diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b938e36b955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A313960D54D1FE34FAD69EE3.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+?
+MALPIGHIALES JUSS. EX BERCHT. & J. PRESL, 1820
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 20A–L
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers (
+Fig. 20A, B
+).
+
+
+Wood diffuse-porous; solitary vessels rare, 8% solitary vessels, vessels predominantly in radial multiples of 2–6 (-9) (
+Fig. 20A–C
+); mean tangential diameter 52 µm (
+SD
+=11), range 26–76 µm; 90–121 vessels per mm
+2
+. Perforation plates simple and scalariform with fewer than 10 bars (
+Fig. 20D–F
+); intervessel pits alternate (
+Fig. 20G
+), horizontal diameter 6–8–10 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to intervessel pits, generally oval in outline, with reduced borders (
+Fig. 20H
+). Vessel elements short, <350 µm. Thin-walled tyloses abundant (
+Fig. 20I
+).
+
+Fibers thin- to thick-walled, apparently non-septate, pitting not observed.
+Axial parenchyma not obvious in transverse sections, but visible in longitudinal section, strands of 4–8 cells.
+
+Rays 1–2 seriate, mostly uniseriate (
+Fig. 20J, K
+); average biseriate ray height 227 (
+SD
+=52) µm, 131–315 µm. Rays composed primarily of procumbent cells (
+Fig. 20I, L
+); 12–15 per linear mm.
+
+Storied structure, radial canals, and oil/mucilage cells absent.
+
+Specimen—
+UF
+278-84892, estimated maximum diameter
+10 cm
+.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+
+
+Comments—
+Specimen
+UF
+278-84892 was problematic because it was highly compressed. The longitudinal sections provided a combination of radial and tangential views, measuring the quantitative vessel features and rays per mm were affected by the compression. The tyloses made it difficult to measure vessel element lengths.
+
+
+Comparison with modern and fossil woods—
+We searched InsideWood’s modern and fossil wood database multiple times using various combinations of features, with almost all searches including wood diffuse-porous (5p), vessels in radial multiples of four or more common (10p), perforation plates simple (13p), intervessel pits alternate and not minute (22p 24a), fibers non-septate (66p), narrow rays (searching for rays 1–3 seriate - 97p or rays uniseriate - 96p). Although scalariform perforation plates are rare, we used their presence (14p). Most searches returned
+
+Nothofagaceae
+Kuprian (1962)
+
+(
+Fagales
+), which is an unlikely match because no macro- or microfossils of this Southern Hemisphere family have ever been found in the Northern Hemisphere (
+Pujana et al. 2021
+). Members of the
+Salicaceae sensu APG
+were also returned as well as other malpighialean families (e.g.,
+Achariaceae Harms, 1925
+;
+Euphorbiaceae Juss., 1789
+;
+Peraceae Klotzch, 1859
+;
+Phyllanthaceae Martinov, 1820
+;
+Putranjivaceae Endl., 1841
+). Results of other searches included
+Elaeocarpaceae Juss.
+(1816,
+Oxalidales Bercht. and J. Presl, 1820
+). No fossil wood in the InsideWood database was a good match. In spite of reviewing the family descriptions in
+Metcalfe and Chalk (1950)
+and reviewing the literature on the aforementioned families, at this time, we are not able to assign it to family. We suggest it belongs to the
+Malpighiales Martius
+, but we cannot confirm that placement.
+
+
+
+
+
+Populus
+
+L
+. (1753) and
+
+Salix
+
+L
+. (1753) (
+Salicaceae Mirbel (1815))
+are common in the compression floras of the
+U.S.A.
+, although woods of those genera are rare, which is probably because they readily decay making them less likely to enter the fossil record. Initially, we thought this sample might be
+
+Populus
+
+or
+
+Salix
+
+because the transverse section of this diffuse-porous wood shows narrow and abundant vessels that are commonly in radial multiples, abundant narrow rays, and axial parenchyma looked to be rare. However, this first impression was incorrect because this wood has some scalariform perforation plates, a feature that does not occur in present-day
+
+Salix
+
+or
+
+Populus
+.
+
+Moreover, strands of axial parenchyma are visible in the longitudinal sections. This sample serves as a cautionary tale that generally wood identification needs to be based on microscopic examination of longitudinal sections, not just transverse section.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A313960E57BDF9F6FB1F99CC.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A313960E57BDF9F6FB1F99CC.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..53aea17833e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A313960E57BDF9F6FB1F99CC.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+HAMAMELIDOXYLON
+LIGNIER, 1907
+
+
+
+
+CF.
+
+HAMAMELIDOXYLON
+SP.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 21A–H
+
+
+Description—
+Wood diffuse-porous, narrow growth increments, boundaries of 1–3 radially narrow fibers (
+Fig. 21A, B
+). Vessels predominantly solitary, overlapping end walls of vessel elements appearing as tangential or oblique pairs; vessels angular in outline (
+Fig. 21A, B
+); very narrow to narrow, average tangential diameter 43 (9) µm; very numerous,>
+100 mm
+2
+. Perforation plates exclusively scalariform with more than 20 bars (
+Fig. 21C, D
+), 34–42 bars counted. Intervessel pits scalariform to opposite. (
+Fig. 21E
+) Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate, half-bordered or with slightly reduced borders (
+Fig. 21F
+). Widely spaced tyloses common.
+
+
+
+Figure 20
+. Caption on pg. 45.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 20.
+Malpighiaceae
+?. UF 278-84892.
+A‒C
+. Distinct growth ring boundaries, wood diffuse-porous, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, TS.
+D
+. Simple perforation plates (PP), ray cells predominantly procumbent. RLS.
+E
+. Scalariform perforation plate with 5 bars, RLS.
+F.
+Perforation plate with partial bars, RLS.
+G.
+Crowded alternate intervessel pitting. RLS.
+H.
+Vessel-ray parenchyma pits. RLS?
+I.
+Tyloses in vessels, ray cells predominantly procumbent. RLS.
+J, K
+. Rays uniseriate and partially biseriate, axial parenchyma strands. TLS.
+L
+. Short vessel element, simple perforation plate (PP), rays partially biseriate. TLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, I, J; 50 µm in D, K, L; 20 µm in E‒H.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 21.
+Incertae Sedis. cf.
+
+Hamamelidoxylon
+sp.
+
+, UF 278-84876.
+A, B
+. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary, angular in outline, TS.
+C, D
+. Scalariform perforation plates, RLS.
+E
+. Transitional intervessel pitting,,scalariform to opposite, TLS.
+F.
+Vessel-ray parenchyma (VRP) pits horizontally elongate, RLS.
+G
+. Ray cellular composition, intermixed square, upright, and barely procumbent cells.
+H.
+Rays exclusively uniseriate, T next to beginning of tyloses formation, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm B, H; 50 µm in C; D, G; 20 µm in E, F.
+
+
+Fibers non-septate, thin-walled, bordered pits on radial walls.
+
+Axial parenchyma diffuse and scanty paratracheal, in strands of 5 or more cells (
+Fig. 21H
+).
+
+
+Rays uniseriate (
+Fig. 20H
+), heterocellular, composed of intermixed procumbent, square, and upright cells (
+Fig. 21G
+); 9–14 rays/mm.
+
+Crystals and oil/mucilage cells not observed.
+
+Specimen—
+UF
+278-84876, estimated maximum diameter
+4–5 cm
+.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+Comparison to extant woods—
+We did multiple searches of the IW database for modern woods; all searches included diffuse-porous wood (5p), predominantly solitary vessels angular in outline (9p, 12p), exclusively scalariform perforation plates with more than 10 bars (13a, 14p, 15a), scalariform intervessel pits (20p), narrow numerous vessels (42a, 43a, 46a, 47a, 48a), non-septate fibers with bordered pits (62p, 66p) axial parenchyma not obvious (77a, 79–89a), exclusively uniseriate heterocellular rays (96p 104a, 105a). These searches returned
+Hamamelidaceae
+, usually
+
+Chunia
+H.T. Chang (1948)
+
+,
+
+Exbucklandia
+R.W. Br. (1946)
+
+,
+
+Hamamelis
+Gronov.
+
+ex
+L
+. (1753), and
+Theaceae Mirb. (1816)
+, usually
+
+Franklinia
+W. Bartram ex Marshall (1785)
+
+,
+
+Gordonia
+Ellis (1770)
+
+,
+
+Schima
+Reinw. ex Blume (1823)
+
+. Although in different orders,
+Saxifragales Bertchtold and J. Presl. (1820)
+and
+Ericales Bertchtold and J. Presl. (1820)
+, respectively, these families have some genera with similar combinations of wood anatomical features, making it difficult, often impossible, to determine the familial affinities of small, isolated pieces of wood. The anatomy of the
+Theaceae
+has been reviewed by
+Liang and Baas (1990
+,
+1991
+); the anatomy of the
+Hamamelidaceae
+has been reviewed by
+Tang (1943)
+and
+Wheeler et al. (2010)
+. Descriptions of species of both families appear in wood anatomical atlases (e.g.,
+Pearson and Brown 1932
+,
+Metcalfe and Chalk 1950
+, Suzuki, et al. 1991,
+Sosef et al. 1998
+,
+Itoh et al. 2022
+, and the online
+FFPRI
+Wood Database, https://db.ffpri.go.jp/WoodDB/index-E.html).
+
+
+Comparison to fossil woods—
+A
+search of the IW fossil wood database using the same features given above returned species assigned to
+
+Corylopsites
+Mathiesen (1932)
+
+and
+
+Hamamelidoxylon
+Lignier (1907)
+
+. The description of
+
+Corylopsites groenlandicus
+Mathiesen (1932)
+
+lacks details on vessel-ray parenchyma pitting, vessel element frequency; it differs in having crystals in both ray and axial parenchyma cells.
+
+Wheeler and
+Manchester
+(2021
+
+,
+Table 2
+) compared
+
+Hamamelidoxylon
+species
+
+with reasonably complete descriptions. Of those species, the most similar to this Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) wood is
+
+H. uniseriatum
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds (but this species usually has rays with procumbent body cells, not intermixed procumbent, square, and upright cells.
+
+
+One of the results, cf.
+
+Hamamelidoxylon
+sp.
+
+Terada et al. (2011)
+, was considered “Family
+incertae sedis”
+. The authors noted that this wood
+type
+had features seen in the
+Hamamelidaceae
+and
+Theaceae
+, as well as
+Illiciaceae A.C. Sm. (1947)
+.
+Illiciaceae
+wood has narrow rays, but not exclusively uniseriate rays and so is not similar to the Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) fossil. We follow Terada et al.’s example and note that while
+UF
+278-84876 has a combination of features that are consistent with
+
+Hamamelidoxylon
+,
+
+we cannot assign it to family. We suggest that some other
+
+Hamamelidoxylon
+species
+
+need reassessment to determine whether or not they have combinations of features unique to the
+Hamamelidaceae
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A316960D57D7F8A2FE899A9C.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A316960D57D7F8A2FE899A9C.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5bcce057fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A316960D57D7F8A2FE899A9C.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PLERANDREOXYLON OSKOLSKII
+
+
+SP
+. NOV.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 19A–G
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis—
+Growth rings distinct, marked by radially flattened latewood fibers, and differences in vessel diameter between latewood and earlywood of subsequent rings.
+
+Semi-ring-porous to ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in radial multiples, small clusters in the latewood. Earlywood with multiple rows of vessels, latewood vessels arranged in a tangential to diagonal pattern in narrower rings. Perforation plates simple, intervessel pits alternate, medium to large; vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, oval to slightly horizontally elongate. Tyloses present.
+Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits; thin to thick-walled; septate.
+Axial parenchyma extremely rare.
+
+Rays predominantly multiseriate, sheath cells occasional, average ray height <
+1 mm
+. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent body cells, or heterocellular with a single marginal row of square cells and weakly procumbent cells. Rays per mm few.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+—
+
+UF 278-84872
+, estimated maximum diameter
+8–9 cm
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Paratype
+—
+
+UF 278-84905
+
+.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill,
+UF
+278.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology—
+Named for our good colleague and friend Alexei Oskolski who has studied
+Araliaceae
+wood and done much to further the field of wood anatomy in general.
+
+
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings distinct, marked by radially flattened latewood fibers. Ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, small clusters in the latewood. Earlywood with multiple rows of vessels; latewood vessels arranged in a tangential to diagonal pattern in narrower rings, mostly in radial multiples, solitary vessels not common (
+Fig. 19A, B
+.). Earlywood vessels 97 (
+SD
+=22) µm, range 48–137 µm. Vessel element lengths commonly 350–500 µm. Perforation plates simple (
+Fig. 19C
+). Intervessel pits alternate, 8–10 µm in horizontal diameter, tending to be angular in outline (
+Fig. 19D
+); vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders and oval to slightly horizontally elongate (
+Fig. 19E
+). Tyloses present (
+Fig. 19C, E, G
+).
