers (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D5733F93EFC189C57" box="[840,972,1790,1816]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 21A, B</figureCitation>
). Vessels predominantly solitary, overlapping end walls of vessel elements appearing as tangential or oblique pairs; vessels angular in outline (
<figureCitation id="13185896A313960D512BF884FA349C10" box="[1360,1504,1860,1887]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Fig. 21A, B</figureCitation>
); very narrow to narrow, average tangential diameter 43 (9) µm; very numerous,&gt;
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A313960D50F2F84BFB269CEA" box="[1161,1266,1931,1957]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
<superScript id="7C56E95BA313960D5089F84AFB299CD2" attach="left" box="[1266,1277,1930,1949]" fontSize="8" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates exclusively scalariform with more than 20 bars (
<figureCitation id="13185896A311960F56CDF933FF539C7E" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Fig. 21C, D</figureCitation>
), 34–42 bars counted. Intervessel pits scalariform to opposite. (
<figureCitation id="13185896A311960F548DF8F9FEB09C1C" box="[246,356,1849,1875]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Fig. 21E</figureCitation>
) Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate, half-bordered or with slightly reduced borders (
<figureCitation id="13185896A311960F5499F840FE9F9CD5" box="[226,331,1920,1946]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Fig. 21F</figureCitation>
). Widely spaced tyloses common.
</paragraph>
<subSection id="E2AC5DF8A312960C54F6F8B1FE1C9CC6" box="[141,456,1905,1930]" pageId="45" pageNumber="44" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A312960C54F6F8B1FE1C9CC6" blockId="45.[141,456,1905,1930]" box="[141,456,1905,1930]" pageId="45" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9579801A312960C54F6F8B1FF289CC6" bold="true" box="[141,252,1905,1929]" pageId="45" pageNumber="44">Figure 20</emphasis>
. Caption on pg. 45.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="DF5C149BA311960F540AFF02FCCE9A2F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890627" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890627/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" startId="46.[113,188,194,218]" targetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" targetPageId="45" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A311960F540AFF02FCCE9A2F" blockId="46.[112,1516,194,352]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F540AFF02FF319B95" bold="true" box="[113,229,194,218]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Figure 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A311960F5490FF02FE5D9B95" box="[235,393,194,218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malpighiaceae</taxonomicName>
?. UF 278-84892.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5639FF02FDBB9B95" bold="true" box="[578,623,194,218]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">A‒C</emphasis>
. Distinct growth ring boundaries, wood diffuse-porous, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5530FF1DFE899BBA" bold="true" box="[331,349,221,245]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
. Simple perforation plates (PP), ray cells predominantly procumbent. RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F50F9FF1DFB459BBA" bold="true" box="[1154,1169,221,245]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
. Scalariform perforation plate with 5 bars, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5552FF38FEEE9A5F" bold="true" box="[297,314,248,272]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">F.</emphasis>
Perforation plate with partial bars, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5694FF37FCD19A40" bold="true" box="[751,773,247,271]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">G.</emphasis>
Crowded alternate intervessel pitting. RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F50A7FF38FB219A5F" bold="true" box="[1244,1269,248,272]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">H.</emphasis>
Vessel-ray parenchyma pits. RLS?
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5551FED2FEED9A65" bold="true" box="[298,313,274,298]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">I.</emphasis>
Tyloses in vessels, ray cells predominantly procumbent. RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F57ABFED2FC219A65" bold="true" box="[976,1013,274,298]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">J, K</emphasis>
. Rays uniseriate and partially biseriate, axial parenchyma strands. TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F55F0FEEDFE4D9A0A" bold="true" box="[395,409,301,325]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">L</emphasis>
. Short vessel element, simple perforation plate (PP), rays partially biseriate. TLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, I, J; 50 µm in D, K, L; 20 µm in E‒H.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C149BA311960F5415F981FECD9D8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" startId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" targetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" targetPageId="46" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A311960F5415F981FECD9D8B" blockId="46.[110,1512,1601,1733]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5415F981FF379D16" bold="true" box="[110,227,1601,1625]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Figure 21.</emphasis>
Incertae Sedis. cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A311960F55D2F981FD5E9D14" box="[425,650,1601,1627]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F55D2F981FDBC9D16" box="[425,616,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Hamamelidoxylon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, UF 278-84876.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5746F981FCBD9D15" bold="true" box="[829,873,1601,1626]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">A, B</emphasis>
. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F54EFF99CFF149D3B" bold="true" box="[148,192,1628,1652]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">C, D</emphasis>
. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5634F99CFD8A9D3B" bold="true" box="[591,606,1628,1652]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5178F99CFAC09D3B" bold="true" box="[1283,1300,1628,1652]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">F.</emphasis>
Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5628F9B7FDB79DC0" bold="true" box="[595,611,1655,1679]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">G</emphasis>
. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells.
<emphasis id="B9579801A311960F5415F952FF539DE5" bold="true" box="[110,135,1682,1706]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">H.</emphasis>
Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A311960F5719F933FC0C9C7F" blockId="46.[834,1522,1779,1946]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Fibers non-septate, thin-walled, bordered pits on radial walls.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A311960F5719F8F9FADD9C38" blockId="46.[834,1522,1779,1946]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
Axial parenchyma diffuse and scanty paratracheal, in strands of 5 or more cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A311960F50F6F89CFB2F9C38" box="[1165,1275,1884,1911]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Fig. 21H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A311960E5719F840FEAF9A4F" blockId="46.[834,1522,1779,1946]" lastBlockId="47.[112,801,195,1946]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
Rays uniseriate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A311960F5048F840FB779CD5" box="[1075,1187,1920,1946]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="45.[141,216,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[149,1481,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-23@45.[149,1481,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 20. Caption on pg. 45." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913370/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
), heterocellular, composed of intermixed procumbent, square, and upright cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A310960E5689FF03FF739A4F" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="46.[110,185,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[139,1489,405,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-203@46.[139,1489,405,1585]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 21. Incertae Sedis. cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp., UF 278-84876. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS. C, D. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS. E. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS. F. Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS. G. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells. H. Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913372/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Fig. 21G</figureCitation>
); 9–14 rays/mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A310960E54EBFEC9FD6A9A6C" blockId="47.[112,801,195,1946]" box="[144,702,265,292]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Crystals and oil/mucilage cells not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A310960E54EBFEECFE9D9A25" blockId="47.[112,801,195,1946]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E54EBFEECFEE39A09" bold="true" box="[144,311,300,326]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Specimen—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E5543FEEDFE889A08" box="[312,348,301,327]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84876, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A310960E5493FE8FFE929A25" box="[232,326,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A310960E54EBFEB3FDEB9AC2" blockId="47.[112,801,195,1946]" box="[144,575,371,397]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E54EBFEB3FE939AC2" bold="true" box="[144,327,371,397]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E55ABFEB3FE229AC2" box="[464,502,371,397]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A310960E54EBFE56FD7B9EC5" blockId="47.[112,801,195,1946]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E54EBFE56FD9C9AFF" bold="true" box="[144,584,406,432]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Comparison to extant woods—</emphasis>
We did multiple searches of the IW database for modern woods; all searches included diffuse-porous wood (5p), predominantly solitary vessels angular in outline (9p, 12p), exclusively scalariform perforation plates with more than 10 bars (13a, 14p, 15a), scalariform intervessel pits (20p), narrow numerous vessels (42a, 43a, 46a, 47a, 48a), non-septate fibers with bordered pits (62p, 66p) axial parenchyma not obvious (77a, 79–89a), exclusively uniseriate heterocellular rays (96p 104a, 105a). These searches returned
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E552DFD36FDFA985F" authorityName="R. BROWN" authorityYear="1818" box="[342,558,758,784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hamamelidaceae</taxonomicName>
, usually
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E56EDFD36FECF987C" authority="H. T. Chang (1948)" authorityName="H. T. Chang" authorityYear="1948" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Chunia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E56EDFD36FD38985D" box="[662,748,758,786]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Chunia</emphasis>
H.T. Chang (1948)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E555EFCD8FD5F987B" authority="R. W. Br. (1946)" authorityName="R. W. Br." authorityYear="1946" box="[293,651,792,820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Exbucklandia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E555EFCD8FE1F987B" box="[293,459,792,820]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Exbucklandia</emphasis>
R.W. Br. (1946)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E56ECFCD9FF049818" authority="Gronov." authorityName="Gronov." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E56ECFCD9FCF5987C" box="[663,801,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Hamamelis</emphasis>
Gronov.
</taxonomicName>
ex
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E5486FCFDFEDB9818" box="[253,271,829,855]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753), and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E55C2FCFCFD089818" authority="Mirb. (1816)" authorityName="Mirb." authorityYear="1816" box="[441,732,828,855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Theaceae Mirb. (1816)</taxonomicName>
, usually
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E54D9FC9EFD709835" authority="W. Bartram ex Marshall (1785)" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1785" box="[162,676,862,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Franklinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E54D9FC9EFEF59835" box="[162,289,862,890]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Franklinia</emphasis>
W. Bartram ex Marshall (1785)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E56D4FCA0FED098D2" authority="Ellis (1770)" authorityName="Ellis" authorityYear="1770" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Gordonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E56D4FCA0FCF49833" box="[687,800,864,892]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Gordonia</emphasis>
Ellis (1770)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5569FC43FD7698D2" authority="Reinw. ex Blume (1823)" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1823" box="[274,674,899,925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Schima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E5569FC43FEBF98D2" box="[274,363,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Schima</emphasis>
Reinw. ex Blume (1823)
</taxonomicName>
. Although in different orders,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E551FFC66FF1398AC" authority="Bertchtold and J. Presl. (1820)" authorityName="Bertchtold and J. Presl." authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Saxifragales Bertchtold and J. Presl. (1820)</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E557DFC09FD3A98AB" authority="Bertchtold and J. Presl. (1820)" authorityName="Bertchtold and J. Presl." authorityYear="1820" box="[262,750,969,996]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Ericales Bertchtold and J. Presl. (1820)</taxonomicName>
, respectively, these families have some genera with similar combinations of wood anatomical features, making it difficult, often impossible, to determine the familial affinities of small, isolated pieces of wood. The anatomy of the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E54B8FBB9FEED9FDC" box="[195,313,1145,1171]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
has been reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E5624FBB9FF699FF8" author="Liang, D. &amp; P. Baas" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="337 - 378" refId="ref36683" refString="Liang, D. and P. Baas. 1990. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. II. Theaceae. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 11 (4): 337 - 378. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000525]." type="journal article" year="1990">Liang and Baas (1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E54B2FB5DFEDE9FF8" author="Liang, D. &amp; P. Baas" box="[201,266,1181,1207]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="333 - 353" refId="ref36737" refString="Liang, D. and P. Baas. 1991. Wood anatomy of the Theaceae. IAWA Journal 12 (3): 333 - 353. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90001258]." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
); the anatomy of the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E566CFB5CFD399FF9" authorityName="R. BROWN" authorityYear="1818" box="[535,749,1180,1206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hamamelidaceae</taxonomicName>
has been reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E5530FB00FE359F95" author="Tang, Y." box="[331,481,1216,1242]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="8 - 63" refId="ref39984" refString="Tang, Y. 1943. Systematic anatomy of the woods of the Hamamelidaceae. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (New Series) 1 (1): 8 - 63." type="journal article" year="1943">Tang (1943)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E5662FB00FCCF9F95" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; J. Lee &amp; P. Baas" box="[537,795,1216,1242]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="399 - 423" refId="ref41059" refString="Wheeler, E. A., J. Lee and P. Baas. 2010. Wood anatomy of the Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae. IAWA Journal 31 (4): 399 - 423. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000032]." type="journal article" year="2010">Wheeler et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
. Descriptions of species of both families appear in wood anatomical atlases (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E55E6FAC7FD0E9E6F" author="Pearson, R. S. &amp; H. P. Brown" box="[413,730,1286,1313]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref38118" refString="Pearson, R. S. and H. P. Brown. 1932. Commercial Timbers of India. Their Distribution, Supplies, Anatomical Xtructure, Physical and Mechanical Properties and Uses. Volume I. Government of India Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 548 pp." type="book" year="1932">Pearson and Brown 1932</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E569DFAC7FEBE9E0B" author="Metcalfe, C. R. &amp; L. Chalk" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref37662" refString="Metcalfe, C. R. and L. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2 vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U. K., 1500 pp." type="book" year="1950">Metcalfe and Chalk 1950</bibRefCitation>
, Suzuki, et al. 1991,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E5623FAE9FCCE9E0C" author="Sosef, M. S. M. &amp; L. T. Hong &amp; S. Prawirohatmodjo" box="[600,794,1321,1348]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref39473" refString="Sosef, M. S. M., L. T. Hong and S. Prawirohatmodjo (eds.). 1998. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5 (3). Timber Trees: Lesser-known Timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sosef et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E540BFA8CFEE69E28" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" box="[112,306,1356,1383]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
, and the online
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E567AFA8DFD999E28" box="[513,589,1357,1383]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">FFPRI</collectionCode>
Wood Database, https://db.ffpri.go.jp/WoodDB/index-E.html).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A310960E54EBFA53FE7D9CD5" blockId="47.[112,801,195,1946]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E54EBFA53FDC09EE2" bold="true" box="[144,532,1427,1453]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Comparison to fossil woods—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E566FFA53FDF29EE2" box="[532,550,1427,1453]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
search of the IW fossil wood database using the same features given above returned species assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E558DFA1AFF139D58" authority="Mathiesen (1932)" authorityName="Mathiesen" authorityYear="1932" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Corylopsites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E558DFA1AFD5B9EB9" box="[502,655,1498,1526]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Corylopsites</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E56E1FA19FF139D58" author="Mathiesen, Fr. J." pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref37533" refString="Mathiesen, Fr. J. 1932. Notes on some fossil plants from east Greenland. Meddelelser om Gronland 85 (4): 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1932">Mathiesen (1932)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5570FA3CFD7A9D58" authority="Lignier (1907)" authorityName="LIGNIER" authorityYear="1907" box="[267,686,1532,1559]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E5570FA3CFE3D9D59" box="[267,489,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Hamamelidoxylon</emphasis>
Lignier (1907)
</taxonomicName>
. The description of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E557BF9E0FCF49D75" authority="Mathiesen (1932)" authorityName="Mathiesen" authorityYear="1932" box="[256,800,1568,1596]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Corylopsites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E557BF9E0FD949D73" box="[256,576,1568,1596]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Corylopsites groenlandicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E563FF9E0FCF49D75" author="Mathiesen, Fr. J." box="[580,800,1568,1594]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref37533" refString="Mathiesen, Fr. J. 1932. Notes on some fossil plants from east Greenland. Meddelelser om Gronland 85 (4): 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1932">Mathiesen (1932)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
lacks details on vessel-ray parenchyma pitting, vessel element frequency; it differs in having crystals in both ray and axial parenchyma cells.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E5595F949FF6F9D88" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">
Wheeler and
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A310960E56F4F949FCF49DEC" box="[655,800,1673,1699]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Manchester</collectingRegion>
(2021
</bibRefCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A310960E54BEF96CFEC99D88" box="[197,285,1708,1735]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="18.[111,175,194,218]" captionTargetBox="[128,1430,342,701]" captionTargetId="graphics-674@18.[114,1502,377,711]" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of fossil Fagus woods from Dietz Hill with Fagus dodgei from Post Hammer (UF 279, late Eocene, Wheeler and Manchester 2021) and Fagus manosii (mid-Miocene, Wheeler and Dillhoff 2009). VTD=vessel tangential diameter in µm, mean (SD); V/mm2=number of vessels per square mm; Lrg Ray=large ray, number of cells wide; Cmp=compound ray; Lrg Ray Ht.=large ray height in µm, mean (SD, when known), range." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65">Table 2</tableCitation>
) compared
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E55D7F96CFD309D89" box="[428,740,1708,1734]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E55D7F96CFD519D89" box="[428,645,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Hamamelidoxylon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with reasonably complete descriptions. Of those species, the most similar to this Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E559EF933FDDF9C42" box="[485,523,1779,1805]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) wood is
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E56C3F931FD839C7F" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uniseriatum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E56C3F931FF109C7F" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">H. uniseriatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E54B2F8D6FD839C7F" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[201,599,1814,1840]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds (but this species usually has rays with procumbent body cells, not intermixed procumbent, square, and upright cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A310960E571AFF03FB1F99CC" blockId="47.[833,1522,195,644]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
One of the results, cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5015FF03FAA19B92" box="[1134,1397,195,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E5015FF03FA9F9B92" box="[1134,1355,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Hamamelidoxylon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A310960E5107FF03FC699A4E" author="Terada, K. &amp; H. Nishida &amp; Sun Ge." pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="192 - 208" refId="ref40020" refString="Terada, K., H. Nishida and Sun Ge. 2011. Fossil woods from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene of Heilongjang (Amur) River area of China and Russia. Global Geology 14 (3): 192 - 208. [https: // doi. org / 10. 3969 / j. issn. 1673 - 9736. 2011. 03. 0]." type="journal article" year="2011">Terada et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, was considered “Family
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E517BFF25FA679A4E" box="[1280,1459,229,257]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">incertae sedis”</emphasis>
. The authors noted that this wood
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A310960E50CDFECAFB399A6B" box="[1206,1261,266,292]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
had features seen in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5715FEECFB909A09" authorityName="R. BROWN" authorityYear="1818" box="[878,1092,300,326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hamamelidaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5007FEECFB279A09" box="[1148,1267,300,326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
, as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E510EFEECFC299A25" authority="A. C. Sm. (1947)" authorityName="A. C. Sm." authorityYear="1947" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Illiciaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Austrobaileyales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Illiciaceae A.C. Sm. (1947)</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E507EFE90FBAB9A25" box="[1029,1151,336,362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Illiciaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Austrobaileyales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Illiciaceae</taxonomicName>
wood has narrow rays, but not exclusively uniseriate rays and so is not similar to the Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E57DEFE56FC1F9AFF" box="[933,971,406,432]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) fossil. We follow Terada et al.’s example and note that while
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A310960E504CFE7AFB8E9A9B" box="[1079,1114,442,468]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84876 has a combination of features that are consistent with
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E5099FE1CFA119AB9" box="[1250,1477,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5099FE1CFA149AB9" authorityName="LIGNIER" authorityYear="1907" box="[1250,1472,476,502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" genus="Hamamelidoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hamamelidoxylon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we cannot assign it to family. We suggest that some other
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E573AFDE3FB569972" box="[833,1154,547,573]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9579801A310960E573AFDE3FBCA9972" box="[833,1054,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Hamamelidoxylon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
need reassessment to determine whether or not they have combinations of features unique to the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A310960E5795FDA9FB1399CC" authorityName="R. BROWN" authorityYear="1818" box="[1006,1223,617,643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hamamelidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hamamelidaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="C3391798A316960857D7F8A2FA519C31" box="[940,1413,1890,1918]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A316960857D7F8A2FA519C31" blockId="41.[940,1413,1890,1953]" box="[940,1413,1890,1918]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA316960857D7F8A2FA519C31" allCaps="true" box="[940,1413,1890,1918]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960857D7F8A2FAFF9C31" authority="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas, 2023" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[940,1323,1890,1918]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="41" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oskolskii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960857D7F8A2FAFF9C31" box="[940,1323,1890,1918]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">PLERANDREOXYLON OSKOLSKII</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31696085149F8A6FA989C31" box="[1330,1356,1894,1918]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Botânica" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="Herbarium">SP</collectionCode>
. NOV.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31696085020F849FB019CEE" box="[1115,1237,1929,1953]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31696085020F849FB019CEE" blockId="41.[940,1413,1890,1953]" box="[1115,1237,1929,1953]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<figureCitation id="13185896A31696085020F849FB019CEE" box="[1115,1237,1929,1953]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">FIG. 19A–G</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A315960B54EBFF03FDE49835" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFF03FED19A09" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B54EBFF03FEE59B92" bold="true" box="[144,305,195,221]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
Growth rings distinct, marked by radially flattened latewood fibers, and differences in vessel diameter between latewood and earlywood of subsequent rings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFE90FE66992E" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Semi-ring-porous to ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in radial multiples, small clusters in the latewood. Earlywood with multiple rows of vessels, latewood vessels arranged in a tangential to diagonal pattern in narrower rings. Perforation plates simple, intervessel pits alternate, medium to large; vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, oval to slightly horizontally elongate. Tyloses present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFDA9FEAE99E8" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits; thin to thick-walled; septate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFD70FDE09985" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" box="[144,564,688,714]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axial parenchyma extremely rare.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFD13FDE49835" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
Rays predominantly multiseriate, sheath cells occasional, average ray height &lt;
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A315960B559EFD36FDFF985E" box="[485,555,758,785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent body cells, or heterocellular with a single marginal row of square cells and weakly procumbent cells. Rays per mm few.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A315960B54EBFC43FDFC9F48" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFC43FEE5988E" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA315960B54EBFC43FEE5988E" collectionCode="UF" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" specimenCode="UF 278-84872" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B54EBFC43FEFD98D2" bold="true" box="[144,297,899,925]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A315960B54EBFC43FEDD98D2" box="[144,265,899,925]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A315960B5553FC43FE3698D2" box="[296,482,899,925]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="Museum">UF 278-84872</specimenCode>
, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A315960B54ABFC66FEF9988E" box="[208,301,934,961]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9 cm</quantity>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFC09FE3598AB" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" box="[144,481,969,996]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA315960B54EBFC09FE0A98AB" box="[144,478,969,996]" collectionCode="UF" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" specimenCode="UF 278-84905" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B54EBFC09FEF298AC" bold="true" box="[144,294,969,995]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A315960B54EBFC09FED398AC" box="[144,263,969,995]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A315960B555DFC0AFE0A98AB" box="[294,478,969,996]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="Museum">UF 278-84905</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFC2CFDFC9F48" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" box="[144,552,1004,1031]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B54EBFC2CFE939F49" bold="true" box="[144,327,1004,1030]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A315960B55B3FC2DFE3F9F48" box="[456,491,1005,1031]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A315960B54EBFBD0FF009FDC" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFBD0FF009FDC" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B54EBFBD0FE909F65" bold="true" box="[144,324,1040,1066]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Etymology—</emphasis>
Named for our good colleague and friend Alexei Oskolski who has studied
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5629FBF3FD019F02" box="[594,725,1075,1101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
wood and done much to further the field of wood anatomy in general.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A315960D54EBFB5CFE899A9C" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBFB5CFDAA9DCF" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B54EBFB5CFE989FF9" bold="true" box="[144,332,1180,1206]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings distinct, marked by radially flattened latewood fibers. Ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, small clusters in the latewood. Earlywood with multiple rows of vessels; latewood vessels arranged in a tangential to diagonal pattern in narrower rings, mostly in radial multiples, solitary vessels not common (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B5601FAB0FCD99EC5" box="[634,781,1392,1418]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19A, B</figureCitation>
.). Earlywood vessels 97 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A315960B55EEFA53FE699EE2" box="[405,445,1427,1453]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=22) µm, range 48–137 µm. Vessel element lengths commonly 350–500 µm. Perforation plates simple (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B551BFA19FE189EBC" box="[352,460,1497,1523]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
). Intervessel pits alternate, 8–10 µm in horizontal diameter, tending to be angular in outline (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B5487F9E0FEB89D75" box="[252,364,1568,1594]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
); vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders and oval to slightly horizontally elongate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B5402F9A6FF379DCF" box="[121,227,1638,1664]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19E</figureCitation>
). Tyloses present (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B55B1F9A6FDA69DCF" box="[458,626,1638,1665]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19C, E, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBF949FE249D89" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits, septate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B5402F96CFF359D88" box="[121,225,1708,1735]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19F</figureCitation>
), thin to thick-walled.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBF910FDE09DA5" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" box="[144,564,1744,1770]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axial parenchyma extremely rare.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B54EBF933FBCD9B92" blockId="42.[112,801,195,1947]" lastBlockId="42.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent body cells, or heterocellular with a single marginal row of square cells and barely procumbent cells; sheath cells occasional; 3–7 cells wide, mostly 5–6 cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A315960B56EBF89CFCC09C38" box="[656,788,1884,1911]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-318@43.[147,1488,194,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 19. Araliaceae. Plerandreoxylon oskolski sp. nov., UF 278-84906. A. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S. B. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS. C. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS. F. Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS. G. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 19F, G</figureCitation>
). Ray height averages 449 (126) µm, range 126–728 µm; 3–4 rays per mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B571BFF26FBEA9A6C" blockId="42.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Crystals, oil/mucilage cells, storied structure, and radial canals absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B571BFEECFB1C9E6F" blockId="42.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B571BFEECFA139A08" bold="true" box="[864,1479,300,327]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Comparisons to extant and fossil woods—</emphasis>
We searched the InsideWood database multiple times. One search used: distinct growth ring boundaries (1p); wood ring-porous to semi-ring porous (5a, not diffuse-porous); vessels in wavy tangential bands (6p);simple perforation plates (13p); intervessel pits alternate and not minute (22p 24a); vessel-ray parenchyma pits rounded with much reduced borders (30a, 31p); septate fibers (65p); axial parenchyma rare (75p); rays more than 4-seriate, &lt;
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A315960B572EFDA9FC4D99CB" box="[853,921,617,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
high and with one row of square marginal cells (98p 102a 106p); storied structure, oil/mucilage cells, and radial canals absent (118a 120a 124a 125a 126a 130a). The IW matches only included
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B516DFD13FA4D99A2" box="[1302,1433,723,749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
(order
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B573BFD36FC7C985E" authorityName="NAKAI" authorityYear="1930" box="[832,936,758,785]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Apiales</taxonomicName>
): two modern (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5001FD35FC26987C" authority="J. Wen (1994)" authorityName="J. Wen" authorityYear="1994" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Aralia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="elata" variety="ryukyuensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B5001FD35FAC0985E" box="[1146,1300,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Aralia elata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B5123FD36FA3B985D" box="[1368,1519,758,786]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">ryukyuensis</emphasis>
J.Wen (1994)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5041FCD9FC249818" authority="(Thunb.) Koidz. (1925)" authorityName="Koidz." authorityYear="1925" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Kalopanax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="septemlobus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B5041FCD9FAA4987C" box="[1082,1392,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Kalopanax septemlobus</emphasis>
(Thunb.) Koidz. (1925)
</taxonomicName>
, both East Asian) and two fossil woods (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5730FCA0FC5698D2" authority="Wheeler and Manchester, 2002" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B5730FCA0FB7F9833" box="[843,1195,864,892]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Plerandreoxylon oregonensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A315960B50C8FCA0FC5698D2" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B57BEFC43FA8D98D2" authority="Platen, 1908" authorityName="Platen" authorityYear="1908" box="[965,1369,899,925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Aralinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B57BEFC43FB6098D2" box="[965,1204,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Aralinium excellens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A315960B50C0FC43FA8D98D2" author="Platen, P." box="[1211,1369,899,925]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref38303" refString="Platen, P. 1908. Untersuchungen fossiler Holzer aus dem Westen der vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Leipzig Sitzungsberichte 34: 1 - 155, 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1908">Platen, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), both from the Eocene of the
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A315960B505AFC66FB83988F" box="[1057,1111,934,960]" name="United States of America" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">USA</collectingCountry>
. These two Dietz Hill woods' absence of uniseriate rays and the occasional occurrence of sheath cells are additional features that are consistent with the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B57CDFBD0FBE89F65" box="[950,1084,1040,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, Platen’s
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B510FFBD0FC789F02" authorityName="Platen" authorityYear="1908" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Aralinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B510FFBD0FC789F02" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Aralinium excellens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be placed with certainty in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B51E7FBF3FCAC9F3E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
and reasonably compared with this Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A315960B51B1FB96FA249F3F" box="[1482,1520,1110,1136]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) wood because its description lacks details on ray cellular composition and height and whether fibers are septate or non-septate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A315960B5014FB00FADC9F95" author="Platen, P." box="[1135,1288,1216,1242]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref38303" refString="Platen, P. 1908. Untersuchungen fossiler Holzer aus dem Westen der vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Leipzig Sitzungsberichte 34: 1 - 155, 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1908">Platen 1908</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, it was described as having crystals in enlarged cells, a feature not reported for the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5044FAC6FB109E6F" box="[1087,1220,1286,1312]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960B571BFAE9FB8F9C39" blockId="42.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
Another search used absence of vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (30a) rather than 31p and absence of obvious axial parenchyma features (77a, 79–86a) rather than
<specimenCount id="9D258F9AA315960B50F1FA53FB149EE1" box="[1162,1216,1427,1454]" count="75" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="generic">75p.</specimenCount>
This search returned an additional two modern woods (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B50B5FA75FAA99E9E" box="[1230,1405,1461,1489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Aralia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B50B5FA75FAA99E9E" box="[1230,1405,1461,1489]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Aralia spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A315960B51FFFA77FA409E9E" box="[1412,1428,1463,1489]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
., 1753;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B573BFA19FB389EBC" authority="C. B. Clarke, 1879" authorityName="C. B. Clarke" authorityYear="1879" box="[832,1260,1497,1523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Gamblea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B573BFA19FBD19EBC" box="[832,1029,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Gamblea ciliata</emphasis>
C.B. Clarke, 1879
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5085FA19FA529EBB" box="[1278,1414,1497,1524]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
) and an additional fossil wood (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B501CFA3BFA3E9D59" authority="Gregory, 1976" authorityName="Gregory" authorityYear="1976" box="[1127,1514,1531,1561]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Evodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gadjirian">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B501CFA3BFAE79D56" box="[1127,1331,1531,1561]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Evodia gadjirian</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A315960B5142FA3DFA3E9D59" author="Gregory, I." box="[1337,1514,1532,1559]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref35240" refString="Gregory, I. 1976. An extinct Evodia wood from Oregon. The Ore Bin 38 (9): 135 - 139." type="journal article" year="1976">Gregory, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from an unspecified Eocene site in the vicinity of Post,
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A315960B573BF983FC499D12" box="[832,925,1603,1629]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Oregon</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A315960B57DDF983FC349D12" box="[934,992,1603,1629]" name="United States of America" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">USA</collectingCountry>
). Unfortunately, the description of the putative
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B570EF9A5FB289DCE" authority="Forst. and Forst. (1775)" authorityName="Forst. and Forst." authorityYear="1775" box="[885,1276,1637,1665]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Evodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B570EF9A5FC1D9DCE" box="[885,969,1637,1665]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Evodia</emphasis>
Forst. and Forst. (1775)
</taxonomicName>
lacked information on intervessel and vessel-ray parenchyma pitting and ray cellular composition; the accompanying images were at too low of a magnification to determine those details. Whether or not this wood truly is
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5091F931FAEA9C42" box="[1258,1342,1777,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Evodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A315960B5091F931FAEA9C42" box="[1258,1342,1777,1805]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Evodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B5136F933FA109C42" box="[1357,1476,1779,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
) or might be
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A315960B57C8F8D6FBE29C7F" box="[947,1078,1814,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
is impossible to determine because the location of Gregory’s material is unknown and so it cannot be reexamined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A315960A571BF840FBC59DC7" blockId="42.[832,1521,195,1946]" lastBlockId="43.[833,1522,1611,1954]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
Alternative searches, e.g., 1p, 4p, 9a, 10a, 13p, 26p, 30a, 31p, 56p, 61p, 65p, 98p, 106p, in addition to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A5691F98BFF1D9DC7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
, also retrieved two extant species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A56D6F9ADFF259DE3" authority="DC (1830)" authorityName="DC" authorityYear="1830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Toricellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A56D6F9ADFCF49DC6" box="[685,800,1645,1673]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Toricellia</emphasis>
DC (1830)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A557BF951FDF59DE4" authority="Hu 1934" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1934" box="[256,545,1681,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Toricelliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Toricelliaceae Hu 1934</taxonomicName>
), also in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A56C5F951FCC89DE4" authorityName="NAKAI" authorityYear="1930" box="[702,796,1681,1707]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Apiales</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A314960A540BF974FECC9D80" author="Adams, J. E." box="[112,280,1716,1743]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" pagination="218 - 244" refId="ref32161" refString="Adams, J. E. 1949. Studies in the comparative anatomy of the Cornaceae. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 65 (2): 218 - 244. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 24333908]." type="journal article" year="1949">Adams (1949</bibRefCitation>
, p. 239) remarked “[the] overall character of the wood is suggestive of araliaceaeous affinities.”
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A540BF939FF369C5A" authorityName="DC" authorityYear="1830" box="[112,226,1785,1813]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Toricellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A540BF939FF369C5A" box="[112,226,1785,1813]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Toricellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the fossil in having helical vessel wall thickenings, taller rays (to
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A314960A567AF8DEFDB19C76" box="[513,613,1822,1849]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
), slightly more rays per mm, scanty paratracheal parenchyma more obvious, and conspicuous tyloses (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A314960A5642F8A4FF659CED" author="Noshiro, S. &amp; P. Baas" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" pagination="43 - 97" refId="ref37877" refString="Noshiro, S. and P. Baas. 1998. Systematic wood anatomy of Cornaceae and allies. IAWA Journal 19 (1): 43 - 97. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000652]." type="journal article" year="1998">Noshiro and Baas 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
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<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A54B2F846FEEF9CED" box="[201,315,1926,1954]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Toricellia</emphasis>
DC
</taxonomicName>
, is known by fruits from the Clarno Nut Beds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A314960A57BBF98BFB019D2A" author="Manchester, S. R. &amp; M. E. Collinson &amp; C Soriano and &amp; D. Sykes" box="[960,1237,1611,1637]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" pagination="567 - 579" refId="ref37208" refString="Manchester, S. R., M. E. Collinson, C Soriano and D. Sykes. 2017. Homologous fruit characters in geographically separated genera of extant and fossil Torricelliaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 178 (7): 567 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 692988]." type="journal article" year="2017">
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et al. 2017
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) but is not known from any Post locality.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C149BA314960A540BFAB4FC9D9D5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913368" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913368/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" startId="43.[112,187,1396,1420]" targetBox="[147,1488,194,1368]" targetPageId="43" targetType="figure">
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<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A540BFAB4FF319EC3" bold="true" box="[112,229,1396,1420]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Figure 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A5491FAB4FE899EC3" box="[234,349,1396,1420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A551DFAB5FDB89EC2" authority="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas, 2023" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[358,620,1397,1421]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oskolski" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A551DFAB5FDB89EC2" box="[358,620,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Plerandreoxylon oskolski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA314960A560AFAB5FD169EC3" box="[625,706,1397,1420]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, UF 278-84906.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A5709FAB4FC579EC3" bold="true" box="[882,899,1396,1420]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A516FFA4FFAF09EE8" bold="true" box="[1300,1316,1423,1447]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A57BBFA69FC1B9E8E" bold="true" box="[960,975,1449,1473]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">C</emphasis>
. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A5560FA04FEF99E93" bold="true" box="[283,301,1476,1500]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">D</emphasis>
. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A5773FA04FCC39E93" bold="true" box="[776,791,1476,1500]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">E</emphasis>
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A562CFA1FFDBC9EB8" bold="true" box="[599,616,1503,1527]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">F.</emphasis>
Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A506CFA1FFBF39EB8" bold="true" box="[1047,1063,1503,1527]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">G</emphasis>
. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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There are araliaceous fruits (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A50A0F950FC8B9D80" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Paleopanax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A50A0F950FC8B9D80" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Paleopanax oregonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A314960A5711F974FB9F9D80" author="Manchester, S. R." box="[874,1099,1716,1743]" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref37109" refString="Manchester, S. R. 1994. Fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. Palaeontographica Americana 58: 1 - 205." type="journal article" year="1994">
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, 1994
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) and two species of fossil wood,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A573AF918FC4F9C5A" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nutbedensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A573AF918FB729DBD" box="[833,1190,1750,1780]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Plerandreoxylon nutbedensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A314960A50CBF918FC4F9C5A" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A579BF939FC4D9C76" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Paleopanax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A579BF939FB4A9C58" box="[992,1182,1785,1815]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Pl. oregonensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A314960A50D2F93BFC4D9C76" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, known from the middle Eocene Clarno Formation. This Dietz Hill wood agrees with the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A314960A573AF8A5FBD09CCE" authorityName="WHEELER &amp; MANCHESTER" authorityYear="2002" box="[833,1028,1893,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A314960A573AF8A5FBD09CCE" box="[833,1028,1893,1921]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="42">Plerandreoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, aside from “rays usually less than 4-seriate” and so we have emended the diagnosis to rays less than 10-seriate.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D553AFF03FD709B92" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" box="[321,676,193,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nutbedensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D553AFF03FD709B92" box="[321,676,193,223]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Plerandreoxylon nutbedensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in having some scalariform perforation plates, some scalariform intervessel pitting, with uniseriate rays more common;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D5496FEEAFE779A07" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" box="[237,419,298,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Paleopanax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D5496FEEAFE779A07" box="[237,419,298,328]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Pl. oregonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has mostly non-septate fibers and some scalariform intervessel pitting (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A313960D5604FE8FFE999AC3" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">
Wheeler and
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2002
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). We consider these differences sufficient to warrant assigning this wood to a new species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A313960D54F4FE79FE839A9A" authorityName="WHEELER &amp; MANCHESTER" authorityYear="2002" box="[143,343,441,469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Plerandreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A313960D54F4FE79FE839A9A" box="[143,343,441,469]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="43">Plerandreoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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126
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<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A318960655D2FC5EFE3E98F9" box="[425,490,926,950]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">COMB</collectionCode>
. NOV.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A318960654EBFC0FFE579F43" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A318960654EBFC0FFE579F43" blockId="39.[112,800,974,1037]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960654EBFC0FFEE598A6" bold="true" box="[144,305,975,1001]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Basionym—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606554AFC0FFEAE9F43" authority="Wheeler et Manchester (2002" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klaassenii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606554AFC0FFD8498A5" box="[305,592,974,1003]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Sapindoxylon klaassenii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3189606562EFC0FFECB9F43" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler et Manchester (2002</bibRefCitation>
, p. 132
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A318960654EBFBE2FCC39E7C" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A318960654EBFBE2FCC39E7C" blockId="39.[112,801,1058,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
The complex pith of
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A318960655D9FBE3FE119F72" box="[418,453,1059,1085]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84882 resembles the piths described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31896065529FB85FD729F2F" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[338,678,1093,1120]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31896065529FB85FE439F10" box="[338,407,1093,1119]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
for extant
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606540BFBA9FF399FCA" box="[112,237,1129,1157]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Allectryon</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065554FBA9FEA29FCA" ID-CoL="4RHN" box="[303,374,1129,1157]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Guioa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065554FBA9FEA29FCA" box="[303,374,1129,1157]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Guioa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606564FFBA9FF6A9FE9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guioaoides">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606564FFBA9FF6A9FE9" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Sapindoxylon guioaoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A318960654BEFB4CFDF39FE9" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[197,551,1164,1190]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A318960654BEFB4CFEDF9FE9" box="[197,267,1164,1190]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
. The wood of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960656A2FB4CFCF49FE7" ID-CoL="4RHN" box="[729,800,1164,1192]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Guioa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960656A2FB4CFCF49FE7" box="[729,800,1164,1192]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Guioa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also resembles this fossil (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A318960655D4FB6FFDB69F86" author="Klaassen, R." box="[431,610,1199,1225]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 214" refId="ref36287" refString="Klaassen, R. 1999. Wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae. IAWA Journal Supplement 2: 1 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">Klaassen 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Pith anatomy remains an underexplored field, which is unfortunate because in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065556FB35FE1D9E40" ID-CoL="FY3" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[301,457,1269,1295]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
pith features are highly diagnostic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31896065491FAD8FE659E7C" author="Wilkinson, H. P." box="[234,433,1304,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="81 - 86" refId="ref41399" refString="Wilkinson, H. P. 1988. Sapindaceous pyritized twigs from the Eo- cene of Sheppey, England. Tertiary Research 9: 81 - 86." type="journal article" year="1988">Wilkinson 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A318960655C5FAD8FCD29E7C" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[446,774,1304,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A318960655C5FAD8FDD09E7D" box="[446,516,1304,1330]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson 1992
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

447
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@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A31896065489FAB6FD4A9EDE" box="[242,670,1398,1426]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31896065489FAB6FD4A9EDE" blockId="39.[242,670,1361,1465]" box="[242,670,1398,1426]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA31896065489FAB6FD4A9EDE" allCaps="true" box="[242,670,1398,1426]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065489FAB6FD4A9EDE" authority="VAN DER BURGH, 1964" authorityName="VAN DER BURGH" authorityYear="1964" box="[242,670,1398,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065489FAB6FE779EDD" box="[242,419,1398,1426]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">FAGAROXYLON</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A318960655D3FABAFD4A9EDE" author="Van der Burgh, J." box="[424,670,1401,1426]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="250 - 301" refId="ref40181" refString="Van der Burgh, J. 1964. Holzer der Niederrheinischen Braunkohlen- formation. 1. Holzer der Braunkohlengrube ' Anna' zu Haan- rade (Niederlandisch-Limburg). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 13: 250 - 301." type="journal article" year="1964">VAN DER BURGH, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A3189608553CFA5CFA549F00" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606553CFA5CFD9E9EF6" blockId="39.[242,670,1361,1465]" box="[327,586,1436,1465]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA3189606553CFA5CFD9E9EF6" allCaps="true" box="[327,586,1436,1465]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
CF.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606550AFA5DFD9E9EF6" box="[369,586,1436,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606550AFA5DFDF69EF6" box="[369,546,1437,1465]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">FAGAROXYLON</emphasis>
SP.
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A318960655F4FA09FDD69EAE" blockId="39.[399,514,1481,1505]" box="[399,514,1481,1505]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<figureCitation id="13185896A318960655F4FA09FDD69EAE" box="[399,514,1481,1505]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">FIG. 18A–I</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A318960654EBFA37FEDE9D17" blockId="39.[112,800,1527,1941]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960654EBFA37FE9F9D5E" bold="true" box="[144,331,1527,1553]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, (probably also marginal parenchyma) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31896065403F9FEFF289D17" box="[120,252,1598,1624]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig 18A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A318960654EBF9A1FA479A4F" blockId="39.[112,800,1527,1941]" lastBlockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
Wood diffuse-porous (
<figureCitation id="13185896A318960655C9F9A1FD949D33" box="[434,576,1633,1660]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig 18A, B</figureCitation>
). Vessels solitary (14%) and in radial multiples mostly 2–4 (-7), clusters rare; mean tangential diameter 63 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31896065643F967FDB59D8D" box="[568,609,1703,1730]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=15) µm, range 28–90 µm; 36–42–50 vessels/mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA31896065659F90AFDF99D92" attach="left" box="[546,557,1738,1757]" fontSize="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates simple (
<figureCitation id="13185896A318960654AFF92EFE899C47" box="[212,349,1774,1800]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18E, F</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits crowded alternate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31896065402F8D1FF369C64" box="[121,226,1809,1835]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18C</figureCitation>
), horizontal diameters small to medium 5–8.5 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma similar to intervessel pits (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31896065402F897FF389C3D" box="[121,236,1879,1906]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
). Vessel element lengths 235–277–353 µm (n=12); vessel element end walls obliquely inclined. Helical sculpturing (grooves) in some narrow vessel elements (
<figureCitation id="13185896A318960657E6FF25FBF09A4F" box="[925,1060,229,256]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18E, F</figureCitation>
). Gum-like deposits common.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFEC8FC309A09" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
Fibers thin-walled, non-septate, pitting not observed (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31896065732FEECFC039A09" box="[841,983,300,326]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18E–H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFE8FFB7A9AFF" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
Axial parenchyma not common, scanty paratracheal (hard to distinguish from thin-walled fibers) and probably also marginal (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31896065048FE55FB749AFF" box="[1075,1184,405,432]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFE79FBC29973" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
Rays 1–4 (-5)-seriate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A3189606500AFE78FB2D9A9C" box="[1137,1273,440,467]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 17E, G</figureCitation>
). Average ray height 497 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A318960657F9FE1CFC7E9AB9" box="[898,938,476,502]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=203) µm, range 181–1062 µm. Homocellular, composed of procumbent cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A318960650AEFE3FFAA19955" box="[1237,1397,511,538]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18D, F, I</figureCitation>
), 6–9 per mm, non-storied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFD85FB989985" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
Crystals common in chambered axial cells (fibers), strands sometimes adjacent to rays, one crystal per chamber, numerous (10+) crystalliferous chambers per strand (
<figureCitation id="13185896A318960657DBFD6FFBEA9985" box="[928,1086,687,714]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="41.[112,183,194,216]" captionTargetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-22@40.[146,1489,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 18. Sapindales. Fagaroxylon sp., UF 278-84907. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS. E. Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS. F. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS. G. Rays 1‒4-seri- ate, crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS. H. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS. I. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Fig. 18E, G, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFD12FBDF985F" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606571BFD12FBD399A3" bold="true" box="[864,1031,722,748]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Specimen—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31896065073FD13FBF899A2" box="[1032,1068,723,749]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84907, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A318960657C3FD36FBD3985F" box="[952,1031,758,784]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFCD8FADC987C" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" box="[864,1288,792,819]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606571BFCD8FBC3987D" bold="true" box="[864,1047,792,818]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A318960650E1FCD9FB14987C" box="[1178,1216,793,819]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189606571BFCFBFAF49D75" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606571BFCFBFAF19819" bold="true" box="[864,1317,827,854]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Comparisons with extant woods—</emphasis>
We searched the InsideWood database multiple times. One search used diffuse porosity (5p), absence of vessel patterning and exclusively solitary vessels (6-9a), exclusively simple perforation plates (13p 14a), alternate intervessel pitting that is neither minute nor large (22p, 24a, 27a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (30p), average vessel diameter less than 200 µm (43a), vessels per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA318960657D8FB95FC7A9F27" attach="left" box="[931,942,1109,1128]" fontSize="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">2</superScript>
between five and 100 (46a, 50a), non-septate fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits (61p 66p), axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal and marginal, but not accompanied by more obvious axial parenchyma (78p, 89p, 80-88a), homocellular rays not exclusively uniseriate or greater than 10-seriate (96a, 99a, 104p), storied structure absent (118–122a), oil/mucilage cells and intercellular canals absent (124–130a), prismatic crystals present in fibers (136p 143p). When not allowing any mismatches, this search yielded only
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065108FA52FA249EE3" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1395,1520,1426,1452]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065737FA76FBC39E9D" box="[844,1047,1462,1490]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Capuronianthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065737FA76FBC39E9D" box="[844,1047,1462,1490]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Capuronianthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31896065059FA76FBFA9E9F" box="[1058,1070,1462,1488]" country="South Africa" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14647" name="University of the Witwatersrand" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">J</collectionCode>
.-
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31896065042FA76FB9E9E9F" box="[1081,1098,1462,1488]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
.Leroy, 1958;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065084FA76FC569EBC" authority="Baill., 1893" authorityName="Baill." authorityYear="1893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Quivisianthe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065084FA76FA4A9E9D" box="[1279,1438,1462,1490]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Quivisianthe</emphasis>
Baill., 1893
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A318960657AEFA19FBBE9EBC" box="[981,1130,1497,1523]" name="Madagascar" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065007FA19FB229EBC" box="[1148,1270,1497,1523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065176FA19FC559D59" authority="Swingle, 1912" authorityName="Swingle" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Aeglopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065176FA19FAAB9EBA" box="[1293,1407,1497,1525]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Aeglopsis</emphasis>
Swingle, 1912
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960657E9FA3CFAC69D58" authority="(Swingle) Engl., 1915" authorityName="Engl." authorityYear="1915" baseAuthorityName="Swingle" box="[914,1298,1532,1560]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Afraegle" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960657E9FA3CFC2D9D57" box="[914,1017,1532,1560]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Afraegle</emphasis>
(Swingle) Engl., 1915
</taxonomicName>
, from Africa; and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606573BF9DFFC089D76" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[832,988,1567,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
(one Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065014F9DEFB729D75" box="[1135,1190,1566,1594]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065014F9DEFB729D75" box="[1135,1190,1566,1594]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A318960650D7F9E0FB6B9D75" box="[1196,1215,1568,1594]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
., 1753).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3189608571BF982FE099A9A" blockId="39.[832,1521,194,1940]" lastBlockId="41.[112,801,407,1947]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
When one mismatch was allowed, results again included
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960657E2F9A4FBC19D31" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[921,1045,1636,1662]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
(three species),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960650A6F9A5FA9B9D30" box="[1245,1359,1637,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
(12 species),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606573BF947FC099DEE" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[832,989,1671,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
(19 species, including 11 of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606512EF946FA589DED" box="[1365,1420,1670,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606512EF946FA589DED" box="[1365,1420,1670,1698]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Other families retrieved were
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065020F96AFA749D8B" authority="R. Br. (1810)" authorityName="R. Br." authorityYear="1810" box="[1115,1440,1706,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Combretaceae R.Br.(1810)</taxonomicName>
(three
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606573BF90CFC1D9DA9" box="[832,969,1740,1766]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606573BF90CFC1D9DA9" box="[832,969,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Terminalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A318960657A8F90DFC329DA8" box="[979,998,1741,1767]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1767) species), which differ in having crystals in idioblasts or in having more abundant axial parenchyma),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606578AF8D2FBA29C63" box="[1009,1142,1810,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
(one
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960650C1F8D0FA8C9C63" box="[1210,1368,1808,1836]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960650C1F8D0FB239C63" box="[1210,1271,1808,1836]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Vitex</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with mostly septate fibers and crystals of other shapes),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065106F8F4FA249C01" authorityName="LINDLEY" authorityYear="1836" box="[1405,1520,1844,1870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
(five species, none have crystals in fibers, although there is the possibility crystals in fibers might have been interpreted as crystals in chambered axial parenchyma as reported for four of them).
</paragraph>
<subSection id="E2AC5DF8A317960954E8F8A9FE1A9CCD" box="[147,462,1897,1922]" pageId="40" pageNumber="39" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A317960954E8F8A9FE1A9CCD" blockId="40.[147,462,1897,1922]" box="[147,462,1897,1922]" pageId="40" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B9579801A317960954E8F8A9FED59CCE" bold="true" box="[147,257,1897,1921]" pageId="40" pageNumber="39">Figure 18</emphasis>
. Caption on pg. 40.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="DF5C149BA3169608540BFF02FC1C9A22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890625" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890625/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" startId="41.[112,183,194,216]" targetBox="[146,1487,194,1878]" targetPageId="40">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3169608540BFF02FC1C9A22" blockId="41.[112,1506,194,366]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608540BFF02FF0C9B98" bold="true" box="[112,216,194,216]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Figure 18</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085498FF02FE809B97" box="[227,340,194,216]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Sapindales</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085527FF03FE2F9B97" box="[348,507,195,218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085527FF03FE0C9B95" box="[348,472,195,218]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fagaroxylon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, UF 278-84907.
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960856D9FF02FD189B98" bold="true" box="[674,716,194,215]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">A, B</emphasis>
. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608507DFF1AFBCE9BBF" bold="true" box="[1030,1050,218,240]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">C.</emphasis>
Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608540BFF32FF529A48" bold="true" box="[112,134,242,263]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">D.</emphasis>
Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085070FF32FBCA9A48" bold="true" box="[1035,1054,242,263]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">E.</emphasis>
Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608511AFECAFABA9A50" bold="true" box="[1377,1390,266,287]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">F</emphasis>
. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608514EFEE2FA919A77" bold="true" box="[1333,1349,290,312]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">G</emphasis>
. Rays 1‒4-seriate
<subScript id="17A74656A316960854F4FE83FF479A1E" attach="left" box="[143,147,323,337]" fontSize="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">,</subScript>
crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960856FDFEFDFD439A1D" bold="true" box="[646,663,317,338]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">H</emphasis>
. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608511AFEFDFABD9A1D" bold="true" box="[1377,1385,317,338]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">I</emphasis>
. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A316960854EBFE1EFDC398D1" blockId="41.[112,801,407,1947]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
We tried other searches using slightly different combinations of features, and all of them consistently returned members of the Sapindalean families
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960856AAFDE4FF7D992E" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960854CEFD87FEFC992E" box="[181,296,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085512FD87FDDC992E" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[361,520,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
. We are confident that this wood belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960855D2FDAAFDE499CB" box="[425,560,618,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Sapindales</taxonomicName>
and are inclined to think that it is most likely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085657FD4DFD1E99E8" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[556,714,653,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
, which is noted as the Sapindalean family most commonly having crystals in fibers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31696085503FD14FDE299A1" author="Pace, M. R. &amp; C. S. Gerolaa &amp; J. G. Onyenedum &amp; T. Terrazas &amp; M. P. Victorio &amp; I. L. C. Neto &amp; V. Angyalossy" box="[376,566,724,750]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="283 - 340" refId="ref37922" refString="Pace, M. R., C. S. Gerolaa, J. G. Onyenedum, T. Terrazas, M. P. Victorio, I. L. C. Neto and V. Angyalossy. 2022. The wood anatomy of Sapindales: diversity and evolution of wood characters. Brazilian Journal of Botany 45: 283 - 340. [https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40415 - 021 - 00764 - 2]." type="journal article" year="2022">Pace et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). It resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085692FD12FCF499A1" box="[745,800,722,750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085692FD12FCF499A1" box="[745,800,722,750]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most closely, but all present-day
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085671FD35FD95985E" box="[522,577,757,785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085671FD35FD95985E" box="[522,577,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently have helical thickenings in vessel elements, so this wood is not assigned to
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085540FCFCFEA39817" box="[315,375,828,856]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085540FCFCFEA79817" box="[315,371,828,856]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The fruit and seed flora of Dietz Hill has an endocarp that might have affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085692FC9FFCF49834" box="[745,800,863,891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085692FC9FFCF49834" box="[745,800,863,891]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31696085400FC44FDD298D1" author="Manchester, S. R. &amp; W. C. McIntosh" box="[123,518,900,926]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref37371" refString="Manchester, S. R. and W. C. McIntosh. 2007. Late Eocene silicified fruits and seeds from the John Day Formation near Post, Oregon. PaleoBios 27: 7 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31696085400FC44FEDA98D1" box="[123,270,900,926]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Manchester</collectingRegion>
and McIntosh 2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A316960854EBFC65FE2C9EE1" blockId="41.[112,801,407,1947]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960854EBFC65FE7B988E" authority="Oliv. (1889)" authorityName="Oliv." authorityYear="1889" box="[144,431,933,961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dipteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960854EBFC65FEC7988E" box="[144,275,933,961]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Dipteronia</emphasis>
Oliv. (1889)
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960856C9FC65FD3D988E" box="[690,745,933,961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960856C9FC65FD3D988E" box="[690,745,933,961]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and fruits of it occur in the Teater Road shales that we infer to be of similar age to the Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3169608561AFC2DFD5C9F48" box="[609,648,1005,1031]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) locality (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A316960854DDFBD0FDFD9F64" author="McClain, A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[166,553,1040,1067]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="1316 - 1325" refId="ref37562" refString="McClain, A. and S. R. Manchester. 2001. Dipteronia (Sapindaceae) from the Tertiary of North America and implications for the phytogeographic history of the Aceroideae. American Journal of Botany 88 (7): 1316 - 1325. [https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3558343]." type="journal article" year="2001">
McClain and
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31696085537FBD0FE0B9F65" box="[332,479,1040,1066]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Manchester</collectingRegion>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3169608563FFBD0FCF49F64" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" box="[580,800,1040,1067]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3169608548CFBF2FD5F9F01" authority="Oliv. (1889)" authorityName="Oliv." authorityYear="1889" box="[247,651,1074,1102]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dipteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608548CFBF2FE339F01" box="[247,487,1074,1102]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Dipteronia sinensis</emphasis>
Oliv. (1889)
</taxonomicName>
(under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960854C4FB95FDDE9F3E" authority="H. Lev. (1912)" authorityName="H. Lev." authorityYear="1912" box="[191,522,1109,1137]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dielsii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960854C4FB95FE9C9F3E" box="[191,328,1109,1137]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Acer dielsii</emphasis>
H. Lév. (1912)
</taxonomicName>
. That description differs somewhat from the descriptions and observations of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960854EBFB5CFE259FF8" authority="A. Henry (1903)" authorityName="A. Henry" authorityYear="1903" box="[144,497,1180,1210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dipteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dyeriana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960854EBFB5CFEC89FF5" box="[144,284,1180,1210]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">D. dyeriana</emphasis>
A. Henry (1903)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085654FB5CFD799FF7" box="[559,685,1180,1208]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dipteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085654FB5CFD799FF7" box="[559,685,1180,1208]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">D. sinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
made by Peter Gasson (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and Michael Wiemann (
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31696085488FB24FE939FB1" box="[243,327,1252,1278]" country="France" name="Centre" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Center</collectingRegion>
for Wood Anatomy Research, Madison) and available on InsideWood (insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3169608540BFAEAFE9E9E0A" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" box="[112,330,1322,1349]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
report helical thickenings in narrow vessel elements and rays commonly more than
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A316960856AEFA8DFCF49E27" box="[725,800,1357,1384]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
high, features not seen by Gasson or Wiemann. Crystals are not reported for
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085514FA52FE2C9EE1" box="[367,504,1426,1454]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085514FA52FE209EE1" box="[367,500,1426,1454]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dipteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dipteronia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A316960854EBFA77FA5F99BF" blockId="41.[112,801,407,1947]" lastBlockId="41.[832,1521,405,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960854EBFA77FD8D9E9E" bold="true" box="[144,601,1463,1489]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
Excluding fossil wood descriptions with most features coded as unknown, the results of our searches of InsideWood’s fossil wood database returned two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085665F9E1FECE9D10" authority="Van der Burgh (1964)" authorityName="VAN DER BURGH" authorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085665F9E1FD619D72" box="[542,693,1569,1597]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fagaroxylon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A316960856C5F9E1FECE9D10" author="Van der Burgh, J." pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="250 - 301" refId="ref40181" refString="Van der Burgh, J. 1964. Holzer der Niederrheinischen Braunkohlen- formation. 1. Holzer der Braunkohlengrube ' Anna' zu Haan- rade (Niederlandisch-Limburg). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 13: 250 - 301." type="journal article" year="1964">Van der Burgh (1964)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Miocene of Europe.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960856F2F984FCF49D2F" authorityName="VAN DER BURGH" authorityYear="1964" box="[649,800,1604,1632]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960856F2F984FCF49D2F" box="[649,800,1604,1632]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fagaroxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a genus created for woods with features of both
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960856B2F9A7FCF49DCC" box="[713,800,1639,1667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Fagara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960856B2F9A7FCF49DCC" box="[713,800,1639,1667]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fagara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3169608540BF94BFF569DEA" box="[112,130,1675,1701]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1759), which is now subsumed into
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085618F94AFCD79DEB" box="[611,771,1674,1700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Zanthoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085618F94AFCD79DEB" box="[611,771,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Zanthoxylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31696085771F94BFCC89DEA" box="[778,796,1675,1701]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753). Its diagnosis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A316960855F7F96DFD4D9D87" author="Van der Burgh, J." box="[396,665,1709,1736]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="250 - 301" refId="ref40181" refString="Van der Burgh, J. 1964. Holzer der Niederrheinischen Braunkohlen- formation. 1. Holzer der Braunkohlengrube ' Anna' zu Haan- rade (Niederlandisch-Limburg). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 13: 250 - 301." type="journal article" year="1964">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A316960855F7F96DFE6A9D88" box="[396,446,1709,1735]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Van</collectingRegion>
der Burgh 1964
</bibRefCitation>
) and later descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085554F910FCF49DA4" authority="(Selmeier 1975)" baseAuthorityName="Selmeier" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[303,800,1744,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bavaricum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085554F910FD9B9DA5" box="[303,591,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fagaroxylon bavaricum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31696085626F910FCC39DA4" author="Selmeier, A." box="[605,791,1744,1771]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="157 - 167" refId="ref39051" refString="Selmeier, A. 1975. Fagaroxylon bavaricum n. sp., ein verkieseltes Rutaceen-Holz aus obermiozanen Schichten Niederbayerns. Mitteilungen der. Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie und Historische Geol ogie 15: 157 - 167." type="journal article" year="1975">Selmeier 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960854DDF934FD579C41" authority="(Van der Burgh 1973)" baseAuthorityName="Van der Burgh" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[166,643,1780,1806]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limburgense">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960854DDF934FEBD9C41" box="[166,361,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fa. limburgense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31696085503F934FDAF9C41" author="Van der Burgh, J." box="[376,635,1780,1806]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="3 - 275" refId="ref40218" refString="Van der Burgh, J. 1973. Holzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlen- formation. 2. Holzer der Braunkohlengruben &quot; Maria Theresia &quot; zu Herzogenrath, &quot; Zukunft West &quot; zu Eschweiler und &quot; Vic- tor &quot; (Zulpich Mitte) zu Zulpich. Nebst einer systematischanatomischen Bearbeitung der Gattung Pinus L. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 15: 3 - 275. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (73) 90001 - 8]." type="journal article" year="1973">Van der Burgh 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are remarkably similar to this Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A316960855ADF8D7FE289C7E" box="[470,508,1815,1841]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) wood. Similarities include most vessel features, axial parenchyma distribution, chambered crystals, ray width and cellular composition, and even the occasional occurrence of helical vessel wall thickenings. Vessel frequency is lower in
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960851B7FE55FC039A9B" baseAuthorityName="Van der Burgh" baseAuthorityYear="1973" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limburgense">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960851B7FE55FC039A9B" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fa. limburgense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this likely is because in the past vessel multiples (groups) were counted as one unit (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A316960851FDFE1DFC569955" author="Wheeler, E. A." pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="73 - 74" refId="ref40650" refString="Wheeler, E. A. 1986. Vessels per square millimetre or vessel groups per square millimetre. IAWA Bulletin, n. s. 7: 73 - 74. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 9000044]." type="book chapter" year="1986">Wheeler 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960857E4FDC0FB3D9955" box="[927,1257,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960857E4FDC0FB309955" baseAuthorityName="Van der Burgh" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[927,1252,512,538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limburgense">Fagaroxylon limburgense</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31696085153FDC1FAB59954" box="[1320,1377,513,539]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">type</typeStatus>
species, is reported to have fibers with distinctly bordered pits (diameter 3 µm) in their radial walls, a feature we did not observe in
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278-84907. Because variations in preservation and the effects thereof can make it difficult to determine whether fiber pits are&gt;3 µm across, we choose to assign
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278-84907 to
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085096FD14FA5F99BF" box="[1261,1419,724,752]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085096FD14FA5399BF" authorityName="VAN DER BURGH" authorityYear="1964" box="[1261,1415,724,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagaroxylon</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3169608571BFD37FA4698D1" blockId="41.[832,1521,405,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3169608571BFD37FC23985C" authorityName="VAN DER BURGH" authorityYear="1964" box="[864,1015,759,787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Fagaroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608571BFD37FC23985C" box="[864,1015,759,787]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fagaroxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s combination of features occurs in other genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960857C0FCDBFBFA987A" box="[955,1070,795,821]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
, as well as the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085093FCDAFAB1987B" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1256,1381,794,820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960851DBFCDAFC429818" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
and is not unique to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960850D2FCFDFA9D9818" box="[1193,1353,829,855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Zanthoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960850D2FCFDFA9D9818" box="[1193,1353,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Zanthoxylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It should be noted that seeds that correspond closely to the extant genus
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960857EBFC44FBE498D1" box="[912,1072,900,926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Zanthoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960857EBFC44FBE498D1" box="[912,1072,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Zanthoxylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur at Dietz Hill (
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278).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3169608571BFC67FA549F00" blockId="41.[832,1521,405,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
Other Sapindalean fruit and seed remains in the Teater Road shales include
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31696085040FC09FAAF98AB" authority="Laxm (1771)" authorityName="Laxm" authorityYear="1771" box="[1083,1403,969,997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Koelreuteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31696085040FC09FB0798AA" box="[1083,1235,969,997]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Koelreuteria</emphasis>
Laxm (1771)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A316960851F0FC0BFC759F48" author="Wang, Q. &amp; S. R. Manchester &amp; H-J. Gregor &amp; S. Shen &amp; Z-Y. Li" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="422 - 449" refId="ref40393" refString="Wang, Q., S. R. Manchester, H-J. Gregor, S. Shen and Z-Y. Li. 2013. Fruits of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Cenozoic through- out the Northern Hemisphere: their ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographic implications. American Journal of Botany 100 (2): 422 - 449. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 23433138." type="journal article" year="2013">Wang et al 2013</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A316960857C6FC2CFB969F47" box="[957,1090,1004,1032]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dipteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A316960857C6FC2CFB969F47" box="[957,1090,1004,1032]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Dipteronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3169608502CFC2DFA0A9F48" author="McClain, A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[1111,1502,1005,1031]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="1316 - 1325" refId="ref37562" refString="McClain, A. and S. R. Manchester. 2001. Dipteronia (Sapindaceae) from the Tertiary of North America and implications for the phytogeographic history of the Aceroideae. American Journal of Botany 88 (7): 1316 - 1325. [https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3558343]." type="journal article" year="2001">
McClain and
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31696085084FC2DFA479F48" box="[1279,1427,1005,1031]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Manchester</collectingRegion>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
), and several species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3169608502DFBCFFB599F64" box="[1110,1165,1039,1067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3169608502DFBCFFB599F64" box="[1110,1165,1039,1067]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves and fruits (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31696085108FBD0FC069F01" author="Wolfe, J. A. &amp; T. Tanai" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 246" refId="ref41486" refString="Wolfe, J. A. and T. Tanai. 1987. Systematics, phylogeny, and distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of western North America. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy 22 (1): 1 - 246" type="journal article" year="1987">Wolfe and Tanai, 1987</bibRefCitation>
, indicated as “Sheep Rock Creek”).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

544
data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31B960654ACFBF5FFA89819.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A31B960554ACFBF5FD6E9F1F" box="[215,698,1077,1105]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B960554ACFBF5FD6E9F1F" blockId="36.[215,698,1077,1105]" box="[215,698,1077,1105]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554ACFBF5FDB59F1E" box="[215,609,1077,1105]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">KLAASSENOXYLON WILKINSONII</emphasis>
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. NOV.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554EBFB56FEE49FFF" bold="true" box="[144,304,1174,1200]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
Growth rings distinct to indistinct. Wood diffuse-porous. Narrow vessels solitary and in short radial multiples. Perforation plates exclusively solitary; intervessel pits alternate, minute to small; vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits. Fibers with simple pits, septate and non-septate. Axial parenchyma rare, scanty paratracheal. Rays uniseriate (rarely biseriate), heterocellular, less than
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tall. Long chains of crystals in fibers,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31B960554EBFA0EFDB89D1E" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554EBFA0EFEFD9EA7" bold="true" box="[144,297,1486,1512]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31B960554EBFA0EFEDD9EA7" box="[144,265,1486,1512]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
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, estimated maximum diameter
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.
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B960554EBF9D3FDB89D1E" blockId="36.[112,801,1174,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA31B960554EBF9D3FDBC9D1E" collectionCode="UF" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" specimenCode="UF 278-84882, 84897" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554EBF9D3FEE79D62" bold="true" box="[144,307,1555,1581]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31B960554EBF9D3FEC09D62" box="[144,276,1555,1581]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A31B9605554FF9D4FE3F9D62" box="[308,491,1555,1582]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF 278-84882</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A31B9605558CF9D3FD9D9D62" box="[503,585,1555,1581]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">84897</specimenCode>
, estimated maximum diameters
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A31B96055547F9F6FE5A9D1E" box="[316,398,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="2.2">2.2 cm</quantity>
(with pith),
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A31B96055651F9F6FDBC9D1E" box="[554,616,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31B960554EBF999FDEC9D94" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B960554EBF999FDD59DF6" blockId="36.[112,801,1174,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554EBF999FE979D3C" bold="true" box="[144,323,1625,1651]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Etymology—</emphasis>
Named for Hazel Wilkinson (1932- 2019), a devoted plant anatomist with a long career at the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew,
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31B960555B4F95FFDD59DF6" box="[463,513,1695,1721]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">U.K.</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B960554EBF900FDEC9D94" blockId="36.[112,801,1174,1964]" box="[144,568,1728,1755]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554EBF900FE939D95" bold="true" box="[144,327,1728,1754]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960555B1F901FE249D94" box="[458,496,1729,1755]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31B960654EBF923FFA89819" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B960554EBF923FE219C6E" blockId="36.[112,801,1174,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960554EBF923FE9F9DB2" bold="true" box="[144,331,1763,1789]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055526F8C6FE339C6E" box="[349,487,1798,1825]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B960554EBF8E9FBBC99DA" blockId="36.[112,801,1174,1964]" lastBlockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
Wood diffuse-porous; vessels solitary 29% in
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960556C5F8E9FD359C0C" box="[702,737,1833,1859]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278- 84877, 64% in
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B96055556F88CFE849C29" box="[301,336,1868,1894]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84897 and in radial multiples of 2–3(-4), solitary vessels round to oval in outline (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B9605568AF8AEFF1C9CE4" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17A, B</figureCitation>
); mean tangential diameters 74 (16) µm in
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B96055686F851FCF49CE4" box="[765,800,1937,1963]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84877, 67 (12) µm in
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960550E7FE68FB6B9A8D" box="[1180,1215,424,450]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-83897, total range of both specimens 45–106 µm; 18–23–33 vessels/ mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA31B9605570AFE2EFCA8994E" attach="left" box="[881,892,494,513]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates exclusively simple (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055105FE2EFC809963" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17C, F</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits alternate, minute to small (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B9605510CFDD1FA359964" box="[1399,1505,529,555]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
); vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055732FD97FC63993D" box="[841,951,599,626]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
). Average vessel element length 350 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960551EBFD98FA6C993D" box="[1424,1464,600,626]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=71) µm, range 249–452 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B9605571BFD5EFAAA9994" blockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Axial parenchyma rare, scanty paratracheal, in 3–4-celled strands as viewed in radial section.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B9605571BFD24FADA986D" blockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
Fibers thin- to thick-walled, pitting not observed, septate and non-septate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055007FCC7FAD6986D" box="[1148,1282,775,802]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17F, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B9605571BFCEBFC3798BA" blockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
Rays uniseriate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055054FCEBFB60980A" box="[1071,1204,811,837]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17F, G</figureCitation>
), with intermixed weakly procumbent to square cells to weakly upright cells; in others a tendency for square to upright cells to be restricted to ray margins; average ray height 346 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960551FAFC54FA7D98E0" box="[1409,1449,916,943]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=154) µm in
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960557F7FC78FC61989D" box="[908,949,952,978]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
.84877; 284 (127) µm in
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960550A4FC78FAD6989D" box="[1247,1282,952,978]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84897; 10–14 rays per mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B9605571BFC3EFA1B9F57" blockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" box="[864,1487,1022,1048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Prismatic crystals in chambered fibrous elements.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B9605571BFBE1FB679DDD" blockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B9605571BFBE1FBA39F74" bold="true" box="[864,1143,1057,1083]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Description of pith—</emphasis>
Pith complex, surrounded by a sheath of small cells with dark contents and clusters and strands of fiber-sclereids and sclereids (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B9605513BFBA7FA719FCD" box="[1344,1445,1127,1154]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17I</figureCitation>
). Pith proper composed of
<specimenCount id="9D258F9AA31B9605503DFB4BFB169FEA" box="[1094,1218,1163,1189]" count="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of parenchyma cells: 1) large “empty” rectangular cells that are in radial rows towards the periphery and clusters of isodiametric cells in the center, and 2) small cells with dark contents (tannins?) forming a three-dimensional network throughout the pith and partly segmenting it by concave arches as seen in cross section (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055029FA9EFB6A9E37" box="[1106,1214,1374,1400]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17G</figureCitation>
). There are isodiametric empty cells and dark cells resembling irregular “rosettes” as described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31B96055077FA64FABA9EF0" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[1036,1390,1444,1471]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31B96055077FA64FB869EF1" box="[1036,1106,1444,1470]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31B960551D9FA65FBFF9EAB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guioaoides">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960551D9FA65FBFF9EAB" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Sapindoxylon guioaoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31B9605504FFA07FA4E9EAD" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[1076,1434,1479,1506]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31B9605504FFA07FBAE9EAE" box="[1076,1146,1479,1505]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31B960551D2FA08FC1B9D4A" authority="Cav. (1797)" authorityName="Cav." authorityYear="1797" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Guioa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960551D2FA08FA249EAB" box="[1449,1520,1480,1508]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Guioa</emphasis>
Cav. (1797)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31B9605506AFA2BFA939D4A" authority="Gaertn. (1788)" authorityName="Gaertn." authorityYear="1788" box="[1041,1351,1515,1543]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Alectryon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B9605506AFA2BFB529D48" box="[1041,1158,1515,1543]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Alectryon</emphasis>
Gaertn. (1788)
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31B960551B6FA2BFA249D4A" box="[1485,1520,1515,1541]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84882’s pith differs significantly in having a distinct sheath of small-cells including some sclereids bordering the protoxylem. Prismatic crystals present in peripheral pith parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31B96055058F9B7FB729DDD" box="[1059,1190,1655,1682]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="37.[151,226,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-16@37.[155,1486,194,1906]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 17. Caption on pg. 37." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Fig. 17J, K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31B9607571BF95AFEBB9900" blockId="36.[832,1521,424,1964]" lastBlockId="38.[112,801,389,1966]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B9605571BF95AFB269DFA" bold="true" box="[864,1266,1690,1717]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Comparison to extant woods—</emphasis>
We initially searched the InsideWood database for diffuse-porous wood (5p), vessels solitary and in short multiples and not arranged in an obvious pattern (6–11a), simple perforation plates (13r), minute to small alternate intervessel pitting (22p, 26a, 27a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (30p), vessel tangential diameter averaging less than 200 µm (43a), vessel frequency between 5–40 per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA319960754DAFE45FF789AD7" attach="left" box="[161,172,389,408]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">2</superScript>
(46a, 49a, 50a), fibers with simple pits (61p), axial parenchyma not obvious (77a, 79–86a), rays exclusively uniseriate (96p), storied structure absent (118a, 120a), and prismatic crystals present in fibers (143p). This first search returned two
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075515FDD2FDF99963" authority="J. St." authorityName="J. St." box="[366,557,530,556]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lythraceae J. St.</taxonomicName>
-Hil. (1805) records and 37
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960754B7FDF5FEBF9900" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[204,363,565,591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<subSection id="E2AC5DF8A31A960454ECF8BCFE069CDB" box="[151,466,1916,1941]" pageId="37" pageNumber="36" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31A960454ECF8BCFE069CDB" blockId="37.[151,466,1916,1941]" box="[151,466,1916,1941]" pageId="37" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31A960454ECF8BCFED19CDB" bold="true" box="[151,261,1916,1940]" pageId="37" pageNumber="36">Figure 17</emphasis>
. Caption on pg. 37.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="DF5C149BA3199607540BFF01FAB99A11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890623/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" startId="38.[112,187,193,217]" targetBox="[155,1486,194,1902]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3199607540BFF01FAB99A11" blockId="38.[112,1520,193,351]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607540BFF01FF0B9B96" bold="true" box="[112,223,193,217]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Figure 17</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075492FF01FEA69B96" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[233,370,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075500FF02FD749B95" authority="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas, 2023" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[379,672,194,218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Klaassenoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilkinsonae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075500FF02FD749B95" box="[379,672,194,218]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Klaassenoxylon wilkinsonae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA319960756DDFF01FD229B97" box="[678,758,193,216]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075681FF01FCF29B96" bold="true" box="[762,806,193,217]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">A, B</emphasis>
. Diffuse-porous wood. Vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, UF 278-84877, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960755FFFF1BFE479BBC" bold="true" box="[388,403,219,243]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">C</emphasis>
. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, some coalescent apertures, UF 278-84877, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075144FF1CFA859BBB" bold="true" box="[1343,1361,220,244]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">D</emphasis>
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting, procumbent ray cells, UF 278-84877, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075036FF36FB889A41" bold="true" box="[1101,1116,246,270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
. Rays with barely procumbent and square cells, UF 278-84897, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960755AEFED1FE379A66" bold="true" box="[469,483,273,297]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">F</emphasis>
. Uniseriate rays, crystals in chambered fibers (C), UF 278-84877, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960750A2FED1FB3D9A66" bold="true" box="[1241,1257,273,297]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">G</emphasis>
. Uniseriate rays, septate fibers (S= septae), TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075516FEECFEAB9A0B" bold="true" box="[365,383,300,324]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">H</emphasis>
. Chambered crystals in fibers, UF 278-84897, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960757DFFEECFC799A0B" bold="true" box="[932,941,300,324]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">I</emphasis>
. Complex pith, UF 278-84882, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075164FEECFA909A0B" bold="true" box="[1311,1348,300,324]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">J, K</emphasis>
. Longitudinal sections ofpith, UF 278-84882. Scale bars=500 µm in A, I; 200 µm in B, J; 100 µm in E. F, K; 50 µm in G; 20 µm in C, D, H.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A319960754EBFD98FEC799F7" blockId="38.[112,801,389,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
Search 2 included presence of both septate and non-septate fibers and yielded one
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607564EFDBBFD6A99DA" box="[565,702,635,661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lythraceae</taxonomicName>
and 32
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607540BFD5EFEDB99F7" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[112,271,670,696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A319960754EBFD02FD03989D" blockId="38.[112,801,389,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
Search 3 added presence of rays with procumbent, square, and upright cells intermixed throughout the ray (109p) and absence of dimorphic fibers (67a) this narrowed the possibilities to seven sapindaceous genera, one of which,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607556DFC8DFD249826" authority="Planch. ex Benth. (1849)" authorityName="Benth." authorityYear="1849" box="[278,752,845,873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Lecaniodiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607556DFC8DFE6B9826" box="[278,447,845,873]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Lecaniodiscus</emphasis>
Planch. ex Benth. (1849)
</taxonomicName>
has crystals in ray cells as a constant and so does not match the Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31996075563FC55FEEA98E0" box="[280,318,917,943]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) woods. Consequently, we consider that these woods are allied with the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607564FFC78FD07989D" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[564,723,952,978]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A319960754EBFC1BFA259963" blockId="38.[112,801,389,1966]" lastBlockId="38.[833,1522,387,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A319960754EBFC1BFEB798BA" author="Klaassen, R." box="[144,355,987,1013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 214" refId="ref36287" refString="Klaassen, R. 1999. Wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae. IAWA Journal Supplement 2: 1 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">Klaassen (1999</bibRefCitation>
: p. 174–175) surveyed the wood anatomy of the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607554FFC3EFE049F57" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[308,464,1022,1048]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
and recognized four wood anatomical
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31996075485FBE2FE909F73" box="[254,324,1058,1084]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">types</typeStatus>
. These Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31996075661FBE2FD949F73" box="[538,576,1058,1084]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) woods fit his
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A3199607540BFB85FF7A9F10" box="[112,174,1093,1119]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
IVa, which includes 26 genera that have intervessel pits of 3–6 µm, septate fibers, scanty paratracheal parenchyma, heterocellular uniseriate rays, and crystals in fibrous elements.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075514FB6FFD349F86" authority="Adema (1993)" authorityName="Adema" authorityYear="1993" box="[367,736,1198,1225]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cnesmocarpon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075514FB6FFDF79F86" box="[367,547,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Cnesmocarpon</emphasis>
Adema (1993)
</taxonomicName>
New
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A3199607540BFB12FF1D9FA3" box="[112,201,1234,1260]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A319960754A8FB12FE939FA2" box="[211,327,1234,1261]" name="Australia" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Australia</collectingCountry>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075521FB12FD5D9FA2" authority="Franch. (1886)" authorityName="Franch." authorityYear="1886" box="[346,649,1234,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Delavaya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075521FB12FE1F9FA1" box="[346,459,1234,1262]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Delavaya</emphasis>
Franch. (1886)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A319960756ECFB12FD309FA2" box="[663,740,1234,1261]" name="China" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">China</collectingCountry>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075683FB12FE3D9E40" authority="Buerki and Callm. (2010)" authorityName="Buerki and Callm." authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Gereaua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075683FB12FF629E40" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Gereaua</emphasis>
Buerki and Callm. (2010)
</taxonomicName>
(syn.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075657FB35FF659E7D" authority="Radlk., 1878" authorityName="Radlk." authorityYear="1878" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Haplocoelum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075657FB35FD1E9E40" box="[556,714,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Haplocoelum</emphasis>
Radlk., 1878
</taxonomicName>
; Africa),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075558FAD7FD5C9E7D" authority="Blume (1848)" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1848" box="[291,648,1303,1331]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Macphersonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075558FAD7FE049E7C" box="[291,464,1303,1331]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Macphersonia</emphasis>
Blume (1848)
</taxonomicName>
(Tropical
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31996075772FAD9FCC89E7C" box="[777,796,1305,1331]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
. Africa,
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A319960754B1FAFBFEB09E19" box="[202,356,1339,1366]" name="Madagascar" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075502FAFAFD699E1A" authority="Baill. (1874)" authorityName="Baill." authorityYear="1874" box="[377,701,1338,1366]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Pseudopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075502FAFAFDC29E19" box="[377,534,1338,1366]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Pseudopteris</emphasis>
Baill. (1874)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A319960756B5FAFBFF179E36" name="Madagascar" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960754A3FA9FFE429E37" authority="Endl." authorityName="Endl." box="[216,406,1374,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Ungnadia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960754A3FA9FFE9B9E34" box="[216,335,1375,1403]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Ungnadia</emphasis>
Endl.