+
+
+Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits, septate (
+Fig. 19F
+), thin to thick-walled.
+
+Axial parenchyma extremely rare.
+
+Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent body cells, or heterocellular with a single marginal row of square cells and barely procumbent cells; sheath cells occasional; 3–7 cells wide, mostly 5–6 cells (
+Fig. 19F, G
+). Ray height averages 449 (126) µm, range 126–728 µm; 3–4 rays per mm.
+
+Crystals, oil/mucilage cells, storied structure, and radial canals absent.
+
+Comparisons to extant and fossil woods—
+We searched the InsideWood database multiple times. One search used: distinct growth ring boundaries (1p); wood ring-porous to semi-ring porous (5a, not diffuse-porous); vessels in wavy tangential bands (6p);simple perforation plates (13p); intervessel pits alternate and not minute (22p 24a); vessel-ray parenchyma pits rounded with much reduced borders (30a, 31p); septate fibers (65p); axial parenchyma rare (75p); rays more than 4-seriate, <
+1 mm
+high and with one row of square marginal cells (98p 102a 106p); storied structure, oil/mucilage cells, and radial canals absent (118a 120a 124a 125a 126a 130a). The IW matches only included
+Araliaceae
+(order
+Apiales
+): two modern (
+
+Aralia elata
+var.
+ryukyuensis
+J.Wen (1994)
+
+and
+
+Kalopanax septemlobus
+(Thunb.) Koidz. (1925)
+
+, both East Asian) and two fossil woods (
+
+Plerandreoxylon oregonensis
+Wheeler and Manchester, 2002
+
+, and
+
+Aralinium excellens
+Platen, 1908
+
+), both from the Eocene of the
+USA
+. These two Dietz Hill woods' absence of uniseriate rays and the occasional occurrence of sheath cells are additional features that are consistent with the
+Araliaceae
+. Unfortunately, Platen’s
+
+Aralinium excellens
+
+cannot be placed with certainty in the
+Araliaceae
+and reasonably compared with this Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) wood because its description lacks details on ray cellular composition and height and whether fibers are septate or non-septate (
+Platen 1908
+). Moreover, it was described as having crystals in enlarged cells, a feature not reported for the
+Araliaceae
+.
+
+
+Another search used absence of vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (30a) rather than 31p and absence of obvious axial parenchyma features (77a, 79–86a) rather than
+75p.
+This search returned an additional two modern woods (
+
+Aralia spinosa
+
+L
+., 1753;
+
+Gamblea ciliata
+C.B. Clarke, 1879
+
+;
+Araliaceae
+) and an additional fossil wood (
+
+Evodia gadjirian
+Gregory, 1976
+
+, from an unspecified Eocene site in the vicinity of Post,
+Oregon
+,
+USA
+). Unfortunately, the description of the putative
+
+Evodia
+Forst. and Forst. (1775)
+
+lacked information on intervessel and vessel-ray parenchyma pitting and ray cellular composition; the accompanying images were at too low of a magnification to determine those details. Whether or not this wood truly is
+
+Evodia
+
+(
+Rutaceae
+) or might be
+Araliaceae
+is impossible to determine because the location of Gregory’s material is unknown and so it cannot be reexamined.
+
+
+Alternative searches, e.g., 1p, 4p, 9a, 10a, 13p, 26p, 30a, 31p, 56p, 61p, 65p, 98p, 106p, in addition to
+Araliaceae
+, also retrieved two extant species of
+
+Toricellia
+DC (1830)
+
+(
+Toricelliaceae Hu 1934
+), also in the
+Apiales
+.
+Adams (1949
+, p. 239) remarked “[the] overall character of the wood is suggestive of araliaceaeous affinities.”
+
+Toricellia
+
+differs from the fossil in having helical vessel wall thickenings, taller rays (to
+1.8 mm
+), slightly more rays per mm, scanty paratracheal parenchyma more obvious, and conspicuous tyloses (
+Noshiro and Baas 1998
+).
+
+Toricellia
+DC
+
+, is known by fruits from the Clarno Nut Beds (
+
+Manchester
+et al. 2017
+
+) but is not known from any Post locality.
+
+
+
+Figure 19.
+Araliaceae
+.
+
+Plerandreoxylon oskolski
+
+sp. nov.
+, UF 278-84906.
+A
+. Semi-ring-porous wood with latewood vessels arranged in wavy tangential bands/diagonal arrangement, vessel clusters in latest latewood, axial parenchyma rare, T.S.
+B
+. Semi-ring-porous wood, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, axial parenchyma rare, TS.
+C
+. Simple perforation plates, rays with procumbent body cells, RLS.
+D
+. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS.
+E
+. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval to slightly horizontally elongate in outline, tyloses, RLS.
+F.
+Rays 5-6 cells wide, septate fibers, TLS.
+G
+. Rays predominantly multiseriate, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, G; 100 µm in C, F. 50 µm in E; 20 µm in D.
+
+
+
+There are araliaceous fruits (
+
+Paleopanax oregonensis
+
+
+Manchester
+, 1994
+
+) and two species of fossil wood,
+
+Plerandreoxylon nutbedensis
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+and
+
+Pl. oregonensis
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+, known from the middle Eocene Clarno Formation. This Dietz Hill wood agrees with the diagnosis of
+
+Plerandreoxylon
+
+, aside from “rays usually less than 4-seriate” and so we have emended the diagnosis to rays less than 10-seriate.
+
+Plerandreoxylon nutbedensis
+
+differs in having some scalariform perforation plates, some scalariform intervessel pitting, with uniseriate rays more common;
+
+Pl. oregonensis
+
+has mostly non-septate fibers and some scalariform intervessel pitting (
+
+Wheeler and
+Manchester
+2002
+
+). We consider these differences sufficient to warrant assigning this wood to a new species of
+
+Plerandreoxylon
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31896065403FCB4FCC39E7C.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31896065403FCB4FCC39E7C.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..575ded073d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31896065403FCB4FCC39E7C.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+KLAASSENOXYLON KLAASSENII
+
+(
+WHEELER
+AND
+
+MANCHESTER
+
+)
+COMB
+. NOV.
+
+
+
+
+
+Basionym—
+
+Sapindoxylon klaassenii
+Wheeler et Manchester (2002
+, p. 132
+
+)
+
+
+
+
+The complex pith of
+UF
+278-84882 resembles the piths described by
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson (1992)
+
+for extant
+Allectryon
+and
+
+Guioa
+
+and the fossil
+
+Sapindoxylon guioaoides
+
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson (1992)
+
+. The wood of
+
+Guioa
+
+also resembles this fossil (
+Klaassen 1999
+). Pith anatomy remains an underexplored field, which is unfortunate because in the
+Sapindaceae
+pith features are highly diagnostic (
+Wilkinson 1988
+,
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson 1992
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31896085489FAB6FA549F00.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31896085489FAB6FA549F00.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fba3ab45fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31896085489FAB6FA549F00.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FAGAROXYLON
+VAN DER BURGH, 1964
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CF.
+
+FAGAROXYLON
+SP.
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 18A–I
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, (probably also marginal parenchyma) (
+Fig 18A, B
+).
+
+
+Wood diffuse-porous (
+Fig 18A, B
+). Vessels solitary (14%) and in radial multiples mostly 2–4 (-7), clusters rare; mean tangential diameter 63 (
+SD
+=15) µm, range 28–90 µm; 36–42–50 vessels/mm
+2
+. Perforation plates simple (
+Fig. 18E, F
+); intervessel pits crowded alternate (
+Fig. 18C
+), horizontal diameters small to medium 5–8.5 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma similar to intervessel pits (
+Fig. 18D
+). Vessel element lengths 235–277–353 µm (n=12); vessel element end walls obliquely inclined. Helical sculpturing (grooves) in some narrow vessel elements (
+Fig. 18E, F
+). Gum-like deposits common.
+
+
+Fibers thin-walled, non-septate, pitting not observed (
+Fig. 18E–H
+).
+
+
+Axial parenchyma not common, scanty paratracheal (hard to distinguish from thin-walled fibers) and probably also marginal (
+Fig. 18H
+).
+
+
+Rays 1–4 (-5)-seriate (
+Fig. 17E, G
+). Average ray height 497 (
+SD
+=203) µm, range 181–1062 µm. Homocellular, composed of procumbent cells (
+Fig. 18D, F, I
+), 6–9 per mm, non-storied.
+
+
+Crystals common in chambered axial cells (fibers), strands sometimes adjacent to rays, one crystal per chamber, numerous (10+) crystalliferous chambers per strand (
+Fig. 18E, G, I
+).
+
+
+Specimen—
+UF
+278-84907, estimated maximum diameter
+10 cm
+.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+Comparisons with extant woods—
+We searched the InsideWood database multiple times. One search used diffuse porosity (5p), absence of vessel patterning and exclusively solitary vessels (6-9a), exclusively simple perforation plates (13p 14a), alternate intervessel pitting that is neither minute nor large (22p, 24a, 27a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (30p), average vessel diameter less than 200 µm (43a), vessels per mm
+2
+between five and 100 (46a, 50a), non-septate fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits (61p 66p), axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal and marginal, but not accompanied by more obvious axial parenchyma (78p, 89p, 80-88a), homocellular rays not exclusively uniseriate or greater than 10-seriate (96a, 99a, 104p), storied structure absent (118–122a), oil/mucilage cells and intercellular canals absent (124–130a), prismatic crystals present in fibers (136p 143p). When not allowing any mismatches, this search yielded only
+Meliaceae
+(
+
+Capuronianthus
+
+J
+.-
+F
+.Leroy, 1958;
+
+Quivisianthe
+Baill., 1893
+
+, from
+Madagascar
+(
+Rutaceae
+);
+
+Aeglopsis
+Swingle, 1912
+
+;
+
+Afraegle
+(Swingle) Engl., 1915
+
+, from Africa; and
+Sapindaceae
+(one Asian
+
+Acer
+
+L
+., 1753).
+
+
+When one mismatch was allowed, results again included
+Meliaceae
+(three species),
+Rutaceae
+(12 species),
+Sapindaceae
+(19 species, including 11 of
+
+Acer
+
+). Other families retrieved were
+Combretaceae R.Br.(1810)
+(three
+
+Terminalia
+
+L
+. (1767) species), which differ in having crystals in idioblasts or in having more abundant axial parenchyma),
+Lamiaceae
+(one
+
+Vitex
+species
+
+with mostly septate fibers and crystals of other shapes),
+Fabaceae
+(five species, none have crystals in fibers, although there is the possibility crystals in fibers might have been interpreted as crystals in chambered axial parenchyma as reported for four of them).
+
+
+
+Figure 18
+. Caption on pg. 40.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 18
+.
+Sapindales
+.
+
+Fagaroxylon
+sp.
+
+, UF 278-84907.
+A, B
+. Diffuse-porous wood; vessels solitary and in radial multiples, thin-walled fibers, growth ring boundary marked by radially narrow fibers, and axial parenchyma, TS.
+C.
+Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS.
+D.
+Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) similar to intervessel pits, procumbent ray cells, RLS.
+E.
+Multiseriate rays; crystalliferous strand (C); crowded alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls (E), helical thickenings (HT) in narrow vessel elements, TLS.
+F
+. Ray composed of procumbent cells; narrow vessel element with simple perforation plate (PP) and helical thickenings (HT), RLS.
+G
+. Rays 1‒4-seriate
+,
+crystalliferous strands adjacent to rays (C), TLS.
+H
+. Marginal axial parenchyma (AP); simple perforation plate (PP), RLS.
+I
+. Crystals in fibers, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 100 µm in B, G, 50 µm in E, F, H, I; 20 µm in C, D.
+
+
+
+We tried other searches using slightly different combinations of features, and all of them consistently returned members of the Sapindalean families
+Meliaceae
+,
+Rutaceae
+, and
+Sapindaceae
+. We are confident that this wood belongs to the
+Sapindales
+and are inclined to think that it is most likely related to
+Sapindaceae
+, which is noted as the Sapindalean family most commonly having crystals in fibers (
+Pace et al. 2022
+). It resembles
+
+Acer
+
+most closely, but all present-day
+
+Acer
+
+consistently have helical thickenings in vessel elements, so this wood is not assigned to
+
+Acer
+.
+
+The fruit and seed flora of Dietz Hill has an endocarp that might have affinities with
+
+Acer
+
+(
+
+Manchester
+and McIntosh 2007
+
+).
+
+
+
+Dipteronia
+Oliv. (1889)
+
+is closely related to
+
+Acer
+
+and fruits of it occur in the Teater Road shales that we infer to be of similar age to the Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) locality (
+
+McClain and
+Manchester
+2001
+
+).