</taxonomicName>
(1833[1835];
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31996075637FA9EFD729E37" box="[588,678,1374,1400]" name="Mexico" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, sw
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A319960756A0FA9FFCC19E36" box="[731,789,1375,1401]" name="United States of America" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">USA</collectingCountry>
). Klaassen’s synoptical key with twenty-six features is slightly awkward to use. We excluded genera that have as constant features ones not observed in these fossils (vessels in a radial pattern, mean intervessel pit diameter&gt;7 µm, mean vessel diameter&gt;120 µm, fiber dimorphism present, apotracheal parenchyma abundant, complete sheaths of vasicentric parenchyma, aliform to confluent parenchyma, banded non-marginal parenchyma, idioblastic axial cells, bi- and tri-seriate rays common, mean ray height&gt;
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A31996075526F97FFE709D96" box="[349,420,1727,1753]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, rays all homocellular, rays of two distinct sizes, crystals in ray cells). In addition to the six genera listed above as sharing features with
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31996075686F8C5FCF49C50" box="[765,800,1797,1823]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84887, Klaassen’s key indicates the following genera also have similarity:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960755D8F88CFD6C9C2A" authority="Blume (1847)" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1847" box="[419,696,1867,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Arytera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960755D8F88CFDD49C27" box="[419,512,1868,1896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Arytera</emphasis>
Blume (1847)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960756BEF88CFEEE9CC6" authority="Capuron (1969)" authorityName="Capuron" authorityYear="1969" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Beguea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960756BEF88CFCF49C27" box="[709,800,1868,1896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Beguea</emphasis>
Capuron (1969)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075533F8AFFE799CC4" box="[328,429,1903,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075533F8AFFE799CC4" box="[328,429,1903,1931]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Cupania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A319960755CEF8AFFE139CC6" box="[437,455,1903,1929]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075643F8AFFCF49CC7" authority="Radlk." authorityName="Radlk." box="[568,800,1902,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075643F8AFFD1E9CC4" box="[568,714,1903,1931]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Cupaniopsis</emphasis>
Radlk.
</taxonomicName>
(1879/1880),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607555BF852FC599AEF" authority="Hook. f. (Bentham and Hooker, 1862)" authorityName="Hook. f. (Bentham and Hooker" authorityYear="1862" box="[288,909,389,1966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Diploglottis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607555BF852FE799CE1" box="[288,429,1938,1966]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Diploglottis</emphasis>
Hook.f. (Bentham and Hooker, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960757E7FE43FB1B9AEF" authority="Capuron (1969)" authorityName="Capuron" authorityYear="1969" box="[924,1231,387,416]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Neotina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960757E7FE43FC299AD0" box="[924,1021,387,415]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Neotina</emphasis>
Capuron (1969)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960750A6FE43FA3F9AD0" authority="Poit. (1804)" authorityName="Poit." authorityYear="1804" box="[1245,1515,387,415]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Thouinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960750A6FE43FA9F9AD0" box="[1245,1355,387,415]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Thouinia</emphasis>
Poit. (1804)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607570FFE68FBEE9A8D" authority="Radlk." authorityName="Radlk." box="[884,1082,424,450]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Toechima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607570FFE68FC3C9A8D" box="[884,1000,424,450]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Toechima</emphasis>
Radlk.
</taxonomicName>
(1877[1879]) of
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31996075172FE69FA929A8C" box="[1289,1350,425,451]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
IVa;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075105FE68FC239AA9" authority="Gaertn. (1788)" authorityName="Gaertn." authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Alectryon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075105FE68FA269A8B" box="[1406,1522,424,452]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Alectryon</emphasis>
Gaertn. (1788)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075079FE0CFADA9AA9" authority="Aubl. (1775)" authorityName="Aubl." authorityYear="1775" box="[1026,1294,459,488]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Matayba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075079FE0CFBB99AA7" box="[1026,1133,460,488]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Matayba</emphasis>
Aubl. (1775)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075163FE0CFC439946" authority="Willd. (1805)" authorityName="Willd." authorityYear="1805" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Schleichera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075163FE0CFA779AA7" box="[1304,1443,460,488]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Schleichera</emphasis>
Willd. (1805)
</taxonomicName>
of
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A319960757C3FE2FFC219946" box="[952,1013,495,521]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
IVb; and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075018FE2DFA3F9946" authority="Rehder (1935)" authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1935" box="[1123,1515,493,521]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Handeliodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075018FE2DFAE79946" box="[1123,1331,493,521]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Handeliodendron</emphasis>
Rehder (1935)
</taxonomicName>
, which did not fit in any of Klaassen’s wood
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A3199607512CFDD2FA5A9963" box="[1367,1422,530,556]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
groups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3199607571AFDF5FAA19809" blockId="38.[833,1522,387,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
Buerki et al.’s (2021) recent analysis of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607512EFDF5FA259900" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[1365,1521,565,591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
recognized four subfamilies and twenty tribes. All six genera from InsideWood Search 3 belong to subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075713FD5EFB0E99F6" authority="Burnett (1835)" authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1835" box="[872,1242,670,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sapindoideae">Sapindoideae Burnett (1835)</taxonomicName>
, but to three different tribes:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960757E3FD02FBF89993" box="[920,1068,706,732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Ungnadieae">Ungnadieae</taxonomicName>
Buerki and Callm. (2021) (
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075100FD02FC6C984E" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075100FD02FA399991" box="[1403,1517,706,734]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Delavaya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Delavaya</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607573AFD25FC6C984E" box="[833,952,741,769]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Ungnadia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ungnadia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), Stadmanieae Buerki and Callm. (2021) (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960751B2FD25FB15986D" authority="Buerki and Callm. (2010)" authorityName="Buerki and Callm." authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Gereaua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960751B2FD25FC5C986C" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Gereaua</emphasis>
Buerki and Callm. (2010)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960750B7FCC7FCA39809" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960750B7FCC7FAAD986C" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1848" box="[1228,1401,775,803]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Macphersonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Macphersonia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960751F9FCC7FCA39809" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Pseudopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudopteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), and Cupanieae Blume (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960750CBFCECFAB09809" authorityName="Adema" authorityYear="1993" box="[1200,1380,812,838]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cnesmocarpon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960750CBFCECFAB09809" box="[1200,1380,812,838]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Cnesmocarpon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3199607571AFC8FFAB39E40" blockId="38.[833,1522,387,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
It is tempting to suggest, based on present day geographic distribution as well as shared anatomical features, that these Dietz Hill sapindaceous woods might be related to tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075079FC78FB4C989D" box="[1026,1176,952,978]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Ungnadieae">Ungnadieae</taxonomicName>
. However, as pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3199607573AFC1BFBD998B9" author="Klaassen, R." box="[833,1037,987,1014]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 214" refId="ref36287" refString="Klaassen, R. 1999. Wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae. IAWA Journal Supplement 2: 1 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">Klaassen (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, wood anatomical differences between the genera of groups IVa and IVb are small and could easily break down upon examination of more species per genus and more specimens per species. The main conclusion of the searches reported above and assorted alternative searches we did consistently yielded multiple
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607573AFB6EFC349F87" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[833,992,1198,1224]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
. We consider the similarity in the complex pith anatomy with some modern and fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607512EFB12FA259FA3" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[1365,1521,1234,1260]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
as strong support for the family assignment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3199607571AFAD8FBCA9DB3" blockId="38.[833,1522,387,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607571AFAD8FB349E7D" bold="true" box="[865,1248,1304,1330]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Comparison to fossil woods—</emphasis>
The diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960751DEFAD8FC749E17" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960751DEFAD8FC749E17" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Sapindoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as adapted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3199607502FFAFBFA7B9E19" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[1108,1455,1339,1366]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A3199607502FFAFBFB4E9E1A" box="[1108,1178,1339,1365]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
from a translation of Kraüsel’s work (1922) follows: “
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960751DFFA9DFA3E9E36" box="[1444,1514,1373,1401]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Wood</emphasis>
: Diffuse porous.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075070FA42FB479ED3" box="[1035,1171,1408,1438]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Growth rin</emphasis>
gs: lacking.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075152FA40FAA89ED3" box="[1321,1404,1408,1436]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Vessels</emphasis>
: 2–8 per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA31996075709FA65FCA99EF7" attach="left" box="[882,893,1445,1464]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">2</superScript>
, mostly solitary or paired, seldom in threes, when abutting tangentially flattened, otherwise circular or elliptical. Perforation plates simple with mainly horizontal or slightly oblique end walls.
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960750D4F9CDFB2E9D66" box="[1199,1274,1549,1577]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Fibres</emphasis>
: Libriform, forming the groundmass in regularly arranged rows; occasionally septate.
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960757D0F995FB4C9D20" box="[939,1176,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Wood parenchyma:</emphasis>
Surrounding the vessels in one or two layers [vasicentric], sometimes also scattered.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607573AF95CFC569DF7" box="[833,898,1692,1720]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Rays:</emphasis>
Uniseriate, occasionally biseriate, 3–30 cells high, consisting of one cell
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A3199607503BF97FFBAD9D96" box="[1088,1145,1727,1753]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
; the marginal cells occasionally contain a crystal.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3199606571AF8C5FEDB99E9" blockId="38.[833,1522,387,1966]" lastBlockId="39.[112,800,193,854]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
It is unfortunate that the vessel frequency was so narrowly defined. Some
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075042F8E8FAE19C0D" box="[1081,1333,1832,1860]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075042F8E8FB0C9C0B" box="[1081,1240,1832,1860]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Sapindoxylon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
do not conform to the diagnosis in that feature, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3199607517CF88CFC5B9CC6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guioaoides">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3199607517CF88CFC5B9CC6" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">Sapindoxylon guioaoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(average of 40 vessels mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA3199607509BF8AEFB3F9CCE" attach="left" box="[1248,1259,1902,1921]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">2</superScript>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31996075178F8AFFB519CE2" authority="Grambast-Fessard (1966)" authorityName="Grambast-Fessard" authorityYear="1966" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elattostachyoides">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31996075178F8AFFA269CC4" box="[1283,1522,1903,1931]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">S. elattostachyoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3199607573AF852FB519CE2" author="Grambast-Fessard, N." box="[833,1157,1938,1965]" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" pagination="130 - 146" refId="ref35193" refString="Grambast-Fessard, N. 1966. Contribution a l'etude des flores tertiares des regiones provencales et alpines: deux bois nouveaux de dicotyledons de Pontien de Castellane. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 105: 130 - 146, [+ pl. XI-XIV]" type="journal article" year="1966">Grambast-Fessard (1966)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, (20–40 vessels per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA319960751C2F851FA109CEB" attach="left" box="[1465,1476,1937,1956]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">2</superScript>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A319960651A6F852FEF99B92" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="38" order="Sapindales" pageId="38" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koelreuteroides">
<emphasis id="B9579801A319960651A6F852FEF99B92" italics="true" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="38" pageNumber="37">S. koelreuteroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31896065549FF02FD589B92" author="Poole, I. &amp; H. P. Wilkinson" box="[306,652,194,221]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="65 - 75" refId="ref38390" refString="Poole, I. and H. P. Wilkinson. 1992. Two sapindaceous woods from the London Clay (Eocene) of southeast England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 75: 65 - 75. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (92) 90150 - F]." type="journal article" year="1992">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31896065549FF02FEAC9B93" box="[306,376,194,220]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Poole</collectingRegion>
and Wilkinson (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
(average of 43 vessels mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA31896065559FF25FEF99BB7" attach="left" box="[290,301,229,248]" fontSize="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">2</superScript>
). These Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3189606566BFF26FDE29A4F" box="[528,566,230,256]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) samples have double the number of vessels per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA31896065631FEC8FD819A54" attach="left" box="[586,597,264,283]" fontSize="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">2</superScript>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31896065606FEC9FEC39A09" authority="Krausel. They" authorityName="Krausel. They" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31896065606FEC9FCF49A6A" box="[637,800,265,293]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Sapindoxylon</emphasis>
Kraüsel. They
</taxonomicName>
also differ in 1) not having vasicentric axial parenchyma, but just scanty paratracheal; 2) heterocellular rays, rather than homocellular; 3) crystals in fibers/ chambered axial parenchyma, rather than in marginal ray parenchyma cells. These three features were used in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3189606540BFE1CFE9B9AB9" author="Klaassen, R." box="[112,335,476,502]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 214" refId="ref36287" refString="Klaassen, R. 1999. Wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae. IAWA Journal Supplement 2: 1 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">Klaassen’s (1999)</bibRefCitation>
synoptic key and so were considered important in recognizing genera.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3189606565FFE3FFD9F9972" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klaassenii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3189606565FFE3FFF7C9972" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Sapindoxylon klaassenii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A318960654CBFDE2FD9F9972" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[176,587,546,573]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds differs from the
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3189606562EFD85FCF4992F" author="Krausel, R." box="[597,800,581,608]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" pagination="231 - 287" refId="ref36362" refString="Krausel, R. 1922. Fossile holzer aus dem Tertiar von sud-Sumatra. Verhandlungen Geologischen Mijnbouwkd. Genoot. Nederland Kolon. (Geol. Ser.) 5: 231 - 287." type="journal article" year="1922">Kraüsel’s (1922)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosis in having rare axial parenchyma and heterocellular rays.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A318960654EBFD6FFFA89819" blockId="39.[112,800,193,854]" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">
Consequently, we choose not to assign
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31896065617FD70FD5B9985" box="[620,655,688,714]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84887 to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960654E9FD13FE4A99A3" authority="Krausel" authorityName="Krausel" box="[146,414,722,751]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960654E9FD13FEE199A0" box="[146,309,723,751]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Sapindoxylon</emphasis>
Kraüsel
</taxonomicName>
and propose the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A318960656A8FD11FF3C985D" authorityName="WILKINSONII" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Klaassenoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A318960656A8FD11FF3C985D" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Klaassenoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to accommodate these Eocene sapindaceous woods from
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31896065571FCD9FEBC987C" box="[266,360,793,819]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="39" pageNumber="38">Oregon</collectingRegion>
. We also propose the new combination:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

387
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A31E960057C5FAEFFAA29E04" box="[958,1398,1327,1355]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E960057C5FAEFFAA29E04" blockId="33.[958,1398,1217,1355]" box="[958,1398,1327,1355]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA31E960057C5FAEFFAA29E04" allCaps="true" box="[958,1398,1327,1355]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E960057C5FAEFFAC99E04" authority="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas, 2023" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[958,1309,1327,1355]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="constabularisii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E960057C5FAEFFAC99E04" box="[958,1309,1327,1355]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">AESCULUS CONSTABULARISII</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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. NOV.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31E96005026FA9BFB019E3C" box="[1117,1237,1371,1395]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E96005026FA9BFB019E3C" blockId="33.[1117,1237,1371,1395]" box="[1117,1237,1371,1395]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<figureCitation id="13185896A31E96005026FA9BFB019E3C" box="[1117,1237,1371,1395]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">FIG. 16A–L</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31E9600571AFA4BFB0A9DB4" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AFA4BFA6A9D1F" blockId="33.[833,1522,1419,1958]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600571AFA4BFBD19EEA" bold="true" box="[865,1029,1419,1445]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
Wood diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in short radial multiples. Mean tangential diameters &lt;100 µm. Perforation plates simple, intervessel pits alternate, small to medium; vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits. Widely spaced helical thickenings throughout the vessel elements.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AF998FB879D3C" blockId="33.[833,1522,1419,1958]" box="[865,1107,1624,1651]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Fibers non-septate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AF9BAFBE19DF9" blockId="33.[833,1522,1419,1958]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Axial parenchyma not common, some scanty paratracheal and marginal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AF97FFB0A9DB4" blockId="33.[833,1522,1419,1958]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Rays exclusively uniseriate; homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, non-storied.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31E9600571AF8C3FBD09C0F" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AF8C3FBD09C0F" blockId="33.[833,1522,1419,1958]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA31E9600571AF8C3FBD09C0F" collectionCode="UF" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" specimenCode="UF 278-84887" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600571AF8C3FC2E9C52" bold="true" box="[865,1018,1795,1821]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31E9600571AF8C3FC0E9C52" box="[865,986,1795,1821]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A31E96005781F8C3FB679C52" box="[1018,1203,1795,1821]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="Museum">UF 278-84887</specimenCode>
, estimated maximum diameter 10+ cm.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31E9603571AF887FDEC9B93" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AF887FCA09CE9" blockId="33.[833,1522,1419,1958]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600571AF887FBDD9C2E" bold="true" box="[865,1033,1863,1889]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Etymology—</emphasis>
Named for Adam Constabularis, NC State Library IT guru, who watches over the InsideWood web site.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFF02FDEC9B93" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" box="[144,568,194,220]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960354EBFF02FE939B93" bold="true" box="[144,327,194,220]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31D960355B1FF02FE249B93" box="[458,496,194,220]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A31D960554EBFF25FD5E9900" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFF25FE819A6C" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960354EBFF25FE9F9BB0" bold="true" box="[144,331,229,255]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFEECFE0E9985" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
Wood diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous with a concentration of vessels at the beginning of a growth ring (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D96035402FEB2FED89AC2" box="[121,268,370,397]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16A–C</figureCitation>
); vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3 (rarely 4–5); mean tangential diameter 83 (17) µm, range 44–105 µm; 61–74 vessels/mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA31D96035601FE78FD519A84" attach="left" box="[634,645,440,459]" fontSize="8" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates simple (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D96035559FE1CFE0E9AB9" box="[290,474,476,502]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16E–F, J, K</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits alternate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D96035402FE3FFF339955" box="[121,231,511,538]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16G</figureCitation>
), horizontal diameter 5.5–7.5 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits slightly smaller than intervessel pits (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D96035402FD85FF3F992F" box="[121,235,581,608]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16H</figureCitation>
). Vessel element lengths 302–438–588 µm; vessel element end walls inclined. Widely spaced inclusions present (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D9603555CFD4CFE5E99E8" box="[295,394,652,679]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16J</figureCitation>
). Helical thickenings throughout vessel elements (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D9603553FFD6FFE199985" box="[324,461,687,714]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16K, L</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFD12FE99985F" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
Fibers thin-thick-walled, non-septate, pitting not observed (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D960354A8FD35FE94985F" box="[211,320,757,784]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFCD9FDB79819" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Axial parenchyma not common, some scanty paratracheal, and some in growth ring margins.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFCA0FCF498F0" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
Rays exclusively uniseriate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D9603558AFC9FFDA39835" box="[497,631,863,890]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16I–K</figureCitation>
). Average ray height 11 cells, range 4–26. Homocellular, composed of procumbent cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A31D9603552CFC65FE6B988F" box="[343,447,933,960]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="35.[144,219,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-15@35.[147,1491,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 16. Caption on pg. 35." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913362/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16L</figureCitation>
), 8–12 per mm, non-storied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFC09FD6A98AC" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" box="[144,702,969,995]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Oil/mucilage cells and crystals not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFC2CFE359EBC" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960354EBFC2CFDA29F49" bold="true" box="[144,630,1004,1030]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Comparisons with modern woods—</emphasis>
In the InsideWood database, only genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603567DFBCFFD779F66" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[518,675,1039,1065]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
have this combination of features: wood not ring-porous (3a), vessels solitary and in short multiples with a random arrangement (6a 7a 8a 9a 10a), simple perforation plates (13p), alternate intervessel pit small-medium (22p 24a 27a), vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting (30p), helical thickenings throughout vessel elements (36p 37p), vessel diameter not large (43a), non-septate fibers without obvious pits (61p 66p), axial parenchyma not conspicuous (77a 79a 80a 83a 84a 85a 86a), exclusively uniseriate homocellular rays (96p 104p). Of the eleven matching genera, only
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960356FCFA51FD3B9EE2" box="[647,751,1425,1453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960356FCFA51FD3B9EE2" box="[647,751,1425,1453]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has exclusively non-septate fibers, the other genera have predominantly septate fibers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D960354EBFA3CFC019A6C" blockId="34.[112,801,194,1946]" lastBlockId="34.[833,1522,194,1947]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
Consequently, we consider this wood to belong to the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603540BF9DFFEDA9D76" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[112,270,1567,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
, Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603551DF9DFFDFB9D76" box="[358,559,1567,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Hippocastaneae">Hippocastaneae</taxonomicName>
, a tribe with a disjunct distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D9603552FF982FE289D13" author="Stevens, P. F." box="[340,508,1602,1628]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" refId="ref39642" refString="Stevens, P. F. 2001 - onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Available at: http: // www. mobot. org / MOBOT / research / APweb /." type="url" year="2001">Stevens, 2001</bibRefCitation>
-onwards). Kew’s Plants of the World (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035560F9A6FE679DCF" author="POWO" box="[283,435,1638,1664]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" refId="ref38449" refString="POWO. 2023. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet, https: // www. plantsoftheworldonline. org / Retrieved 2023." type="url" year="2023">POWO 2023</bibRefCitation>
) recognizes 12 accepted species of
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960354B2F947FEEC9DEC" box="[201,312,1671,1699]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960354B2F947FEE09DEC" box="[201,308,1671,1699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aesculus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Wood anatomical differences between the species include vessel-ray parenchyma pitting
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31D96035698F96CFCC89D89" box="[739,796,1708,1734]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
, diameter and abundance of vessels, presence/absence of storied rays or marginal parenchyma.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035629F932FCF49C42" author="Klaassen, R." box="[594,800,1778,1805]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 214" refId="ref36287" refString="Klaassen, R. 1999. Wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae. IAWA Journal Supplement 2: 1 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">Klaassen (1999)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603557FF8D4FD7A9C7F" authority="Rehder (1935)" authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1935" box="[260,686,1812,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Handeliodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603557FF8D4FE349C7F" box="[260,480,1812,1840]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Handeliodendron</emphasis>
Rehder (1935)
</taxonomicName>
wood is nearly identical to
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603552AF8F7FE6A9C1C" box="[337,446,1847,1875]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603552AF8F7FE6E9C1C" box="[337,442,1847,1875]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aesculus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but it has only heterocellular rays. Both genera have widely spaced helical thickenings in the vessels, a unique feature within the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035607F8BFFCCF9CD6" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[636,795,1919,1945]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
; in other sapindaceous genera with helical thickenings the thickenings are closely spaced (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035080FF25FA669A4F" author="Klaassen, R." box="[1275,1458,229,256]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 214" refId="ref36287" refString="Klaassen, R. 1999. Wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae. IAWA Journal Supplement 2: 1 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">Klaassen 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D960351C5FF25FC109A6C" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D9603571AFEECFAA0988F" blockId="34.[833,1522,194,1947]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
The clades recovered by phylogenetic analyses of the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AFE8FFC0F9A26" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[833,987,335,361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035066FE8FFB309A26" author="Xiang, Q-Y &amp; D. J. Crawford &amp; A. D. Wolfe &amp; C. W. DePamphilis" box="[1053,1252,335,362]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="988 - 997" refId="ref41606" refString="Xiang, Q-Y, D. J. Crawford, A. D. Wolfe, Y-C Tang and C. W. DePamphilis. 1998. Origin and biogeography of Aesculus L. (Hippocastanaceae): a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Evolution 52 (4): 988 - 997." type="journal article" year="1998">Xiang et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035095FE8FFA179A26" author="Harris, A. J. &amp; D. T. Thomas" box="[1262,1475,335,362]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="108 - 126" refId="ref35500" refString="Harris, A. J., Q-Y Xiang and D. T. Thomas. 2009. Phylogeny, origin, and biogeographic history of Aesculus L. (Sapindaceae) - an update from combined analysis of DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils. Taxon 58 (1): 108 - 126. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 27756827]." type="journal article" year="2009">Harris et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D960351B5FE90FC189AC3" author="Du, Z-Y &amp; A. J. Harris" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="106726" refId="ref34372" refString="Du, Z-Y, A. J. Harris and Q-Y Xiang. 2020. Phylogenomics, coevolution of ecological niche and morphology, and historical biogeography of buckeyes, horse chestnuts, and their relatives (Hippocastaneae, Sapindaceae) and the value of RAD-Seq for deep evolutionary inferences back to the Late Cretaceous. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 145: 106726. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106726]." type="journal article" year="2020">Du et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
) generally align with the five groups recognized on the basis of morphology by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035178FE55FA639AFF" author="Hardin, J. W." box="[1283,1463,405,432]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="145 - 171" refId="ref35465" refString="Hardin, J. W. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae. Brittonia 9: 145 - 171. [https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2804781]." type="journal article" year="1957">Hardin (1957)</bibRefCitation>
. The exception is the position of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960350E3FE77FC099AB9" authority="(Spach) Nutt. (1838)" authorityName="Nutt." authorityYear="1838" baseAuthorityName="Spach" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960350E3FE77FA5E9A9C" box="[1176,1418,439,467]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus californica</emphasis>
(Spach) Nutt. (1838)
</taxonomicName>
, which was recovered as belonging Section
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AFE3FFB549956" authority="Spach (1834)" authorityName="Spach" authorityYear="1834" box="[833,1152,511,539]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Calothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603573AFE3FFC1B9954" box="[833,975,511,539]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Calothyrsus</emphasis>
Spach (1834)
</taxonomicName>
along with the Asian species,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AFDE1FBCE9972" authority="Bung" authorityName="Bung" box="[833,1050,545,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603573AFDE1FC049972" box="[833,976,545,573]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. chinensis</emphasis>
Bung
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035061FDE1FBF39972" box="[1050,1063,545,573]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">e</emphasis>
(1833),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960350EEFDE3FA199972" authority="Griff. (1854)" authorityName="Griff." authorityYear="1854" box="[1173,1485,546,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="assamica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960350EEFDE3FAF29973" box="[1173,1318,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. assamica</emphasis>
Griff. (1854)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960351A1FDE1FAEB992F" authority="(Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. (1859)" authorityName="Hook." authorityYear="1859" baseAuthorityName="Cambess." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960351A1FDE1FC58992F" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. indica</emphasis>
(Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. (1859)
</taxonomicName>
. All the aforementioned species have vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to the intervessel pits (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31D960350C6FD4CFAD399E9" box="[1213,1287,652,678]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">IAWA</collectionCode>
feature 30). There are no wood anatomical descriptions for species in Sections
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960357FDFD13FB0D99A3" authority="Spach (1834)" authorityName="Spach" authorityYear="1834" box="[902,1241,722,751]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Macrothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960357FDFD13FBF999A0" box="[902,1069,723,751]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Macrothyrsus</emphasis>
Spach (1834)
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603517BFD13FAAE99A0" box="[1280,1402,723,751]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Parryana.</emphasis>
Available information on Section
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603501EFD34FB7D985F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1125,1193,756,784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Pavia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603501EFD34FB7D985F" box="[1125,1193,756,784]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Pavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicates its species differ as they have horizontally elongate vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders. Section
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035080FCFAFA139819" box="[1275,1479,826,854]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035080FCFAFAB79819" box="[1275,1379,826,854]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960351A1FCFAFB8E9836" authority="Blume, 1847" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1847" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="turbinata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960351A1FCFAFC629835" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. turbinata</emphasis>
Blume, 1847
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603501EFC9FFAEB9836" box="[1125,1343,863,889]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hippocastanum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603501EFC9FFAEB9836" box="[1125,1343,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. hippocastanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31D9603513FFCA0FA839835" box="[1348,1367,864,890]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
., 1753) have storied structure or a tendency to it as do
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603514EFC41FA6A98D2" box="[1333,1470,897,925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603514EFC41FA6A98D2" box="[1333,1470,897,925]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AFC64FC7E988F" box="[833,938,932,960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603573AFC64FC7E988F" box="[833,938,932,960]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Section
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603504AFC66FAA5988F" authority="Spach (1834)" authorityName="Spach" authorityYear="1834" box="[1073,1393,933,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Calothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603504AFC66FB6B988D" box="[1073,1215,934,962]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Calothyrsus</emphasis>
Spach (1834)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D9603571AFC09FA259E0C" blockId="34.[833,1522,194,1947]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
The concentration of vessels at the beginning of a growth ring is unusual for
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960350E1FC2AFAD69F49" box="[1178,1282,1002,1030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960350E1FC2AFAD69F49" box="[1178,1282,1002,1030]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but a tendency to this feature occurs in some samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035153FBCEFA6F9F65" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1847" box="[1320,1467,1038,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="turbinata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035153FBCEFA6F9F65" box="[1320,1467,1038,1066]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. turbinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603573AFBF1FC069F02" box="[833,978,1073,1101]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AFBF1FC1A9F02" box="[833,974,1073,1101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">A. chinensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In most extant
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960350F0FBF1FB279F02" box="[1163,1267,1073,1101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960350F0FBF1FB279F02" box="[1163,1267,1073,1101]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the vessels are more crowded than in this fossil, but in some
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603514FFB94FA499F3F" box="[1332,1437,1108,1136]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603514FFB94FA499F3F" box="[1332,1437,1108,1136]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960351A1FB94FC179FDC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960351A1FB94FC179FDC" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
samples the vessels are as widely spaced as in this late Eocene wood. Available information on present-day
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603570CFB7EFC0B9F95" box="[887,991,1214,1242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603570CFB7EFC0B9F95" box="[887,991,1214,1242]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wood anatomy suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035122FB7EFA269F95" box="[1369,1522,1214,1242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klaassenii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035122FB7EFA269F95" box="[1369,1522,1214,1242]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. klaassenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to Section
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035051FB23FB6C9FB0" authorityName="Spach" authorityYear="1834" box="[1066,1208,1251,1279]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Calothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035051FB23FB6C9FB0" box="[1066,1208,1251,1279]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Calothyrsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it has vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting and is closest to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960357C2FAE7FB819E0C" box="[953,1109,1319,1347]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960357C2FAE7FB819E0C" box="[953,1109,1319,1347]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it lacks storied structure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31D9605571AFA8CFD5E9900" blockId="34.[833,1522,194,1947]" lastBlockId="36.[112,800,422,591]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603571AFA8CFAF49E29" bold="true" box="[865,1312,1356,1382]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
We only know of five reports of fossil woods suggested to be related to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AFA51FB619EE2" authority="(Gregory et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Gregory" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[833,1205,1425,1453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603573AFA51FC7D9EE2" box="[833,937,1425,1453]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
(Gregory et al. 2009)
</taxonomicName>
. There are three Miocene woods that we consider reliably assigned to
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960351E4FA74FCB99EBC" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960351E4FA74FCB29EBC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aesculus</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603570CFA17FA7E9EBC" authority="Prakash and Barghoorn (1961)" authorityName="Prakash and Barghoorn" authorityYear="1961" box="[887,1450,1495,1523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hankinsii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603570CFA17FBDE9EBC" box="[887,1034,1495,1523]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. hankinsii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D9603506FFA19FA7E9EBC" author="Prakash, U. &amp; E. S. Barghoorn" box="[1044,1450,1496,1523]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="347 - 363" refId="ref38485" refString="Prakash, U. and E. S. Barghoorn. 1961. Miocene fossil woods from the Columbia Basalts of Central Washington, II. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 42: 347 - 363." type="journal article" year="1961">Prakash and Barghoorn (1961)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A31D9603573AFA3CFC0C9D59" box="[833,984,1532,1558]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Washington</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31D9603579FFA3CFBCF9D59" box="[996,1051,1532,1558]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">USA</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603505CFA3CFA259D59" authority="Suzuki and Terada (1996)" authorityName="Suzuki and Terada" authorityYear="1996" box="[1063,1521,1532,1558]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mioxyla">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603505CFA3CFB709D59" box="[1063,1188,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">A. mioxyla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D960350D7FA3CFA259D59" author="Suzuki, M. &amp; K. Terada" box="[1196,1521,1532,1558]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="365 - 392" refId="ref39837" refString="Suzuki, M. and K. Terada. 1996. Fossil wood from the lower Mio- cene Yanagida Formation, Noto Peninsula, central Japan. IAWA Journal 17 (4): 365 - 392. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000634]." type="journal article" year="1996">Suzuki and Terada (1996)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31D960357FFF9E0FC199D75" box="[900,973,1568,1594]" name="Japan" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Japan</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960357A2F9DEFBBF9D75" box="[985,1131,1566,1594]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960357A2F9DEFB959D75" box="[985,1089,1566,1594]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31D960350CEF9E0FB2B9D75" box="[1205,1279,1568,1594]" name="South Korea" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D9603516AF9E0FA349D76" author="Jeong, E. K. &amp; K. Kim &amp; J. H. Kim &amp; M. Suzuki" box="[1297,1504,1567,1594]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="183 - 189" refId="ref36164" refString="Jeong, E. K., K. Kim, J. H. Kim and M. Suzuki. 2004. Fossil woods from Janggi Group (Early Miocene) in Pohang Basin, Korea. Journal of Plant Research 117: 183 - 189. [https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10265 - 004 - 0144 - 8]." type="journal article" year="2004">Jeong et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). All three are strictly diffuse-porous with vessels more crowded than this Eocene wood.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035178F9A4FA259DCF" authorityName="Prakash and Barghoorn" authorityYear="1961" box="[1283,1521,1636,1664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hankinsii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035178F9A4FA259DCF" box="[1283,1521,1636,1664]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus hankinsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs as its numerous vessels are evenly distributed throughout the growth ring and rays show a tendency to storied structure.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035035F90FFAF79DA6" authorityName="Suzuki and Terada" authorityYear="1996" box="[1102,1315,1743,1769]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mioxyla">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D96035035F90FFAF79DA6" box="[1102,1315,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus mioxyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has evenly distributed vessels as well as weakly storied rays. Two reports are questionable as their descriptions lack the details (e.g., vessel-ray parenchyma pits) necessary to confirm relationships with
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D960350EAF89AFB2D9C39" box="[1169,1273,1882,1910]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D960350EAF89AFB2D9C39" box="[1169,1273,1882,1910]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D96035136F89CFA399C39" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[1357,1517,1884,1910]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31D9603573AF8BFFA259CD5" authority="Trivedi and Srivastava (1982)" authorityName="Trivedi and Srivastava" authorityYear="1982" box="[833,1521,1918,1947]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deccanense">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31D9603573AF8BFFBA59CD5" box="[833,1137,1918,1947]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="33">Aesculoxylon deccanense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31D96035002F8BFFA259CD5" author="Trivedi, B. S. &amp; R. Srivastava" box="[1145,1521,1919,1946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="33" pagination="426 - 431" refId="ref40092" refString="Trivedi, B. S. and R. Srivastava. 1982. Aesculoxylon deccanensis gen. et sp. nov. from Mohgaon Kalan, Chhindwara District (M. P.). Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 61: 426 - 431." type="journal article" year="1982">Trivedi and Srivastava (1982)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31B960556F1FE66FCF49A8D" box="[650,800,422,450]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960556F1FE66FD279A8D" box="[650,755,422,450]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Aesculus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from the Eocene of Montana (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31B9605559FFE0BFF649947" author="Yamamoto, T. &amp; A. Chadwick" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" pagination="49 - 66" refId="ref41659" refString="Yamamoto, T. and A. Chadwick. 1982. Identification of fossil wood from the Specimen Creek area of the Gallatin Petrified Forest, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, U. S. A. Part II. Angiosperms. Journal of San-iku Gakuin Junior College 11: 49 - 66." type="journal article" year="1982">Yamamoto and Chadwick 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Since this Dietz Hill wood is assignable to
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B960556CFFE2DFCF49946" box="[692,800,493,521]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31B960556CFFE2DFCC89946" box="[692,796,493,521]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aesculus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but does not match any extant or fossil species, we have assigned it to the new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31B96055595FDF3FD519900" box="[494,645,563,591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klaassenii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31B96055595FDF3FD519900" box="[494,645,563,591]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">A. klaassenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

314
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<mods:title id="D23EF12B1F841FF37C0B0197F96FD9A9">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D2166BC5E96C77622A200CD882AD79D">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A96F59974F973DF3D2F5294294E0ED2C">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:url id="266C7BB267BE59192AB9FE6F632B5491">http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A321963F57FCF9D2FA7C9D63" box="[903,1448,1554,1580]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F57FCF9D2FA7C9D63" blockId="30.[903,1448,1554,1580]" box="[903,1448,1554,1580]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA321963F57FCF9D2FA7C9D63" allCaps="true" box="[903,1448,1554,1580]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F57FCF9D2FB9B9D63" ID-CoL="7NV" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[903,1103,1554,1580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">CANNABACEAE</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5023F9D2FA9C9D63" authority="WOOD" authorityName="WOOD" box="[1112,1352,1554,1580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">MORACEAE WOOD</taxonomicName>
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2
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A321963E5024F9FCFADC9DA4" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F5024F9FCFB069D1B" blockId="30.[1119,1234,1596,1620]" box="[1119,1234,1596,1620]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F5024F9FCFB069D1B" box="[1119,1234,1596,1620]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">FIG. 15A–I</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963E571BF9ADFCC19DCE" blockId="30.[832,1520,1645,1953]" lastBlockId="31.[112,801,1533,1948]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F571BF9ADFBF49DC8" bold="true" box="[864,1056,1645,1671]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings distinct (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F5137F9ADFA359DC7" box="[1356,1505,1645,1672]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15A, B</figureCitation>
), ring width
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A321963F57B1F951FB8B9DE4" box="[970,1119,1681,1707]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.9 mm</quantity>
. Wood ring-porous or semi-ring porous. Wide vessels in earlywood solitary and in pairs, tangential diameters average 182 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A321963F50A5F917FAD79DBE" box="[1246,1283,1751,1777]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
29) µm, range 123– 247 µm; narrow vessels solitary, in radial multiples, and occasionally in clusters (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F500AF8DDFB2F9C77" box="[1137,1275,1821,1848]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15A, B</figureCitation>
). Perforation plates exclusively simple(
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F5052F881FB449C13" box="[1065,1168,1857,1884]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
); intervessel pitting crowded alternate, oval to polygonal (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F50E7F8A4FAF79C31" box="[1180,1315,1892,1919]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15D, E</figureCitation>
), 8–11
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F510EF8A4FA509C31" bold="true" box="[1397,1412,1892,1918]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">–</emphasis>
13 µm in horizontal diameter; vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval in outline (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E567FFA3DFDBF9D57" box="[516,619,1533,1560]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
). Helical thickenings observed in some of the narrowest vessels (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E568AF9E1FF709D10" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
). Vessel element lengths difficult to measure because of the abundant tyloses (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E55D8F9A7FDD99DCD" box="[419,525,1639,1666]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
), 205–333 µm (n=3).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C149BA320963E540BFA87FCD79E86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" startId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" targetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A320963E540BFA87FCD79E86" blockId="31.[112,1492,1351,1482]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E540BFA87FF0B9E10" bold="true" box="[112,223,1351,1375]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Figure 14</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A320963E5492FA87FE9F9E10" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[233,331,1351,1375]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="31" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A320963E552FFA87FE379E10" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[340,483,1351,1375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A320963E5597FA87FD489E10" authority="Wood" authorityName="Wood" box="[492,668,1351,1375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae Wood</taxonomicName>
Type 1. UF 278-87894.