+Itoh et al. (2022)
+described
+
+Dipteronia sinensis
+Oliv. (1889)
+
+(under the name
+
+Acer dielsii
+H. Lév. (1912)
+
+. That description differs somewhat from the descriptions and observations of
+
+D. dyeriana
+A. Henry (1903)
+
+and
+
+D. sinensis
+
+made by Peter Gasson (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and Michael Wiemann (
+Center
+for Wood Anatomy Research, Madison) and available on InsideWood (insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu).
+Itoh et al. (2022)
+report helical thickenings in narrow vessel elements and rays commonly more than
+1 mm
+high, features not seen by Gasson or Wiemann. Crystals are not reported for
+
+Dipteronia
+.
+
+
+
+Comparisons with fossil woods—
+Excluding fossil wood descriptions with most features coded as unknown, the results of our searches of InsideWood’s fossil wood database returned two species of
+
+Fagaroxylon
+Van der Burgh (1964)
+
+from the Miocene of Europe.
+
+Fagaroxylon
+
+is a genus created for woods with features of both
+
+Fagara
+
+L
+. (1759), which is now subsumed into
+
+Zanthoxylum
+
+L
+. (1753). Its diagnosis (
+
+Van
+der Burgh 1964
+
+) and later descriptions of
+
+Fagaroxylon bavaricum
+(
+Selmeier 1975
+)
+
+and
+
+Fa. limburgense
+(
+Van der Burgh 1973
+)
+
+are remarkably similar to this Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) wood. Similarities include most vessel features, axial parenchyma distribution, chambered crystals, ray width and cellular composition, and even the occasional occurrence of helical vessel wall thickenings. Vessel frequency is lower in
+
+Fa. limburgense
+
+, but this likely is because in the past vessel multiples (groups) were counted as one unit (
+Wheeler 1986
+).
+
+Fagaroxylon limburgense
+,
+
+the
+type
+species, is reported to have fibers with distinctly bordered pits (diameter 3 µm) in their radial walls, a feature we did not observe in
+UF
+278-84907. Because variations in preservation and the effects thereof can make it difficult to determine whether fiber pits are>3 µm across, we choose to assign
+UF
+278-84907 to
+
+Fagaroxylon
+.
+
+
+
+
+Fagaroxylon
+
+’s combination of features occurs in other genera of
+Rutaceae
+, as well as the
+Meliaceae
+and
+Sapindaceae
+and is not unique to
+
+Zanthoxylum
+
+. It should be noted that seeds that correspond closely to the extant genus
+
+Zanthoxylum
+
+occur at Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+Other Sapindalean fruit and seed remains in the Teater Road shales include
+
+Koelreuteria
+Laxm (1771)
+
+(
+Wang et al 2013
+),
+
+Dipteronia
+
+(
+
+McClain and
+Manchester
+2001
+
+), and several species of
+
+Acer
+
+leaves and fruits (
+Wolfe and Tanai, 1987
+, indicated as “Sheep Rock Creek”).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31B960654ACFBF5FFA89819.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31B960654ACFBF5FFA89819.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9384d6aba4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31B960654ACFBF5FFA89819.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+KLAASSENOXYLON WILKINSONII
+
+
+SP
+. NOV.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 17A–K
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis—
+Growth rings distinct to indistinct. Wood diffuse-porous. Narrow vessels solitary and in short radial multiples. Perforation plates exclusively solitary; intervessel pits alternate, minute to small; vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits. Fibers with simple pits, septate and non-septate. Axial parenchyma rare, scanty paratracheal. Rays uniseriate (rarely biseriate), heterocellular, less than
+1 mm
+tall. Long chains of crystals in fibers,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+—
+
+UF 278-84877
+, estimated maximum diameter
+12 cm
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+—
+
+UF 278-84882
+,
+84897
+, estimated maximum diameters
+2.2 cm
+(with pith),
+4 cm
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology—
+Named for Hazel Wilkinson (1932- 2019), a devoted plant anatomist with a long career at the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew,
+U.K.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers (
+Fig. 17A, B
+).
+
+
+Wood diffuse-porous; vessels solitary 29% in
+UF
+278- 84877, 64% in
+UF
+278-84897 and in radial multiples of 2–3(-4), solitary vessels round to oval in outline (
+Fig. 17A, B
+); mean tangential diameters 74 (16) µm in
+UF
+278-84877, 67 (12) µm in
+UF
+278-83897, total range of both specimens 45–106 µm; 18–23–33 vessels/ mm
+2
+. Perforation plates exclusively simple (
+Fig. 17C, F
+); intervessel pits alternate, minute to small (
+Fig. 17C
+); vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (
+Fig. 17D
+). Average vessel element length 350 (
+SD
+=71) µm, range 249–452 µm.
+
+Axial parenchyma rare, scanty paratracheal, in 3–4-celled strands as viewed in radial section.
+
+Fibers thin- to thick-walled, pitting not observed, septate and non-septate (
+Fig. 17F, G
+).
+
+
+Rays uniseriate (
+Fig. 17F, G
+), with intermixed weakly procumbent to square cells to weakly upright cells; in others a tendency for square to upright cells to be restricted to ray margins; average ray height 346 (
+SD
+=154) µm in
+UF
+.84877; 284 (127) µm in
+UF
+278-84897; 10–14 rays per mm.
+
+Prismatic crystals in chambered fibrous elements.
+
+Description of pith—
+Pith complex, surrounded by a sheath of small cells with dark contents and clusters and strands of fiber-sclereids and sclereids (
+Fig. 17I
+). Pith proper composed of
+two types
+of parenchyma cells: 1) large “empty” rectangular cells that are in radial rows towards the periphery and clusters of isodiametric cells in the center, and 2) small cells with dark contents (tannins?) forming a three-dimensional network throughout the pith and partly segmenting it by concave arches as seen in cross section (
+Fig. 17G
+). There are isodiametric empty cells and dark cells resembling irregular “rosettes” as described by
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson (1992)
+
+for
+
+Sapindoxylon guioaoides
+
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson (1992)
+
+,
+
+Guioa
+Cav. (1797)
+
+, and
+
+Alectryon
+Gaertn. (1788)
+
+. However,
+UF
+278-84882’s pith differs significantly in having a distinct sheath of small-cells including some sclereids bordering the protoxylem. Prismatic crystals present in peripheral pith parenchyma (
+Fig. 17J, K
+).
+
+
+Comparison to extant woods—
+We initially searched the InsideWood database for diffuse-porous wood (5p), vessels solitary and in short multiples and not arranged in an obvious pattern (6–11a), simple perforation plates (13r), minute to small alternate intervessel pitting (22p, 26a, 27a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (30p), vessel tangential diameter averaging less than 200 µm (43a), vessel frequency between 5–40 per mm
+2
+(46a, 49a, 50a), fibers with simple pits (61p), axial parenchyma not obvious (77a, 79–86a), rays exclusively uniseriate (96p), storied structure absent (118a, 120a), and prismatic crystals present in fibers (143p). This first search returned two
+Lythraceae J. St.
+-Hil. (1805) records and 37
+Sapindaceae
+.
+
+
+
+Figure 17
+. Caption on pg. 37.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 17
+.
+Sapindaceae
+.
+
+Klaassenoxylon wilkinsonae
+
+sp. nov.
+A, B
+. Diffuse-porous wood. Vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, UF 278-84877, TS.
+C
+. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, some coalescent apertures, UF 278-84877, TLS.
+D
+. Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting, procumbent ray cells, UF 278-84877, RLS.
+E
+. Rays with barely procumbent and square cells, UF 278-84897, RLS.
+F
+. Uniseriate rays, crystals in chambered fibers (C), UF 278-84877, TLS.
+G
+. Uniseriate rays, septate fibers (S= septae), TLS.
+H
+. Chambered crystals in fibers, UF 278-84897, TLS.
+I
+. Complex pith, UF 278-84882, TS.
+J, K
+. Longitudinal sections ofpith, UF 278-84882. Scale bars=500 µm in A, I; 200 µm in B, J; 100 µm in E. F, K; 50 µm in G; 20 µm in C, D, H.
+
+
+
+Search 2 included presence of both septate and non-septate fibers and yielded one
+Lythraceae
+and 32
+Sapindaceae
+.
+
+
+Search 3 added presence of rays with procumbent, square, and upright cells intermixed throughout the ray (109p) and absence of dimorphic fibers (67a) this narrowed the possibilities to seven sapindaceous genera, one of which,
+
+Lecaniodiscus
+Planch. ex Benth. (1849)
+
+has crystals in ray cells as a constant and so does not match the Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) woods. Consequently, we consider that these woods are allied with the
+Sapindaceae
+.
+
+
+Klaassen (1999
+: p. 174–175) surveyed the wood anatomy of the
+Sapindaceae
+and recognized four wood anatomical
+types
+. These Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) woods fit his
+Type
+IVa, which includes 26 genera that have intervessel pits of 3–6 µm, septate fibers, scanty paratracheal parenchyma, heterocellular uniseriate rays, and crystals in fibrous elements.
+
+Cnesmocarpon
+Adema (1993)
+
+New
+Guinea
+,
+Australia
+),
+
+Delavaya
+Franch. (1886)
+
+(
+China
+),
+
+Gereaua
+Buerki and Callm. (2010)
+
+(syn.
+
+Haplocoelum
+Radlk., 1878
+
+; Africa),
+
+Macphersonia
+Blume (1848)
+
+(Tropical
+E
+. Africa,
+Madagascar
+),
+
+Pseudopteris
+Baill. (1874)
+
+(
+Madagascar
+),
+
+Ungnadia
+Endl.
+
+(1833[1835];
+Mexico
+, sw
+USA
+). Klaassen’s synoptical key with twenty-six features is slightly awkward to use. We excluded genera that have as constant features ones not observed in these fossils (vessels in a radial pattern, mean intervessel pit diameter>7 µm, mean vessel diameter>120 µm, fiber dimorphism present, apotracheal parenchyma abundant, complete sheaths of vasicentric parenchyma, aliform to confluent parenchyma, banded non-marginal parenchyma, idioblastic axial cells, bi- and tri-seriate rays common, mean ray height>
+1 mm
+, rays all homocellular, rays of two distinct sizes, crystals in ray cells). In addition to the six genera listed above as sharing features with
+UF
+278-84887, Klaassen’s key indicates the following genera also have similarity:
+
+Arytera
+Blume (1847)
+
+,
+
+Beguea
+Capuron (1969)
+
+,
+
+Cupania
+
+L
+. (1753),
+
+Cupaniopsis
+Radlk.
+
+(1879/1880),
+
+Diploglottis
+Hook.f. (Bentham and Hooker, 1862)
+
+,
+
+Neotina
+Capuron (1969)
+
+,
+
+Thouinia
+Poit. (1804)
+
+, and
+
+Toechima
+Radlk.
+
+(1877[1879]) of
+Type
+IVa;
+
+Alectryon
+Gaertn. (1788)
+
+,
+
+Matayba
+Aubl. (1775)
+
+,
+
+Schleichera
+Willd. (1805)
+
+of
+Type
+IVb; and
+
+Handeliodendron
+Rehder (1935)
+
+, which did not fit in any of Klaassen’s wood
+type
+groups.
+
+
+Buerki et al.’s (2021) recent analysis of
+Sapindaceae
+recognized four subfamilies and twenty tribes. All six genera from InsideWood Search 3 belong to subfamily
+Sapindoideae Burnett (1835)
+, but to three different tribes:
+Ungnadieae
+Buerki and Callm. (2021) (
+
+Delavaya
+,
+Ungnadia
+
+), Stadmanieae Buerki and Callm. (2021) (
+
+Gereaua
+Buerki and Callm. (2010)
+
+,
+
+Macphersonia
+,
+Pseudopteris
+
+), and Cupanieae Blume (
+
+Cnesmocarpon
+
+).
+
+
+It is tempting to suggest, based on present day geographic distribution as well as shared anatomical features, that these Dietz Hill sapindaceous woods might be related to tribe
+Ungnadieae
+. However, as pointed out by
+Klaassen (1999)
+, wood anatomical differences between the genera of groups IVa and IVb are small and could easily break down upon examination of more species per genus and more specimens per species. The main conclusion of the searches reported above and assorted alternative searches we did consistently yielded multiple
+Sapindaceae
+. We consider the similarity in the complex pith anatomy with some modern and fossil
+Sapindaceae
+as strong support for the family assignment.
+
+
+Comparison to fossil woods—
+The diagnosis of
+
+Sapindoxylon
+
+as adapted by
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson (1992)
+
+from a translation of Kraüsel’s work (1922) follows: “
+Wood
+: Diffuse porous.
+Growth rin
+gs: lacking.
+Vessels
+: 2–8 per mm
+2
+, mostly solitary or paired, seldom in threes, when abutting tangentially flattened, otherwise circular or elliptical. Perforation plates simple with mainly horizontal or slightly oblique end walls.
+Fibres
+: Libriform, forming the groundmass in regularly arranged rows; occasionally septate.