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E57E7FA87FC1C9E10" bold="true" box="[924,968,1351,1375]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">A, B</emphasis>
. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E5656FAA1FDE89E36" bold="true" box="[557,572,1377,1401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E5557FABCFEEA9EDB" bold="true" box="[300,318,1404,1428]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E516EFABCFAF09EDB" bold="true" box="[1301,1316,1404,1428]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">E</emphasis>
. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E5618FA57FDA59EE0" bold="true" box="[611,625,1431,1455]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">F</emphasis>
. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A320963E54EBF94AFD799DA3" blockId="31.[112,801,1533,1948]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
Axial parenchyma hard to distinguish in cross sections, probably vasicentric, confluent, and marginal (initial) bands, commonly in strands of 2–4 (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E5649F911FD4B9DA3" box="[562,671,1745,1772]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A320963E54EBF934FB9F9D74" blockId="31.[112,801,1533,1948]" lastBlockId="31.[832,1521,1533,1947]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
Rays commonly 4–5 (–6)-seriate, uniseriate rays rare (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E5402F8D7FF359C7D" box="[121,225,1815,1842]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
); multiseriate rays heterocellular with procumbent body cells and usually 1–3 (-4) marginal rows of square to upright cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E55F7F89DFE239C37" box="[396,503,1885,1912]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
), weakly defined sheath cells in a few rays (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E551DF841FE019CD3" box="[358,469,1921,1948]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
); average multiseriate ray height 295 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A320963E57A3FA3EFBD49D57" box="[984,1024,1534,1560]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=99) µm, range 128–539 µm; ~4-5 rays per mm. Non-storied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A320963E571BF984FC269DCD" blockId="31.[832,1521,1533,1947]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
Solitary prismatic crystals occasional in upright ray cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A320963E57FCF9A7FC339DCD" box="[903,999,1639,1666]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="33.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-22@32.[138,1488,192,1901]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 15. Urticales, Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 2. UF 278-84906. A, B. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS. D. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS. E. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. F.Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS. H. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS. I. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15I</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A320963E571BF94AFBDF9D87" blockId="31.[832,1521,1533,1947]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E571BF94AFBD39DEB" bold="true" box="[864,1031,1674,1700]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Specimen—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A320963E5073F94BFBF89DEA" box="[1032,1068,1675,1701]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84906, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A320963E57C3F96EFBD39D87" box="[952,1031,1710,1736]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A320963E571BF910FADC9DA4" blockId="31.[832,1521,1533,1947]" box="[864,1288,1744,1771]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E571BF910FBC39DA5" bold="true" box="[864,1047,1744,1770]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A320963E50E1F911FB149DA4" box="[1178,1216,1745,1771]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A3209600571BF934FBB39FEB" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3209600571BF934FE869920" blockId="31.[832,1521,1533,1947]" lastBlockId="33.[112,802,421,1961]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9579801A320963E571BF934FBD89C41" bold="true" box="[864,1036,1780,1806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30">Comments—</emphasis>
It is difficult to determine if this is a vine or a ring-porous wood (shrub, sapling, or tree branch) with very narrow growth rings. The cross-sectional areas of woody vines typically have a high proportion of vessels (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A320963E57C7F841FBAC9CD4" author="Carlquist, S." box="[956,1144,1921,1947]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" refId="ref33397" refString="Carlquist, S. 1991. Anatomy of vine and liana stems: A review and synthesis. Pp. 53 - 71 in F. E. Putz and H. A. Mooney (eds.) The Biology of Vines, Cambridge University Press, New York." type="book" year="1991">Carlquist 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A320963E50FCF841FA809CD4" author="Baas, P. &amp; S. D. Davis &amp; E. A. Wheeler" box="[1159,1364,1921,1947]" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" refId="ref32683" refString="Baas, P., F. W, Ewers, S. D. Davis and E. A. Wheeler. 2004. Evolution of xylem physiology. Pp. 273 - 296 in A. R. Hemsley and I. Poole (eds.). Evolution of Plant Physiology. From Whole Plants to Ecosystems: Linnaean Society Symposium Series No. 21. Elsevier Academic Press." type="proceedings" year="2004">Baas et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32096005118F841FF229A8F" author="Angyalossy, V. &amp; M. R. Pace &amp; A. C. Lima" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="30" refId="ref32546" refString="Angyalossy, V., M. R. Pace and A. C. Lima. 2015. Liana anatomy: A broad perspective on structural evolution of the vascular system. Pp. 253 - 287 in S. A. Schnitzer, F. Bongers, R. J. Burnham, and F. E. Putz (eds.). Ecology of Lianas. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd." type="book" year="2015">Angyalossy et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), as is seen in this fossil. When ring-porous arborescent plants have narrow growth rings, those rings will consist mostly of earlywood and have a high proportion of vessels; consequently, samples from such areas can resemble woody vines (see
<figureCitation id="13185896A31E9600561FFDF2FD789903" box="[612,684,562,588]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
Fig.
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A31E960056E7FDF2FD1B9903" box="[668,719,562,588]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31E960056A2FDF2FE959920" author="IAWA Committee" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" pagination="219 - 332" refId="ref36129" refString="IAWA Committee. 1989. IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification with an appendix on non-anatomical features. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 10 (3): 219 - 332." type="journal article" year="1989">IAWA Committee 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<subSection id="E2AC5DF8A31F960154EBF841FE1F9CD5" box="[144,459,1921,1946]" pageId="32" pageNumber="31" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31F960154EBF841FE1F9CD5" blockId="32.[144,459,1921,1946]" box="[144,459,1921,1946]" pageId="32" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31F960154EBF841FF2B9CD6" bold="true" box="[144,255,1921,1945]" pageId="32" pageNumber="31">Figure 15</emphasis>
. Caption on pg. 32.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="DF5C149BA31E9600540BFF01FC249A37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890619" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890619/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" startId="33.[112,187,193,217]" targetBox="[139,1488,192,1897]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600540BFF01FC249A37" blockId="33.[112,1519,193,377]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600540BFF01FF0B9B96" bold="true" box="[112,223,193,217]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Figure 15</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005492FF01FE9F9B96" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[233,331,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="33" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600552FFF01FE379B96" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[340,483,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005597FF01FD489B96" authority="Wood" authorityName="Wood" box="[492,668,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae Wood</taxonomicName>
Type 2. UF 278-84906.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E960057E7FF01FC1C9B96" bold="true" box="[924,968,193,217]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">A, B</emphasis>
. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005680FF1BFCDB9BBC" bold="true" box="[763,783,219,243]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">C.</emphasis>
Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005557FF36FEEA9A41" bold="true" box="[300,318,246,270]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">D</emphasis>
. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005153FF36FAE39A41" bold="true" box="[1320,1335,246,270]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">E</emphasis>
. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E960055DCFED1FE6F9A66" bold="true" box="[423,443,273,297]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">F.</emphasis>
Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005141FED1FA9E9A66" bold="true" box="[1338,1354,273,297]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">G</emphasis>
. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005141FEECFA989A0B" bold="true" box="[1338,1356,300,324]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">H</emphasis>
. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005770FE86FCC09A11" bold="true" box="[779,788,326,350]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">I</emphasis>
. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E960054EBFDB9FED19880" blockId="33.[112,802,421,1961]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
Moreover, because of the narrow rings the porosity
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31E9600540BFD5CFF7399F9" box="[112,167,668,694]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
is not obvious. Other difficulties with this sample include: 1) determining latewood vessel arrangement because of the narrow growth rings, and 2) differences between fibers and axial parenchyma in transverse section are not obvious, so axial parenchyma distribution is difficult to determine, but given the parenchyma strands visible in longitudinal sections, we suspect marginal (wide initial bands) as well as vasicentric and confluent are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E960054EBFC18FAAF994A" blockId="33.[112,802,421,1961]" lastBlockId="33.[833,1528,421,1188]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E960054EBFC18FDAF98BD" bold="true" box="[144,635,984,1010]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Comparisons with modern woods—</emphasis>
We began by searching InsideWood’s modern wood database for this combination of features: 1p (growth rings distinct), vessels not exclusively solitary (9a), exclusively simple perforation plates (13p 14a), intervessel pits alternate, polygonal in outline and medium- to large-sized (22p, 23p, 24a, 25a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders (30a), helical thickenings in narrower vessel elements (39p), tangential vessel diameter not narrow (40a, 41a), tyloses common (56p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p, 66p), larger rays 4–10-seriate (98p), less than
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A31E9600553BFA9BFE5D9E39" box="[320,393,1371,1398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
high (102a), not of two distinct sizes (103a), heterocellular with procumbent body cells (104a, 105a, 109a), tile cells absent (111a), storied structure, radial canals, and oil/mucilage cells absent (118–121a, 124–126a, 130a). This search returned six matches:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005490F9CAFD969D69" authority="Mill. (1768)" authorityName="Mill." authorityYear="1768" box="[235,578,1546,1574]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005490F9CAFE749D69" box="[235,416,1546,1574]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Rhus chinensis</emphasis>
Mill. (1768)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600562FF9CBFCC79D69" authorityName="R. Brown" authorityYear="1818" box="[596,787,1547,1574]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600540BF9EFFEFE9D04" box="[112,298,1583,1611]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600540BF9EFFEFE9D04" box="[112,298,1583,1611]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Celtis laevigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005541F9EEFE319D06" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[314,485,1582,1609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005583F9EEFEA19D22" authority="(Raf.) C. K. Schneid. (1906)" authorityName="C. K. Schneid." authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Raf." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pomifera">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005583F9EEFD009D06" box="[504,724,1582,1609]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Maclura pomifera</emphasis>
(Raf.) C.K. Schneid. (1906)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E960055FFF990FD4C9D21" box="[388,664,1616,1646]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E960055FFF990FDC69D23" box="[388,530,1616,1644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">Morus alba</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600565AF990FD4C9D21" box="[545,664,1616,1646]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">Mo. nigra</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31E960056D8F992FD619D23" box="[675,693,1618,1644]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753),
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600540BF9B3FF3A9DC0" box="[112,238,1651,1679]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600540BF9B3FF3E9DC0" box="[112,234,1651,1679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">Mo. rubra</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005550F9B3FD599DC0" authority="Roxb. (Moracee)" authorityName="Roxb. (Moracee" authorityYear="1832" box="[299,653,1651,1679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005550F9B3FE639DC0" box="[299,439,1651,1679]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Mo. serrata</emphasis>
Roxb. (Moracee)
</taxonomicName>
. We think it unlikely that this fossil has affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005602F957FD609DFC" box="[633,692,1687,1715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005602F957FD609DFC" box="[633,692,1687,1715]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Rhus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because ray structure and appearance are quite different. Both
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600540BF91FFF669DB4" box="[112,178,1759,1787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600540BF91FFF669DB4" box="[112,178,1759,1787]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005494F91DFE819DB6" box="[239,341,1757,1785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005494F91DFE819DB6" box="[239,341,1757,1785]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Maclura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include species that are ring-porous or vines. Consequently, we suggest that this wood has affinities with the urticalean group, and most probably with
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E960054CBF889FEF89C2C" box="[176,300,1865,1891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
. According to ter
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31E9600567EF888FD3F9C2C" author="Welle, B. J. H. ter &amp; J. Koek-Noorman &amp; S. M. C. Topper" box="[517,747,1864,1891]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" pagination="91 - 128" refId="ref40577" refString="Welle, B. J. H. ter, J. Koek-Noorman and S. M. C. Topper. 1986. The systematic wood anatomy of the Moraceae. IV. Genera of the tribe Moreae with urticaceous stamens. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 7 (2): 91 - 128. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000973]." type="journal article" year="1986">Welle et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, the climber
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E960054A3F8AAFCF49CC9" authority="(Lour.) Corner (1962)" authorityName="Corner" authorityYear="1962" baseAuthorityName="Lour." box="[216,800,1898,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cochinchinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E960054A3F8AAFDD09CC9" box="[216,516,1898,1926]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Maclura cochinchinensis</emphasis>
(Lour.) Corner (1962)
</taxonomicName>
ranges from
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31E96005570F84EFEAB9CE7" box="[267,383,1934,1960]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31E960055C2F84EFE2E9CE7" box="[441,506,1934,1960]" name="India" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">India</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31E96005665F84EFDB29CE7" box="[542,614,1934,1960]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">China</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31E960056E4F84FFD339CE6" box="[671,743,1935,1961]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and throughout the Malesian Archipelago; it has variable anatomy and includes samples that are semi-ring- to ring-porous and that have helical thickenings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A31E9600571AFDCEFBB39FEB" blockId="33.[833,1528,421,1188]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E9600571AFDCEFADE9966" bold="true" box="[865,1290,526,553]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Comparison with fossil woods—</emphasis>
When we searched the Fossil Hardwood database using equivalent features in the Fossil Hardwood menu for that database, the results only included descriptions with most diagnostic features coded as unknown. Allowing one mismatch, returned 17 matches, 12 of which lack information on vessel-ray parenchyma pitting. Among the results were two reports of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005070FCC5FC24980D" authority="Yin, Liu, and Cheng (2013)" authorityName="Yin, Liu, and Cheng" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xinhuanensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005070FCC5FA959850" box="[1035,1345,771,801]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Moroxylon xinhuanensis</emphasis>
Yin, Liu, and Cheng (2013)
</taxonomicName>
, a distinctly ring-porous wood from the Neogene of
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A31E960057ABFC8BFBC3982A" box="[976,1047,843,869]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31E9600505CFC8BFB00982A" author="Yin, Y-D &amp; Y-M. Chen" box="[1063,1236,843,870]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" pagination="169 - 176" refId="ref41749" refString="Yin, Y-D, X-L Liu and Y-M. Chen. 2013. First record of Moroxylon (Moraceae) from the Neogene of China. IAWA Journal 34 (2): 169 - 176. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 00000014]." type="journal article" year="2013">Yin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31E960050A5FC8BFA7B982A" author="Cheng, Y-M. &amp; X-N. Yang &amp; Z-F. He &amp; B. Mao &amp; Y-F. Yin" box="[1246,1455,843,870]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref33866" refString="Cheng, Y-M., X-N. Yang, Z-F. He, B. Mao and Y-F. Yin. 2018. Early Miocene angiosperm woods from Sihong in the Jiangsu Province, eastern China. IAWA Journal 39 (1): 125 - 142. [DOI: 10.1163 / 22941932 - 20170189]." type="journal article" year="2018">Cheng et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). It is possible that
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A31E96005793FCAFFBDF98C6" box="[1000,1035,879,905]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84906 is a ring-porous wood with narrow rings, but the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005081FC52FC4D9880" authority="Selmeier (1993)" authorityName="Selmeier" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005081FC52FAAF98E1" box="[1274,1403,914,942]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Moroxylon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A31E960051F8FC52FC4D9880" author="Selmeier, A." pageId="33" pageNumber="32" pagination="209 - 226" refId="ref39089" refString="Selmeier, A. 1993. Moroxylon nov. gen. (Moraceae), ein verkieseltes Maulbeer holz aus jungtertiaren Schichten Bayerns (Hallertan). Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontolo- gies und Historische Geologie 33: 209 - 226." type="journal article" year="1993">Selmeier (1993)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
includes “groups of small vessels, especially in the latewood, forming a pattern of tangential or discontinuous oblique bands” and in this wood with its narrow rings that is not visible. Although it is likely this wood is
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600573AFB82FC6D9F13" box="[833,953,1090,1116]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
, we think it better to refer to it as
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005138FB82FA3C9F13" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[1347,1512,1090,1116]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E9600573AFBA5FBD99F30" authority="Wood" authorityName="Wood" box="[833,1037,1125,1151]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae Wood</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A31E9600506EFBA5FB879F30" box="[1045,1107,1125,1151]" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
2 because of the possibility of a relationship with
<emphasis id="B9579801A31E96005064FB48FBB39FEB" box="[1055,1127,1160,1188]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A31E96005064FB48FBB79FEB" box="[1055,1123,1160,1188]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

240
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@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
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/
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1
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A321963F55F7FEE6FB399EBC" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F55F7FEE6FDD09A71" blockId="30.[396,516,294,318]" box="[396,516,294,318]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F55F7FEE6FDD09A71" box="[396,516,294,318]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">FIG. 14A–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFE97FEB69A94" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F54EBFE97FE989A3E" bold="true" box="[144,332,343,369]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, and marginal axial parenchyma. Narrow latewood vessels in the marginal parenchyma bands (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F54B0FE01FE809A94" box="[203,340,449,475]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFE24FD709857" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
Wood diffuse-porous; vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3 (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F553EFDC7FE19996D" box="[325,461,519,546]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
); mean tangential diameter of vessels 164 µm (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A321963F5510FDEAFE40990B" box="[363,404,554,580]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=27), range 118–218 µm; 6–10 vessels per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA321963F5548FD8DFEEA992F" attach="left" box="[307,318,589,608]" fontSize="8" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates simple; intervessel pits alternate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F5553FDB1FE4799C4" box="[296,403,625,651]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
), horizontal diameter 9–12 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to the intervessel pits, simple or with reduced borders (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F5622FD77FD16999E" box="[601,706,695,721]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
). Vessel element lengths short, &lt;350 µm; vessel element end walls slightly inclined. Thin-walled tyloses present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFCE1FF3E9811" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fibers thin- to thick-walled, non-septate, pitting not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFCA7FD4A98EB" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
Axial parenchyma marginal, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F557CFC4AFE4698EA" box="[263,402,906,933]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
); strands of 4–8 cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFC6EFD069F37" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
Rays (1–2) 3–6 seriate, mostly 4–5-seriate; uniseriate rays rare; average multiseriate ray height 489 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A321963F56D4FC11FD0398A4" box="[687,727,977,1003]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=180) µm, range 191–842 µm. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, and heterocellular with 1-2 marginal rows of square/upright cells, rarely more (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F56DAFBFAFCC49F1B" box="[673,784,1082,1108]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
); sheath cells in some rays (
<figureCitation id="13185896A321963F55CFFB9DFDCB9F37" box="[436,543,1117,1144]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
); 4–7 per mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFB41FF3E9FF1" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Storied structure, oil/mucilage cells, and crystals not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFB07FE9F9E4A" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F54EBFB07FEE39FAE" bold="true" box="[144,311,1223,1249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Specimen—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A321963F5543FB08FE889FAD" box="[312,348,1224,1250]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84894, estimated maximum diameter 20+ cm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFACDFDEC9E67" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" box="[144,568,1293,1320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F54EBFACDFE939E68" bold="true" box="[144,327,1293,1319]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A321963F55B1FACEFE249E67" box="[458,496,1294,1320]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F54EBFAF0FBFE9A4E" blockId="30.[112,807,343,1954]" lastBlockId="30.[832,1526,195,1524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F54EBFAF0FD849E04" bold="true" box="[144,592,1328,1355]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Comparisons with extant woods—</emphasis>
Our initial search of InsideWood used: presence of distinct growth ring boundaries (1p), wood diffuse-porous (5p), absence of exclusively solitary vessels, distinct vessel arrangement, and radial multiples of ten or more common (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10a), presence of simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits that are not minute or small (13p, 22p, 24a 25a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders (31p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p, 66p), scanty paratracheal, vasicentric axial parenchyma and marginal parenchyma present (78p,
<specimenCount id="9D258F9AA321963F540BF974FF739D81" box="[112,167,1716,1742]" count="79" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="generic">79p.</specimenCount>
89p), maximum ray width 4–10-seriate (98p), rays not&gt;
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A321963F54D4F917FF3A9DBE" box="[175,238,1751,1777]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
or of two sizes (102, 103a), rays not composed of all upright cells or markedly heterocellular or with intermixed procumbent and square/upright cells (105a, 108a 109a), sheath cells present (110p), storied structure and oil/mucilage cells absent (118a, 119a, 120a, 124a 125a 126a), radial canals required absent (130e). If no mismatches are allowed, this particular search only returns
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F57DFFF25FBFE9A4E" box="[932,1066,229,257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F57DFFF25FC259A4E" box="[932,1009,229,257]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Morus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F571BFEC9FBAA9953" blockId="30.[832,1526,195,1524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
Allowing one mismatch returns
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5170FEC8FA4D9A6B" box="[1291,1433,264,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5170FEC8FA8E9A6B" box="[1291,1370,264,292]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Morus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
again, two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5785FEEDFB949A06" box="[1022,1088,301,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5785FEEDFB949A06" box="[1022,1088,301,329]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F502BFEECFB2E9A08" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[1104,1274,300,327]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5132FEEBFC2A9A24" authority="Merrill (1916)" authorityName="Merrill" authorityYear="1916" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Petersianthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5132FEEBFA249A08" box="[1353,1520,299,327]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Petersianthus</emphasis>
Merrill (1916)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F506AFE90FA659A24" authority="A. Rich. (1826 b)" authorityName="A. Rich." authorityYear="1826" box="[1041,1457,336,363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lecythidaceae A. Rich. (1826b)</taxonomicName>
. The last genus can be excluded because its parenchyma is aliform-confluent and diffuse-in-aggregates to narrow bands. According to Kew’s Plants of the World (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A321963F51E4FE79FC559AB8" author="POWO" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" refId="ref38449" refString="POWO. 2023. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet, https: // www. plantsoftheworldonline. org / Retrieved 2023." type="url" year="2023">POWO 2023</bibRefCitation>
), there are 17 accepted species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F513AFE1BFA5A9AB8" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[1345,1422,475,503]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F513AFE1BFA5A9AB8" box="[1345,1422,475,503]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Morus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 66 accepted species of
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F504DFDC0FBAA9953" box="[1078,1150,512,540]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F504DFDC0FBAE9953" box="[1078,1146,512,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F571BFDE3FB09988F" blockId="30.[832,1526,195,1524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
Of the images of diffuse-porous woods of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F510CFDE3FA249972" box="[1399,1520,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
in InsideWood, it looked as if only
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F509AFD85FC4C99CC" authority="Bureau (1873)" authorityName="Bureau" authorityYear="1873" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F509AFD85FA44992D" box="[1249,1424,581,610]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Morus insignis</emphasis>
Bureau (1873)
</taxonomicName>
(Uw 24976) had axial parenchyma distribution similar to this Dietz Hill wood, all others had more abundant axial parenchyma. In the Chinese Atlas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A321963F5102FD70FC5599A2" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
), diffuse-porous
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5021FD11FB7399A2" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[1114,1191,721,749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5021FD11FB7399A2" box="[1114,1191,721,749]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Morus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also appear to have more abundant axial parenchyma. The diffuse-porous
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F51B8FD35FB98987B" authority="Miq. (1851)" authorityName="Miq." authorityYear="1851" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroura">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F51B8FD35FC63987C" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Mo. macroura</emphasis>
Miq. (1851)
</taxonomicName>
(TWTw 13642) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F513DFCDAFC759819" authority="Burm. f." authorityName="Burm. f." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F513DFCDAFA25987B" box="[1350,1521,792,822]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Celtis africana</emphasis>
Burm. f.
</taxonomicName>
(FPAw 31962, Kw
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A321963F50FEFCFCFB6A9818" box="[1157,1214,828,855]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15485" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15485" name="Indiana University" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" type="Herbarium">IND</collectionCode>
.845) both appear to have narrow vessel elements embedded in seemingly marginal parenchyma. has narrow vessel elements embedded in seemingly marginal parenchyma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F571BFC09FBC59F48" blockId="30.[832,1526,195,1524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
This wood has a combination of features found in
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F573BFC2DFC569F46" box="[832,898,1005,1033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F573BFC2DFC569F46" box="[832,898,1005,1033]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F57C5FC2BFBC59F48" box="[958,1041,1003,1031]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F57C5FC2BFBD99F48" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[958,1037,1003,1031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Morus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A321963F571BFBCFFB399EBC" blockId="30.[832,1526,195,1524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F571BFBCFFAE29F65" bold="true" box="[864,1334,1039,1066]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
When no mismatches are allowed, the only matches in the fossil wood database were two descriptions with most features coded as unknowns. If one mismatch is allowed,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5118FBBAFC169FF9" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Scottoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eocenicum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5118FBBAFC169FF9" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Scottoxylon eocenicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F57ABFB5CFB909FF9" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[976,1092,1180,1206]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="30" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
, family unknown) from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds is returned (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A321963F5170FB00FC369FB2" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">
Wheeler and
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A321963F51CBFB00FC489FB2" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Manchester</collectingRegion>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
), but it has more axial parenchyma as does the other result,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5069FAC6FBDC9E0C" authority="Prakash (1979)" authorityName="Prakash" authorityYear="1979" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Dracontomeloxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palaeomangiferum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5069FAC6FA249E6F" box="[1042,1520,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Dracontomeloxylon palaeomangiferum</emphasis>
Prakash (1979)
</taxonomicName>
from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds. There does not appear to be a previously described fossil wood that is a good match for this Dietz Hill wood. Because of this wood's resemblance to both
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F511FFA53FA729EE0" box="[1380,1446,1427,1455]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F511FFA53FA729EE0" box="[1380,1446,1427,1455]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F51CFFA53FC6C9E9E" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5785FA75FB9F9E9E" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[1022,1099,1461,1489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5785FA75FB9F9E9E" box="[1022,1099,1461,1489]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Morus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5020FA76FB0E9E9F" box="[1115,1242,1462,1488]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
) we refer to it as
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F51CCFA76FC619EBC" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F57C5FA19FB589EBC" authority="Wood" authorityName="Wood" box="[958,1164,1497,1523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae Wood</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A321963F50E9FA1AFB049EBB" box="[1170,1232,1498,1524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Type</typeStatus>
1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:detail id="EB27CD85C6A016F9AFEEBD4A966263D6" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="6B242313A72B9107FC5EC3FB44EB5660">2023-11-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="4ACA207FED309613B45EDF34693CCA8B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="EB962E3FC6EA5A81FD697B5FDDDB8C5E">40</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="7D45AB6FF73D7376EBB42FFB4A9A23E9" type="issue">
<mods:number id="978AB107FD3C941A9FBF43BD5C88DFF4">14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="A75971B01A1DA228EBB758CA5B31FCF2" unit="page">
<mods:start id="11B26F75AF4ADE7B5E9493D43DE56794">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="880AEDB8328DEDAB914552402C285DA3">55</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="ACB89B3C0270440A18662CADE4911B1E">
<mods:url id="D0056D31B969D7828B3F9472DDB9D4AE">http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="40BC09793A560125A717D3F014F87BF1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="656DEBAD95682772B4159AD067172D2F" type="DOI">10.5070/P9401462457</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="95AFA58E108C219DF730888BFF38B17A" type="ISSN">0031-0298</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="751138E712DA436D2AFA58D0E0933350" type="Zenodo-Dep">10913330</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="038AF505A324963F57C0FE34FE4E9B92" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AF505A324963F57C0FE34FE4E9B92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AF505A324963F57C0FE34FE4E9B92" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963A57C0FE34FAA39940" box="[955,1399,500,528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A57C0FE34FAA39940" blockId="27.[955,1399,500,567]" box="[955,1399,500,528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA324963A57C0FE34FAA39940" allCaps="true" box="[955,1399,500,528]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A57C0FE34FACA995F" authority="STEVENSII" authorityName="STEVENSII" authorityYear="2023" box="[955,1310,500,528]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Urticaleoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A57C0FE34FACA995F" box="[955,1310,500,528]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">URTICALEOXYLON STEVENSII</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA324963A5158FE37FAA39940" box="[1315,1399,503,527]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" rank="species">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A324963A5158FE37FAE99940" box="[1315,1341,503,527]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Botânica" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Herbarium">SP</collectionCode>
. NOV.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963A5024FDDFFB069978" box="[1119,1234,543,567]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A5024FDDFFB069978" blockId="27.[955,1399,500,567]" box="[1119,1234,543,567]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5024FDDFFB069978" box="[1119,1234,543,567]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">FIG. 13A–I</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963A571BFD90FB689924" box="[864,1212,592,619]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFD90FB689924" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" box="[864,1212,592,619]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BFD90FBD49925" bold="true" box="[864,1024,592,618]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
Same as genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963A571BFDB4FADC999B" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFDB4FC3699FD" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA324963A571BFDB4FC3699FD" collectionCode="UF" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" specimenCode="UF 278-84893" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BFDB4FC2C99C1" bold="true" box="[864,1016,628,654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A324963A571BFDB4FC0F99C1" box="[864,987,628,654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A324963A5783FDB4FB6699C1" box="[1016,1202,628,654]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Museum">UF 278-84893</specimenCode>
, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A324963A57DBFD57FC0A99FD" box="[928,990,663,690]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFD7AFADC999B" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" box="[864,1288,698,724]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BFD7AFBC3999B" bold="true" box="[864,1047,698,724]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A324963A50E1FD7AFB14999B" box="[1178,1216,698,724]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963A571BFD1EFC7F9871" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFD1EFC7F9871" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BFD1EFBDF99B7" bold="true" box="[864,1035,734,760]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Etymology—</emphasis>
Named for Peter
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A324963A50A2FD1EFB3D99B7" box="[1241,1257,734,760]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
. Stevens in thanks for the creation and maintenance of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963A571BFC87FA249DBF" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFC87FAB59FAA" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BFC87FBCF982E" bold="true" box="[864,1051,839,865]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, and marginal axial parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A51BAFCAAFC4298E7" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13A–C</figureCitation>
). Wood semi-ring-porous; vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3 (rarely 4) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5096FC71FA8E9884" box="[1261,1370,945,971]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
); mean tangential diameter of earlywood vessels 119 µm (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A324963A51F1FC14FA6798A1" box="[1418,1459,980,1006]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=18), range 78–150 µm. Perforation plates simple (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A51FAFC37FC5D9F7A" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13E, F, H, I</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits alternate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5091FBDAFA8D9F7B" box="[1258,1369,1050,1076]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
), horizontal diameter 8–11 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate, simple or with reduced borders (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5100FBA1FA379F34" box="[1403,1507,1121,1147]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
). Mean vessel element length 377 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A324963A5088FB44FAC89FD1" box="[1267,1308,1156,1182]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=148) µm; range 153–594 µm vessel element end walls inclined to nearly horizontal. Thin-walled tyloses (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A50A9FB0AFA879FAA" box="[1234,1363,1226,1253]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13D, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFB2DFA1C9E64" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
Fibers thin- to thick-walled, mostly non-septate, occasionally septate, pitting not observed (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A514CFAD1FA6E9E64" box="[1335,1466,1297,1323]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13H, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFAF4FC0D9EF7" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
Axial parenchyma marginal, scanty paratracheal, vasicentric, more abundant in the latest latewood with some aliform-confluent (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5015FABAFB279EDB" box="[1134,1267,1402,1428]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13B, C</figureCitation>
); strands of 2–4 cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5732FA5DFC1F9EF7" box="[841,971,1437,1464]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13H, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BFA01FAF39DC7" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
Rays 1–6 seriate, mostly 4–5-seriate; uniseriate rays short, usually less than five cells high (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5163FA23FA489EB2" box="[1304,1436,1507,1533]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 12G–I</figureCitation>
); average multiseriate ray height 448 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A324963A50AFF9C6FB299D6F" box="[1236,1277,1542,1568]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=199) µm, 216–878 µm. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, and heterocellular with 1–2 marginal rows of square/ upright cells, rarely more; 4–6 per mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BF950FB5E9D81" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
Occasional solitary prismatic crystals in upright marginal ray cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A324963A5782F973FBA89D81" box="[1017,1148,1715,1742]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="28.[147,222,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[146,1485,192,1907]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Caption on pg. 28." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913356/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13H, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BF916FA249DBF" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" box="[864,1520,1750,1777]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Storied structure and oil/mucilage cells not observed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A324963F571BF938FE4E9B92" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A571BF938FC3F9C34" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BF938FBD89C5D" bold="true" box="[864,1036,1784,1810]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Comments—</emphasis>
Fine fungal hyphae are common in the sample and can be confused with septate fibers. Most fibers appear non-septate, but there are a few septate fibers as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963C571BF844FD0198A1" blockId="27.[832,1520,592,1951]" lastBlockId="29.[112,807,416,1956]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A571BF844FA929CD1" bold="true" box="[864,1350,1924,1950]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Comparisons with extant plants—</emphasis>
We searched InsideWood multiple times using slightly different combinations of features. In all searches we used: presence of distinct growth ring boundaries (1p), wood semi-ring-porous (4p), absence of exclusively solitary vessels, distinct vessel arrangement, and radial multiples of 10 or more common (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10a), presence of simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits that are not minute (13p, 22p, 24a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders and horizontally elongate (32p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p, 66p), vasicentric axial parenchyma (79p), maximum ray width 4-10-seriate (98p), rays not composed of all upright cells or markedly heterocellular or with intermixed procumbent and square/upright cells (105a, 108a 109a), storied structure and oil/mucilage cells absent (118a, 120a, 124a 125a 126a), radial canals absent (130a), prismatic crystals in square/upright ray cells (136p, 137p).