+Wood parenchyma:
+Surrounding the vessels in one or two layers [vasicentric], sometimes also scattered.
+Rays:
+Uniseriate, occasionally biseriate, 3–30 cells high, consisting of one cell
+type
+; the marginal cells occasionally contain a crystal.”
+
+
+It is unfortunate that the vessel frequency was so narrowly defined. Some
+
+Sapindoxylon
+species
+
+do not conform to the diagnosis in that feature, e.g.,
+
+Sapindoxylon guioaoides
+
+(average of 40 vessels mm
+2
+),
+
+S. elattostachyoides
+Grambast-Fessard (1966)
+
+, (20–40 vessels per mm
+2
+),
+
+S. koelreuteroides
+
+
+Poole
+and Wilkinson (1992)
+
+(average of 43 vessels mm
+2
+). These Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) samples have double the number of vessels per mm
+2
+of
+
+Sapindoxylon
+Kraüsel. They
+
+also differ in 1) not having vasicentric axial parenchyma, but just scanty paratracheal; 2) heterocellular rays, rather than homocellular; 3) crystals in fibers/ chambered axial parenchyma, rather than in marginal ray parenchyma cells. These three features were used in
+Klaassen’s (1999)
+synoptic key and so were considered important in recognizing genera.
+
+Sapindoxylon klaassenii
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds differs from the
+Kraüsel’s (1922)
+diagnosis in having rare axial parenchyma and heterocellular rays.
+
+
+Consequently, we choose not to assign
+UF
+278-84887 to
+
+Sapindoxylon
+Kraüsel
+
+and propose the genus
+
+Klaassenoxylon
+
+to accommodate these Eocene sapindaceous woods from
+Oregon
+. We also propose the new combination:
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31E960557C5FAEFFD5E9900.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31E960557C5FAEFFD5E9900.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bf1140e0892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A31E960557C5FAEFFD5E9900.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AESCULUS CONSTABULARISII
+
+
+SP
+. NOV.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 16A–L
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis—
+Wood diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in short radial multiples. Mean tangential diameters <100 µm. Perforation plates simple, intervessel pits alternate, small to medium; vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits. Widely spaced helical thickenings throughout the vessel elements.
+
+Fibers non-septate.
+Axial parenchyma not common, some scanty paratracheal and marginal.
+Rays exclusively uniseriate; homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, non-storied.
+
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+—
+
+UF 278-84887
+, estimated maximum diameter 10+ cm.
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology—
+Named for Adam Constabularis, NC State Library IT guru, who watches over the InsideWood web site.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers.
+
+
+Wood diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous with a concentration of vessels at the beginning of a growth ring (
+Fig. 16A–C
+); vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3 (rarely 4–5); mean tangential diameter 83 (17) µm, range 44–105 µm; 61–74 vessels/mm
+2
+. Perforation plates simple (
+Fig. 16E–F, J, K
+); intervessel pits alternate (
+Fig. 16G
+), horizontal diameter 5.5–7.5 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits slightly smaller than intervessel pits (
+Fig. 16H
+). Vessel element lengths 302–438–588 µm; vessel element end walls inclined. Widely spaced inclusions present (
+Fig. 16J
+). Helical thickenings throughout vessel elements (
+Fig. 16K, L
+).
+
+
+Fibers thin-thick-walled, non-septate, pitting not observed (
+Fig. 16K
+).
+
+Axial parenchyma not common, some scanty paratracheal, and some in growth ring margins.
+
+Rays exclusively uniseriate (
+Fig. 16I–K
+). Average ray height 11 cells, range 4–26. Homocellular, composed of procumbent cells (
+Fig. 16L
+), 8–12 per mm, non-storied.
+
+Oil/mucilage cells and crystals not observed.
+
+Comparisons with modern woods—
+In the InsideWood database, only genera of
+Sapindaceae
+have this combination of features: wood not ring-porous (3a), vessels solitary and in short multiples with a random arrangement (6a 7a 8a 9a 10a), simple perforation plates (13p), alternate intervessel pit small-medium (22p 24a 27a), vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting (30p), helical thickenings throughout vessel elements (36p 37p), vessel diameter not large (43a), non-septate fibers without obvious pits (61p 66p), axial parenchyma not conspicuous (77a 79a 80a 83a 84a 85a 86a), exclusively uniseriate homocellular rays (96p 104p). Of the eleven matching genera, only
+
+Aesculus
+
+has exclusively non-septate fibers, the other genera have predominantly septate fibers.
+
+
+Consequently, we consider this wood to belong to the
+Sapindaceae
+, Tribe
+Hippocastaneae
+, a tribe with a disjunct distribution (
+Stevens, 2001
+-onwards). Kew’s Plants of the World (
+POWO 2023
+) recognizes 12 accepted species of
+
+Aesculus
+.
+
+Wood anatomical differences between the species include vessel-ray parenchyma pitting
+type
+, diameter and abundance of vessels, presence/absence of storied rays or marginal parenchyma.
+Klaassen (1999)
+noted that
+
+Handeliodendron
+Rehder (1935)
+
+wood is nearly identical to
+
+Aesculus
+,
+
+but it has only heterocellular rays. Both genera have widely spaced helical thickenings in the vessels, a unique feature within the
+Sapindaceae
+; in other sapindaceous genera with helical thickenings the thickenings are closely spaced (
+Klaassen 1999
+,
+Itoh et al. 2022
+).
+
+
+The clades recovered by phylogenetic analyses of the
+Sapindaceae
+(e.g.,
+Xiang et al. 1998
+,
+Harris et al., 2009
+,
+Du et al., 2020
+) generally align with the five groups recognized on the basis of morphology by
+Hardin (1957)
+. The exception is the position of
+
+Aesculus californica
+(Spach) Nutt. (1838)
+
+, which was recovered as belonging Section
+
+Calothyrsus
+Spach (1834)
+
+along with the Asian species,
+
+A. chinensis
+Bung
+
+e
+(1833),
+
+A. assamica
+Griff. (1854)
+
+,
+
+A. indica
+(Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. (1859)
+
+. All the aforementioned species have vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to the intervessel pits (
+IAWA
+feature 30). There are no wood anatomical descriptions for species in Sections
+
+Macrothyrsus
+Spach (1834)
+
+or
+Parryana.
+Available information on Section
+
+Pavia
+
+indicates its species differ as they have horizontally elongate vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders. Section
+
+Aesculus
+species
+
+(
+
+A. turbinata
+Blume, 1847
+
+,
+
+A. hippocastanum
+
+L
+., 1753) have storied structure or a tendency to it as do
+
+A. chinensis
+
+and
+
+A. indica
+
+of Section
+
+Calothyrsus
+Spach (1834)
+
+.
+
+
+The concentration of vessels at the beginning of a growth ring is unusual for
+
+Aesculus
+
+, but a tendency to this feature occurs in some samples of
+
+A. turbinata
+
+and
+
+A. chinensis
+.
+
+In most extant
+
+Aesculus
+
+the vessels are more crowded than in this fossil, but in some
+
+A. indica
+
+and
+
+A. californica
+
+samples the vessels are as widely spaced as in this late Eocene wood. Available information on present-day
+
+Aesculus
+
+wood anatomy suggests that
+
+A. klaassenii
+
+belongs to Section
+
+Calothyrsus
+
+because it has vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting and is closest to
+
+A. californica
+
+because it lacks storied structure.
+
+
+Comparisons with fossil woods—
+We only know of five reports of fossil woods suggested to be related to
+
+Aesculus
+(Gregory et al. 2009)
+
+. There are three Miocene woods that we consider reliably assigned to
+
+Aesculus
+:
+
+
+A. hankinsii
+Prakash and Barghoorn (1961)
+
+from
+Washington
+,
+USA
+;
+
+A. mioxyla
+Suzuki and Terada (1996)
+
+from
+Japan
+;
+
+Aesculus
+sp.
+
+from
+Korea
+(
+Jeong et al. 2004
+). All three are strictly diffuse-porous with vessels more crowded than this Eocene wood.
+
+Aesculus hankinsii
+
+differs as its numerous vessels are evenly distributed throughout the growth ring and rays show a tendency to storied structure.
+
+Aesculus mioxyla
+
+also has evenly distributed vessels as well as weakly storied rays. Two reports are questionable as their descriptions lack the details (e.g., vessel-ray parenchyma pits) necessary to confirm relationships with
+
+Aesculus
+
+or the
+Sapindaceae
+:
+
+Aesculoxylon deccanense
+Trivedi and Srivastava (1982)
+
+from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds and
+
+Aesculus
+sp.
+
+from the Eocene of Montana (
+Yamamoto and Chadwick 1982
+). Since this Dietz Hill wood is assignable to
+
+Aesculus
+,
+
+but does not match any extant or fossil species, we have assigned it to the new species,
+
+A. klaassenii
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A321960057FCF9D2FBB39FEB.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A321960057FCF9D2FBB39FEB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cfb0b12f98b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A321960057FCF9D2FBB39FEB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+CANNABACEAE
+/
+MORACEAE WOOD
+
+TYPE
+
+2
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 15A–I
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings distinct (
+Fig. 15A, B
+), ring width
+0.2–0.9 mm
+. Wood ring-porous or semi-ring porous. Wide vessels in earlywood solitary and in pairs, tangential diameters average 182 (
+SD
+29) µm, range 123– 247 µm; narrow vessels solitary, in radial multiples, and occasionally in clusters (
+Fig. 15A, B
+). Perforation plates exclusively simple(
+Fig. 15C
+); intervessel pitting crowded alternate, oval to polygonal (
+Fig. 15D, E
+), 8–11
+–
+13 µm in horizontal diameter; vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, oval in outline (
+Fig. 15F
+). Helical thickenings observed in some of the narrowest vessels (
+Fig. 15C
+). Vessel element lengths difficult to measure because of the abundant tyloses (
+Fig. 15G
+), 205–333 µm (n=3).
+
+
+
+Figure 14
+.
+Urticales
+.
+Cannabaceae
+/
+Moraceae Wood
+Type 1. UF 278-87894.
+A, B
+. Wood diffuse-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; marginal parenchyma, TS.
+C
+. Alternate intervessel pitting, polygonal in outline, simple perforation plates, ray with sheath cells, TLS.
+D
+. Vessel to parenchyma pits, similar in size to intervessel pitting with reduced borders, RLS.
+E
+. Rays predominantly multiseriate, 1-2-seriate rays rare, TLS.
+F
+. Ray body cells procumbent, marginal row of upright/square cells, RLS. Scale bars‒500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, E; 100 µm in F; 50 µm in C, D.
+
+
+
+Axial parenchyma hard to distinguish in cross sections, probably vasicentric, confluent, and marginal (initial) bands, commonly in strands of 2–4 (
+Fig. 15D
+).
+
+
+Rays commonly 4–5 (–6)-seriate, uniseriate rays rare (
+Fig. 15G
+); multiseriate rays heterocellular with procumbent body cells and usually 1–3 (-4) marginal rows of square to upright cells (
+Fig. 15H
+), weakly defined sheath cells in a few rays (
+Fig. 15G
+); average multiseriate ray height 295 (
+SD
+=99) µm, range 128–539 µm; ~4-5 rays per mm. Non-storied.
+
+
+Solitary prismatic crystals occasional in upright ray cells (
+Fig. 15I
+)
+
+
+Specimen—
+UF
+278-84906, estimated maximum diameter
+11 cm
+.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+
+
+Comments—
+It is difficult to determine if this is a vine or a ring-porous wood (shrub, sapling, or tree branch) with very narrow growth rings. The cross-sectional areas of woody vines typically have a high proportion of vessels (e.g.,
+Carlquist 1991
+,
+Baas et al. 2004
+,
+Angyalossy et al. 2015
+), as is seen in this fossil. When ring-porous arborescent plants have narrow growth rings, those rings will consist mostly of earlywood and have a high proportion of vessels; consequently, samples from such areas can resemble woody vines (see
+
+Fig.
+8 in
+
+IAWA Committee 1989
+).
+
+
+
+Figure 15
+. Caption on pg. 32.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 15
+.
+Urticales
+,
+Cannabaceae
+/
+Moraceae Wood
+Type 2. UF 278-84906.
+A, B
+. Distinct growth rings, vessels solitary and in short radial multiples, occasional clusters; thin-walled tyloses, TS.
+C.
+Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element with helical thickenings, RLS.
+D
+. Series of vessel elements with crowded alternate intervessel pitting, angular in outline, TLS.
+E
+. Crowded alternate intervessel pitting, TLS.
+F.
+Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, round to oval in outline, RLS.
+G
+. Thin-walled tyloses, rays predominantly multiseriate, weakly differentiated sheath cells (S), ray cells polygonal in outline, TLS.
+H
+. Heterocellular rays with procumbent body cells; thin-walled tyloses, RLS.
+I
+. Heterocellular ray, crystals (C) in square and upright ray cells, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in G, H; 50 µm in D, I; 20 µm in C, E, F.
+
+
+
+Moreover, because of the narrow rings the porosity
+type
+is not obvious. Other difficulties with this sample include: 1) determining latewood vessel arrangement because of the narrow growth rings, and 2) differences between fibers and axial parenchyma in transverse section are not obvious, so axial parenchyma distribution is difficult to determine, but given the parenchyma strands visible in longitudinal sections, we suspect marginal (wide initial bands) as well as vasicentric and confluent are present.
+
+
+Comparisons with modern woods—
+We began by searching InsideWood’s modern wood database for this combination of features: 1p (growth rings distinct), vessels not exclusively solitary (9a), exclusively simple perforation plates (13p 14a), intervessel pits alternate, polygonal in outline and medium- to large-sized (22p, 23p, 24a, 25a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders (30a), helical thickenings in narrower vessel elements (39p), tangential vessel diameter not narrow (40a, 41a), tyloses common (56p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p, 66p), larger rays 4–10-seriate (98p), less than
+1 mm
+high (102a), not of two distinct sizes (103a), heterocellular with procumbent body cells (104a, 105a, 109a), tile cells absent (111a), storied structure, radial canals, and oil/mucilage cells absent (118–121a, 124–126a, 130a). This search returned six matches:
+
+Rhus chinensis
+Mill. (1768)
+
+(
+Anacardiaceae
+),
+
+Celtis laevigata
+
+(
+Cannabaceae
+),
+
+Maclura pomifera
+(Raf.) C.K. Schneid. (1906)
+
+,
+
+Morus alba
+,
+Mo. nigra
+
+L
+. (1753),
+
+Mo. rubra
+,
+
+and
+
+Mo. serrata
+Roxb. (Moracee)
+
+. We think it unlikely that this fossil has affinities with
+
+Rhus
+
+because ray structure and appearance are quite different. Both
+
+Celtis
+
+and
+
+Maclura
+
+include species that are ring-porous or vines. Consequently, we suggest that this wood has affinities with the urticalean group, and most probably with
+Moraceae
+. According to ter
+Welle et al. (1986)
+, the climber
+
+Maclura cochinchinensis
+(Lour.) Corner (1962)
+
+ranges from
+Sri Lanka
+and
+India
+to
+China
+and
+Japan
+, and throughout the Malesian Archipelago; it has variable anatomy and includes samples that are semi-ring- to ring-porous and that have helical thickenings.
+
+
+Comparison with fossil woods—
+When we searched the Fossil Hardwood database using equivalent features in the Fossil Hardwood menu for that database, the results only included descriptions with most diagnostic features coded as unknown. Allowing one mismatch, returned 17 matches, 12 of which lack information on vessel-ray parenchyma pitting. Among the results were two reports of
+
+Moroxylon xinhuanensis
+Yin, Liu, and Cheng (2013)
+
+, a distinctly ring-porous wood from the Neogene of
+China
+(
+Yin et al. 2013
+,
+Cheng et al. 2018
+). It is possible that
+UF
+278-84906 is a ring-porous wood with narrow rings, but the diagnosis of
+
+Moroxylon
+Selmeier (1993)
+
+includes “groups of small vessels, especially in the latewood, forming a pattern of tangential or discontinuous oblique bands” and in this wood with its narrow rings that is not visible. Although it is likely this wood is
+Moraceae
+, we think it better to refer to it as
+Cannabaceae
+/
+Moraceae Wood
+Type
+2 because of the possibility of a relationship with
+
+Celtis
+.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A321963F54CCFF3CFB399EBC.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A321963F54CCFF3CFB399EBC.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ede7c4cf383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A321963F54CCFF3CFB399EBC.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+CANNABACEAE
+/
+MORACEAE WOOD
+
+TYPE
+
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 14A–F
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, and marginal axial parenchyma. Narrow latewood vessels in the marginal parenchyma bands (
+Fig. 14A, B
+).
+
+
+Wood diffuse-porous; vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3 (
+Fig. 14A, B
+); mean tangential diameter of vessels 164 µm (
+SD
+=27), range 118–218 µm; 6–10 vessels per mm
+2
+. Perforation plates simple; intervessel pits alternate (
+Fig. 14C
+), horizontal diameter 9–12 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to the intervessel pits, simple or with reduced borders (
+Fig. 14D
+). Vessel element lengths short, <350 µm; vessel element end walls slightly inclined. Thin-walled tyloses present.
+
+Fibers thin- to thick-walled, non-septate, pitting not observed.
+
+Axial parenchyma marginal, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric (
+Fig. 14A, B
+); strands of 4–8 cells.
+
+
+Rays (1–2) 3–6 seriate, mostly 4–5-seriate; uniseriate rays rare; average multiseriate ray height 489 (
+SD
+=180) µm, range 191–842 µm. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, and heterocellular with 1-2 marginal rows of square/upright cells, rarely more (
+Fig. 14F
+); sheath cells in some rays (
+Fig. 14C
+); 4–7 per mm.
+
+Storied structure, oil/mucilage cells, and crystals not observed.
+
+Specimen—
+UF
+278-84894, estimated maximum diameter 20+ cm.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+Comparisons with extant woods—
+Our initial search of InsideWood used: presence of distinct growth ring boundaries (1p), wood diffuse-porous (5p), absence of exclusively solitary vessels, distinct vessel arrangement, and radial multiples of ten or more common (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10a), presence of simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits that are not minute or small (13p, 22p, 24a 25a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders (31p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p, 66p), scanty paratracheal, vasicentric axial parenchyma and marginal parenchyma present (78p,
+79p.
+89p), maximum ray width 4–10-seriate (98p), rays not>
+1mm
+or of two sizes (102, 103a), rays not composed of all upright cells or markedly heterocellular or with intermixed procumbent and square/upright cells (105a, 108a 109a), sheath cells present (110p), storied structure and oil/mucilage cells absent (118a, 119a, 120a, 124a 125a 126a), radial canals required absent (130e). If no mismatches are allowed, this particular search only returns
+
+Morus
+spp.
+
+
+
+Allowing one mismatch returns
+
+Morus
+spp.
+
+again, two species of
+
+Celtis
+
+(
+Cannabaceae
+), and
+
+Petersianthus
+Merrill (1916)
+
+(
+Lecythidaceae A. Rich. (1826b)
+. The last genus can be excluded because its parenchyma is aliform-confluent and diffuse-in-aggregates to narrow bands. According to Kew’s Plants of the World (
+POWO 2023
+), there are 17 accepted species of
+
+Morus
+
+and 66 accepted species of
+
+Celtis
+.
+
+
+
+Of the images of diffuse-porous woods of
+Moraceae
+in InsideWood, it looked as if only
+
+Morus insignis
+Bureau (1873)
+
+(Uw 24976) had axial parenchyma distribution similar to this Dietz Hill wood, all others had more abundant axial parenchyma. In the Chinese Atlas (
+Itoh et al. 2022
+), diffuse-porous
+
+Morus
+
+also appear to have more abundant axial parenchyma. The diffuse-porous
+
+Mo. macroura
+Miq. (1851)
+
+(TWTw 13642) and
+
+Celtis africana
+Burm. f.
+
+(FPAw 31962, Kw
+IND
+.845) both appear to have narrow vessel elements embedded in seemingly marginal parenchyma. has narrow vessel elements embedded in seemingly marginal parenchyma.
+
+
+This wood has a combination of features found in
+
+Celtis
+
+and
+
+Morus
+.
+
+
+
+Comparisons with fossil woods—
+When no mismatches are allowed, the only matches in the fossil wood database were two descriptions with most features coded as unknowns. If one mismatch is allowed,
+
+Scottoxylon eocenicum
+
+(
+Urticales
+, family unknown) from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds is returned (
+
+Wheeler and
+Manchester
+2002
+
+), but it has more axial parenchyma as does the other result,
+
+Dracontomeloxylon palaeomangiferum
+Prakash (1979)
+
+from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds. There does not appear to be a previously described fossil wood that is a good match for this Dietz Hill wood. Because of this wood's resemblance to both
+
+Celtis
+
+(
+Cannabaceae
+) and
+
+Morus
+
+(
+Moraceae
+) we refer to it as
+Cannabaceae
+/
+Moraceae Wood
+Type
+1.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A324963F57C0FE34FE4E9B92.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A324963F57C0FE34FE4E9B92.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7a0dd94aac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A324963F57C0FE34FE4E9B92.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+URTICALEOXYLON STEVENSII
+
+
+SP
+. NOV.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 13A–I
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis—
+Same as genus.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+—
+
+UF 278-84893
+, estimated maximum diameter
+8 cm
+.
+
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+
+
+Etymology—
+Named for Peter
+F
+. Stevens in thanks for the creation and maintenance of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
+
+
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, and marginal axial parenchyma (
+Fig. 13A–C
+). Wood semi-ring-porous; vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3 (rarely 4) (
+Fig. 13A
+); mean tangential diameter of earlywood vessels 119 µm (
+SD
+=18), range 78–150 µm. Perforation plates simple (
+Fig. 13E, F, H, I
+); intervessel pits alternate (
+Fig. 13D
+), horizontal diameter 8–11 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate, simple or with reduced borders (
+Fig. 13E
+). Mean vessel element length 377 (
+SD
+=148) µm; range 153–594 µm vessel element end walls inclined to nearly horizontal. Thin-walled tyloses (
+Fig. 13D, I
+).
+
+
+Fibers thin- to thick-walled, mostly non-septate, occasionally septate, pitting not observed (
+Fig. 13H, I
+).
+
+
+Axial parenchyma marginal, scanty paratracheal, vasicentric, more abundant in the latest latewood with some aliform-confluent (
+Fig. 13B, C
+); strands of 2–4 cells (
+Fig. 13H, I
+).
+
+
+Rays 1–6 seriate, mostly 4–5-seriate; uniseriate rays short, usually less than five cells high (
+Fig. 12G–I
+); average multiseriate ray height 448 (
+SD
+=199) µm, 216–878 µm. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, and heterocellular with 1–2 marginal rows of square/ upright cells, rarely more; 4–6 per mm.
+
+
+Occasional solitary prismatic crystals in upright marginal ray cells (
+Fig. 13H, I
+).
+
+Storied structure and oil/mucilage cells not observed.
+
+
+
+Comments—
+Fine fungal hyphae are common in the sample and can be confused with septate fibers. Most fibers appear non-septate, but there are a few septate fibers as well.
+
+
+Comparisons with extant plants—
+We searched InsideWood multiple times using slightly different combinations of features. In all searches we used: presence of distinct growth ring boundaries (1p), wood semi-ring-porous (4p), absence of exclusively solitary vessels, distinct vessel arrangement, and radial multiples of 10 or more common (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10a), presence of simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits that are not minute (13p, 22p, 24a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders and horizontally elongate (32p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p, 66p), vasicentric axial parenchyma (79p), maximum ray width 4-10-seriate (98p), rays not composed of all upright cells or markedly heterocellular or with intermixed procumbent and square/upright cells (105a, 108a 109a), storied structure and oil/mucilage cells absent (118a, 120a, 124a 125a 126a), radial canals absent (130a), prismatic crystals in square/upright ray cells (136p, 137p).
+
+
+
+Figure 13
+. Caption on pg. 28.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 13
+.
+Urticales
+.
+
+Urticaleoxylon stevensii
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+, UF 278-84893.
+A
+. Wood semi-ring-porous, vessels solitary and in radial multiples.
+B, C.
+Vessels solitary and radial multiples of 2‒3; marginal, scanty paratracheal, and vasicentric axial parenchyma.
+D
+. Alternate intervessel pitting, oval to slightly angular in outline, thin-walled tyloses.
+E
+. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) horizontally elongated.
+F
+. Ray composed of procumbent body cells and square to upright marginal cells, simple perforation plates, axial parenchyma strands adjacent to vessels.
+G, H.
+Rays 1 to 4‒5-seriate, multiseriate rays usually with one marginal square/upright cell; uniseriate rays not common, axial parenchyma strands of four cells.
+I.
+Solitary prismatic crystal (C) in marginal ray cell, widely spaced thin-walled tyloses. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, G; 100 µm in C, F, H; 50 µm in I; 20 µm in D, E.
+
+
+
+A
+search using the features listed above and not allowing mismatches returned only
+Cannabaceae
+(
+
+Celtis
+
+) and
+Moraceae
+(
+
+Morus
+
+L
+., 1753;
+
+Maclura
+Nutt., 1818
+
+). Semi-ring-porous
+
+Celtis
+
+commonly have vessel clusters and the diffuse-porous species have more axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma is much more abundant and there are more vessel multiples in
+
+Maclura
+(ter
+Welle et al., 1986
+)
+
+.