</paragraph>
<subSection id="E2AC5DF8A323963D54E8F842FE1A9CD5" box="[147,462,1922,1946]" pageId="28" pageNumber="27" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A323963D54E8F842FE1A9CD5" blockId="28.[147,462,1922,1946]" box="[147,462,1922,1946]" pageId="28" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9579801A323963D54E8F842FED59CD5" bold="true" box="[147,257,1922,1946]" pageId="28" pageNumber="27">Figure 13</emphasis>
. Caption on pg. 28.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="DF5C149BA322963C540BFF01FAC99A26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890615/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" startId="29.[112,187,193,217]" targetBox="[146,1485,192,1896]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C540BFF01FAC99A26" blockId="29.[112,1518,193,362]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C540BFF01FF0B9B96" bold="true" box="[112,223,193,217]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Figure 13</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5492FF01FE9F9B96" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[233,331,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="29" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C552FFF03FD869B94" box="[340,594,195,219]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C552FFF03FD9A9B94" authority="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas, 2023" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[340,590,195,219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Urticaleoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stevensii" status="sp. nov.">Urticaleoxylon stevensii</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA322963C562CFF02FD7C9B96" box="[599,680,194,217]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, UF 278-84893.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5723FF01FCBD9B96" bold="true" box="[856,873,193,217]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">A</emphasis>
. Wood semi-ring-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C549AFF1AFEC59BBE" bold="true" box="[225,273,217,242]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">B, C.</emphasis>
Vessels solitary and radial multiples of 2‒3; marginal, scanty paratracheal, and vasicentric axial parenchyma.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C51D6FF1AFA6B9BBD" bold="true" box="[1453,1471,218,242]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">D</emphasis>
. Alternate intervessel pitting, oval to slightly angular in outline, thin-walled tyloses.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5796FF32FC289A45" bold="true" box="[1005,1020,242,266]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">E</emphasis>
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) horizontally elongated.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5561FECAFEFC9A6D" bold="true" box="[282,296,266,290]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">F</emphasis>
. Ray composed of procumbent body cells and square to upright marginal cells, simple perforation plates, axial parenchyma strands adjacent to vessels.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C565DFEE1FD8F9A75" bold="true" box="[550,603,289,314]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">G, H.</emphasis>
Rays 1 to 4‒5-seriate, multiseriate rays usually with one marginal square/upright cell; uniseriate rays not common, axial parenchyma strands of four cells.
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5706FEFAFC589A1D" bold="true" box="[893,908,314,338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">I.</emphasis>
Solitary prismatic crystal (C) in marginal ray cell, widely spaced thin-walled tyloses. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, G; 100 µm in C, F, H; 50 µm in I; 20 µm in D, E.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C54EBFC37FE359D9E" blockId="29.[112,807,416,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C54EBFC37FF769F5E" box="[144,162,1015,1041]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
search using the features listed above and not allowing mismatches returned only
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5666FBDAFD159F7B" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[541,705,1050,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C56A8FBDAFCC19F79" box="[723,789,1050,1078]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C56A8FBDAFCC19F79" box="[723,789,1050,1078]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C54D1FBFEFEF19F17" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[170,293,1086,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5541FBFCFE5C9F17" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[314,392,1084,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5541FBFCFE5C9F17" box="[314,392,1084,1112]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Morus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C55E9FBFEFE729F17" box="[402,422,1086,1112]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
., 1753;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5677FBFCFCCC9F18" authority="Nutt., 1818" authorityName="Nutt." authorityYear="1818" box="[524,792,1084,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5677FBFCFDA79F17" box="[524,627,1084,1112]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Maclura</emphasis>
Nutt., 1818
</taxonomicName>
). Semi-ring-porous
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C552FFBA1FE429F32" box="[340,406,1121,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C552FFBA1FE429F32" box="[340,406,1121,1149]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
commonly have vessel clusters and the diffuse-porous species have more axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma is much more abundant and there are more vessel multiples in
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5660FB08FF319E47" authority="(ter Welle et al., 1986)" baseAuthorityName="ter Welle" baseAuthorityYear="1986" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5660FB08FD559FAB" box="[539,641,1224,1252]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Maclura</emphasis>
(ter
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C56C7FB0AFF099E47" author="Welle, B. J. H. ter &amp; J. Koek-Noorman &amp; S. M. C. Topper" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="91 - 128" refId="ref40577" refString="Welle, B. J. H. ter, J. Koek-Noorman and S. M. C. Topper. 1986. The systematic wood anatomy of the Moraceae. IV. Genera of the tribe Moreae with urticaceous stamens. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 7 (2): 91 - 128. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000973]." type="journal article" year="1986">Welle et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C5494FB2DFED59E48" box="[239,257,1261,1287]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
search allowing a single mismatch returned
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C540BFACFFE5A9E65" authority="Lesch. (1810)" authorityName="Lesch." authorityYear="1810" box="[112,398,1295,1323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Antiaris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C540BFACFFF079E64" box="[112,211,1295,1323]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Antiaris</emphasis>
Lesch. (1810)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C55AAFAD1FCCE9E65" authority="Trecul (1847)" authorityName="Trecul" authorityYear="1847" box="[465,794,1296,1325]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Helicostylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C55AAFAD1FD899E62" box="[465,605,1297,1325]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Helicostylis</emphasis>
Trécul (1847)
</taxonomicName>
, both
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C54D5FAF4FEFC9E01" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[174,296,1332,1358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
. When we added presence of both septate and non-septate fibers (65p 66p), there were no matches, but allowing one mismatch also returned
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5607FABAFCF49EDB" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[636,800,1402,1428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5400FA5DFF699EF6" box="[123,189,1437,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5400FA5DFF699EF6" box="[123,189,1437,1465]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C557EFA5EFEAA9EF7" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[261,382,1438,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C55EBFA5CFD859EF7" box="[400,593,1436,1464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C55EBFA5CFE269EF7" box="[400,498,1436,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Antiaris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Antiaris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5585FA5CFD989EF7" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[510,588,1436,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Morus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C56F6FA5CFD279EF7" box="[653,755,1436,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C56F6FA5CFD279EF7" box="[653,755,1436,1464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Maclura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as well as a
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5490FA7FFE349E95" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[235,480,1471,1499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Toxicodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5490FA7FFE4B9E94" box="[235,415,1471,1499]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Toxicodendron</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
(1754;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C563CFA00FEF09EB1" authority="R. Brown, 1818 a" authorityName="R. Brown" authorityYear="1818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae R. Brown, 1818a</taxonomicName>
) differing in ray size and appearance of vessel-ray parenchyma pits;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C55A6F9C5FDCE9D6E" box="[477,538,1541,1569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Vitex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C55A6F9C5FDCE9D6E" box="[477,538,1541,1569]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Vitex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C565FF9C7FDE29D6E" box="[548,566,1543,1569]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753) spp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5692F9C7FE3B9D0A" authority="J. Saint-Hilaire, 1805" authorityName="J. Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1805" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Verbenaceae J. Saint-Hilaire, 1805</taxonomicName>
), which only has septate fibers;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C54B5F98DFDF59D27" authority="P. Browne (1756)" authorityName="P. Browne" authorityYear="1756" box="[206,545,1613,1641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Cedrela" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C54B5F98DFEFA9D26" box="[206,302,1613,1641]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Cedrela</emphasis>
P. Browne (1756)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C564FF98DFF109DC5" authority="Jussieu, 1789" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae Jussieu, 1789</taxonomicName>
)), which can be excluded because of its small intervessel pits and vessel-ray parenchyma pits being similar to the intervessel pits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C54EBF91AFB6C999B" blockId="29.[112,807,416,1956]" lastBlockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
Porosity in present-day
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C55CAF91AFE269DB9" box="[433,498,1754,1782]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C55CAF91AFE269DB9" box="[433,498,1754,1782]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5652F918FDA19DBB" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[553,629,1752,1780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5652F918FDA19DBB" box="[553,629,1752,1780]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Morus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
woods varies, with temperate zone species being ring-porous, subtropical species semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous, and tropical species diffuse-porous. There is also variation within species. The FFPRI’s Database of Japanese Woods (https://db.ffpri.go.jp/WoodDB/
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C5675F84AFD5D9CEB" box="[526,649,1930,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">JWDB-E</collectionCode>
/home.php) has images of multiple samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5093FE5FFAA59AF4" box="[1256,1393,415,443]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5093FE5FFAA59AF4" box="[1256,1393,415,443]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Morus alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C510CFE61FA5D9AF4" box="[1399,1417,417,443]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C573BFE02FB469A91" authority="Koidz. (1917)" authorityName="Koidz." authorityYear="1917" box="[832,1170,450,478]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boninensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C573BFE02FC379A91" box="[832,995,450,478]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">M. boninensis</emphasis>
Koidz. (1917)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C50B0FE02FA249AAF" box="[1227,1520,450,480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Broussonetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C50B0FE02FA249AAF" box="[1227,1520,450,480]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Broussonetia papyrifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C5732FE27FC8A994E" box="[841,862,487,513]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.) L’Hér.ex Vent.(1799). Most are ring-porous with latewood vessels in clusters tending to be arranged in wavy tangential bands, but some samples have porosity, vessel grouping and arrangement similar to
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C517CFD91FAFE9924" box="[1287,1322,593,619]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84893:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C51BFFD8FFCA199C1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C51BFFD8FFCA199C1" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Mo. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TWTw 17381);
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5038FDB2FB0899DF" box="[1091,1244,626,656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Broussonetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5038FDB2FB0899DF" box="[1091,1244,626,656]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">B. papyrifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TWTw 19291, TWTw 23325). One of the two
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C5018FD57FB7B99FE" box="[1123,1199,663,689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">FFPRI</collectionCode>
samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5144FD55FA3B99FE" box="[1343,1519,661,689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bonienesis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5144FD55FA3B99FE" box="[1343,1519,661,689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Mo. bonienesis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TWTw 10933) also is similar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C571BFD1DFB02982E" blockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
Kew’s Plants of the World accepts 19 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C51D8FD1CFC389854" authority="(POWO 2023)" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C51D8FD1CFA2499B7" box="[1443,1520,732,760]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Morus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C5730FCC0FC369855" author="POWO" box="[843,994,768,794]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" refId="ref38449" refString="POWO. 2023. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet, https: // www. plantsoftheworldonline. org / Retrieved 2023." type="url" year="2023">POWO 2023</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; ter
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C505AFCC0FB2E9854" author="Welle, B. J. H. ter &amp; J. Koek-Noorman &amp; S. M. C. Topper" box="[1057,1274,768,795]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="91 - 128" refId="ref40577" refString="Welle, B. J. H. ter, J. Koek-Noorman and S. M. C. Topper. 1986. The systematic wood anatomy of the Moraceae. IV. Genera of the tribe Moreae with urticaceous stamens. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 7 (2): 91 - 128. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000973]." type="journal article" year="1986">Welle et al (1986)</bibRefCitation>
described the wood anatomy of seven species; InsideWood has descriptions and/or images of eleven species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C571BFCAAFB2298A2" blockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
We infer that this Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C50B6FCAAFB2798CB" box="[1229,1267,874,900]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) wood belongs to the group of families once placed in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5131FC4DFA6F98E8" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[1354,1467,909,935]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="29" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
, but now considered to belong to the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C50AFFC70FAE79885" box="[1236,1331,944,970]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Rosales</taxonomicName>
and informally referred to as the urticalean rosids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C571BFC37FB5A9F7B" blockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
Consequently, we propose the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5159FC37FA069F5C" authorityName="STEVENSII" authorityYear="2023" box="[1314,1490,1015,1043]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Urticaleoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5159FC37FA069F5C" box="[1314,1490,1015,1043]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Urticaleoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to accommodate such woods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C571BFBFDFA329FD2" blockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C571BFBFDFAC59F18" bold="true" box="[864,1297,1085,1111]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Comparisons with fossil plants—</emphasis>
There are no fossil woods in the InsideWood database that exactly match the criteria used to search the modern wood database.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963C571BFB67FA159E01" blockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C571BFB67FAA99F8E" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2021)" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="2021" box="[864,1405,1189,1219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="popsii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C571BFB67FC399F8E" box="[864,1005,1189,1219]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Celtis popsii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C578AFB67FAA99F8E" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[1009,1405,1191,1217]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">Wheeler and Manchester (2021)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
occurs at the Post Hammer location (
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279). It differs from this Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C57BDFB2DFC389E48" box="[966,1004,1261,1287]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) wood because its latewood vessels are in clusters arranged in wavy tangential bands, rays are of two size classes, and sheath cells are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A322963F571BFA97FE4E9B92" blockId="29.[832,1521,415,1956]" lastBlockId="30.[112,410,195,223]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
At the older middle Eocene Nut Beds locality, there were three woods placed in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C508DFABAFABF9EDB" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[1270,1387,1402,1428]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="29" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C51F9FABAFB859EF8" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">
Wheeler and
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A322963C570DFA5DFBDD9EF8" box="[886,1033,1437,1463]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Manchester</collectingRegion>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5012FA5DFBB89E94" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Scottoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eocenicum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5012FA5DFAAB9EF8" box="[1129,1407,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Scottoxylon eocenicum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C51FDFA5DFBB89E94" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most common Clarno Nut Beds woods with more that 50 samples. It differs from this Dietz Hill (
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278) woods as axial parenchyma is more common, rays are larger, and none of the samples had crystals.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C5006F98DFAEE9D27" author="Doweld, A. B." box="[1149,1338,1613,1640]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="92 - 98" refId="ref34310" refString="Doweld, A. B. 2021. Fossil Alloceltidoxylon, Allonymphaea, Areco- caryon, Paralnoxylon, and Paranyssa and extant Komaroviopsis, Marcanodendron, and Papyrocactus (Magnoliophyta), new replacement generic names. Phytotaxa 524 (2): 92 - 98. [https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 524.2.3]." type="journal article" year="2021">Doweld (2021)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C573BF9B1FC199DC2" authorityName="E.A.Wheeler &amp; S.R.Manchester" authorityYear="2002" box="[832,973,1649,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Scottoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C573BF9B1FC199DC2" box="[832,973,1649,1677]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Scottoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
be replaced because it was a homonym of an earlier genus name,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5013F954FA3F9DE1" authority="Vogellehner (1968)" authorityName="Vogellehner" authorityYear="1968" box="[1128,1515,1683,1712]" class="Pinopsida" genus="Scotoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5013F954FB3F9DFF" box="[1128,1259,1684,1712]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Scotoxylon</emphasis>
Vogellehner (1968)
</taxonomicName>
; unfortunately, the name he proposed,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5156F977FC2B9DBB" authority="Doweld (2021)" authorityName="Doweld" authorityYear="2021" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Alloceltidoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5156F977FA249D9C" box="[1325,1520,1719,1747]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Alloceltidoxylon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A322963C573BF91AFC2B9DBB" author="Doweld, A. B." box="[832,1023,1754,1780]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" pagination="92 - 98" refId="ref34310" refString="Doweld, A. B. 2021. Fossil Alloceltidoxylon, Allonymphaea, Areco- caryon, Paralnoxylon, and Paranyssa and extant Komaroviopsis, Marcanodendron, and Papyrocactus (Magnoliophyta), new replacement generic names. Phytotaxa 524 (2): 92 - 98. [https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 524.2.3]." type="journal article" year="2021">Doweld (2021)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, implies affinities with
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C515DF91AFABA9DB9" box="[1318,1390,1754,1782]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C515DF91AFABE9DB9" box="[1318,1386,1754,1782]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We retain
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C573BF93DFC199C56" authorityName="E.A.Wheeler &amp; S.R.Manchester" authorityYear="2002" box="[832,973,1789,1817]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Scottoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C573BF93DFC199C56" box="[832,973,1789,1817]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Scottoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it was validly published (note this spelling differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A322963C5044F8E1FA8B9C75" authority="Vogellehner" authorityName="Vogellehner" authorityYear="1968" box="[1087,1375,1824,1853]" class="Pinopsida" genus="Scotoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A322963C5044F8E1FB169C72" box="[1087,1218,1825,1853]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Scotoxylon</emphasis>
Vogellehner
</taxonomicName>
; the botanical code of nomenclature recommends against, but does not prohibit, similar spelling. Clarno Urticalean Wood
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A322963C573BF84AFC5E9CEB" box="[832,906,1930,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">Types</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C57F4F84AFC4D9CEB" box="[911,921,1930,1956]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="29" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A322963C57AAF84AFC309CEB" box="[977,996,1930,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="28">II</collectionCode>
also had more abundant axial parenchyma than is known for
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A321963F5529FF03FE409B90" box="[338,404,195,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A321963F5529FF03FE409B90" box="[338,404,195,223]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="29">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

413
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A32796395573F916FD5C9DBD" box="[264,648,1750,1779]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32796395573F916FD5C9DBD" blockId="24.[264,648,1714,1779]" box="[264,648,1750,1779]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA32796395573F916FD5C9DBD" allCaps="true" box="[264,648,1750,1779]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" reason="2">
CF.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395549F916FD5C9DBD" authority="SELMEIER, 1933" authorityName="SELMEIER" authorityYear="1933" box="[306,648,1750,1778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395549F916FE1A9DBD" box="[306,462,1750,1778]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">MOROXYLON</emphasis>
SELMEIER, 1933
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A327963955F7F8C4FADC9C0C" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A327963955F7F8C4FDD09C53" blockId="24.[396,516,1796,1820]" box="[396,516,1796,1820]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<figureCitation id="13185896A327963955F7F8C4FDD09C53" box="[396,516,1796,1820]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">FIG. 12A–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A327963954EBF8F2FF069CDC" blockId="24.[112,800,1842,1939]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963954EBF8F2FE9F9C03" bold="true" box="[144,331,1842,1868]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, and marginal axial parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="13185896A3279639568AF896FF109CDC" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BFC79FB559E19" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Wood ring-porous; earlywood zone narrow with 1–2 rows of earlywood vessels that are rounded in outline (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32796395732FC3FFC0E9F56" box="[841,986,1023,1049]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12A–C</figureCitation>
); mean tangential diameter of earlywood vessels 91 µm (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395076FBE2FBE39F72" box="[1037,1079,1058,1085]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=16), range 67–132 µm; latewood vessels often in a diagonal arrangement, solitary and in radial multiples (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32796395063FBA9FB519FCC" box="[1048,1157,1129,1155]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
), vessel clusters uncommon. Perforation plates simple (
<figureCitation id="13185896A327963950F6FB4CFACF9FE9" box="[1165,1307,1164,1190]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12D‒F</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits alternate, polygonal in outline (
<figureCitation id="13185896A327963950BEFB6FFAE59F86" box="[1221,1329,1199,1225]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
), horizontal diameter 8–11 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to intervessel pits (
<figureCitation id="13185896A3279639501BFB36FB1D9E5F" box="[1120,1225,1270,1296]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12F</figureCitation>
). Vessel elements short, typically less than 200 µm. Thin-walled tyloses. Helical thickenings not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BFA9FFAC89E8F" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Fibers thin- to thick-walled, mostly non-septate, occasionally septate (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32796395043FA42FB1E9ED2" box="[1080,1226,1410,1437]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 14D, E</figureCitation>
), pitting not observed. Vasicentric/vascular tracheids absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BFA09FAD59D48" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Axial parenchyma marginal and confluent (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32796395102FA09FC819D49" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12A– C</figureCitation>
); strands of 2–4 cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32796395012FA2CFB209D48" box="[1129,1268,1516,1543]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="31.[112,187,1351,1375]" captionTargetBox="[147,1491,191,1330]" captionTargetId="figure-303@31.[147,1491,191,1333]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 14. Urticales. Cannabaceae/Moraceae Wood Type 1. UF 278-87894. A, B. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS. C. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS. D. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS. E. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS. F. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913358/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 14D, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BF9D0FAB79DF8" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Rays 1–3 (-4) seriate; uniseriate rays rare, average multiseriate ray height 263 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963950D1F9F2FB069D02" box="[1194,1234,1586,1613]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=65) µm, 166–432 µm. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, and heterocellular with 1-2 marginal rows of square/upright cells (
<figureCitation id="13185896A327963957FCF95CFBC79DF9" box="[903,1043,1692,1718]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-334@26.[144,1476,192,1327]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 12. Urticales. cf. Moroxylon sp., UF 278-84899. A‒C. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS. E. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS. F. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray pa- renchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 12D–F</figureCitation>
), rarely more, 4–6 per mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BF97FFA249D96" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" box="[864,1520,1727,1754]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Storied structure and oil/mucilage cells not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BF922FC2E9C6F" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639571BF922FBD39DB3" bold="true" box="[864,1031,1762,1788]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Specimen—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395073F923FBF89DB2" box="[1032,1068,1763,1789]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84899, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A327963957C3F8C6FC239C6F" box="[952,1015,1798,1824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279639571BF8E9FADC9C0C" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" box="[864,1288,1833,1859]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639571BF8E9FBC39C0C" bold="true" box="[864,1047,1833,1859]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Occurrence—</emphasis>
Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963950E1F8E9FB149C0C" box="[1178,1216,1833,1859]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A327963A571BF88CFD5F9D73" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3279638571BF88CFEA09DFA" blockId="24.[832,1520,953,1930]" lastBlockId="25.[112,800,1549,1963]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639571BF88CFBC49C29" bold="true" box="[864,1040,1868,1894]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Comments—</emphasis>
The intervessel pits and most of the vessel-ray parenchyma pits have a similar size, but we found it difficult to determine whether the vessel-ray parenchyma pits did or did not have reduced borders. The occurrence of tyloses suggests that they have reduced borders (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32696385490F9B7FE6B9DDE" author="Chattaway, M. M." box="[235,447,1655,1681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" pagination="227 - 240" refId="ref33768" refString="Chattaway, M. M. 1949. The development of tyloses and secretion of gum in heartwood formation. Australian Journal of Scientific Research. Series B, Biological Sciences 2: 227 - 240." type="journal article" year="1949">Chattaway 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A326963855ABF9B8FCCD9DDE" author="Bonsen, K. J. M. &amp; L. J. Kucera" box="[464,793,1655,1682]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" pagination="393 - 399" refId="ref32957" refString="Bonsen, K. J. M. and L. J. Kucera. 1990. Vessel occlusions in plants: morphological, functional and evolutionary aspects. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 11 (4): 393 - 399. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000528]." type="journal article" year="1990">Bonsen and Kucera 1990</bibRefCitation>
, Wheeler et al. 2007).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C149BA3269638540BFAF9FA8F9E99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" startId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" targetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3269638540BFAF9FA8F9E99" blockId="25.[112,1507,1337,1495]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638540BFAF9FF319E1E" bold="true" box="[112,229,1337,1361]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32696385491FAF9FE819E1E" authorityName="Mirbel" authorityYear="1815" box="[234,341,1337,1361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ulmaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B9579801A32696385525FAF9FE279E1E" box="[350,499,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32696385525FAF9FE3B9E1E" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[350,495,1337,1361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodii">Ulmus woodii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638558CFAF9FDD99E1E" bold="true" box="[503,525,1337,1361]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">A.</emphasis>
Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883.
<emphasis id="B9579801A32696385691FA94FCD49E23" bold="true" box="[746,768,1364,1388]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">B.</emphasis>
Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638514AFA94FA919E23" bold="true" box="[1329,1349,1364,1388]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">C.</emphasis>
Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638508AFAAFFAF79EC8" bold="true" box="[1265,1315,1391,1415]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">D‒F.</emphasis>
Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702.
<emphasis id="B9579801A32696385748FA64FC969EF3" bold="true" box="[819,834,1444,1468]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">E</emphasis>
. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638511BFA64FABA9EF3" bold="true" box="[1376,1390,1444,1468]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">F</emphasis>
. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A326963854EBF97DFB4D9DB4" blockId="25.[112,800,1549,1963]" lastBlockId="25.[832,1520,1549,1965]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B9579801A326963854EBF97DFDA99D97" bold="true" box="[144,637,1725,1752]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Comparisons with modern woods—</emphasis>
We searched InsideWood for ring-porous woods (3p) with vessels solitary and in short radial multiples (9a 10a), latewood with a diagonal pattern (7p), simple perforation plates (13p), alternate intervessel pitting that is not minute (22p 24a), vessel-ray parenchyma pitting both similar to intervessel pits (30p) and with reduced borders to apparently simple (31p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p 66p), confluent axial parenchyma (83p), rays not exclusively uniseriate or&gt;10-seriate (96a 99a), rays not comprised of all upright cells (105a) and not markedly heterocellular (108a), storied structure absent (118a 120a), oil/mucilage cells absent (124–126a), and radial canals absent (130a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A326963B571BF8C4FB699D5F" blockId="25.[832,1520,1549,1965]" lastBlockId="26.[832,1521,1525,1941]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
This search with 30p and 31p gave two exact matches:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3269638573BF8E8FC249C0D" authorityName="Poiret" authorityYear="1796" box="[832,1008,1830,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638573BF8E8FC249C0D" box="[832,1008,1830,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Celtis australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3269638578FF8E8FBD29C0D" box="[1012,1030,1832,1858]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A326963850E6F8E6FA6B9C0B" box="[1181,1471,1830,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Broussonetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
<emphasis id="B9579801A326963850E6F8E6FA6B9C0B" box="[1181,1471,1830,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Broussonetia papyrifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A326963851B6F8E7FA369C0E" box="[1485,1506,1831,1857]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.) l'Hér. ex Vent (1799). If only 30p is used, the results also include
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A326963857DEF8AEFADF9CC7" authority="Walter." authorityName="Walter." box="[933,1291,1900,1930]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Catalpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bignonioides">
<emphasis id="B9579801A326963857DEF8AEFB7C9CC5" box="[933,1192,1902,1930]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Catalpa bignonioides</emphasis>
Walter.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32696385160F8AEFA249CC7" authority="Teas" authorityName="Teas" box="[1307,1520,1900,1930]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Catalpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32696385160F8AEFA7A9CC7" box="[1307,1454,1900,1930]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Ca. speciosa</emphasis>
Teas
</taxonomicName>
(1875;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A326963857DBF851FB849CE3" box="[928,1104,1937,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bignoniaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3269638501CF851FA449CE4" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[1127,1424,1935,1965]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tournefortii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3269638501CF851FA9C9CE4" box="[1127,1352,1935,1965]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Celtis tournefortii</emphasis>
Lam.
</taxonomicName>
(1797;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B540BFA35FECC9D5F" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[112,280,1525,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5552FA35FD9E9D5F" authority="R. Br." authorityName="R. Br." box="[297,586,1525,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ehretiaceae" genus="Ehretia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5552FA35FDDF9D40" box="[297,523,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ehretia acuminata</emphasis>
R.Br.
</taxonomicName>
(1810;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B56DDFA35FEFE9D7C" authority="Juss., 1789" authorityName="Juss." authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Boraginaceae Juss.,1789</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5547F9D8FDE09D7D" box="[316,564,1560,1586]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gymnocladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5547F9D8FDE09D7D" box="[316,564,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Gymnocladus dioicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B563AF9D9FD829D7C" box="[577,598,1561,1587]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.)
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B561CF9D9FDA89D7C" box="[615,636,1561,1587]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
.Koch (1869),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B540BF9FCFDFD9D19" authority="Maxim." authorityName="Maxim." box="[112,553,1594,1622]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Platyosprion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platycarpum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B540BF9FCFE149D19" box="[112,448,1596,1622]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Platyosprion platycarpum</emphasis>
Maxim.
</taxonomicName>
(1877;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B56EDF9FCFCC69D18" authorityName="LINDLEY" authorityYear="1836" box="[662,786,1596,1623]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B540BF99DFE979D36" box="[112,323,1629,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Melia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azedarach">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B540BF99DFE979D36" box="[112,323,1629,1657]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Melia azedarach</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B5536F99FFEB49D36" box="[333,352,1631,1657]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B55B5F99FFD879D35" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[462,595,1631,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5611F99DFE099DD3" authority="C. K. Schneid. (1907)" authorityName="C. K. Schneid." authorityYear="1907" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Phellodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinense">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5611F99DFF0D9DD2" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Phellodendron chinense</emphasis>
C.K. Schneid. (1907)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5592F941FD7D9DD3" box="[489,681,1664,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Ptelea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifoliata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5592F941FD7D9DD3" box="[489,681,1664,1693]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ptelea trifoliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B56CBF943FD169DD2" box="[688,706,1667,1693]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B540BF966FEAF9DF0" authority="Juss., 1789" authorityName="Juss." authorityYear="1789" box="[112,379,1701,1728]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae Juss., 1789</taxonomicName>
). If only 31p is used, the results also include
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5576F907FE299DAD" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[269,509,1735,1763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5576F907FE6B9DAC" box="[269,447,1735,1763]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Rhus chinensis</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
(1768;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5625F908FCCC9DAC" authorityName="R. Brown" authorityYear="1818" box="[606,792,1736,1763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B54DDF92AFD9D9C49" authority="Lindh. ex A. Gray (1850)" authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[166,585,1770,1798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virens">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B54DDF92AFEDA9C49" box="[166,270,1770,1798]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">R. virens</emphasis>
Lindh. ex A. Gray (1850)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B562FF92CFD1F9C49" box="[596,715,1770,1800]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ce. biondi</emphasis>
Pamp. (1910;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B54B5F8CFFEA19C65" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[206,373,1807,1834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B55F7F8CFFDE79C64" box="[396,563,1807,1835]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ce. bungeana</emphasis>
Blume (1852),
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5686F8CFFF329C01" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ce. jessoensis</emphasis>
Koidz.,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B553FF8F1FE199C02" box="[324,461,1841,1869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B553FF8F1FE199C02" box="[324,461,1841,1869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Morus alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B55A0F8F2FD8E9C03" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[475,602,1842,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5615F8F1FD979C20" authority="Hemsl. (Forbes and Hemsley, 1894)" authorityName="Hemsl. (Forbes and Hemsley" authorityYear="1894" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cathayana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5615F8F1FCF49C01" box="[622,800,1841,1870]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Mo. cathayana</emphasis>
Hemsl. (Forbes and Hemsley, 1894)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B56F5F894FECE9CDC" authority="Roxb. (1832)" authorityName="Roxb. (Moracee" authorityYear="1832" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B56F5F894FCF49C3F" box="[654,800,1876,1904]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Mo. serrata</emphasis>
Roxb. (1832)
</taxonomicName>
. It seems most probable that this wood belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B578DFA35FBB19D40" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[1014,1125,1525,1551]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="26" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C149BA325963B540BFAFCFAAE9EF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913352/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" startId="26.[112,187,1340,1364]" targetBox="[144,1476,192,1321]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A325963B540BFAFCFAAE9EF1" blockId="26.[112,1519,1340,1471]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B540BFAFCFF0B9E1B" bold="true" box="[112,223,1340,1364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Figure 12</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5492FAFCFE9F9E1B" authorityName="Juss. ex Bercht. and J. Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[233,331,1340,1364]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Urticales" pageId="26" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="order">Urticales</taxonomicName>
. cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5509FAFDFDD29E1B" box="[370,518,1341,1365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5509FAFDFE359E1A" box="[370,481,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Moroxylon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, UF 278-84899.
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B56CCFAFCFD319E1B" bold="true" box="[695,741,1340,1364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">A‒C</emphasis>
. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B57F6FA97FC4B9E20" bold="true" box="[909,927,1367,1391]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5575FAB2FEC99EC5" bold="true" box="[270,285,1394,1418]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B540BFA4CFFAA9EEB" bold="true" box="[112,126,1420,1444]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray parenchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A325963A571BF9D9FCD59B92" blockId="26.[832,1521,1525,1941]" lastBlockId="27.[112,807,195,1596]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">
Narrow earlywood zones as seen in this wood are fairly common in
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B57A8F9FCFBC19D17" box="[979,1045,1596,1624]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B57A8F9FCFBC19D17" box="[979,1045,1596,1624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as shown by a review of images in the Chinese Wood Atlas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A325963B503DF99FFAD49D36" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" box="[1094,1280,1631,1657]" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
), e.g.,
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5137F99FFC3F9DD1" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ce. biondi, Ce. bungeana, Ce.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5789F941FB219DD2" authority="Pers. (1805)" authorityName="Pers." authorityYear="1805" box="[1010,1269,1665,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Annamocarya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5789F941FB849DD2" box="[1010,1104,1665,1693]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">sinensis</emphasis>
Pers. (1805)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B5179F942FA709DD2" box="[1282,1444,1665,1694]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ce. tetrandra</emphasis>
Roxb. (1832),
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B57D9F966FB5C9D8F" box="[930,1160,1700,1730]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Ce. vandervoetiana</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B50F6F965FB749DF0" box="[1165,1184,1701,1727]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B50DFF965FB6D9DF0" box="[1188,1209,1701,1727]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
. Schneid. (Sargent 1917). InsideWood’s image collection shows this feature also occurs in
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B57C6F92CFB519C47" box="[957,1157,1770,1800]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">
Ce.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B5793F92AFB819C49" authorityName="Poiret" authorityYear="1796" box="[1000,1109,1770,1798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">australis</taxonomicName>
. Ce.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B50F6F92CFA669C49" authority="Willd. (1814)" authorityName="Willd." authorityYear="1814" box="[1165,1458,1772,1800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B50F6F92CFB2B9C47" box="[1165,1279,1772,1800]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">laevigata</emphasis>
Willd. (1814)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B573BF8CFFC239C66" box="[832,1015,1805,1835]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">
Ce.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B571CF8CDFC239C66" box="[871,1015,1805,1833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">occidentalis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A325963B5787F8CFFBD89C66" box="[1020,1036,1807,1833]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753). However, these species usually have obvious vessel clusters in latewood, unlike this fossil, and wider rays, usually with obvious sheath cells. Also, prismatic crystals occur in all
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A325963B50CFF8B9FB229CDA" box="[1204,1270,1913,1941]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A325963B50CFF8B9FB229CDA" box="[1204,1270,1913,1941]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="25">Celtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
woods described to date. Septate fibers do not occur in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A562DFF03FD299B92" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[598,765,195,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A54EBFF26FF249955" blockId="27.[112,807,195,1596]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
Earlywood zones with 1–2 rows of wide vessels also occur in some samples of ring-porous
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A5624FEC8FD669A6B" box="[607,690,264,292]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A5624FEC8FD799A6B" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[607,685,264,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Morus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
e.g.,
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A568FFEC8FF789A08" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A568FFEC8FF739A08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">Mo. alba</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A54CDFEEBFDC49A08" authority="Poiret (1796)" authorityName="Poiret" authorityYear="1796" box="[182,528,299,327]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A54CDFEEBFE839A08" box="[182,343,299,327]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Mo. australis</emphasis>
Poiret (1796)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A565BFEEDFF019A25" authority="Koidz. (1915 a)" authorityName="Koidz." authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bombycis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A565BFEEDFD1D9A09" box="[544,713,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Mo. bombycis</emphasis>
Koidz. (1915a)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A5499FE90FE4E9A25" box="[226,410,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A5499FE90FE429A25" authorityName="Hemsl. (Forbes and Hemsley" authorityYear="1894" box="[226,406,336,362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cathayana">Mo. cathayana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A55DBFE90FCF49A25" authority="Koidz. (1915 b)" authorityName="Koidz." authorityYear="1915" box="[416,800,335,362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kagayamae">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A55DBFE90FD8B9A25" box="[416,607,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Mo. kagayamae</emphasis>
Koidz. (1915b)
</taxonomicName>
(FFPRI’s Wood Database, https://db.ffpri.go.jp/Wood- DB/index-E.html). Vessel clusters and prismatic crystals are not constant features of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A5598FE78FDE59A9B" baseAuthorityName="POWO" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[483,561,440,468]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A5598FE78FDE59A9B" box="[483,561,440,468]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Morus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Consequently, we suggest this wood’s affinities are most likely with the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A540BFDC0FF389955" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[112,236,512,538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A54EBFDE3FD7F9FF9" blockId="27.[112,807,195,1596]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A54EBFDE3FD849972" bold="true" box="[144,592,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Comparison with fossil woods—</emphasis>
We used InsideWood’s fossil wood menu to search the fossil wood database and used the features: wood ring-porous (3p), vessels not in dendritic arrangement or exclusively solitary or commonly in radial multiples of four or more (8–10a); simple perforation plates (13p); intervessel pits alternate and not minute (22p, 24a); fibers with simple pits (61p); confluent axial parenchyma (83p), rays between 2–10 cells wide (96a, 99a) and not composed of all upright/square cells or markedly heterocellular (105a, 108a); tile cells, storied structure, radial canals, and oil/ mucilage cells all absent (111a, 303a, 120a, 130a, 304a). Ignoring the fossil wood descriptions with a majority of features coded as unknown (?), a search allowing no mismatches returned two
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A55C1FBD0FDB49F65" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[442,608,1040,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
, one
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A56DAFBD0FCC89F65" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[673,796,1040,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
, one legume, one
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A5533FBF3FE6F9F02" box="[328,443,1075,1101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
, and an
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A565CFBF3FD779F02" authorityName="Mirbel" authorityYear="1815" box="[551,675,1075,1101]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ulmaceae</taxonomicName>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A569CFBF3FF329F3F" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
, the legume, the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A55C5FB97FDE59F3E" box="[446,561,1111,1137]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
, and the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A56DDFB96FCF49F3F" authorityName="Mirbel" authorityYear="1815" box="[678,800,1110,1136]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ulmaceae</taxonomicName>
are not good matches as they commonly have vessels in clusters and vessels in wavy tangential bands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A324963A54EBFB00FD5F9D73" blockId="27.[112,807,195,1596]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A54EBFB00FE249F95" authority="Selmeier (1993)" authorityName="Selmeier" authorityYear="1993" box="[144,496,1216,1244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A54EBFB00FEC79F93" box="[144,275,1216,1244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Moroxylon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A324963A5566FB00FE249F95" author="Selmeier, A." box="[285,496,1216,1242]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" pagination="209 - 226" refId="ref39089" refString="Selmeier, A. 1993. Moroxylon nov. gen. (Moraceae), ein verkieseltes Maulbeer holz aus jungtertiaren Schichten Bayerns (Hallertan). Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontolo- gies und Historische Geologie 33: 209 - 226." type="journal article" year="1993">Selmeier (1993)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is diagnosed as having latewood vessels commonly in clusters and in ulmiform tangential bands. However, vessel clusters do not look common in Selmeier’s figures 3, 4, and 13 and the vessel arrangement appears as much diagonal/oblique as tangential.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A557AFAB0FD179EC5" authority="Selmeier (1993)" authorityName="Selmeier" authorityYear="1993" box="[257,707,1392,1418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sturmii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A557AFAB0FE3C9EC6" box="[257,488,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">Moroxylon sturmii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A324963A558AFAB0FD179EC5" author="Selmeier, A." box="[497,707,1392,1418]" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" pagination="209 - 226" refId="ref39089" refString="Selmeier, A. 1993. Moroxylon nov. gen. (Moraceae), ein verkieseltes Maulbeer holz aus jungtertiaren Schichten Bayerns (Hallertan). Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontolo- gies und Historische Geologie 33: 209 - 226." type="journal article" year="1993">Selmeier (1993)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
differs from this Dietz Hill wood in having an earlywood zone more than 1–2 vessels deep, occasional sheath cells and prismatic crystals in upright/square ray cells (
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A324963A56CAFA19FCC09EBC" box="[689,788,1497,1523]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="24.[114,171,193,214]" captionTargetBox="[121,1496,403,923]" captionTargetId="graphics-418@24.[114,1512,434,933]" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of urticalean woods. POR=porosity, DP=diffuse-porous, SRP=semi-ring-porous, RP=ring-porous; V Grp=vessel grouping, S=solitary, Rm=radiatl multiples; V Arr=vessel arrangement, Ran=random, Diag=diagonal; IVP=horizontal diameter of intervessel pits in µm; VRP=vessel-ray parenchyma pits, Sim=similar to intervssel pitting, Red=reduced borders to simple; RW=ray width in cell number; Rcp=ray cellular comosition,Ho=homocellular, He=heterocellular rays,number of marginal rows of upright/square cells in parentheses; ShC=sheath cells, Ab=absent, Occ=occasional; Ax Par=axial parenchyma distribution, Sc=scanty paratracheal, V=vasicentric, Al=aliform, Cf=confluent, Bnd=banded, M=marginal; Cry=crystals,AB=absent, RP=present in ray parenchyma, A=present in axial parenchyma;?=no information; *=small axis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA32796395409FF01FF4A9A22" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" tableUuid="DF5C149BA32796395409FF01FF4A9A22">Table 3</tableCitation>
). We think that the similarities between them are such that we are referring this wood to cf.
<emphasis id="B9579801A324963A567FF9E0FD5F9D73" box="[516,651,1568,1596]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A324963A567FF9E0FD539D73" authorityName="Selmeier" authorityYear="1993" box="[516,647,1568,1596]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Moroxylon</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="C3391798A3289636504FFCE9FB28980B" box="[1076,1276,809,837]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636504FFCE9FB28980B" blockId="23.[863,1489,772,915]" box="[1076,1276,809,837]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA3289636504FFCE9FB28980B" allCaps="true" box="[1076,1276,809,837]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3289636504FFCE9FB58980A" ID-CoL="84MS" authority="L." box="[1076,1164,809,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3289636504FFCE9FB58980A" box="[1076,1164,809,837]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">ULMUS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A328963650E8FCEDFB70980B" box="[1171,1188,813,836]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753)
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A32896365724FC8FFA059824" box="[863,1489,847,876]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32896365724FC8FFA059824" blockId="23.[863,1489,772,915]" box="[863,1489,847,876]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA32896365724FC8FFA059824" allCaps="true" box="[863,1489,847,876]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" reason="2">
CF.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A328963657F2FC8FFB3B9824" authority="WHEELER AND MANCHESTER, 2007" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[905,1263,847,875]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A328963657F2FC8FFB9C9824" box="[905,1096,847,875]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">ULMUS WOODII</emphasis>
WHEELER AND
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3289636508EFC93FA059824" author="Manchester, S. R. &amp; W. C. McIntosh" box="[1269,1489,851,875]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref37371" refString="Manchester, S. R. and W. C. McIntosh. 2007. Late Eocene silicified fruits and seeds from the John Day Formation near Post, Oregon. PaleoBios 27: 7 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A3289636508EFC93FA599824" box="[1269,1421,851,875]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">MANCHESTER</collectingRegion>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A32896365027FCBBFBC59C21" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32896365027FCBBFB0198DC" blockId="23.[863,1489,772,915]" box="[1116,1237,891,915]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<figureCitation id="13185896A32896365027FCBBFB0198DC" box="[1116,1237,891,915]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" captionTargetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-209@25.[144,1488,192,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">FIG. 11A–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BFC6CFB899E28" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3289636571BFC6CFBC89889" bold="true" box="[864,1052,940,966]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Description—</emphasis>
Growth ring boundaries distinct (1p). Wood semi-ring-porous to ring-porous (3p, 4p). Latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters (11p) arranged in wavy tangential bands (6p) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A3289636516DFBD4FA4E9F60" box="[1302,1434,1044,1071]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" captionTargetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-209@25.[144,1488,192,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig.11A–C</figureCitation>
). Mean tangential diameters of earlywood vessels 70 (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A328963651EBFBF7FA6D9F1E" box="[1424,1465,1079,1105]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=13) µm, range 48–87 µm. Perforation plates exclusively simple (13p, 14a). Intervessel pits crowded alternate (22p), polygonal in outline (23p), not vestured (29a), 7–11 µm in horizontal diameter (26p 27p); vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to intervessel pits with borders somewhat reduced (31p) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32896365169FAC7FA529E6E" box="[1298,1414,1287,1313]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" captionTargetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-209@25.[144,1488,192,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
). Vessel element lengths 139–214 µm (n=7). Widely spaced thin-walled tyloses present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BFAAFFA049EC5" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" box="[864,1488,1391,1418]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fibers non-septate (66p), pits not observed (62a).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BFA51FB8D9E81" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Axial parenchyma paratracheal, non-crystalliferous strands usually 4 cells.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BFA17FAA29D16" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
Rays mostly 3–5-seriate (98p), uniseriate rays not common (
<figureCitation id="13185896A328963657BBFA39FB919D5C" box="[960,1093,1529,1555]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" captionTargetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-209@25.[144,1488,192,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11E,F</figureCitation>
); homocellular composed of procumbent cells (104p) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A3289636502AF9DCFB6E9D79" box="[1105,1210,1564,1590]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" captionTargetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-209@25.[144,1488,192,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
); multiseriate ray heights average 267 µm (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3289636506DF9FEFBEB9D16" box="[1046,1087,1598,1625]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
=95), range 146–444 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BF9A1FC0C9D8E" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
Solitary prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma strands, not in ray parenchyma (136p 138a 142p) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A32896365732F967FC1F9D8E" box="[841,971,1703,1729]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[112,187,1337,1361]" captionTargetBox="[147,1487,192,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-209@25.[144,1488,192,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Ulmaceae. Ulmus woodii. A. Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883. B. Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883. C. Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866. D‒F. Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702. E. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS. F. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11D,F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BF909FC4C9C49" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Pith composed of thin-walled isodiametric parenchyma.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636571BF8CEFBC59C21" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3289636571BF8CEFBDA9C67" bold="true" box="[864,1038,1806,1832]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Specimens—</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32896365075F8CFFBE59C66" box="[1038,1073,1807,1833]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-62702, 84866, 84880, 84883, estimated maximum diameters of
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A32896365097F8F2FAFE9C03" box="[1260,1322,1842,1868]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A3289636514EF8F2FAA59C03" box="[1333,1393,1842,1868]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
with pith,
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A3289636573BF894FC469C20" box="[832,914,1876,1903]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="1.1">1.1 cm</quantity>
with pith.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A3289639571BF8B7FEB59DDC" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289639571BF8B7FD85989C" blockId="23.[832,1520,940,1938]" lastBlockId="24.[112,800,953,1683]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3289636571BF8B7FBD99CDE" bold="true" box="[864,1037,1911,1937]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Comments—</emphasis>
Because of the tyloses, we could only measure seven vessel element lengths.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C149BA32796395409FF01FF4A9A22" ID-Table-UUID="DF5C149BA32796395409FF01FF4A9A22" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA32796395409FF01FF4A9A22" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" startId="24.[114,171,193,214]" targetBox="[121,1496,403,923]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="24" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32796395409FF01FF4A9A22" blockId="24.[114,1499,193,365]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395409FF01FF119B99" bold="true" box="[114,197,193,214]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Table 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of urticalean woods.
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395675FF01FDEF9B98" bold="true" box="[526,571,193,215]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">POR</emphasis>
=porosity,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963956DBFF01FD6A9B99" bold="true" box="[672,702,193,214]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">DP</emphasis>
=diffuse-porous,
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639571AFF01FC5E9B98" bold="true" box="[865,906,193,215]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">SRP</emphasis>
=semi-ring-porous,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395032FF01FBB29B99" bold="true" box="[1097,1126,193,214]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RP</emphasis>
=ring-porous;
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639508BFF01FAFF9B98" bold="true" box="[1264,1323,193,215]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V Grp</emphasis>
=vessel grouping,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395409FF19FFAA9BA0" bold="true" box="[114,126,217,239]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S</emphasis>
=solitary,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963954A7FF19FF2B9BA1" bold="true" box="[220,255,217,238]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Rm</emphasis>
=radiatl multiples;
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963955CCFF19FE3A9BA1" bold="true" box="[439,494,217,238]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V Arr</emphasis>
=vessel arrangement,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963956B9FF19FD3F9BA1" bold="true" box="[706,747,217,238]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ran</emphasis>
=random,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395736FF19FCA89BA0" bold="true" box="[845,892,217,239]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Diag</emphasis>
=diagonal;
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639579CFF19FBDF9BA1" bold="true" box="[999,1035,217,238]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">IVP</emphasis>
=horizontal diameter of intervessel pits in µm;
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395409FF31FF499A49" bold="true" box="[114,157,241,262]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">VRP</emphasis>
=vessel-ray parenchyma pits,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963955C0FF31FE369A48" bold="true" box="[443,482,241,263]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sim</emphasis>
=similar to intervssel pitting,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395685FF31FCF29A49" bold="true" box="[766,806,241,262]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Red</emphasis>
=reduced borders to simple;
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395046FF31FBB59A49" bold="true" box="[1085,1121,241,262]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RW</emphasis>
=ray width in cell number;
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395110FF31FA469A49" bold="true" box="[1387,1426,241,262]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Rcp</emphasis>
=ray cellular comosition,
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639554EFEC9FE869A51" bold="true" box="[309,338,265,286]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ho</emphasis>
=homocellular,
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639559DFEC9FDD69A51" bold="true" box="[486,514,265,286]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">He</emphasis>
=heterocellular rays, number of marginal rows of upright/square cells in parentheses;
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639513EFEC9FABF9A50" bold="true" box="[1349,1387,265,287]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">ShC</emphasis>
=sheath cells,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963954DCFEE1FF179A79" bold="true" box="[167,195,289,310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab</emphasis>
=absent,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395561FEE1FEEB9A78" bold="true" box="[282,319,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Occ</emphasis>
=occasional;
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963955C0FEE1FE2B9A79" bold="true" box="[443,511,289,310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ax Par</emphasis>
=axial parenchyma distribution,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395743FEE1FC9A9A78" bold="true" box="[824,846,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sc</emphasis>
=scanty paratracheal,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395058FEE1FBE59A79" bold="true" box="[1059,1073,289,310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395058FEE1FBE59A79" box="[1059,1073,289,310]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
=vasicentric,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963950CBFEE1FB129A79" bold="true" box="[1200,1222,289,310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Al</emphasis>
=aliform,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395159FEE1FAE29A78" bold="true" box="[1314,1334,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Cf</emphasis>
=confluent,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395409FEFCFF489A1E" bold="true" box="[114,156,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Bnd</emphasis>
=banded,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395481FEFCFED99A1E" bold="true" box="[250,269,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395481FEFCFED99A1E" box="[250,269,316,337]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
=marginal;
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395500FEFCFE4A9A1D" bold="true" box="[379,414,316,338]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Cry</emphasis>
=crystals,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395585FEFCFDC89A1E" bold="true" box="[510,540,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">AB</emphasis>
=absent,
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395609FEFCFD5B9A1E" bold="true" box="[626,655,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RP</emphasis>
=present in ray parenchyma,
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963957DCFEFCFC629A1E" bold="true" box="[935,950,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963957DCFEFCFC629A1E" box="[935,950,316,337]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
=present in axial parenchyma;
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963950A6FEFCFB339A1E" bold="true" box="[1245,1255,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">?</emphasis>
=no information;
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963951EBFEFCFA4E9A1E" bold="true" box="[1424,1434,316,337]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">*</emphasis>
=small axis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32796395402FE53FA0198D4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<table id="F923B6B3A32769DE5402FE53FA0C98D4" box="[121,1496,403,923]" gridcols="11" gridrows="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FE53FA0C9AE6" box="[121,1496,403,425]" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FE53FE4E9AE6" box="[121,410,403,425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395402FE53FF489AE7" box="[121,156,403,424]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
.278
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963954B5FE53FEF39AE6" box="[206,295,403,425]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">WOODS</collectionCode>
</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FE53FDF59AE6" box="[495,545,403,425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395594FE53FDF59AE6" box="[495,545,403,425]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14383" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14383" name="Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">POR</collectionCode>
</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFE53FD709AE6" box="[609,676,403,425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395619FE54FDA69AE6" box="[610,626,404,425]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
Grp
</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFE53FCDB9AE6" box="[725,783,403,425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963956AEFE54FD309AE6" box="[725,740,404,425]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
Arr
</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FE53FCA39AE6" box="[830,887,403,425]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">IVP</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFE53FC079AE6" box="[929,979,403,425]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">VRP</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFE53FBE19AE6" box="[1031,1077,403,425]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RW</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFE53FB7C9AE6" box="[1124,1192,403,425]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Rcp</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFE53FADE9AE6" box="[1248,1290,403,425]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">ShC</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FE53FA529AE6" box="[1340,1414,403,425]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ax Par</th>
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFE53FA0C9AE6" box="[1457,1496,403,425]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963951CAFE53FA0C9AE6" bold="true" box="[1457,1496,403,425]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Cry</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FE7AFA0C994A" box="[121,1496,442,517]" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FE7AFE4E994A" box="[121,410,442,517]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395402FE08FEB19A91" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[121,357,455,479]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Urticaleoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stevensii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395402FE08FEB19A91" box="[121,357,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Urticaleoxylon stevensii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395402FE23FF419AB7" box="[121,149,483,504]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84893
</th>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FE7AFDF5994A" box="[495,545,442,517]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639558AFE15FDCF9AA5" box="[497,539,469,490]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15742" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15742" name="Boise State University" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">SRP</collectionCode>
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFE7AFD70994A" box="[609,676,442,517]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S-Rm (2–3)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFE7AFCDB994A" box="[725,783,442,517]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ran</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FE7AFCA3994A" box="[830,887,442,517]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">8–11</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFE7AFC07994A" box="[929,979,442,517]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sim/ Red</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFE7AFBE1994A" box="[1031,1077,442,517]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">1–6</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFE7AFB7C994A" box="[1124,1192,442,517]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ho, He (1)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFE7AFADE994A" box="[1248,1290,442,517]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FE7AFA52994A" box="[1340,1414,442,517]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Sc,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639511CFE7BFAA19A9F" box="[1383,1397,443,464]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
, Al, Cf,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639512DFE30FABE994A" box="[1366,1386,496,517]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFE7AFA0C994A" box="[1457,1496,442,517]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RP</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FDD2FA0C990C" box="[121,1496,530,579]" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FDD2FE4E990C" box="[121,410,530,579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395402FDE0FF379978" authorityName="SELMEIER" authorityYear="1933" box="[121,227,544,567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Moroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395402FDE0FF379978" box="[121,227,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Moroxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?/
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639548FFDE0FEC1997A" box="[244,277,544,565]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84899
</th>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FDD2FDF5990C" box="[495,545,530,579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RP</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFDD2FD70990C" box="[609,676,530,579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S-Rms (Cl)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFDD2FCDB990C" box="[725,783,530,579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Diag</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FDD2FCA3990C" box="[830,887,530,579]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">8–11</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFDD2FC07990C" box="[929,979,530,579]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sim/ Red</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFDD2FBE1990C" box="[1031,1077,530,579]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">1–3 (–4)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFDD2FB7C990C" box="[1124,1192,530,579]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ho, He (1–2)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFDD2FADE990C" box="[1248,1290,530,579]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FDD2FA52990C" box="[1340,1414,530,579]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Cf,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639511DFDE0FAAE997A" box="[1382,1402,544,565]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFDD2FA0C990C" box="[1457,1496,530,579]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FD95FA0C99C9" box="[121,1496,597,646]" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FD95FE4E99C9" box="[121,410,597,646]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395402FD95FED59924" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[121,257,597,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395573FD95FEBA9924" box="[264,366,597,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
Wood
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A327963954C1FDB0FF3999CA" box="[186,237,624,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
1
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A3279639557BFDB0FE4E99CA" box="[256,410,624,645]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF 278-84894</specimenCode>
</th>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FD95FDF599C9" box="[495,545,597,646]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">DP</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFD95FD7099C9" box="[609,676,597,646]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S-Rm (2–3)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFD95FCDB99C9" box="[725,783,597,646]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA327963956A6FDA3FCD39937" box="[733,775,611,632]" collectionCode="UF" collectorName="DP Ran Wood" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="UF 278-84894" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="26D621C5A327963956A6FDA3FCD39937" box="[733,775,611,632]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ran</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FD95FCA399C9" box="[830,887,597,646]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">8 –12</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFD95FC0799C9" box="[929,979,597,646]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sim/ Red</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFD95FBE199C9" box="[1031,1077,597,646]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">1–6</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFD95FB7C99C9" box="[1124,1192,597,646]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ho, He</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFD95FADE99C9" box="[1248,1290,597,646]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Occ</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FD95FA5299C9" box="[1340,1414,597,646]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Sc,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395127FDA3FABE9937" box="[1372,1386,611,632]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395109FDA3FA529937" box="[1394,1414,611,632]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFD95FA0C99C9" box="[1457,1496,597,646]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FD58FA0C99BC" box="[121,1496,664,755]" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FD58FE4E99BC" box="[121,410,664,755]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395402FD58FED599E1" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[121,257,664,686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395573FD58FEBA99E1" box="[264,366,664,686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
Wood
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A327963954C1FD73FF399987" box="[186,237,691,712]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
2
<specimenCode id="DB85EC68A3279639557BFD73FE4E9986" box="[256,410,691,713]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF 278-84906</specimenCode>
<heading id="D0D4F37FA32796395402FD1DFF3C99BC" allCaps="true" box="[121,232,733,755]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395402FD1DFF3C99BC" bold="true" box="[121,232,733,755]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">NUT BEDS</emphasis>
</heading>
</th>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FD58FDF599BC" box="[495,545,664,755]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">? *</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFD58FD7099BC" box="[609,676,664,755]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S-Rm (2–3)</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFD58FCDB99BC" box="[725,783,664,755]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA327963956A6FD66FCD399F4" box="[733,775,678,699]" collectionCode="UF" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="UF 278-84906" specimenCount="1">Ran</materialsCitation>
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FD58FCA399BC" box="[830,887,664,755]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">8–13</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFD58FC0799BC" box="[929,979,664,755]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Red</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFD58FBE199BC" box="[1031,1077,664,755]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">to 6</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFD58FB7C99BC" box="[1124,1192,664,755]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">He</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFD58FADE99BC" box="[1248,1290,664,755]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Occ</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FD58FA5299BC" box="[1340,1414,664,755]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Vc, Cf?</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFD58FA0C99BC" box="[1457,1496,664,755]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">RP</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FCC0FA0C981C" box="[121,1496,768,851]" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FCC0FE4E981C" box="[121,410,768,851]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395402FCCDFE8B986C" box="[121,351,781,804]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Scottoxylon eocenicum</emphasis>
Clarno Urticalean Wood
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639550CFCFDFEAB981D" box="[375,383,829,850]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
</th>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FCC0FDF5981C" box="[495,545,768,851]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3279639558EFCCDFDC0986D" authority="DP" authorityName="DP" box="[501,532,781,802]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Scottoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eocenicum">DP</taxonomicName>
DP
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFCC0FD70981C" box="[609,676,768,851]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S-Rm S-Rm</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFCC0FCDB981C" box="[725,783,768,851]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ran Ran</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FCC0FCA3981C" box="[830,887,768,851]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">5 –12 8–12</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFCC0FC07981C" box="[929,979,768,851]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Red Red</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFCC0FBE1981C" box="[1031,1077,768,851]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">1–7 1–8</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFCC0FB7C981C" box="[1124,1192,768,851]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ho, He Het</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFCC0FADE981C" box="[1248,1290,768,851]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Occ Ab</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FCC0FA52981C" box="[1340,1414,768,851]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395133FCC0FA82985A" box="[1352,1366,768,789]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
, Al, Cf,
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639511EFCDBFAAD987F" box="[1381,1401,795,816]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
Bnd
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFCC0FA0C981C" box="[1457,1496,768,851]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab RP</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35134651A32769DE5402FCAAFA0C98D4" box="[121,1496,874,923]" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<th id="76C22F2DA32769DE5402FCAAFE4E98D4" box="[121,410,874,923]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Clarno Urticalean Wood 2</th>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5594FCAAFDF598D4" box="[495,545,874,923]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">DP</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE561AFCAAFD7098D4" box="[609,676,874,923]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S-Rm</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE56AEFCAAFCDB98D4" box="[725,783,874,923]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ran</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5745FCAAFCA398D4" box="[830,887,874,923]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">5–8</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE57DAFCAAFC0798D4" box="[929,979,874,923]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sim/ Red</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE507CFCAAFBE198D4" box="[1031,1077,874,923]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">1–4</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE501FFCAAFB7C98D4" box="[1124,1192,874,923]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Het</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE509BFCAAFADE98D4" box="[1248,1290,874,923]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ab</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE5147FCAAFA5298D4" box="[1340,1414,874,923]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395146FCB8FA9F98C2" box="[1341,1355,888,909]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
, Al, Cf
</td>
<td id="76C22F2DA32769DE51CAFCAAFA0C98D4" box="[1457,1496,874,923]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
RP (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963951C1FC45FA1998D4" box="[1466,1485,901,923]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A327963954EBFC1CFCF49FCC" blockId="24.[112,800,953,1683]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963954EBFC1CFD0298B9" bold="true" box="[144,726,988,1014]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Comparisons with extant and fossil woods—</emphasis>
These Dietz Hill (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639548FFC3FFECE9F56" box="[244,282,1023,1049]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278) specimens are small axes so we did not use quantitative features in our searches of InsideWood. We used the
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3279639551CFB86FE799F2F" box="[359,429,1094,1120]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">IAWA</collectionCode>
features given in the description above to search InsideWood, varying porosity
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A32796395698FBA9FCC89FCC" box="[739,796,1129,1155]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A327963954EBFB4CFEB59DDC" blockId="24.[112,800,953,1683]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
The search of the modern wood database using ring-porosity (3p) yielded
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395509FB6FFD929F86" box="[370,582,1199,1225]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pomifera">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395509FB6FFD929F86" box="[370,582,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Maclura pomifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(rays consistently narrower, latewood clusters not as discrete as in this wood, tyloses closely spaced and bubble-like) and eight species of
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395490FAD9FEE99E7C" box="[235,317,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395490FAD9FEED9E7C" box="[235,313,1305,1331]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Results of a search of the IW fossil wood database, excluding incomplete descriptions, returned one species of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395566FA9FFE489E36" authorityName="P.Kaiser" authorityYear="1879" box="[285,412,1375,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395566FA9FFE489E36" box="[285,412,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ulmoxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two species of
<emphasis id="B9579801A327963956FAFA9FFD079E36" box="[641,723,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A327963956FAFA9FFD1B9E36" box="[641,719,1375,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
When semi-porosity is used, only two fossil wood species are returned
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395498FA64FD399E8F" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2007)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[227,749,1444,1472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="danielii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395498FA64FE8E9E8F" box="[227,346,1444,1472]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">U. danielii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32796395525FA66FD399E8F" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[350,749,1446,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="329 - 342" refId="ref41149" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2007. Review of the wood anatomy of extant Ulmaceae as context for new reports of late Eocene Ulmus woods. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (4): 329 - 342. [https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 2007.04.329]." type="journal article" year="2007">Wheeler and Manchester (2007)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3279639540BFA07FDBB9EAC" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2007)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[112,623,1479,1507]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639540BFA07FF099EAC" box="[112,221,1479,1507]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">U. woodii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32796395499FA09FDBB9EAC" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[226,623,1481,1507]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="329 - 342" refId="ref41149" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2007. Review of the wood anatomy of extant Ulmaceae as context for new reports of late Eocene Ulmus woods. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (4): 329 - 342. [https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 2007.04.329]." type="journal article" year="2007">Wheeler and Manchester (2007)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, both from the nearby Post Hammer (
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A327963955EBFA2CFE629D49" box="[400,438,1516,1542]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
279) locality.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395615FA2CFCF49D49" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[622,800,1516,1542]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="danielii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395615FA2CFCF49D49" box="[622,800,1516,1542]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ulmus danielii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies from diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous, while
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3279639540BF9F1FF369D02" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[112,226,1585,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3279639540BF9F1FF369D02" box="[112,226,1585,1613]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">U. woodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies from semi-ring-porous to ring-porous. Thus, we consider
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32796395522F996FEA89D3F" box="[345,380,1622,1648]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84866, 84883, and 62702 to belong to
<emphasis id="B9579801A32796395490F9B7FEB59DDC" box="[235,353,1655,1683]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32796395490F9B7FE899DDC" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2007" box="[235,349,1655,1683]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodii">U. woodii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="D392F8CB1441B1693F3DD5E0DA67A5F5" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9401462457" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913330" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712167746961" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wheeler, Elisabeth A., Manchester, Steven R. &amp; Baas, Pieter" docDate="2023" docId="038AF505A339962B57D7FCD9FDBF9E6E" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.40.14.1-55.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (14)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.3:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Magnolia hansnooteboomii Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas 2023, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFB38D7DA33F9621547BFFC0FFD49B4F" masterDocTitle="A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1728052592909" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="1A0F766DAED0FC03BAF87FB70DDFF0AB">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="58320959C3FCDEC174F727F96C9D5462">Wheeler, Elisabeth A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="698C77C3484ECD38B74A469567DB9A69">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0002F1CD9091F62BCF7D94A0DDAD000D">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DED85DCF3960E91F2231AD7B6A39363C">PaleoBios</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BDD5EE881A4DC88EE8221F5200D50D29">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A339962757D7FCD9FA52987B" box="[940,1414,793,821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962757D7FCD9FA52987B" blockId="6.[940,1414,690,861]" box="[940,1414,793,821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0D4F37FA339962757D7FCD9FA52987B" allCaps="true" box="[940,1414,793,821]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A339962757D7FCD9FAF8987A" authority="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas, 2023" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" box="[940,1324,793,821]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hansnooteboomii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962757D7FCD9FAF8987A" box="[940,1324,793,821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">MAGNOLIA HANSNOOTEBOOMII</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA33996275149FCDCFA52987B" box="[1330,1414,796,820]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" rank="species">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275149FCDCFA98987B" box="[1330,1356,796,820]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Botânica" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">SP</collectionCode>
. NOV.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A33996275026FC83FB079812" box="[1117,1235,835,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A33996275026FC83FB079812" blockId="6.[940,1414,690,861]" box="[1117,1235,835,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275026FC83FB079812" box="[1117,1235,835,861]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">FIG. 4A–G</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A3399627571BFCB6FB849FBF" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFCB6FAB29F2B" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627571BFCB6FBD098DF" bold="true" box="[864,1028,886,912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
Wood diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in radial multiples; vessels very narrow to narrow. Perforation plates exclusively scalariform with fewer than 20 bars; intervessel pits predominantly scalariform. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate. Fine helical thickenings present throughout the body of each vessel element. Thin-walled tyloses present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFBACFB859FC8" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" box="[864,1105,1132,1159]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fibers non-septate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFB50FB699FE5" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" box="[864,1213,1168,1194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Axial parenchyma marginal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFB73FB849FBF" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Rays mostly 3–4 cells wide, uniseriate rays rare. Oil/ mucilage cells absent.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFB39FC0F9E78" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B4E4EA3399627571BFB39FC0F9E78" collectionCode="UF" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627571BFB39FC2D9E5C" bold="true" box="[864,1017,1273,1299]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A3399627571BFB39FC0D9E5C" box="[864,985,1273,1299]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275783FB3AFBCF9E5B" box="[1016,1051,1274,1300]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84871, estimated maximum diameter
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A339962757DBFADDFC0F9E78" box="[928,987,1309,1335]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A3399627571BFA80FBEB9EEF" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFA80FBEB9EEF" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627571BFA80FBDA9E15" bold="true" box="[864,1038,1344,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Etymology—</emphasis>