+A
+search allowing a single mismatch returned
+
+Antiaris
+Lesch. (1810)
+
+and
+
+Helicostylis
+Trécul (1847)
+
+, both
+Moraceae
+. When we added presence of both septate and non-septate fibers (65p 66p), there were no matches, but allowing one mismatch also returned
+Cannabaceae
+(
+
+Celtis
+
+) and
+Moraceae
+(
+
+Antiaris
+,
+Morus
+,
+
+and
+
+Maclura
+
+) as well as a
+
+Toxicodendron
+Mill.
+
+(1754;
+Anacardiaceae R. Brown, 1818a
+) differing in ray size and appearance of vessel-ray parenchyma pits;
+
+Vitex
+
+L
+. (1753) spp. (
+Verbenaceae J. Saint-Hilaire, 1805
+), which only has septate fibers;
+
+Cedrela
+P. Browne (1756)
+
+(
+Meliaceae Jussieu, 1789
+)), which can be excluded because of its small intervessel pits and vessel-ray parenchyma pits being similar to the intervessel pits.
+
+
+Porosity in present-day
+
+Celtis
+
+and
+
+Morus
+
+woods varies, with temperate zone species being ring-porous, subtropical species semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous, and tropical species diffuse-porous. There is also variation within species. The FFPRI’s Database of Japanese Woods (https://db.ffpri.go.jp/WoodDB/
+JWDB-E
+/home.php) has images of multiple samples of
+
+Morus alba
+
+L
+. (1753),
+
+M. boninensis
+Koidz. (1917)
+
+and
+
+Broussonetia papyrifera
+
+(
+L
+.) L’Hér.ex Vent.(1799). Most are ring-porous with latewood vessels in clusters tending to be arranged in wavy tangential bands, but some samples have porosity, vessel grouping and arrangement similar to
+UF
+278-84893:
+
+Mo. alba
+
+(TWTw 17381);
+
+B. papyrifera
+
+(TWTw 19291, TWTw 23325). One of the two
+FFPRI
+samples of
+
+Mo. bonienesis
+
+(TWTw 10933) also is similar.
+
+
+Kew’s Plants of the World accepts 19 species of
+
+Morus
+(
+POWO 2023
+)
+
+; ter
+Welle et al (1986)
+described the wood anatomy of seven species; InsideWood has descriptions and/or images of eleven species.
+
+
+We infer that this Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) wood belongs to the group of families once placed in the
+Urticales
+, but now considered to belong to the
+Rosales
+and informally referred to as the urticalean rosids.
+
+
+Consequently, we propose the genus
+
+Urticaleoxylon
+
+to accommodate such woods.
+
+
+Comparisons with fossil plants—
+There are no fossil woods in the InsideWood database that exactly match the criteria used to search the modern wood database.
+
+
+
+Celtis popsii
+Wheeler and Manchester (2021)
+
+occurs at the Post Hammer location (
+UF
+279). It differs from this Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) wood because its latewood vessels are in clusters arranged in wavy tangential bands, rays are of two size classes, and sheath cells are present.
+
+
+At the older middle Eocene Nut Beds locality, there were three woods placed in the
+Urticales
+(
+
+Wheeler and
+Manchester
+2002
+
+).
+
+Scottoxylon eocenicum
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+was one of the most common Clarno Nut Beds woods with more that 50 samples. It differs from this Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) woods as axial parenchyma is more common, rays are larger, and none of the samples had crystals.
+Doweld (2021)
+proposed that
+
+Scottoxylon
+
+be replaced because it was a homonym of an earlier genus name,
+
+Scotoxylon
+Vogellehner (1968)
+
+; unfortunately, the name he proposed,
+
+Alloceltidoxylon
+Doweld (2021)
+
+, implies affinities with
+
+Celtis
+.
+
+We retain
+
+Scottoxylon
+
+because it was validly published (note this spelling differs from
+
+Scotoxylon
+Vogellehner
+
+; the botanical code of nomenclature recommends against, but does not prohibit, similar spelling. Clarno Urticalean Wood
+Types
+I
+and
+II
+also had more abundant axial parenchyma than is known for
+
+Celtis
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A327963A5573F916FD5F9D73.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A327963A5573F916FD5F9D73.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..892be2ca0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A327963A5573F916FD5F9D73.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+CF.
+
+MOROXYLON
+SELMEIER, 1933
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 12A–F
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers, and marginal axial parenchyma (
+Fig. 12A, B
+).
+
+
+Wood ring-porous; earlywood zone narrow with 1–2 rows of earlywood vessels that are rounded in outline (
+Fig. 12A–C
+); mean tangential diameter of earlywood vessels 91 µm (
+SD
+=16), range 67–132 µm; latewood vessels often in a diagonal arrangement, solitary and in radial multiples (
+Fig. 12B
+), vessel clusters uncommon. Perforation plates simple (
+Fig. 12D‒F
+); intervessel pits alternate, polygonal in outline (
+Fig. 12D
+), horizontal diameter 8–11 µm. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to intervessel pits (
+Fig. 12F
+). Vessel elements short, typically less than 200 µm. Thin-walled tyloses. Helical thickenings not observed.
+
+
+Fibers thin- to thick-walled, mostly non-septate, occasionally septate (
+Fig. 14D, E
+), pitting not observed. Vasicentric/vascular tracheids absent.
+
+
+Axial parenchyma marginal and confluent (
+Fig. 12A– C
+); strands of 2–4 cells (
+Fig. 14D, E
+).
+
+
+Rays 1–3 (-4) seriate; uniseriate rays rare, average multiseriate ray height 263 (
+SD
+=65) µm, 166–432 µm. Rays homocellular, composed of procumbent cells, and heterocellular with 1-2 marginal rows of square/upright cells (
+Fig. 12D–F
+), rarely more, 4–6 per mm.
+
+Storied structure and oil/mucilage cells not observed.
+
+Specimen—
+UF
+278-84899, estimated maximum diameter
+4 cm
+.
+
+
+Occurrence—
+Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278).
+
+
+
+
+Comments—
+The intervessel pits and most of the vessel-ray parenchyma pits have a similar size, but we found it difficult to determine whether the vessel-ray parenchyma pits did or did not have reduced borders. The occurrence of tyloses suggests that they have reduced borders (
+Chattaway 1949
+,
+Bonsen and Kucera 1990
+, Wheeler et al. 2007).
+
+
+
+Figure 11.
+Ulmaceae
+.
+
+Ulmus woodii
+.
+
+A.
+Pith composed of isodiameteric parenchymatous cells, first ring of wood with vessels mostly solitary and in radial alignment, TS, UF 278-84883.
+B.
+Rings 2 and 3 semi-ring-porous, TS, UF 278-84883.
+C.
+Outermost rings of the sample, latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters in a ulmiform pattern, UF 278-84866.
+D‒F.
+Rays composed of procumbent cells, crowded alternate intervessel pits (IVP), vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) of similar size to intervessel pits, crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), RLS, UF 278-62702.
+E
+. Ray mostly 3‒5-seriate, uniseriate rays rare, TLS.
+F
+. Multiseriate rays, and crystalliferous axial parenchyma strands (C), TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A–C; 100 µm in E; 50 µm in D, F.
+
+
+
+Comparisons with modern woods—
+We searched InsideWood for ring-porous woods (3p) with vessels solitary and in short radial multiples (9a 10a), latewood with a diagonal pattern (7p), simple perforation plates (13p), alternate intervessel pitting that is not minute (22p 24a), vessel-ray parenchyma pitting both similar to intervessel pits (30p) and with reduced borders to apparently simple (31p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p 66p), confluent axial parenchyma (83p), rays not exclusively uniseriate or>10-seriate (96a 99a), rays not comprised of all upright cells (105a) and not markedly heterocellular (108a), storied structure absent (118a 120a), oil/mucilage cells absent (124–126a), and radial canals absent (130a).
+
+
+This search with 30p and 31p gave two exact matches:
+
+Celtis australis
+
+L
+. (1753) and
+
+Broussonetia papyrifera
+
+(
+L
+.) l'Hér. ex Vent (1799). If only 30p is used, the results also include
+
+Catalpa bignonioides
+Walter.
+
+,
+
+Ca. speciosa
+Teas
+
+(1875;
+Bignoniaceae
+),
+
+Celtis tournefortii
+Lam.
+
+(1797;
+Cannabaceae
+),
+
+Ehretia acuminata
+R.Br.
+
+(1810;
+Boraginaceae Juss.,1789
+),
+
+Gymnocladus dioicus
+
+(
+L
+.)
+K
+.Koch (1869),
+
+Platyosprion platycarpum
+Maxim.
+
+(1877;
+Fabaceae
+),
+
+Melia azedarach
+
+L
+. (1753;
+Meliaceae
+),
+
+Phellodendron chinense
+C.K. Schneid. (1907)
+
+,
+
+Ptelea trifoliata
+
+L
+. (1753;
+Rutaceae Juss., 1789
+). If only 31p is used, the results also include
+
+Rhus chinensis
+Mill.
+
+(1768;
+Anacardiaceae
+) and
+
+R. virens
+Lindh. ex A. Gray (1850)
+
+,
+Ce. biondi
+Pamp. (1910;
+Cannabaceae
+),
+Ce. bungeana
+Blume (1852),
+Ce. jessoensis
+Koidz.,
+
+Morus alba
+
+(
+Moraceae
+),
+
+Mo. cathayana
+Hemsl. (Forbes and Hemsley, 1894)
+
+, and
+
+Mo. serrata
+Roxb. (1832)
+
+. It seems most probable that this wood belongs to the
+Urticales
+group.
+
+
+
+Figure 12
+.
+Urticales
+. cf.
+
+Moroxylon
+sp.
+
+, UF 278-84899.
+A‒C
+. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 1‒2 vessels deep, latewood vessels solitary and in radial multiples in a diagonal pattern, TS.
+D
+. Crowded alternate pits, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells. TLS.
+E
+. Vessel elements with inclined end walls, rays predominantly 3-seriate, axial parenchyma strands of 2‒3 cells, TLS.
+F
+. Simple perforation plates, crowded alternate intervessel pits, vessel-parenchyma pits of similar size to intervessel pits; ray parenchyma cells square and weakly procumbent, RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, E; 50 µm in D, F.
+
+
+
+Narrow earlywood zones as seen in this wood are fairly common in
+
+Celtis
+
+as shown by a review of images in the Chinese Wood Atlas (
+Itoh et al. 2022
+), e.g.,
+Ce. biondi, Ce. bungeana, Ce.
+
+sinensis
+Pers. (1805)
+
+,
+Ce. tetrandra
+Roxb. (1832),
+Ce. vandervoetiana
+C
+.
+K
+. Schneid. (Sargent 1917). InsideWood’s image collection shows this feature also occurs in
+
+Ce.
+australis
+. Ce.
+
+
+laevigata
+Willd. (1814)
+
+, and
+
+Ce.
+occidentalis
+
+L
+. (1753). However, these species usually have obvious vessel clusters in latewood, unlike this fossil, and wider rays, usually with obvious sheath cells. Also, prismatic crystals occur in all
+
+Celtis
+
+woods described to date. Septate fibers do not occur in the
+Cannabaceae
+.
+
+
+Earlywood zones with 1–2 rows of wide vessels also occur in some samples of ring-porous
+
+Morus
+,
+
+e.g.,
+
+Mo. alba
+,
+
+
+Mo. australis
+Poiret (1796)
+
+,
+
+Mo. bombycis
+Koidz. (1915a)
+
+,
+
+Mo. cathayana
+,
+
+
+Mo. kagayamae
+Koidz. (1915b)
+
+(FFPRI’s Wood Database, https://db.ffpri.go.jp/Wood- DB/index-E.html). Vessel clusters and prismatic crystals are not constant features of
+
+Morus
+
+. Consequently, we suggest this wood’s affinities are most likely with the
+Moraceae
+.
+
+
+Comparison with fossil woods—
+We used InsideWood’s fossil wood menu to search the fossil wood database and used the features: wood ring-porous (3p), vessels not in dendritic arrangement or exclusively solitary or commonly in radial multiples of four or more (8–10a); simple perforation plates (13p); intervessel pits alternate and not minute (22p, 24a); fibers with simple pits (61p); confluent axial parenchyma (83p), rays between 2–10 cells wide (96a, 99a) and not composed of all upright/square cells or markedly heterocellular (105a, 108a); tile cells, storied structure, radial canals, and oil/ mucilage cells all absent (111a, 303a, 120a, 130a, 304a). Ignoring the fossil wood descriptions with a majority of features coded as unknown (?), a search allowing no mismatches returned two
+Cannabaceae
+, one
+Moraceae
+, one legume, one
+Rutaceae
+, and an
+Ulmaceae
+. The
+Cannabaceae
+, the legume, the
+Rutaceae
+, and the
+Ulmaceae
+are not good matches as they commonly have vessels in clusters and vessels in wavy tangential bands.