In recognition of the late Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) and his many years of study of the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A339962757F5FA46FBEF9EEF" box="[910,1083,1414,1440]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3391798A339962B571BFA69FDBF9E6E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFA69FAA69EA9" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627571BFA69FBCF9E8C" bold="true" box="[864,1051,1449,1475]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Description—</emphasis>
Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers and marginal parenchyma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BFA30FBA29C25" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
Wood diffuse-porous; vessels solitary and predominantly in radial multiples of 2–4 (
<figureCitation id="13185896A339962750ACF9D3FAE79D62" box="[1239,1331,1555,1581]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
); mean tangential diameter 45 (9) µm, 28–68 µm; 75–100 per mm
<superScript id="7C56E95BA339962751A4F9F6FA3E9D06" attach="left" box="[1503,1514,1590,1609]" fontSize="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
. Perforation plates exclusively scalariform with 4–11–17 bars (n=23) (
<figureCitation id="13185896A339962757A5F9BCFBBE9DD8" box="[990,1130,1660,1687]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4B, C, F</figureCitation>
); intervessel pits predominantly scalariform (
<figureCitation id="13185896A339962757A4F960FBEA9DF5" box="[991,1086,1696,1722]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate and throughout the ray (
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275130F903FA729D92" box="[1355,1446,1731,1757]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Fine helical thickenings present throughout the body of the vessel element (
<figureCitation id="13185896A3399627507DF8C9FBA99C6C" box="[1030,1149,1801,1827]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4B, C</figureCitation>
). Vessel element lengths average 609 (92) µm, range 407–746 (n=24). Thin-walled tyloses present (
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275077F890FBBD9C25" box="[1036,1129,1872,1898]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627571BF8B3FB859CC2" blockId="6.[832,1526,886,1933]" box="[864,1105,1907,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fibers non-septate.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C149BA33896265414F8CDFF689CED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" startId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" targetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A33896265414F8CDFF689CED" blockId="7.[111,1515,1805,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265414F8CDFF1B9C6C" bold="true" box="[111,207,1805,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A338962654AEF8CEFEB69C6C" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1821" box="[213,354,1806,1827]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33896265511F8CEFDF29C6D" box="[362,550,1805,1829]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taxodioxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265511F8CEFE399C6A" box="[362,493,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Taxodioxylon</emphasis>
sp.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3389626566EF8CDFDF29C6D" bold="true" box="[533,550,1805,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9579801A3389626565EF8CDFDBE9C6C" bold="true" box="[549,618,1805,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">, C, E–I</emphasis>
. UF 278-84886.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265769F8CEFCEA9C6C" bold="true" box="[786,830,1806,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">B, D</emphasis>
. UF 278-84889.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3389626579DF8CDFBC29C6C" bold="true" box="[998,1046,1805,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">A, B.</emphasis>
Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma diffuse and in short tangential lines, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265590F8E7FE2B9C72" bold="true" box="[491,511,1831,1853]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">C.</emphasis>
Latewood with compression wood, TS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A338962657E8F8E7FC689C73" bold="true" box="[915,956,1831,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">D, E</emphasis>
. Uniseriate rays, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A338962650E0F8E7FB7C9C73" bold="true" box="[1179,1192,1831,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">F</emphasis>
. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265483F880FED99C19" bold="true" box="[248,269,1856,1878]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">G.</emphasis>
Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265011F89AFB549C20" bold="true" box="[1130,1152,1882,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">H.</emphasis>
Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33896265581F8B3FDD69CC7" bold="true" box="[506,514,1907,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">I</emphasis>
. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C149BA33796295414FAFFFC9A9E8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" startId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" targetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A33796295414FAFFFC9A9E8E" blockId="8.[111,1510,1343,1474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33796295414FAFFFF1B9E18" bold="true" box="[111,207,1343,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Figure 4</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A337962954A1FAFFFEA49E18" box="[218,368,1343,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33796295502FAFFFD159E19" authority=", UF" authorityName="UF" box="[377,705,1343,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hansnooteboomii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33796295502FAFFFD4C9E18" box="[377,664,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Magnolia hansnooteboomii</emphasis>
, UF
</taxonomicName>
278-84871.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33796295731FAFFFC8F9E18" bold="true" box="[842,859,1343,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3379629549EFA9AFEC19E3E" bold="true" box="[229,277,1369,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">B, C.</emphasis>
Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3379629513FFA9AFA829E3D" bold="true" box="[1348,1366,1370,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33796295509FAB4FE559EC3" bold="true" box="[370,385,1396,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">E</emphasis>
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33796295145FAB4FAB19EC3" bold="true" box="[1342,1381,1396,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">F, G</emphasis>
. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A337962954EBFA33FE399D42" blockId="8.[112,800,1523,1936]" box="[144,493,1523,1549]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Axial parenchyma marginal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A337962954EBF9D7FCD99DD5" blockId="8.[112,800,1523,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Rays mostly 3–4 cells wide, uniseriate rays not common (
<figureCitation id="13185896A337962954CDF9F9FEFC9D1C" box="[182,296,1593,1619]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[111,186,1343,1367]" captionTargetBox="[147,1484,193,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-324@8.[147,1484,189,1325]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Magnoliaceae. Magnolia hansnooteboomii, UF 278-84871. A. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S. B, C. Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS. D. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS. F,G. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913338/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4F, G</figureCitation>
). Weakly heterocellular. Average multiseriate ray height 583 (212) µm, range 271–1243 µm; 5–8 per mm. Oil/mucilage cells and crystals not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A337962854EBF963FEE19AC2" blockId="8.[112,800,1523,1936]" lastBlockId="9.[112,800,195,1948]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9579801A337962954EBF963FDBD9DF2" bold="true" box="[144,617,1699,1725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Comparisons with extant woods—</emphasis>
Affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3379629540BF906FF309DAD" box="[112,228,1734,1762]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3379629540BF906FF309DAD" box="[112,228,1734,1762]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are indicated by this combination of features: diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth rings (1p, 5p), vessels solitary and in radial multiples but without a distinctly patterned arrangement (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a), exclusively scalariform perforation plates with less than 20 bars (13a, 14p, 18a), scalariform intervessel pitting (20p), vessel-ray parenchyma horizontally elongate and with reduced borders (30a), helical thickenings throughout the body of the vessel element (36p, 37p), non-septate fibers (66p), marginal parenchyma (89p), rays not markedly heterocellular (108a, 109a), and oil/mucilage cells in rays absent (124a), although many tropical
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33796295107F963FC4D9DAF" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33796295107F963FA249DF0" box="[1404,1520,1699,1727]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Magnolia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have oil/mucilage cells. In addition to the descriptions provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3379629506DF929FA869C4B" author="Metcalfe, C. R. &amp; L. Chalk" box="[1046,1362,1769,1796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref37662" refString="Metcalfe, C. R. and L. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2 vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U. K., 1500 pp." type="book" year="1950">Metcalfe and Chalk (1950)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A337962951F2F929FC439C68" author="Metcalfe, C. R." pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref37621" refString="Metcalfe, C. R. 1987. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. III. Magnoliales, Illiciales, and Laurales (sensu Armen Takhtajan). 2 nd Edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 224 pp." type="book" year="1987">Metcalfe (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3379629501DF8CCFAC59C69" box="[1126,1297,1804,1830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
woods have been presented in publications devoted to the family:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A337962951D5F8F0FC439C22" author="Stark, E. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref39609" refString="Stark, E. W. 1954. Wood anatomy of the Magnoliaceae indigenous to the United States. Station Bulletin. Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station No. 607. 20 pp." type="book" year="1954">Stark (1954)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A337962957DCF893FBA79C22" author="Canright, J. E." box="[935,1139,1875,1902]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="119 - 149" refId="ref33347" refString="Canright, J. E. 1955. The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. IV. Wood and nodal anatomy. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 36: 119 - 149. [http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 43790865]." type="journal article" year="1955">Canright (1955)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A337962950F8F893FAB79C22" author="Chen, B. L. &amp; P. Baas &amp; E. A. Wheeler &amp; S. M. Wu" box="[1155,1379,1875,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="391 - 412" refId="ref33805" refString="Chen, B. L., P. Baas, E. A. Wheeler and S. M. Wu. 1993. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. VI. Magnoliaceae. IAWA Journal 14: 391 - 412. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000594]." type="journal article" year="1993">Chen et al (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, as well as in wood anatomical atlases:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A337962950E5F8B6FAEA9CDE" author="Kribs, D. A." box="[1182,1342,1910,1937]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref36473" refString="Kribs, D. A. 1968. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Dover Publications, New York. 241 pp." type="book" year="1968">Kribs (1968)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33796285131F8B6FEE59B92" author="Detienne, P. &amp; P. Jacquet" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref34233" refString="Detienne, P. and P. Jacquet. 1983. Atlas d'identification des Bois de l'amazonie et des Regions Voisenes. Centre technique forestier tropical, Nogent-sur-Marnes. 640 pp." type="book" year="1983">Détienne and Jacquet (1983)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285539FF03FDE69B92" author="Sosef, M. S. M. &amp; L. T. Hong &amp; S. Prawirohatmodjo" box="[322,562,195,221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref39473" refString="Sosef, M. S. M., L. T. Hong and S. Prawirohatmodjo (eds.). 1998. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5 (3). Timber Trees: Lesser-known Timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sosef et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285639FF03FEE59A4E" author="Carreras, R. &amp; R. DeChamps" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref33484" refString="Carreras, R. and R. DeChamps. 1995. Anatomia de lat madera de 157 especies forestales que crecen en Cuba y sus usos tecnologicos, historicos y culturales. I. El Texto. Musee Royal de L' Afrique centrale Tervuren, Belgique. Documentation Sciences Econonomiques 9.1 - 120." type="book" year="1995">Carreras and Dechamps (1995)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3369628553BFF27FDB49A4E" author="Lemmens, R. H. M. J. &amp; I. Soerianegara &amp; W. C. Wong" box="[320,608,230,257]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref36589" refString="Lemmens, R. H. M. J., I. Soerianegara and W. C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant resources of South-east Asia. No. 5 (2). Timber Trees: Minor Commercial Timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. 655 pp." type="book" year="1995">Lemmens et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285615FF26FF139A6B" author="Carreras, R. &amp; A. Cuza &amp; L. R. Gonzalez &amp; J. Teruel" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref33448" refString="Carreras, R., A. Cuza, L. R. Gonzalez, and J. Teruel. 2012. Arboles y Maderas de Baracoa, Cuba. Publicitat Tafanet. 111 pp." type="book" year="2012">Carreras et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962854ADFEC9FDC69A6B" author="Aguilar-Alcantara, M. &amp; S. Aguilar-Rodriguez &amp; T. Terrazas" box="[214,530,265,292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="69 - 86" refId="ref32209" refString="Aguilar-Alcantara, M., S. Aguilar-Rodriguez and T. Terrazas. 2014. Anatomia de la madera de doce especies de un bosque mesofilo de montana de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Madera y Bosques 20 (3): 69 - 86." type="journal article" year="2014">Aguilar-Alcantara (2014)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3369628565AFEC9FCCE9A6B" author="Sonsin, J. A. &amp; P. Gasson &amp; S. R. Machado &amp; C. Caum &amp; C. R. Marcati" box="[545,794,265,292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref39423" refString="Sonsin, J. A., P. Gasson, S. R. Machado, C. Caum and C. R. Marcati. 2014. Atlas da diversidade de madeiras do cerrado paulista. Fundacao de Estudos e Pesquisas Agricolas e Florestais. 423 pp." type="book" year="2014">Sonsin et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3369628540BFEEDFEDD9A08" author="Eom &amp; Young Geun" box="[112,265,300,327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref34612" refString="Eom, Young Geun. 2015. Wood Anatomy of Korean Species. Media Wood, Ltd. Seoul, Korea. c. 700 pp." type="book" year="2015">Eom (2015)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285530FEECFDF39A08" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" box="[331,551,300,327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
. Data from most of these publications are in the InsideWood database and were consulted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A336962854EBFE56FEAF9F02" blockId="9.[112,800,195,1948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The wood anatomy of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962855DEFE56FDCD9AFD" box="[421,537,406,434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962855DEFE56FDCD9AFD" box="[421,537,406,434]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the broad modern sense of the genus as well as in its earlier, more narrow circumscription is diverse with variation in these features: perforation plates simple and/or scalariform; intervessel pits opposite and/or scalariform; helical vessel wall thickenings present or absent; rays ranging from narrow (1―2-seriate) to medium width (2―5)-seriate, and secretory cells (oil/mucilage cells) present or absent. The full range of this diversity was described in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285573FD13FE3999A2" author="Chen, B. L. &amp; P. Baas &amp; E. A. Wheeler &amp; S. M. Wu" box="[264,493,723,749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="391 - 412" refId="ref33805" refString="Chen, B. L., P. Baas, E. A. Wheeler and S. M. Wu. 1993. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. VI. Magnoliaceae. IAWA Journal 14: 391 - 412. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000594]." type="journal article" year="1993">Chen et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
for the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628562FFD13FD2B99A2" box="[596,767,723,749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
of
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A3369628540BFD36FF63985F" box="[112,183,758,784]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
—
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962854AEFD35FF28985E" box="[213,252,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">the</emphasis>
center of diversity of the family.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962856E7FD36FF13987B" author="Chen, B. L. &amp; P. Baas &amp; E. A. Wheeler &amp; S. M. Wu" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="391 - 412" refId="ref33805" refString="Chen, B. L., P. Baas, E. A. Wheeler and S. M. Wu. 1993. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. VI. Magnoliaceae. IAWA Journal 14: 391 - 412. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000594]." type="journal article" year="1993">Chen et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
provided a dichotomous key to the genera that were recognized at the time and this fossil from Dietz Hill keys to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628557FFC9EFEB89835" authorityName="F. A. Roemer" authorityYear="1852" box="[260,364,862,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Michelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628557FFC9EFEB89835" box="[260,364,862,890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Michelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3369628550FFCA0FE529835" box="[372,390,864,890]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753) with 25 species studied, all now subsumed into
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962855E8FC43FDD398D0" box="[403,519,899,927]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962855E8FC43FDD398D0" box="[403,519,899,927]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of those species, only
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628540BFC66FD97988F" authority="Maxim. (1872)" authorityName="Maxim." authorityYear="1872" box="[112,579,934,960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compressa">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628540BFC66FEA3988F" box="[112,375,934,960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia compressa</emphasis>
Maxim. (1872)
</taxonomicName>
was returned in the search of InsideWood. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285640FC09FCF498AB" author="Chen, B. L. &amp; P. Baas &amp; E. A. Wheeler &amp; S. M. Wu" box="[571,800,969,996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="391 - 412" refId="ref33805" refString="Chen, B. L., P. Baas, E. A. Wheeler and S. M. Wu. 1993. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. VI. Magnoliaceae. IAWA Journal 14: 391 - 412. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000594]." type="journal article" year="1993">Chen et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that the old paraphyletic genera could mostly be recognized by their wood anatomy, they also showed considerable overlap.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A336962854EBFB96FEB39EC5" blockId="9.[112,800,195,1948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Different authors estimate different numbers of genera and species in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285529FBB9FDD49FDC" box="[338,512,1145,1171]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285671FBB9FF139FF8" author="Figlar, R. B. &amp; P. Nooteboom" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="87 - 100" refId="ref34749" refString="Figlar, R. B. andH. P. Nooteboom. 2004. NotesonMagnoliaceae. IV. Blumea 49: 87 - 100. [https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 000651904 X 486214]." type="journal article" year="2004">Figlar and Nooteboom (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3369628557EFB5DFE399FF8" author="Wang, Y-B &amp; R. B. Figlar &amp; J. Wen" box="[261,493,1180,1207]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="5" refId="ref40468" refString="Wang, Y-B, B-B Liu, Z-L Nie, H-F Chen, F-J Chen, R. B. Figlar and J. Wen. 2020. Major clades and revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequence via genome skimming. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58 (5): 673 - 69. [https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jse. 12588]." type="journal article" year="2020">Wang et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
recognize only two genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962854BFFB00FEBB9F95" box="[196,367,1216,1242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962855FFFB7EFDF09F95" box="[388,548,1214,1242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Liriodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962855FFFB7EFDF09F95" box="[388,548,1214,1242]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Liriodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33696285655FB7FFD969F95" box="[558,578,1215,1242]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.,1753,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962856E0FB00FCDB9F93" box="[667,783,1216,1244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962856E0FB00FCDB9F93" box="[667,783,1216,1244]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), while
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962854C7FB23FE519FB2" author="Xia, N. H. &amp; H. P. Nooteboom" box="[188,389,1251,1277]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref41542" refString="Xia, N. H., Y-H Liu and H. P. Nooteboom. 2008. Magnoliaceae. Pp. 48 - 91 in Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, and D. Y. Hong (eds.). Flora of China 7. Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press." type="book" year="2008">Xia et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962855B9FB23FD6F9FB2" author="Sima, Y. K. &amp; S. G. Lu" box="[450,699,1251,1277]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref39345" refString="Sima, Y. K. and S. G. Lu. 2012. A new system for the family Magnoliaceae. Pp. 55 - 71 in N. H. Xia. Q. W. Zeng, F. X. Xu and Q. G. Wu (eds.). Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press." type="proceedings paper" year="2012">Sima and Lu (2012)</bibRefCitation>
divided
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628540BFAC6FF319E6D" box="[112,229,1286,1314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628540BFAC6FF319E6D" box="[112,229,1286,1314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into 16 genera. Estimates of the number of species vary:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285568FAE9FE169E0C" author="Stevens, P. F." box="[275,450,1321,1347]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref39642" refString="Stevens, P. F. 2001 - onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Available at: http: // www. mobot. org / MOBOT / research / APweb /." type="url" year="2001">Stevens (2001</bibRefCitation>
‒onwards) ca. 225 species of
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628540BFA8DFF3F9E26" box="[112,235,1357,1385]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628540BFA8DFF309E26" box="[112,228,1357,1385]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Magnolia</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
the Flora of
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A336962855FDFA8CFE1A9E29" box="[390,462,1356,1382]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
ca. 300 species;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962856E0FA8CFF139EC5" author="Mabberley" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref36991" refString="Mabberley D. J. 2017. Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification and Uses. 4 th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1102 pp." type="book" year="2017">Mabberley (2017)</bibRefCitation>
221 species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A336962854EBFA53FBD29AFF" blockId="9.[112,800,195,1948]" lastBlockId="9.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Only 60 extant
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628552FFA53FDF89EE2" box="[340,556,1427,1455]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628552FFA53FE1C9EE0" box="[340,456,1427,1455]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are represented in InsideWood by descriptions and/or images. Six match the combination of features of the fossil: the Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628569AFA1AFE2A9D58" authority="Maxim. (1872)" authorityName="Maxim." authorityYear="1872" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compressa">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628569AFA1AFEEC9D59" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia compressa</emphasis>
Maxim. (1872)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285676FA3BFF139D75" authority="(Oliv.) Hu (1924)" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1924" baseAuthorityName="Oliv." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordiana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285676FA3BFD499D58" box="[525,669,1531,1559]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. fordiana</emphasis>
(Oliv.) Hu (1924)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962854A8F9DEFD169D75" authority="Figlar and Noot. (2004)" authorityName="Figlar and Noot." authorityYear="2004" box="[211,706,1566,1596]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kwangsiensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962854A8F9DEFE439D73" box="[211,407,1566,1596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. kwangsiensis</emphasis>
Figlar and Noot. (2004)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285778F9DEFEA09D11" authority="Koch (1853)" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1853" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sieboldii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285778F9DEFF009D12" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. sieboldii</emphasis>
Koch (1853)
</taxonomicName>
; the North American
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628560FF984FCF49D12" box="[628,800,1603,1629]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628560FF984FCF49D12" box="[628,800,1603,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. grandiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3369628540BF9A7FF569DCE" box="[112,130,1639,1665]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1759) and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285551F9A5FE1B9DCD" box="[298,463,1637,1666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285551F9A5FE1B9DCD" box="[298,463,1637,1666]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. virginiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A336962855A2F9A7FE3F9DCE" box="[473,491,1639,1665]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (1753). No Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628540BF94AFE9C9DEC" box="[112,328,1673,1702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628540BF94AFF309DE9" box="[112,228,1674,1702]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
match
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A336962855D2F94AFE189DEB" box="[425,460,1674,1700]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84871's features. Not all of the aforementioned species have been included in phylogenetic analyses.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962855ECF910FCCE9DA5" author="Figlar, R. B. &amp; P. Nooteboom" box="[407,794,1744,1770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="87 - 100" refId="ref34749" refString="Figlar, R. B. andH. P. Nooteboom. 2004. NotesonMagnoliaceae. IV. Blumea 49: 87 - 100. [https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 000651904 X 486214]." type="journal article" year="2004">Figlar and Nooteboom (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, as did
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962854B1F933FE6B9C42" author="Wang, Y-B &amp; R. B. Figlar &amp; J. Wen" box="[202,447,1779,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="5" refId="ref40468" refString="Wang, Y-B, B-B Liu, Z-L Nie, H-F Chen, F-J Chen, R. B. Figlar and J. Wen. 2020. Major clades and revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequence via genome skimming. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58 (5): 673 - 69. [https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jse. 12588]." type="journal article" year="2020">Wang et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, placed
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285654F934FD319C42" box="[559,741,1779,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285654F934FD319C42" box="[559,741,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. grandiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628540BF8D5FEC19C7D" box="[112,277,1813,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628540BF8D5FEC19C7D" box="[112,277,1813,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. virginiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962855BBF8D6FD269C7D" authority="sect. Magnolia" box="[448,754,1814,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Magnolia">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962855BBF8D6FDE09C7D" box="[448,564,1814,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285605F8D6FD269C7D" box="[638,754,1814,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285778F8D5FF289C1C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285778F8D5FF289C1C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. grandiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the better match for the fossil as its helical thickenings are distinct.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962855ADF89DFD109C38" author="Wang, Y-B &amp; R. B. Figlar &amp; J. Wen" box="[470,708,1884,1911]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="5" refId="ref40468" refString="Wang, Y-B, B-B Liu, Z-L Nie, H-F Chen, F-J Chen, R. B. Figlar and J. Wen. 2020. Major clades and revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequence via genome skimming. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58 (5): 673 - 69. [https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jse. 12588]." type="journal article" year="2020">Wang et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628540BF8BEFF299CD5" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1924" baseAuthorityName="Oliv." box="[112,253,1918,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordiana">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628540BF8BEFF299CD5" box="[112,253,1918,1946]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. fordiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33696285576F840FECA9CD5" box="[269,286,1920,1946]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
.
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A33696285551F840FEA69CD5" box="[298,370,1920,1946]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A336962855ECF840FDD79CD4" box="[407,515,1920,1947]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
) in sect.
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628560BF840FC359B90" box="[624,993,195,1948]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628560BF840FD219CD3" box="[624,757,1920,1948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Manglietia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Manglietia</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285778F8BEFC359B90" box="[771,993,195,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kwangsiensis">M. kwangsiensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3369628578FFF03FBD19B92" box="[1012,1029,195,221]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
.
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A33696285069FF03FB899B91" box="[1042,1117,195,222]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
) in sect.
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962850AAFF04FC4E9A4F" authority="(Pierre) Dandy (1927)" authorityName="Dandy" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Pierre" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Kmeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962850AAFF04FAFE9B92" box="[1233,1322,196,221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Kmeria</emphasis>
(Pierre) Dandy (1927)
</taxonomicName>
and the temperate Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628508EFF25FA5C9A4E" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1853" box="[1269,1416,229,257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sieboldii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628508EFF25FA5C9A4E" box="[1269,1416,229,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. sieboldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sect. Oyama.
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A336962857DAFEC9FC679A6C" box="[929,947,265,291]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
review of the Leiden wood slide collection and a new atlas for Chinese woods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962850BEFEECFAAA9A08" author="Itoh, T. B. &amp; Pan, P. &amp; Baas, J. &amp; Luo, D. &amp; Li, Y. &amp; Cui, F. &amp; Wang &amp; M. Mertz &amp; Y. Yasumoto" box="[1221,1406,300,327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
) showed that
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285703FE8EFA5D9A25" authority="(Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar (2000)" authorityName="Figlar" authorityYear="2000" baseAuthorityName="Dandy" box="[888,1417,334,363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Manglietia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foveolata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285703FE8EFBD89A25" box="[888,1036,334,362]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. foveolata</emphasis>
(Merr.ex Dandy) Figlar (2000)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962851BFFE8EFB899AC2" authority="H. Lev. (1904)" authorityName="H. Lev." authorityYear="1904" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Manglietia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="martini">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962851BFFE8EFC499AC2" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Ma. martini</emphasis>
H. Lév. (1904)
</taxonomicName>
also are close matches for this Dietz Hill wood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3369628571BFE79FC44992F" blockId="9.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Given the overlap in wood anatomy within
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285107FE7AFA249A99" box="[1404,1520,442,470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285107FE7AFA249A99" box="[1404,1520,442,470]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and there being over 100 species whose wood anatomy is unknown, it is highly likely that
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628509AFE3EFA029955" box="[1249,1494,510,538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hansnooteboomii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628509AFE3EFA029955" box="[1249,1494,510,538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. hansnooteboomii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a close match of more species than the ones discussed above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3369628571BFDA9FBD998D2" blockId="9.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628571BFDA9FAC999CC" bold="true" box="[864,1309,617,643]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Comparisons to fossil woods—</emphasis>
Fossil woods of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628573BFD4CFC3F99E9" box="[832,1003,652,678]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
date back to the late Cretaceous (Campanian). Among the 18 fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962850E3FD70FA979985" box="[1176,1347,688,714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
woods in the InsideWood database (
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A3369628501AFD13FB6B99A2" box="[1121,1215,723,749]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[113,177,194,218]" captionTargetBox="[126,1490,424,1246]" captionTargetId="graphics-14@10.[112,1520,457,1205]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of fossil Magnoliaceae woods in chronological order. K=Cretaceous, (C)=Campanian, (M)=Maastrichtian, Eo=Eocene, Olig=Oligocene; Mio=Miocene, e=early, m=middle, up=upper; IVP=intervessel pitting, S=scalariform, O=opposite; Bars/PP=number of bars per scalariform perforation plate; Si=simple perforation plates present; HT=helical thickenings in vessel elements; O/M= oil/mucilage cells; Y=present; N=absent; *=small axis, ()=not as common. References. 1=Cevallos-Ferriz and Stockey (1990); 2=Huang et al. (2020; 3=Huard (1967); 4=Iamandei et al. (2011); 5=Iamandei et al. (2020); 6=Page (1970); 7=Prakash et al. (1971); 8=Sakala et al. (2010); 9=Srivastava and Suzuki (2001); 10=Suzuki (1976); 11=Takahashi and Suzuki (2003); 12=van der Burgh (1973); 13=Wheeler et al. (1977); 14=Wheeler and Manchester (2002)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35">Table 1</tableCitation>
), two species share the aforementioned features with
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962850BDFD37FA15985F" box="[1222,1473,758,784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hansnooteboomii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962850BDFD37FA15985F" box="[1222,1473,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. hansnooteboomii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962851A8FD35FAA2987C" authority="Huang, Jin and Okolski (2019)" authorityName="Huang, Jin and Okolski" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nanningensis">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962851A8FD35FC379879" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. nanningensis</emphasis>
Huang, Jin and Okolski (2019)
</taxonomicName>
from the upper Oligocene,
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A33696285058FCFCFBB99819" box="[1059,1133,828,854]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962850CEFCFDFB089835" authority="van der Burgh (1973)" authorityName="van der Burgh" authorityYear="1973" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolioxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parenchymatosum">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962850CEFCFDFC609836" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolioxylon parenchymatosum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962857C5FCA0FB089835" author="Van der Burgh, J." box="[958,1244,864,890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="3 - 275" refId="ref40218" refString="Van der Burgh, J. 1973. Holzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlen- formation. 2. Holzer der Braunkohlengruben &quot; Maria Theresia &quot; zu Herzogenrath, &quot; Zukunft West &quot; zu Eschweiler und &quot; Vic- tor &quot; (Zulpich Mitte) zu Zulpich. Nebst einer systematischanatomischen Bearbeitung der Gattung Pinus L. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 15: 3 - 275. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (73) 90001 - 8]." type="journal article" year="1973">van der Burgh (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Miocene of western Europe,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3369628571BFC66FB979FB2" blockId="9.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Although today
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628504BFC66FB0A988F" box="[1072,1246,934,960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
are no longer native in western North America, fossil woods confirm its former presence, including three representatives from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds of
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A33696285178FBD0FAB79F65" box="[1283,1379,1040,1066]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Oregon</collectingRegion>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628510AFBCEFB229F02" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolioxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pageae">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628510AFBCEFA249F63" box="[1393,1520,1038,1068]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. pageae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3369628573BFBF3FB229F02" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[832,1270,1075,1101]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285173FBF3FC439FDB" authority="(Scott and Wheeler) Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Scott and Wheeler" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnoliaceoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285173FBF3FC7B9F3D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnoliaceoxylon angulata</emphasis>
(Scott and Wheeler)
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A336962850CCFB96FC439FDB" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962857AEFBB8FA3F9FDB" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2002)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2002" box="[981,1515,1144,1172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnoliaceoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cutleri">
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962857AEFBB8FB819FDB" box="[981,1109,1144,1172]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Ma. cutleri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285021FBB9FA3F9FDB" author="Wheeler, E. A. &amp; S. R. Manchester" box="[1114,1515,1145,1172]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">Wheeler and Manchester (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. All differ from
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285796FB5DFB099FF9" box="[1005,1245,1180,1206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hansnooteboomii">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285796FB5DFB099FF9" box="[1005,1245,1180,1206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">M. hansnooteboomii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A33696285092FB5CFA959FF8" box="[1257,1345,1180,1207]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[113,177,194,218]" captionTargetBox="[126,1490,424,1246]" captionTargetId="graphics-14@10.[112,1520,457,1205]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of fossil Magnoliaceae woods in chronological order. K=Cretaceous, (C)=Campanian, (M)=Maastrichtian, Eo=Eocene, Olig=Oligocene; Mio=Miocene, e=early, m=middle, up=upper; IVP=intervessel pitting, S=scalariform, O=opposite; Bars/PP=number of bars per scalariform perforation plate; Si=simple perforation plates present; HT=helical thickenings in vessel elements; O/M= oil/mucilage cells; Y=present; N=absent; *=small axis, ()=not as common. References. 1=Cevallos-Ferriz and Stockey (1990); 2=Huang et al. (2020; 3=Huard (1967); 4=Iamandei et al. (2011); 5=Iamandei et al. (2020); 6=Page (1970); 7=Prakash et al. (1971); 8=Sakala et al. (2010); 9=Srivastava and Suzuki (2001); 10=Suzuki (1976); 11=Takahashi and Suzuki (2003); 12=van der Burgh (1973); 13=Wheeler et al. (1977); 14=Wheeler and Manchester (2002)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Seed casts of
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3369628573BFB00FC669F93" box="[832,946,1216,1244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A3369628573BFB00FC669F93" box="[832,946,1216,1244]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occur at the Dietz Hill locality (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285124FB00FBE69FB2" author="Manchester, S. R. &amp; W. C. McIntosh" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref37371" refString="Manchester, S. R. and W. C. McIntosh. 2007. Late Eocene silicified fruits and seeds from the John Day Formation near Post, Oregon. PaleoBios 27: 7 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A33696285124FB00FA249F95" box="[1375,1520,1216,1242]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Manchester</collectingRegion>
and McIntosh 2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3369628571BFAC6FB2B9DA5" blockId="9.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The wood that
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33696285062FAC6FB109E6E" author="Huard, J." box="[1049,1220,1286,1313]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 - 105" refId="ref35917" refString="Huard, J. 1967. Etude de trois bois de Lauracees fossiles des formations a lignite neogenes d'Arjuzanx (Landes). Revue Generale de Botanique 74: 81 - 105." type="journal article" year="1967">Huard (1967)</bibRefCitation>
described as
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285117FAC6FBDE9E0C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285117FAC6FBDE9E0C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Laurinoxylon intermedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Neogene of southwest
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A336962851E0FAEAFA249E0B" box="[1435,1520,1322,1348]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">France</collectingCountry>
is not
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962857E8FA8DFBC29E28" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[915,1046,1357,1383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285022FA8CFADC9E29" box="[1113,1288,1356,1382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
. That species had exclusively scalariform perforation plates and scalariform intervessel pitting, which do not occur in the
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962851C3FA53FC409E9E" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
. It seems probable that he used the occurrence of idioblasts to assign the sample to
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285178FA1AFA579EBB" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[1283,1411,1498,1524]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
and was unaware that secretory idioblasts also occur in
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285106FA3DFA249D56" box="[1405,1520,1533,1561]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285106FA3DFA249D56" box="[1405,1520,1533,1561]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wood. Additionally, Huard’s wood does not have paratracheal parenchyma, only widely spaced apotracheal parenchyma bands, yet another feature consistent with magnoliaceous affinities.Accordingly, we hereby propose a new combination,
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285046F96CFA4A9D88" authority="(Huard)" authorityName="Wheeler &amp; Manchester &amp; Baas" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Huard" box="[1085,1438,1708,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intemedia" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285046F96CFAE69D89" box="[1085,1330,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Magnolia intemedia</emphasis>
(Huard)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA336962851DEF96CFCA69DA5" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Wheeler, Manchester, and Baas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A336962B571BF933FDBF9E6E" blockId="9.[832,1521,195,1946]" lastBlockId="10.[112,619,1287,1313]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3369628571BF933FCA69C42" box="[864,882,1779,1805]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
comparison with fossil
<emphasis id="B9579801A336962850C8F933FA809C42" box="[1203,1364,1777,1807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A336962850C8F933FAFE9C40" box="[1203,1322,1779,1807]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Magnolia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264257AA3369628514FF931FA809C42" box="[1332,1364,1777,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
species described in the literature, including
<emphasis id="B9579801A33696285097F8D7FA489C7F" box="[1260,1436,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33696285097F8D7FA439C7F" box="[1260,1431,1814,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedia">M. intermedia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A336962851D2F8D6FC9A9C1C" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[113,177,194,218]" captionTargetBox="[126,1490,424,1246]" captionTargetId="graphics-14@10.[112,1520,457,1205]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of fossil Magnoliaceae woods in chronological order. K=Cretaceous, (C)=Campanian, (M)=Maastrichtian, Eo=Eocene, Olig=Oligocene; Mio=Miocene, e=early, m=middle, up=upper; IVP=intervessel pitting, S=scalariform, O=opposite; Bars/PP=number of bars per scalariform perforation plate; Si=simple perforation plates present; HT=helical thickenings in vessel elements; O/M= oil/mucilage cells; Y=present; N=absent; *=small axis, ()=not as common. References. 1=Cevallos-Ferriz and Stockey (1990); 2=Huang et al. (2020; 3=Huard (1967); 4=Iamandei et al. (2011); 5=Iamandei et al. (2020); 6=Page (1970); 7=Prakash et al. (1971); 8=Sakala et al. (2010); 9=Srivastava and Suzuki (2001); 10=Suzuki (1976); 11=Takahashi and Suzuki (2003); 12=van der Burgh (1973); 13=Wheeler et al. (1977); 14=Wheeler and Manchester (2002)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35">Table 1</tableCitation>
) reveals that
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33696285788F8FAFBC29C1B" box="[1011,1046,1850,1876]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
278-84871differs in its combination of intervessel pits predominantly scalariform; helical vessel wall thickenings present; oil/mucilage cells absent. This justified its recognition as a new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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469
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<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16DBA6F9E1FE759E85" ID-CoL="5CHJK" authority="(Motschulsky, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[176,565,1657,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16DBA6F9E1FD329E84" box="[176,370,1657,1678]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Xyleborus bidentatus</emphasis>
(Motschulsky, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34CD5BEBC04DD16D92FF9E1FE3D9E84" box="[569,637,1657,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC04DD16D92FF9E1FE3D9E84" blockId="1.[152,638,964,1732]" box="[569,637,1657,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">
(
<figureCitation id="136D9AB0BC04DD16D956F9E1FE349E84" box="[576,628,1657,1679]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[196,227,1055,1074]" captionTargetBox="[173,1193,193,1037]" captionTargetId="figure-148@2.[173,1193,193,1037]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Xyleborus bidentatus, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243815/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34CD5BEBC04DD15DB8EF90CFF7F9D96" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC04DD16DB8EF90CFFA69D10" blockId="1.[152,638,964,1732]" lastBlockId="1.[684,1172,963,1732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">
<materialsCitation id="3B3E8C68BC04DD16DB8EF90CF8D39C49" collectingMethod="light trap" country="Iran" elevation="8" location="Hormozgan Province" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hormozgan Province">
is recorded for the first time from the mangrove ecosystem in
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC04DD16DA01F937FD9F9ECE" box="[279,479,1710,1732]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Hormozgan Province</collectingRegion>
in southern
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC04DD16D947F937FE3A9ECE" box="[593,634,1711,1732]" name="Iran" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D9BBFC5CFF3C9BD3" bold="true" box="[685,892,964,985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">new country record</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136D9AB0BC04DD16D89DFC5CFF929BD3" box="[907,978,964,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[197,228,1529,1548]" captionTargetBox="[173,659,1147,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-160@2.[173,659,1147,1512]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Mangrove forest, Mardu Island, Iran." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243817/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136D9AB0BC04DD16D8C9FC5BFFAD9BD3" box="[991,1005,963,985]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[709,741,722,741]" captionTargetBox="[686,1171,195,705]" captionTargetId="figure-24@3.[685,1171,193,705]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 5. Distribution map of Xyleborus bidentatus in Iran." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243821/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">5</figureCitation>
). The specimens were collected in mangrove habitat by
<collectingMethod id="5217FE22BC04DD16DF25FC46F8CF9BFE" box="[1075,1167,990,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">light trap</collectingMethod>
, and in one site, captured in an ethanol-baited trap among the five ethanol-baited traps that were installed on the trees
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC04DD16D896FBB6FF8F9C4E" box="[896,975,1070,1092]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">
<elevation id="007B6106BC04DD16D896FBB6FF8F9C4E" box="[896,975,1070,1092]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 m</elevation>
</quantity>
apart (
<figureCitation id="136D9AB0BC04DD16DF08FBB6F8C79C49" box="[1054,1159,1070,1092]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[176,215,914,933]" captionTargetBox="[152,638,193,896]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[152,638,193,896]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 3–4. Traps in mangrove forest, Mardu Island, Iran. 3) Light trap; 4) Ethanol-baited trap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243823/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Figs. 3, 4</figureCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
Scolytines have not been reported from
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC04DD16DF34FBD1FF429C70" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Hormozgan Province</collectingRegion>
(Amini
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D84FFBFCFFC69C73" box="[857,902,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 2020; Beaver
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16DF36FBFCF80D9C73" box="[1056,1101,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 2016) and no additional scolytine species were collected in the mangrove habitat. Rashvand and Sadeghi (2014) previously reported scolytine damage in mangrove trees in
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC04DD16D84FFB56F8409CEE" box="[857,1024,1230,1252]" country="Iran" name="Bushehr" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Bushehr Province</collectingRegion>
but adults were not found. It is possible that these galleries were created by
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16D801FA9CFFD59D13" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[791,917,1284,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D801FA9CFFD59D13" box="[791,917,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">X. bidentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC04DD16D9D3FA86FF639E03" blockId="1.[684,1172,963,1732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">
The common trees of mangrove forests in southern
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC04DD16D9C6FAA1FEB69D44" box="[720,758,1337,1358]" name="Iran" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Iran</collectingCountry>
consist of
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16D84EFAA1F8D49D45" authority="(Forssk.) Vierh." authorityName="Vierh." baseAuthorityName="Forssk." box="[856,1172,1337,1359]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D84EFAA1FFBD9D45" box="[856,1021,1337,1359]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Avicennia marina</emphasis>
(Forssk.) Vierh.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16D9A4FACCFF709D60" box="[690,816,1364,1386]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16D866FACCF8D29D63" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[880,1170,1364,1385]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D866FACCF8139D63" box="[880,1107,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Rhizophora mucronata</emphasis>
Lam.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16D9A2FAF6FF159D8E" box="[692,853,1390,1412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhizophoraceae</taxonomicName>
). The species community in
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC04DD16D9BBFA11FF3D9D95" box="[685,893,1417,1439]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Hormozgan Province</collectingRegion>
is dominated by
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16DF39FA11FF919DB3" authority="(Rashvand and Sadeghi 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Rashvand and Sadeghi" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16DF39FA11F8D29D95" box="[1071,1170,1417,1439]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">A. marina</emphasis>
(Rashvand and Sadeghi 2014)
</taxonomicName>
. However, there is a unique mangrove forest habitat in Sirik where
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC04DD16DF68FA27FF569DE5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16DF68FA27FF569DE5" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">R. mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
communities are dominant (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC04DD16DF24FA41FF589E03" author="Danehkar, A. &amp; MahmoUdi, A." pageId="1" pageNumber="108" pagination="359 - 369" refId="ref1696" refString="Danehkar, A., B. MahmoUdi, A. Taghizadeh, and E. Kamrani. 2010. Investigation of mangrove communities' structure in Sirik area of Hormozgan province, Iran. Journal of Forest and Wood Products (Jfwp) (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources) 62 (4): 359 - 369. [in Farsi]" type="journal article" year="2010">
Danehkar
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D9BBFA6CFE9F9E03" box="[685,735,1524,1545]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC04DD15D9D3F996FF7F9D96" blockId="1.[684,1172,963,1732]" lastBlockId="2.[707,1193,1148,1704]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D9D3F996FFF39E2E" bold="true" box="[709,947,1550,1572]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Specimens Examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B3E8C68BC04DD16D8DEF996FF329EA3" collectingDate="2021-10-29" collectingDateMax="2021-10-30" collectingDateMin="2021-10-29" collectingMethod="ethanolbait trap" collectionCode="HMIM" collectorName="H. Nasserzadeh" country="Iran" county="Bandar-e Khamir" elevation="3" latitude="26.975834" location="Bandar-e Khamir" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.67361" municipality="Persian Gulf" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D8DEF996F84D9E29" bold="true" box="[968,1037,1550,1571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC04DD16D8DEF996F8499E29" box="[968,1033,1550,1571]" name="Iran" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">IRAN</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC04DD16DF37F997FEA19E34" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Hormozgan prov.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="6288FEB9BC04DD16D9F9F9B1FFDD9E35" box="[751,925,1577,1599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Bandar-e Khamir</collectingCounty>
,
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC04DD16D8BDF9B2FF899E35" box="[939,969,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">ca.</emphasis>
<locationDeviation id="9A5B9F17BC04DD16D8C5F9B1F8709E34" box="[979,1072,1577,1599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC04DD16D8C5F9B1F8499E35" box="[979,1033,1577,1599]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
SE
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8E89D0EEBC04DD16DF2DF9B1FEB69E50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC04DD16DF2DF9B1FEB69E50" country="Iran" county="Bandar-e Khamir" latitude="26.975834" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.67361" municipality="Persian Gulf" name="Bandar-e Khamir" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Bandar-e Khamir</location>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC04DD16D9E8F9DCFF359E50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC04DD16D9E8F9DCFF359E50" box="[766,885,1604,1626]" country="Iran" county="Bandar-e Khamir" latitude="26.975834" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.67361" municipality="Persian Gulf" name="Persian Gulf" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Persian Gulf</location>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC04DD16D86BF9DCFFA09E50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC04DD16D86BF9DCFFA09E50" box="[893,992,1604,1626]" country="Iran" county="Bandar-e Khamir" latitude="26.975834" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.67361" municipality="Persian Gulf" name="Mardu Isl." pageId="1" pageNumber="108" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Mardu Isl.</location>
, mangrove swamp,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC04DD16D9BBF9C7FF599E79" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC04DD16D9BBF9C7FF599E79" box="[685,793,1630,1652]" country="Iran" county="Bandar-e Khamir" latitude="26.975834" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.67361" municipality="Persian Gulf" name="Hara P. A." pageId="1" pageNumber="108" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Hara P. A.</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC04DD16D83EF9C7FFF99E7E" box="[808,953,1629,1652]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" precision="1" seconds="33.0" value="26.975834">N 26°58′33.0′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC04DD16D8D1F9C7F8169E7E" box="[967,1110,1629,1652]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" precision="1" seconds="25.0" value="55.67361">E 55°40′25.0′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC04DD16DF72F9C6F8CF9E7E" box="[1124,1167,1630,1652]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="3.0">
<elevation id="007B6106BC04DD16DF72F9C6F8CF9E7E" box="[1124,1167,1630,1652]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFE8A0F5BC04DD16D9BBF9E1FF7F9E84" box="[685,831,1657,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" value="2021-10-29" valueMax="2021-10-30" valueMin="2021-10-29">
<collectingDate id="EFAC591DBC04DD16D9BBF9E1FF7F9E84" box="[685,831,1657,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" value="2021-10-29" valueMax="2021-10-30" valueMin="2021-10-29">29–30.X.2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC04DD16D893F9E1F8699E85" box="[901,1065,1657,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">H. Nasserzadeh</collectorName>
(
<collectingMethod id="5217FE22BC04DD16DF29F9E1FF489EA3" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">ethanolbait trap</collectingMethod>
) (
<specimenCount id="9D504DBCBC04DD16D833F90CFF2A9EA3" box="[805,874,1684,1705]" count="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" type="generic">2 exs.</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3E8C68BC04DD15D892F90CFE549E7A" collectingDate="2021-11-02" collectingMethod="light trap" collectionCode="HMIM" collectorName="H. Nasserzadeh" country="Iran" county="Qeshm Isl." elevation="0" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="109" latitude="26.818335" location="Harra P. A." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.794167" municipality="Gevarzin" pageId="1" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC04DD16D892F90CF87C9EA3" box="[900,1084,1684,1705]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Hormozgan prov.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="6288FEB9BC04DD16DF5BF90CFE909ECE" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Qeshm Isl.</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8D1C4FBC04DD16D9F7F936FF009ECE" box="[737,832,1710,1732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="108">Gevarzin</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC04DD16D847F937FF8F9EC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC04DD16D847F937FF8F9EC9" box="[849,975,1710,1732]" country="Iran" county="Qeshm Isl." latitude="26.818335" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.794167" municipality="Gevarzin" name="Harra P. A." pageId="1" pageNumber="108" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Harra P. A.</location>
, mangrove forest,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15DBBBF9D9FD6F9E5C" box="[173,303,1599,1622]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="6.0" value="26.818335">N 26°49′6.0′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15DA2CF9D9FD859E5C" box="[314,453,1599,1622]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="39.0" value="55.794167">E 55°47′39.0′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="007B6106BC07DD15DAD9F9D9FDB79E5C" box="[463,503,1601,1622]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC07DD15DAD9F9D9FDB79E5C" box="[463,503,1601,1622]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="0.0">0 m</quantity>
</elevation>
,
<date id="FFE8A0F5BC07DD15D917F9D9FE249E5C" box="[513,612,1601,1622]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2021-11-02">
<collectingDate id="EFAC591DBC07DD15D917F9D9FE249E5C" box="[513,612,1601,1622]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2021-11-02">2.XI.2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15DBBBF9C4FD079E7B" box="[173,327,1627,1649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">H. Nasserzadeh</collectorName>
(
<collectingMethod id="5217FE22BC07DD15DA4EF9C3FDF69E7A" box="[344,438,1627,1649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">light trap</collectingMethod>
) (
<specimenCount id="9D504DBCBC07DD15DADBF9C3FE4C9E7A" box="[461,524,1627,1648]" count="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" type="generic">3 exs.</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3E8C68BC07DD15D937F9C4FF4E9CA6" collectingDate="2021-11-03" collectingMethod="light trap" collectionCode="HMIM" collectorName="H. Alipanah &amp; H. Falsafi" country="Iran" county="Qeshm Isl." elevation="20" latitude="26.810833" location="Harra P. A." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.77722" municipality="Gevarzin" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D937F9C4FCA19E81" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Hormozgan prov.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="6288FEB9BC07DD15DBFFF9EEFD139E86" box="[233,339,1654,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Qeshm Isl.</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8D1C4FBC07DD15DA4AF9EEFDF69E86" box="[348,438,1654,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Gevarzin</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC07DD15DAA9F9EEFE6A9E81" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC07DD15DAA9F9EEFE6A9E81" box="[447,554,1654,1675]" country="Iran" county="Qeshm Isl." latitude="26.810833" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="55.77722" municipality="Gevarzin" name="Harra P. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Harra P. A.</location>
, mangrove forest,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15DBEFF909FDCF9EAC" box="[249,399,1679,1702]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="39.0" value="26.810833">N 26°48′39.0′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15DAB7F909FE749EAC" box="[417,564,1679,1702]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="38.0" value="55.77722">E 55°46′38.0′′</geoCoordinate>
, −
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC07DD15D945F909FECF9EAC" box="[595,655,1681,1702]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="20.0">
<elevation id="007B6106BC07DD15D945F909FECF9EAC" box="[595,655,1681,1702]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFE8A0F5BC07DD15D9D5FBE4FF669C9B" box="[707,806,1148,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2021-11-03">
<collectingDate id="EFAC591DBC07DD15D9D5FBE4FF669C9B" box="[707,806,1148,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2021-11-03">3.XI.2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15D84CFBE5FF909C98" box="[858,976,1148,1170]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">H. Alipanah</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15D8CDFBE5F87A9C98" box="[987,1082,1148,1170]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">H. Falsafi</collectorName>
(
<collectingMethod id="5217FE22BC07DD15DF51FBE4F8E29C9B" box="[1095,1186,1148,1170]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">light trap</collectingMethod>
) (
<specimenCount id="9D504DBCBC07DD15D9DCFB0FFF469CA6" box="[714,774,1175,1196]" count="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" type="generic">2 exs.</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3E8C68BC07DD15D80EFB0FF8E49CF6" collectingDate="2022-10-14" collectionCode="HMIM" collectorName="H. Alipanah &amp; H. Falsafi &amp; M. Mofidi" country="Iran" county="Sirik" elevation="3" latitude="26.323418" location="Rud-e Gaz P. A." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="57.09536" municipality="Khur-e Azini" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" specimenCount="65" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D80EFB0FFF839CA6" box="[792,963,1175,1196]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Hormozgan prov.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="6288FEB9BC07DD15D8DAFB0FFFBD9CA7" box="[972,1021,1175,1197]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Sirik</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC07DD15DF11FB0FF8E49CA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC07DD15DF11FB0FF8E49CA6" box="[1031,1188,1175,1197]" country="Iran" county="Sirik" latitude="26.323418" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="57.09536" municipality="Khur-e Azini" name="Rud-e Gaz P. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Rud-e Gaz P. A.</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8D1C4FBC07DD15D9D5FB2AFF069CC2" box="[707,838,1202,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Khur-e Azini</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC07DD15D859FB2AFF8D9CC2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC07DD15D859FB2AFF8D9CC2" box="[847,973,1202,1224]" country="Iran" county="Sirik" latitude="26.323418" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="57.09536" municipality="Khur-e Azini" name="Azini Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Azini Island</location>
2, mangrove swamp,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15D9D5FB55FF0D9CE8" box="[707,845,1227,1250]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="24.3" value="26.323418">N 26°19′24.3′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15D841FB55FF9F9CE8" box="[855,991,1227,1250]" degrees="57" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="43.3" value="57.09536">E 57°05′43.3′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC07DD15D8FEFB54F8759CE8" box="[1000,1077,1228,1250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">
<elevation id="007B6106BC07DD15D8FEFB54F8759CE8" box="[1000,1077,1228,1250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">0 ± 5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFE8A0F5BC07DD15DF29FB54F8E49CEB" box="[1087,1188,1228,1249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2022-10-14">
<collectingDate id="EFAC591DBC07DD15DF29FB54F8E49CEB" box="[1087,1188,1228,1249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2022-10-14">14.X.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15D9F8FB7FFF259CF7" box="[750,869,1255,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">H. Alipanah</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15D867FB7FFF949CF7" box="[881,980,1255,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">H. Falsafi</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15D8C9FB7FF8059CF7" box="[991,1093,1255,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">M. Mofidi</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="9D504DBCBC07DD15DF45FB7FF8DD9CF6" box="[1107,1181,1255,1277]" count="65" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" type="generic">65 exs.</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3E8C68BC07DD15D9D5FA9AFF3A9D6D" collectingDate="2022-05-10" collectingMethod="light trap" collectionCode="HMIM" collectorName="A. Hajesmailian &amp; M. Mofidi" country="Iran" elevation="3" latitude="27.044357" location="Kolahi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="56.85747" municipality="Minab" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" specimenCount="9" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D9D5FA9AFF319D1D" box="[707,881,1282,1303]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Hormozgan prov.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8D1C4FBC07DD15D86AFA9AFFFD9D12" box="[892,957,1282,1304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Minab</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E89D0EEBC07DD15D8DCFA9AF84B9D12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76:8E89D0EEBC07DD15D8DCFA9AF84B9D12" box="[970,1035,1282,1304]" country="Iran" latitude="27.044357" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="56.85747" municipality="Minab" name="Kolahi" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Hormozgan prov.">Kolahi</location>
protected mangrove swamps,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15D873FA85F8449D38" box="[869,1028,1307,1330]" degrees="27" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="39.69" value="27.044357">N 27°02′39.69′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE62E0F2BC07DD15DF02FA85F8E49D38" box="[1044,1188,1307,1330]" degrees="56" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="26.9" value="56.85747">E 56°51′26.9′′</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC07DD15D9D5FAAFFF4B9D46" box="[707,779,1335,1357]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">
<elevation id="007B6106BC07DD15D9D5FAAFFF4B9D46" box="[707,779,1335,1357]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">0 ± 5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFE8A0F5BC07DD15D805FAAFFF369D46" box="[787,886,1335,1356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2022-05-10">
<collectingDate id="EFAC591DBC07DD15D805FAAFFF369D46" box="[787,886,1335,1356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" value="2022-05-10">10.V.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15D8B2FAAFF87E9D47" box="[932,1086,1335,1357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">A. Hajesmailian</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26A3E3E3BC07DD15DF51FAAFF8E99D47" box="[1095,1193,1335,1357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">M. Mofidi</collectorName>
(
<collectingMethod id="5217FE22BC07DD15D9DFFACAFF649D6D" box="[713,804,1362,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">light trap</collectingMethod>
) (
<specimenCount id="9D504DBCBC07DD15D821FACAFF339D6D" box="[823,883,1362,1383]" count="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" type="generic">9 exs.</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
. All specimens are deposited in Hayk Mirzayans Insects Museum (
<collectionCode id="ED471EF0BC07DD15DF2EFAF4F83F9D8B" box="[1080,1151,1388,1409]" collectionName="HMIM" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">HMIM</collectionCode>
) in Tehran, Iran.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF29D6BDBC07DD15DBD2FB87FF5B9C38" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13243815" box="[196,795,1055,1074]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243815/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" startId="2.[196,227,1055,1074]" targetBox="[173,1193,193,1037]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC07DD15DBD2FB87FF5B9C38" blockId="2.[196,795,1055,1074]" box="[196,795,1055,1074]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC07DD15DBD2FB87FCBC9C38" bold="true" box="[196,252,1055,1074]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC07DD15DA05FB87FD889C38" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[275,456,1055,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC07DD15DA05FB87FD889C38" box="[275,456,1055,1074]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Xyleborus bidentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34CD5BEBC07DD14D9CDFA3AFF199B76" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC07DD14D9CDFA3AFD5A9C4A" blockId="2.[707,1193,1148,1704]" lastBlockId="3.[151,639,1014,1729]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC07DD15D9CDFA3AFF809DBD" bold="true" box="[731,960,1441,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">World Distribution.</emphasis>
Australian Region:
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D9D5FA24FF629DD8" box="[707,802,1468,1490]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Australia</collectingCountry>
, “
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D820FA24FF9A9DD8" box="[822,986,1468,1490]" name="Micronesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Caroline Islands</collectingCountry>
”,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D8F8FA24FF6F9DE7" name="Micronesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Federated States of Micronesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D82BFA4FFFC39DE6" box="[829,899,1495,1516]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
I.),
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D8B9FA4FF8229DE7" box="[943,1122,1495,1517]" name="Palau" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Republic of Palau</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15DF7BFA4FFF7C9E02" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(Bismarck Is.), Solomon Is. Oriental Region: “Borneo”,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D86FF994FFEA9E28" box="[889,938,1548,1570]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">India</collectingCountry>
(Andaman Is., Nicobar Is.,
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D9D5F9BFFF019E37" box="[707,833,1575,1597]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D847F9BFFFEE9E37" box="[849,942,1575,1597]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D8AAF9BFFFAA9E36" box="[956,1002,1575,1596]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Java</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D8E2F9BFF80D9E37" box="[1012,1101,1575,1597]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15DF41F9BFF8E49E37" box="[1111,1188,1575,1597]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Maluku</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D9D5F9DAFF599E5D" box="[707,793,1602,1623]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
, Sumbawa), East and West
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15DF50F9DAF8E49E52" box="[1094,1188,1602,1624]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D9D5F9C5FF679E78" box="[707,807,1629,1650]" name="Myanmar" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D857F9C4FFF79E78" box="[833,951,1628,1650]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D8C5F9C4F87D9E78" box="[979,1085,1628,1650]" name="Singapore" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Singapore</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15DF41F9C4F8E39E78" box="[1111,1187,1628,1650]" name="Taiwan" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D9D5F9EFFF609E87" box="[707,800,1655,1677]" name="Thailand" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15D820F9EFFFCF9E87" box="[822,911,1655,1677]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. Palearctic Region:
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC07DD15DF69F9EFF8E79E86" box="[1151,1191,1655,1676]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="499248D7BC07DD15D9DFF90AFFD99EA2" box="[713,921,1682,1704]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Hormozgan Province</collectingRegion>
) (
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC07DD15D8BBF90AF8609EAD" bold="true" box="[941,1056,1682,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">new record</emphasis>
). Afrotropical Region:
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC06DD14DBF0FC6EFD659C01" box="[230,293,1014,1035]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC06DD14DA3BFC6EFDDE9C06" box="[301,414,1014,1036]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC06DD14DAB0FC6EFE639C06" box="[422,547,1014,1036]" name="Mozambique" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC06DD14D93CFC6EFE3D9C06" box="[554,637,1014,1036]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC06DD14DB88FB88FD0F9C2C" author="Smith, S. M. &amp; Beaver, A. I. &amp; Cognato, J." box="[158,335,1040,1062]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" refId="ref2065" refString="Smith, S. M., R. A. Beaver, A. I. Cognato, J. HUlcr, and R. J. Redford. 2019. Southeast Asian Ambrosia Beetle ID. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP) and Michigan State University. Fort Collins, CO [latest update 2022]. https: // idtools. org / sea _ ambrosia / index. cfm (accessed 15 December 2023)." type="journal volume" year="2019">
Smith
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DBF4FB89FD4F9C2F" box="[226,271,1040,1062]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC06DD14DA4DFB89FDCE9C2C" author="Smith, S. M." box="[347,398,1041,1062]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 442" refId="ref2147" refString="Smith, S. M., R. A. Beaver, and A. I. Cognato. 2020. A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys 983: 1 - 442. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 983. 52630." type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC06DD14DA8CFB88FE4E9C2C" author="Wood, S. L." box="[410,526,1040,1062]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref2211" refString="Wood, S. L. 1960. Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Micronesia 18: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1960">Wood 1960</bibRefCitation>
; Wood and Bright 1992).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF29D6BDBC07DD15DBD3FA61FE119E06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243817" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13243817" box="[197,593,1529,1548]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243817/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="109" startId="2.[197,228,1529,1548]" targetBox="[173,659,1147,1512]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC07DD15DBD3FA61FE119E06" blockId="2.[197,593,1529,1548]" box="[197,593,1529,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC07DD15DBD3FA61FCBD9E06" bold="true" box="[197,253,1529,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="109">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
Mangrove forest, Mardu Island, Iran.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF29D6BDBC06DD14D9D3FD4AFEAC9AF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13243821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243821/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" startId="3.[709,741,722,741]" targetBox="[686,1171,195,705]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC06DD14D9D3FD4AFEAC9AF4" blockId="3.[685,1171,722,766]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14D9D3FD4AFF439AEC" bold="true" box="[709,771,722,742]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14D8C2FD4AF8D39AEF" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[980,1171,722,741]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">Xyleborus bidentatus</taxonomicName>
in Iran.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF29D6BDBC06DD14DBA6FC0AFDBE9BB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13243823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13243823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13243823/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" startId="3.[176,215,914,933]" targetBox="[152,638,193,896]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC06DD14DBA6FC0AFDBE9BB7" blockId="3.[152,638,914,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DBA6FC0AFD479BAF" bold="true" box="[176,263,914,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Figs. 3–4.</emphasis>
Traps in mangrove forest, Mardu Island, Iran.
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DBD3FC31FC969BB6" bold="true" box="[197,214,937,956]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">3)</emphasis>
Light trap;
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DA2AFC31FD0D9BB6" bold="true" box="[316,333,937,956]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">4)</emphasis>
Ethanol-baited trap.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE98635BC06DD14DBA6FBDEFE759D3A" blockId="3.[151,639,1014,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14DBA6FBDEFD389C51" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[176,376,1094,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DBA6FBDEFD389C51" box="[176,376,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Xyleborus bidentatus</emphasis>
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is distinguished from other Iranian
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14DBF4FBF8FD019C7F" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1864" box="[226,321,1120,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DBF4FBF8FD019C7F" box="[226,321,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Xyleborus</emphasis>
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by the following combination of characters: body length
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; eye almost entire; pronotum quadrate with median area of frontal margin conspicuously produced anteriad and bearing a row of prominent serrations; protibia triangular, broadened on apical third; elytral apex acuminate with two prominent spines on the posterior elytral slope (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC06DD14DA55FA83FDAC9D3A" author="Smith, S. M. &amp; Beaver, A. I. &amp; Cognato, J." box="[323,492,1307,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" refId="ref2065" refString="Smith, S. M., R. A. Beaver, A. I. Cognato, J. HUlcr, and R. J. Redford. 2019. Southeast Asian Ambrosia Beetle ID. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP) and Michigan State University. Fort Collins, CO [latest update 2022]. https: // idtools. org / sea _ ambrosia / index. cfm (accessed 15 December 2023)." type="journal volume" year="2019">
Smith
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DA92FA84FDEE9D3A" box="[388,430,1307,1329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC06DD14DAE0FA83FE6A9D3A" author="Smith, S. M." box="[502,554,1307,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 442" refId="ref2147" refString="Smith, S. M., R. A. Beaver, and A. I. Cognato. 2020. A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys 983: 1 - 442. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 983. 52630." type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14DBA6FAAEFD3B9D41" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[176,379,1334,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DBA6FAAEFD3B9D41" box="[176,379,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Xyleborus bidentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is polyphagous (Wood and Bright 1992). The littoral habitat of the species and its association with mangrove trees has been previously reported (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7FBC4BC06DD14DA3CFA1EFDED9D96" author="Browne, F. G." box="[298,429,1414,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" pagination="233 - 257" refId="ref1663" refString="Browne, F. G. 1966. Some Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from the Philippine, Bismarck, and Solomon Islands. Entomologiske Meddelelser 34: 233 - 257." type="journal article" year="1966">Browne 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Maiti and Saha 2004; Murphy and Meepol 1990). The discovery of the species is surprising given that the closest known population of
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14DA34FA4EFDE29DE1" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[290,418,1494,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14DA34FA4EFDE29DE1" box="[290,418,1494,1515]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">X. bidentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is either
<collectingCountry id="F341C6A5BC06DD14D916FA4EFE7F9DE1" box="[512,575,1494,1515]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Kenya</collectingCountry>
to the southwest or along the Bay of Bengal to the east, both at least
<quantity id="4CAE2BD0BC06DD14DA18F993FD269E2B" box="[270,358,1547,1569]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" unit="km" value="3500.0">3,500 km</quantity>
away. It is unclear at this time whether this species has been newly introduced to the Palearctic region or is part of a historically undiscovered population. Given this species’ known association with mangroves it is presumably utilizing them as hosts but use of other tree species is possible. Further studies and extractions of specimens from
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14D85DFCA9FF989B4D" box="[843,984,817,839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14D85DFCA9FFEA9B4C" box="[843,938,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Avicennia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14D8E0FCA9F8D49B4D" box="[1014,1172,817,839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14D8E0FCA9F8269B4C" box="[1014,1126,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Rhizophora</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
will confirm the host use by
<taxonomicName id="4C56FDB6BC06DD14D8A0FCD4F8729B6B" baseAuthorityName="MOTSCHULSKY" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[950,1074,844,865]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="B9225A27BC06DD14D8A0FCD4F8729B6B" box="[950,1074,844,865]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">X. bidentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Iranian mangrove forests.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
</document>

90
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<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE8464270FCB8F9025F3CF97E" authorityName="Reis &amp; Lehmann A." authorityYear="2022" box="[772,1060,1720,1744]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabelae" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE8464270FCB8F9025F3CF97E" authority="Reis &amp; Lehmann, 2022" authorityName="Reis &amp; Lehmann" authorityYear="2022" box="[772,1060,1720,1744]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabelae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8464270FCB8F9025F3CF97E" bold="true" box="[772,1060,1720,1744]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Rhinotocinclus isabelae</emphasis>
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,
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, new species
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<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E8474271FDBAFF0459D9FE8E" collectingDate="2019-08-05" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="E. Mejia &amp; Ornamental fishers" country="Peru" latitude="-3.8041666" location="Rio Nanay, between Puerto Almendra and Tarapoto" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-73.398056" municipality="Iquitos" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="MUSM 69737" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E8474271FDBAFF0459D9FE8E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4949514337" collectingDate="2019-08-05" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="E. Mejia &amp; Ornamental fishers" country="Peru" latitude="-3.8041666" location="Rio Nanay, between Puerto Almendra and Tarapoto" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-73.398056" municipality="Iquitos" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="MUSM 69737" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="holotype">
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.
@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ SL,
.
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<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E8474271FDBAFEE95E76FEC5" box="[518,1390,339,363]" collectionCode="MUSM" country="Peru" location="Loreto" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="MUSM 69738" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E8474271FDBAFEE95E76FEC5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4949514334" box="[518,1390,339,363]" collectionCode="MUSM" country="Peru" location="Loreto" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="MUSM 69738" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="paratype">
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@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ SL,
<quantity id="30509B48E8474271FBBEFEE95FBEFEC5" box="[1026,1190,339,363]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5899999999999999" metricValueMax="1.72" metricValueMin="1.46" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="15.899999999999999" valueMax="17.2" valueMin="14.6">14.6–17.2 mm</quantity>
SL (4 measured),
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@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ SL), collected with
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@ -157,21 +155,21 @@ SL),
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<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E8474271FB37FE795839FDAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4949514341" collectionCode="MCP" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="MCP 54755" specimenCount="2">
<specimenCode id="A70E9ED6E8474271FB37FE795E01FE75" box="[1163,1305,451,475]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">MCP 54755</specimenCode>
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<specimenCount id="E1AEFD24E8474271FA9BFE795E23FE75" box="[1319,1339,451,475]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">2,</specimenCount>
<quantity id="30509B48E8474271FAF9FE79590DFDAE" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.685" metricValueMax="1.69" metricValueMin="1.68" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="16.85" valueMax="16.9" valueMin="16.8">16.8–16.9 mm</quantity>
SL (2 measured) + 1 cs,
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<specimenCount id="E1AEFD24E8474271FC4DFE535F1EFDAF" box="[1009,1030,489,513]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">3,</specimenCount>
<quantity id="30509B48E8474271FBB2FE525FA9FDAE" box="[1038,1201,488,512]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.76" metricValueMin="1.54" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="17.6" valueMin="15.4">15.4–17.6 mm</quantity>
SL,
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<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E8474271FB59FE535F0DFDDE" collectingDate="2018-01" collectionCode="ROM" collectorName="Ornamental fishers for Oliver Lucanus" latitude="-3.492861" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-74.77053" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="ROM 104102" specimenCount="16">
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,
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@ -388,17 +386,11 @@ is named in honor to Isabela Alho dos Reis, younger daughter of the senior autho
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is endemic to
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and is currently known from two localities, the Río Nanay near Iquitos and the Río Tigre, a tributary to the Río Marañon. As only two localities are known the Extension of Occurrence (
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) can not be estimated. Despite the species is apparently common, based on the high number of specimens exported by the aquarium trade, the impact of this activity is not understood and
and is currently known from two localities, the Río Nanay near Iquitos and the Río Tigre, a tributary to the Río Marañon. As only two localities are known the Extension of Occurrence (EOO) can not be estimated. Despite the species is apparently common, based on the high number of specimens exported by the aquarium trade, the impact of this activity is not understood and
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE8434275FD50F9035846F97E" box="[748,862,1720,1744]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabelae">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8434275FD50F9035846F97E" box="[748,862,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">R. isabelae</emphasis>
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is preliminarily categorized as Data Deficient (DD) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (
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Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
is preliminarily categorized as Data Deficient (DD) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
</paragraph>
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<mods:title id="4AD4853697896A49C2FE8295A10423CF">A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="84366890BCFA966B858414C134BB13B9">Reis, Roberto E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BC613FC5F9D246BCAFEAC218E4DF92F9">PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85A426CFD47FBD95F16FBD5" bold="true" box="[763,1038,1123,1147]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhinotocinclus pilosus</emphasis>
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,
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, new species
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@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road
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@ -257,12 +255,11 @@ E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road
,
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,
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F.
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Langeani,
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,
<collectorName id="5A5D537BE85B426DFDE1FF045875FF78" box="[605,877,190,214]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">E. Pereira &amp; A. Cardoso</collectorName>
.
.
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<materialsCitation id="47C03CF0E85B426DFCC4FF04592DFE8E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4949513434" collectingDate="2012-08-10" collectionCode="UFRO-ICT" collectorName="W. Ohara" latitude="-7.5562224" location="flooded area in right bank of rio Marmelos" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-62.71664" municipality="Humaita" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="17593" specimenCount="1">
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@ -306,12 +303,9 @@ SL,
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<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFDBAFEC2599EFE3E" bold="true" box="[518,646,376,400]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFD2DFEC25865FE3E" box="[657,893,376,400]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhinotocinclus pilosus</emphasis>
@ -380,55 +374,7 @@ accessory teeth present, Fig. 5A); the odontodes on the ventral surface of first
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFDEAFD1E5968FD15" box="[598,624,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">vs.</emphasis>
odontodes aligned with main ray axis, Fig. 9B); a triangular dark spot on the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin membrane (Fig. 8B;
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFBC2FD735F80FD4E" box="[1150,1176,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">vs.</emphasis>
dorsal-fin spot absent); a
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27 |
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<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFEBBF92D5BDBF97E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhinotocinclus pilosus</emphasis>
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27700,
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SL, female, igarapé Traíra,
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E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
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.
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28 |
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Live specimen of
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<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FE17FCDB5971FCDB" bold="true" box="[427,617,865,885]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhinotocinclus pilosus</emphasis>
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from lot
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35878, rio Maicimirim,
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.
<quantity id="30509B48E8444272FC55FCDB5F3AFCDB" box="[1001,1058,865,885]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="45.0">45 km</quantity>
E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
<collectingCountry id="8FBF763DE8444272FEEDFC3D5A93FC35" box="[337,395,903,923]" name="Brazil" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F71736ADE8444272FE54FC495E08FA98" blockId="48.[487,1461,1011,1334]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Y-shaped light mark from snout tip to nostrils (
dorsal-fin spot absent); a Y-shaped light mark from snout tip to nostrils (
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FBB9FC4E5F07FBA5" box="[1029,1055,1012,1035]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">vs.</emphasis>
Y-shaped light mark absent); and a larger orbit, 27.1–34.9% snout length (
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FC29FBA358B7FB9E" box="[917,943,1049,1072]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">vs.</emphasis>
@ -494,6 +440,51 @@ by the shallower caudal peduncle (6.3–7.5%
21–29 teeth).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="A3D76625E85B426DFF35F92C5A88F8CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13887620" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13887620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13887620/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[137,210,1686,1706]" targetBox="[488,1459,824,1888]" targetPageId="47">
<paragraph id="F71736ADE85B426DFF35F92C5A88F8CB" blockId="47.[136,432,1686,1893]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFF35F92C5BDBF97E" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85B426DFF35F92C5BCAF904" box="[137,210,1686,1706]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE</collectionCode>
27 |
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE85B426DFEBBF92D5BDBF97E" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFEBBF92D5BDBF97E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhinotocinclus pilosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<typeStatus id="2813880FE85B426DFF71F9065A39F97E" box="[205,289,1724,1744]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85B426DFE95F9065A79F97E" box="[297,353,1724,1744]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">UFRO</collectionCode>
27700,
<quantity id="30509B48E85B426DFF34F95B5BCFF95B" box="[136,215,1761,1781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="22.6">22.6 mm</quantity>
SL, female, igarapé Traíra,
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85B426DFF72F8BD5BF9F8B5" bold="true" box="[206,225,1799,1819]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ca</emphasis>
.
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E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
<collectingCountry id="8FBF763DE85B426DFEEDF8EB5A93F8CB" box="[337,395,1873,1893]" name="Brazil" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A3D76625E8444272FF34FCDB5A88FC35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13887622" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13887622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13887622/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[136,209,865,885]" targetBox="[136,1459,171,825]" targetPageId="48">
<paragraph id="F71736ADE8444272FF34FCDB5A88FC35" blockId="48.[136,1434,865,923]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FF34FCDB5A19FCDB" bold="true" box="[136,257,865,885]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E8444272FF34FCDB5BC9FCDB" box="[136,209,865,885]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE</collectionCode>
28 |
</emphasis>
Live specimen of
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE8444272FE17FCDB5971FCDB" box="[427,617,865,885]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FE17FCDB5971FCDB" bold="true" box="[427,617,865,885]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhinotocinclus pilosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from lot
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E8444272FD7CFCDB59F5FCDB" box="[704,749,865,885]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">MCP</collectionCode>
35878, rio Maicimirim,
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FC70FCDB58C7FCDB" bold="true" box="[972,991,865,885]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="30509B48E8444272FC55FCDB5F3AFCDB" box="[1001,1058,865,885]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="45.0">45 km</quantity>
E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
<collectingCountry id="8FBF763DE8444272FEEDFC3D5A93FC35" box="[337,395,903,923]" name="Brazil" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F71736ADE8444272FDBAFAD2589FF928" blockId="48.[487,1461,1384,1931]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8444272FDBAFAD25984FA2E" bold="true" box="[518,668,1384,1408]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Description.</emphasis>
@ -548,22 +539,14 @@ The extinction risk of
</taxonomicName>
is assessed as low despite its restricted range and the limited knowledge of its geographic distribution. The species is so far known from few localities near Humaitá, Amazonas State of
<collectingCountry id="8FBF763DE8464270FE54FAA45934FA98" box="[488,556,1310,1334]" name="Brazil" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, with an Extension of Occurrence (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E8464270FC7BFAA45F1EFA98" box="[967,1030,1310,1334]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">EOO</collectionCode>
) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately
, with an Extension of Occurrence (EOO) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately
<quantity id="30509B48E8464270FCE0FAF958BAFAF5" box="[860,930,1347,1371]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="km" value="82.0">82 km</quantity>
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. Despite being crossed by the Trans-Amazon road, where most specimens were collected, the region is relatively well preserved and surrounded by protected areas (Humaitá National Forest south of the Trans-Amazon road and the Indigenous Lands Nove de Janeiro, Pirahã, and Ipixuna north of the road). Despite logging, gold mining, and cattle ranching are common throughout the TransAmazon road, these threats are not believed to impact the species. For this reason,
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE8464270FA21FA455937F995" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE8464270FA21FA455937F995" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. pilosus</emphasis>
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is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E8464270FB8FF9995F41F995" box="[1075,1113,1571,1595]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">LC</collectionCode>
) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E8464270FC34F9F358CBF9CF" box="[904,979,1609,1633]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">IUCN</collectionCode>
) categories and criteria (
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Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>

117
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<treatment id="7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13887628" ID-GBIF-Taxon="242718781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13887628" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<subSubSection id="BFB26526E85E4268FD48FB845E24FB0E" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F71736ADE85E4268FD48FB845E24FB0E" blockId="42.[756,1190,1086,1110]" lastBlockId="42.[606,1340,1162,1184]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE85E4268FD48FB845F0DFBF8" authorityName="Reis &amp; Lehmann A." authorityYear="2022" box="[756,1045,1086,1110]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE85E4268FD48FB845F0DFBF8" authority="Reis &amp; Lehman, 2022" authorityName="Reis &amp; Lehmann A." authorityYear="2022" box="[756,1045,1086,1110]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85E4268FD48FB845F0DFBF8" bold="true" box="[756,1045,1086,1110]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rhinotocinclus discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEEF57C4E85E4268FB9EFB845FBEFBF8" box="[1058,1190,1086,1110]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, new species
<uri id="83393AAFE85E4268FDE2FB305E24FB0E" box="[606,1340,1162,1184]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="830E0C78E85E4268FCEAFB305E24FB0E" box="[854,1340,1162,1184]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">BDD5D811-D797-4190-97D6-B3479866A445</uuid>
@ -488,15 +486,12 @@ Males have a conspicuous urogenital papilla immediately behind the anus and a de
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFB26526E859426FFDBAF8925F8EF8C8" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F71736ADE859426FFDBAF8925EABF8EF" blockId="45.[488,1459,1832,1894]" box="[518,1459,1832,1857]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="F71736ADE859426FFDBAF8925F8EF8C8" blockId="45.[488,1459,1832,1894]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE859426FFDBAF892585FF8EE" bold="true" box="[518,839,1832,1856]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Geographical distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE859426FFCF3F8925F26F8EE" box="[847,1086,1832,1856]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE859426FFCF3F8925F26F8EE" box="[847,1086,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhinotocinclus discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from creeks of the Río
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F71736ADE859426FFE54F8F45F8EF8C8" blockId="45.[488,1459,1832,1894]" box="[488,1174,1870,1894]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Orinoco basin in the State of
is known from creeks of the Río Orinoco basin in the State of
<collectingRegion id="356CF84FE859426FFC8FF8F458B1F8C8" box="[819,937,1870,1894]" country="Venezuela" name="Amazonas" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="8FBF763DE859426FFC08F8F45F30F8C8" box="[948,1064,1870,1894]" name="Venezuela" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
@ -527,33 +522,17 @@ The extinction risk of
</taxonomicName>
is assessed as low despite the limited knowledge of its geographic distribution. The species is so far known from ten localities in southern
<collectingCountry id="8FBF763DE85A426CFC17FE245F3AFE18" box="[939,1058,414,438]" name="Venezuela" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, with an Extension of Occurrence (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFE4CFE795937FE75" box="[496,559,451,475]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">EOO</collectionCode>
) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately 33,000 square kilometers. The region is relatively well preserved but logging, gold mining and cattle ranching are common throughout the area. For this reason,
, with an Extension of Occurrence (EOO) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately 33,000 square kilometers. The region is relatively well preserved but logging, gold mining and cattle ranching are common throughout the area. For this reason,
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE85A426CFA99FDB55E8FFD88" box="[1317,1431,526,550]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85A426CFA99FDB55E8FFD88" box="[1317,1431,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">R. discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFC65FD8958E7FDE5" box="[985,1023,563,587]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">LC</collectionCode>
) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFCFFFDE35896FDDF" box="[835,910,601,625]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">IUCN</collectionCode>
) categories and criteria (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFB06FDE35E1DFDDF" box="[1210,1285,601,625]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">IUCN</collectionCode>
Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFB26526E85A426CFDBAFD735978FBA5" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F71736ADE85A426CFDBAFD735978FBA5" blockId="46.[485,1460,712,1035]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85A426CFDBAFD735961FD4F" bold="true" box="[518,633,713,737]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</emphasis>
Four lots collected in 1990 from the Departamento Atabapo (
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFAE5FD735EABFD4F" box="[1369,1459,713,737]" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">MCNG</collectionCode>
23757,
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFD8BFD545988FCA8" box="[567,656,750,774]" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">MCNG</collectionCode>
24047,
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFD59FD545826FCA8" box="[741,830,750,774]" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">MCNG</collectionCode>
24270,
<collectionCode id="91B9AE68E85A426CFC2FFD5458F4FCA8" box="[915,1004,750,774]" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">MCNG</collectionCode>
24302) are not well preserved, having the entire body softened and heavily darkened, not appropriate for a careful morphometric comparison, and for this reason were regarded as non-paratypes.
Four lots collected in 1990 from the Departamento Atabapo (MCNG 23757, MCNG 24047, MCNG 24270, MCNG 24302) are not well preserved, having the entire body softened and heavily darkened, not appropriate for a careful morphometric comparison, and for this reason were regarded as non-paratypes.
<taxonomicName id="30A84D2EE85A426CFB78FC825EABFCFE" box="[1220,1459,824,848]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinotocinclus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="C5DCEABFE85A426CFB78FC825EABFCFE" box="[1220,1459,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhinotocinclus discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>

1278
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