+
+
+
+Moroxylon
+Selmeier (1993)
+
+is diagnosed as having latewood vessels commonly in clusters and in ulmiform tangential bands. However, vessel clusters do not look common in Selmeier’s figures 3, 4, and 13 and the vessel arrangement appears as much diagonal/oblique as tangential.
+
+Moroxylon sturmii
+Selmeier (1993)
+
+differs from this Dietz Hill wood in having an earlywood zone more than 1–2 vessels deep, occasional sheath cells and prismatic crystals in upright/square ray cells (
+Table 3
+). We think that the similarities between them are such that we are referring this wood to cf.
+
+Moroxylon
+.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A3289639504FFCE9FEB59DDC.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A3289639504FFCE9FEB59DDC.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..19a0ad65f3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A3289639504FFCE9FEB59DDC.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ULMUS
+
+L
+. (1753)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CF.
+
+ULMUS WOODII
+WHEELER AND
+
+
+MANCHESTER
+, 2007
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 11A–F
+
+
+Description—
+Growth ring boundaries distinct (1p). Wood semi-ring-porous to ring-porous (3p, 4p). Latewood vessels in radial multiples and clusters (11p) arranged in wavy tangential bands (6p) (
+Fig.11A–C
+). Mean tangential diameters of earlywood vessels 70 (
+SD
+=13) µm, range 48–87 µm. Perforation plates exclusively simple (13p, 14a). Intervessel pits crowded alternate (22p), polygonal in outline (23p), not vestured (29a), 7–11 µm in horizontal diameter (26p 27p); vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size to intervessel pits with borders somewhat reduced (31p) (
+Fig. 11D
+). Vessel element lengths 139–214 µm (n=7). Widely spaced thin-walled tyloses present.
+
+Fibers non-septate (66p), pits not observed (62a).
+Axial parenchyma paratracheal, non-crystalliferous strands usually 4 cells.
+
+Rays mostly 3–5-seriate (98p), uniseriate rays not common (
+Fig. 11E,F
+); homocellular composed of procumbent cells (104p) (
+Fig. 11D
+); multiseriate ray heights average 267 µm (
+SD
+=95), range 146–444 µm.
+
+
+Solitary prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma strands, not in ray parenchyma (136p 138a 142p) (
+Fig. 11D,F
+).
+
+Pith composed of thin-walled isodiametric parenchyma.
+
+Specimens—
+UF
+278-62702, 84866, 84880, 84883, estimated maximum diameters of
+4 cm
+,
+2 cm
+with pith,
+1.1 cm
+with pith.
+
+
+
+
+Comments—
+Because of the tyloses, we could only measure seven vessel element lengths.
+
+
+
+Table 3.
+Comparison of urticalean woods.
+POR
+=porosity,
+DP
+=diffuse-porous,
+SRP
+=semi-ring-porous,
+RP
+=ring-porous;
+V Grp
+=vessel grouping,
+S
+=solitary,
+Rm
+=radiatl multiples;
+V Arr
+=vessel arrangement,
+Ran
+=random,
+Diag
+=diagonal;
+IVP
+=horizontal diameter of intervessel pits in µm;
+VRP
+=vessel-ray parenchyma pits,
+Sim
+=similar to intervssel pitting,
+Red
+=reduced borders to simple;
+RW
+=ray width in cell number;
+Rcp
+=ray cellular comosition,
+Ho
+=homocellular,
+He
+=heterocellular rays, number of marginal rows of upright/square cells in parentheses;
+ShC
+=sheath cells,
+Ab
+=absent,
+Occ
+=occasional;
+Ax Par
+=axial parenchyma distribution,
+Sc
+=scanty paratracheal,
+
+V
+
+=vasicentric,
+Al
+=aliform,
+Cf
+=confluent,
+Bnd
+=banded,
+
+M
+
+=marginal;
+Cry
+=crystals,
+AB
+=absent,
+RP
+=present in ray parenchyma,
+
+A
+
+=present in axial parenchyma;
+?
+=no information;
+*
+=small axis.
+
+
+
+
+
+|
+UF
+.278
+WOODS
+ |
+
+POR
+ |
+
+V
+Grp
+ |
+
+V
+Arr
+ |
+IVP |
+VRP |
+RW |
+Rcp |
+ShC |
+Ax Par |
+
+Cry
+ |
+
+
+|
+
+Urticaleoxylon stevensii
+
+/
+UF
+278-84893
+ |
+
+SRP
+ |
+S-Rm (2–3) |
+Ran |
+8–11 |
+Sim/ Red |
+1–6 |
+Ho, He (1) |
+Ab |
+
+Sc,
+V
+, Al, Cf,
+M
+ |
+RP |
+
+
+|
+
+Moroxylon
+
+?/
+UF
+278-84899
+ |
+RP |
+S-Rms (Cl) |
+Diag |
+8–11 |
+Sim/ Red |
+1–3 (–4) |
+Ho, He (1–2) |
+Ab |
+
+Cf,
+M
+ |
+Ab |
+
+
+|
+Cannabaceae
+/
+Moraceae
+Wood
+Type
+1
+UF 278-84894
+ |
+DP |
+S-Rm (2–3) |
+
+
+Ran
+
+ |
+8 –12 |
+Sim/ Red |
+1–6 |
+Ho, He |
+Occ |
+
+Sc,
+V
+,
+M
+ |
+Ab |
+
+
+|
+Cannabaceae
+/
+Moraceae
+Wood
+Type
+2
+UF 278-84906
+
+NUT BEDS
+
+ |
+? * |
+S-Rm (2–3) |
+
+Ran
+ |
+8–13 |
+Red |
+to 6 |
+He |
+Occ |
+Vc, Cf? |
+RP |
+
+
+|
+Scottoxylon eocenicum
+Clarno Urticalean Wood
+I
+ |
+
+DP
+DP
+ |
+S-Rm S-Rm |
+Ran Ran |
+5 –12 8–12 |
+Red Red |
+1–7 1–8 |
+Ho, He Het |
+Occ Ab |
+
+V
+, Al, Cf,
+M
+Bnd
+ |
+Ab RP |
+
+
+| Clarno Urticalean Wood 2 |
+DP |
+S-Rm |
+Ran |
+5–8 |
+Sim/ Red |
+1–4 |
+Het |
+Ab |
+
+V
+, Al, Cf
+ |
+
+RP (
+A
+)
+ |
+
+
+
+
+Comparisons with extant and fossil woods—
+These Dietz Hill (
+UF
+278) specimens are small axes so we did not use quantitative features in our searches of InsideWood. We used the
+IAWA
+features given in the description above to search InsideWood, varying porosity
+type
+.
+
+
+The search of the modern wood database using ring-porosity (3p) yielded
+
+Maclura pomifera
+
+(rays consistently narrower, latewood clusters not as discrete as in this wood, tyloses closely spaced and bubble-like) and eight species of
+
+Ulmus
+.
+
+Results of a search of the IW fossil wood database, excluding incomplete descriptions, returned one species of
+
+Ulmoxylon
+
+and two species of
+
+Ulmus
+.
+
+When semi-porosity is used, only two fossil wood species are returned
+
+U. danielii
+Wheeler and Manchester (2007)
+
+and
+
+U. woodii
+Wheeler and Manchester (2007)
+
+, both from the nearby Post Hammer (
+UF
+279) locality.
+
+Ulmus danielii
+
+varies from diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous, while
+
+U. woodii
+
+varies from semi-ring-porous to ring-porous. Thus, we consider
+UF
+278-84866, 84883, and 62702 to belong to
+
+U. woodii
+.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A339962B57D7FCD9FDBF9E6E.xml b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A339962B57D7FCD9FDBF9E6E.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..04fa13fa297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A339962B57D7FCD9FDBF9E6E.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+
+
+
+A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wheeler, Elisabeth A.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Manchester, Steven R.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Baas, Pieter
+
+text
+
+
+PaleoBios
+
+
+2023
+
+2023-11-01
+
+
+40
+
+
+14
+
+
+1
+55
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
+
+journal article
+10.5070/P9401462457
+0031-0298
+10913330
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MAGNOLIA HANSNOOTEBOOMII
+
+
+SP
+. NOV.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIG. 4A–G
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis—
+Wood diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in radial multiples; vessels very narrow to narrow. Perforation plates exclusively scalariform with fewer than 20 bars; intervessel pits predominantly scalariform. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate. Fine helical thickenings present throughout the body of each vessel element. Thin-walled tyloses present.
+
+Fibers non-septate.
+Axial parenchyma marginal.
+Rays mostly 3–4 cells wide, uniseriate rays rare. Oil/ mucilage cells absent.
+
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+—
+
+UF
+278-84871, estimated maximum diameter
+7 cm
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology—
+In recognition of the late Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) and his many years of study of the
+Magnoliaceae
+.
+
+
+
+
+Description—
+Growth rings present, marked by radially narrow fibers and marginal parenchyma.
+
+
+Wood diffuse-porous; vessels solitary and predominantly in radial multiples of 2–4 (
+Fig. 4A
+); mean tangential diameter 45 (9) µm, 28–68 µm; 75–100 per mm
+2
+. Perforation plates exclusively scalariform with 4–11–17 bars (n=23) (
+Fig. 4B, C, F
+); intervessel pits predominantly scalariform (
+Fig. 4D
+). Vessel-ray parenchyma pits horizontally elongate and throughout the ray (
+Fig. 4E
+). Fine helical thickenings present throughout the body of the vessel element (
+Fig. 4B, C
+). Vessel element lengths average 609 (92) µm, range 407–746 (n=24). Thin-walled tyloses present (
+Fig. 4G
+).
+
+Fibers non-septate.
+
+
+Figure 3.
+Cupressaceae
+.
+
+Taxodioxylon
+sp.
+A
+
+, C, E–I
+. UF 278-84886.
+B, D
+. UF 278-84889.
+A, B.
+Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma diffuse and in short tangential lines, TS.
+C.
+Latewood with compression wood, TS.
+D, E
+. Uniseriate rays, TLS.
+F
+. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS.
+G.
+Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS.
+H.
+Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS.
+I
+. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 4
+.
+Magnoliaceae
+.
+
+Magnolia hansnooteboomii
+, UF
+
+278-84871.
+A
+. Diffuse-porous wood, vessels predominantly in radial multiples, T.S.
+B, C.
+Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 20 bars, helical thickenings in vessel elements, RLS.
+D
+. Scalariform intervessel pitting, TLS.
+E
+. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally elongate in outline, RLS.
+F, G
+. Rays mostly 3‒4 cells wide, scalariform perforation plates, non-septate fibers, note scalariform intervessel pits in F and tyloses (T) in G, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in G; 50 µm in B, E, F; 20 µm in C, D.
+
+
+Axial parenchyma marginal.
+
+Rays mostly 3–4 cells wide, uniseriate rays not common (
+Fig. 4F, G
+). Weakly heterocellular. Average multiseriate ray height 583 (212) µm, range 271–1243 µm; 5–8 per mm. Oil/mucilage cells and crystals not observed.
+
+
+Comparisons with extant woods—
+Affinities with
+
+Magnolia
+
+are indicated by this combination of features: diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth rings (1p, 5p), vessels solitary and in radial multiples but without a distinctly patterned arrangement (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a), exclusively scalariform perforation plates with less than 20 bars (13a, 14p, 18a), scalariform intervessel pitting (20p), vessel-ray parenchyma horizontally elongate and with reduced borders (30a), helical thickenings throughout the body of the vessel element (36p, 37p), non-septate fibers (66p), marginal parenchyma (89p), rays not markedly heterocellular (108a, 109a), and oil/mucilage cells in rays absent (124a), although many tropical
+
+Magnolia
+species
+
+have oil/mucilage cells. In addition to the descriptions provided by
+Metcalfe and Chalk (1950)
+and
+Metcalfe (1987)
+, descriptions of
+Magnoliaceae
+woods have been presented in publications devoted to the family:
+Stark (1954)
+,
+Canright (1955)
+,
+Chen et al (1993)
+, as well as in wood anatomical atlases:
+Kribs (1968)
+,
+Détienne and Jacquet (1983)
+,
+Sosef et al. (1998)
+,
+Carreras and Dechamps (1995)
+,
+Lemmens et al. (1995)
+,
+Carreras et al. (2012)
+,
+Aguilar-Alcantara (2014)
+,
+Sonsin et al. (2014)
+,
+Eom (2015)
+and
+Itoh et al. (2022)
+. Data from most of these publications are in the InsideWood database and were consulted.
+
+
+The wood anatomy of
+
+Magnolia
+
+in the broad modern sense of the genus as well as in its earlier, more narrow circumscription is diverse with variation in these features: perforation plates simple and/or scalariform; intervessel pits opposite and/or scalariform; helical vessel wall thickenings present or absent; rays ranging from narrow (1―2-seriate) to medium width (2―5)-seriate, and secretory cells (oil/mucilage cells) present or absent. The full range of this diversity was described in detail by
+Chen et al. (1993)
+for the
+Magnoliaceae
+of
+China
+—
+the
+center of diversity of the family.
+Chen et al. (1993)
+provided a dichotomous key to the genera that were recognized at the time and this fossil from Dietz Hill keys to
+
+Michelia
+
+L
+. (1753) with 25 species studied, all now subsumed into
+
+Magnolia
+
+. Of those species, only
+
+Magnolia compressa
+Maxim. (1872)
+
+was returned in the search of InsideWood. Although
+Chen et al. (1993)
+concluded that the old paraphyletic genera could mostly be recognized by their wood anatomy, they also showed considerable overlap.
+
+
+Different authors estimate different numbers of genera and species in the
+Magnoliaceae
+;
+Figlar and Nooteboom (2004)
+and
+Wang et al. (2020)
+recognize only two genera of
+Magnoliaceae
+(
+
+Liriodendron
+
+L
+.,1753,
+
+Magnolia
+
+), while
+Xia et al. (2008)
+and
+Sima and Lu (2012)
+divided
+
+Magnolia
+
+into 16 genera. Estimates of the number of species vary:
+Stevens (2001
+‒onwards) ca. 225 species of
+
+Magnolia
+;
+
+the Flora of
+China
+ca. 300 species;
+Mabberley (2017)
+221 species.
+
+
+Only 60 extant
+
+Magnolia
+species
+
+are represented in InsideWood by descriptions and/or images. Six match the combination of features of the fossil: the Asian
+
+Magnolia compressa
+Maxim. (1872)
+
+,
+
+M. fordiana
+(Oliv.) Hu (1924)
+
+,
+
+M. kwangsiensis
+Figlar and Noot. (2004)
+
+, and
+
+M. sieboldii
+Koch (1853)
+
+; the North American
+
+M. grandiflora
+
+L
+. (1759) and
+
+M. virginiana
+
+L
+. (1753). No Neotropical
+
+Magnolia
+species
+
+match
+UF
+278-84871's features. Not all of the aforementioned species have been included in phylogenetic analyses.
+Figlar and Nooteboom (2004)
+, as did
+Wang et al. (2020)
+, placed
+
+M. grandiflora
+
+and
+
+M. virginiana
+
+in subgenus
+
+Magnolia
+sect.
+Magnolia
+
+:
+
+M. grandiflora
+
+is the better match for the fossil as its helical thickenings are distinct.
+Wang et al. (2020)
+placed
+
+M. fordiana
+
+(
+S
+.
+China
+to
+Vietnam
+) in sect.
+
+Manglietia
+;
+M. kwangsiensis
+
+(
+S
+.
+China
+) in sect.
+
+Kmeria
+(Pierre) Dandy (1927)
+
+and the temperate Asian
+
+M. sieboldii
+
+in sect. Oyama.
+A
+review of the Leiden wood slide collection and a new atlas for Chinese woods (
+Itoh et al. 2022
+) showed that
+
+M. foveolata
+(Merr.ex Dandy) Figlar (2000)
+
+and
+
+Ma. martini
+H. Lév. (1904)
+
+also are close matches for this Dietz Hill wood.
+
+
+Given the overlap in wood anatomy within
+
+Magnolia
+
+and there being over 100 species whose wood anatomy is unknown, it is highly likely that
+
+M. hansnooteboomii
+
+is a close match of more species than the ones discussed above.
+
+
+Comparisons to fossil woods—
+Fossil woods of
+Magnoliaceae
+date back to the late Cretaceous (Campanian). Among the 18 fossil
+Magnoliaceae
+woods in the InsideWood database (
+Table 1
+), two species share the aforementioned features with
+
+M. hansnooteboomii
+
+:
+
+M. nanningensis
+Huang, Jin and Okolski (2019)
+
+from the upper Oligocene,
+China
+, and
+
+Magnolioxylon parenchymatosum
+van der Burgh (1973)
+
+from the Miocene of western Europe,
+
+
+Although today
+Magnoliaceae
+are no longer native in western North America, fossil woods confirm its former presence, including three representatives from the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds of
+Oregon
+:
+
+M. pageae
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+,
+
+Magnoliaceoxylon angulata
+(Scott and Wheeler)
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+, and
+
+Ma. cutleri
+Wheeler and Manchester (2002)
+
+. All differ from
+
+M. hansnooteboomii
+
+(
+Table 1
+). Seed casts of
+
+Magnolia
+
+also occur at the Dietz Hill locality (
+
+Manchester
+and McIntosh 2007
+
+).
+
+
+The wood that
+Huard (1967)
+described as
+
+Laurinoxylon intermedium
+
+from the Neogene of southwest
+France
+is not
+Lauraceae
+, but
+Magnoliaceae
+. That species had exclusively scalariform perforation plates and scalariform intervessel pitting, which do not occur in the
+Lauraceae
+. It seems probable that he used the occurrence of idioblasts to assign the sample to
+Lauraceae
+and was unaware that secretory idioblasts also occur in
+
+Magnolia
+
+wood. Additionally, Huard’s wood does not have paratracheal parenchyma, only widely spaced apotracheal parenchyma bands, yet another feature consistent with magnoliaceous affinities.Accordingly, we hereby propose a new combination,
+
+Magnolia intemedia
+(Huard)
+
+comb. nov.
+Wheeler, Manchester, and Baas.
+
+
+A
+comparison with fossil
+
+Magnolia
+s.l.
+
+species described in the literature, including
+
+M. intermedia
+,
+
+(
+Table 1
+) reveals that
+UF
+278-84871differs in its combination of intervessel pits predominantly scalariform; helical vessel wall thickenings present; oil/mucilage cells absent. This justified its recognition as a new species.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/FF/37/03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76.xml b/data/03/FF/37/03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..91211fb7ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/FF/37/03FF3723BC04DD14DBA6F9E1FF199B76.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+
+
+
+Xyleborus bidentatus (Motschulsky, 1863), a Newly Discovered Ambrosia Beetle in Mangrove Forests of Southern Iran (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Nasserzadeh, Hiva
+0000-0001-5827-7334
+Insect Taxonomy Research Department Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection Tehran, IRAN
+hnaserzadeh@gmail.com & h_naserzadeh@yahoo.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Smith, Sarah M.
+0000-0002-5173-3736
+Department of Entomology, Michigan State University 288 Farm Lane, 243 Natural Science Bldg. East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
+smith462@msu.edu
+
+text
+
+
+The Coleopterists Bulletin
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-03-22
+
+
+78
+
+
+1
+
+
+108
+111
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-78.1.108
+
+journal article
+304160
+10.1649/0010-065X-78.1.108
+dd910f4e-a93b-4377-80aa-928c5e59148a
+1938-4394
+13243813
+
+
+
+
+
+Xyleborus bidentatus
+(Motschulsky, 1863)
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Fig. 1
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+is recorded for the first time from the mangrove ecosystem in
+Hormozgan Province
+in southern
+Iran
+,
+new country record
+(
+Figs. 2
+,
+5
+). The specimens were collected in mangrove habitat by
+light trap
+, and in one site, captured in an ethanol-baited trap among the five ethanol-baited traps that were installed on the trees
+
+5–10 m
+
+apart (
+Figs. 3, 4
+).
+
+Scolytines have not been reported from
+Hormozgan Province
+(Amini
+et al
+. 2020; Beaver
+et al
+. 2016) and no additional scolytine species were collected in the mangrove habitat. Rashvand and Sadeghi (2014) previously reported scolytine damage in mangrove trees in
+Bushehr Province
+but adults were not found. It is possible that these galleries were created by
+
+X. bidentatus
+
+as well.
+
+
+The common trees of mangrove forests in southern
+Iran
+consist of
+
+Avicennia marina
+(Forssk.) Vierh.
+
+(
+Acanthaceae
+) and
+
+Rhizophora mucronata
+Lam.
+
+(
+Rhizophoraceae
+). The species community in
+Hormozgan Province
+is dominated by
+
+A. marina
+(Rashvand and Sadeghi 2014)
+
+. However, there is a unique mangrove forest habitat in Sirik where
+
+R. mucronata
+
+communities are dominant (
+
+Danehkar
+et al.
+2010
+
+).
+
+
+Specimens Examined.
+
+
+IRAN
+:
+
+Hormozgan prov.
+,
+Bandar-e Khamir
+,
+ca.
+
+2 km
+SE
+
+Bandar-e Khamir
+,
+Persian Gulf
+,
+Mardu Isl.
+, mangrove swamp,
+Hara P. A.
+,
+N 26°58′33.0′′
+,
+E 55°40′25.0′′
+,
+
+3 m
+
+,
+
+29–30.X.2021
+
+, leg.
+H. Nasserzadeh
+(
+ethanolbait trap
+) (
+2 exs.
+)
+
+;
+
+Hormozgan prov.
+,
+Qeshm Isl.
+,
+Gevarzin
+,
+Harra P. A.
+, mangrove forest,
+N 26°49′6.0′′
+,
+E 55°47′39.0′′
+,
+
+0 m
+
+,
+
+2.XI.2021
+
+, leg.
+H. Nasserzadeh
+(
+light trap
+) (
+3 exs.
+)
+
+;
+
+Hormozgan prov.
+,
+Qeshm Isl.
+,
+Gevarzin
+,
+Harra P. A.
+, mangrove forest,
+N 26°48′39.0′′
+,
+E 55°46′38.0′′
+, −
+
+20 m
+
+,
+
+3.XI.2021
+
+, leg.
+H. Alipanah
+,
+H. Falsafi
+(
+light trap
+) (
+2 exs.
+)
+
+;
+
+Hormozgan prov.
+,
+Sirik
+,
+Rud-e Gaz P. A.
+,
+Khur-e Azini
+,
+Azini Island
+2, mangrove swamp,
+N 26°19′24.3′′
+,
+E 57°05′43.3′′
+,
+
+0 ± 5 m
+
+,
+
+14.X.2022
+
+, leg.
+H. Alipanah
+,
+H. Falsafi
+,
+M. Mofidi
+(
+65 exs.
+)
+
+;
+
+Hormozgan prov.
+,
+Minab
+,
+Kolahi
+protected mangrove swamps,
+N 27°02′39.69′′
+,
+E 56°51′26.9′′
+,
+
+0 ± 5 m
+
+,
+
+10.V.2022
+
+, leg.
+A. Hajesmailian
+,
+M. Mofidi
+(
+light trap
+) (
+9 exs.
+)
+
+. All specimens are deposited in Hayk Mirzayans Insects Museum (
+HMIM
+) in Tehran, Iran.
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 1.
+
+Xyleborus bidentatus
+
+, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus.
+
+
+
+
+World Distribution.
+Australian Region:
+Australia
+, “
+Caroline Islands
+”,
+Federated States of Micronesia
+(
+Kosrae
+I.),
+Republic of Palau
+,
+Papua New Guinea
+(Bismarck Is.), Solomon Is. Oriental Region: “Borneo”,
+India
+(Andaman Is., Nicobar Is.,
+West Bengal
+),
+Indonesia
+(
+Java
+,
+Sulawesi
+,
+Maluku
+,
+Sumatra
+, Sumbawa), East and West
+Malaysia
+,
+Myanmar
+,
+Philippines
+,
+Singapore
+,
+Taiwan
+,
+Thailand
+,
+Vietnam
+. Palearctic Region:
+Iran
+(
+Hormozgan Province
+) (
+new record
+). Afrotropical Region:
+Kenya
+,
+Madagascar
+,
+Mozambique
+,
+Tanzania
+(
+
+Smith
+et al
+. 2019
+
+,
+2020
+;
+Wood 1960
+; Wood and Bright 1992).
+
+
+
+Fig. 2.
+Mangrove forest, Mardu Island, Iran.
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 5.
+Distribution map of
+Xyleborus bidentatus
+in Iran.
+
+
+
+
+Figs. 3–4.
+Traps in mangrove forest, Mardu Island, Iran.
+3)
+Light trap;
+4)
+Ethanol-baited trap.
+
+
+
+
+Xyleborus bidentatus
+
+is distinguished from other Iranian
+
+Xyleborus
+
+by the following combination of characters: body length
+3.4–3.5 mm
+; eye almost entire; pronotum quadrate with median area of frontal margin conspicuously produced anteriad and bearing a row of prominent serrations; protibia triangular, broadened on apical third; elytral apex acuminate with two prominent spines on the posterior elytral slope (
+
+Smith
+et al
+. 2019
+
+,
+2020
+).
+
+
+
+Xyleborus bidentatus
+
+is polyphagous (Wood and Bright 1992). The littoral habitat of the species and its association with mangrove trees has been previously reported (
+Browne 1966
+; Maiti and Saha 2004; Murphy and Meepol 1990). The discovery of the species is surprising given that the closest known population of
+
+X. bidentatus
+
+is either
+Kenya
+to the southwest or along the Bay of Bengal to the east, both at least
+3,500 km
+away. It is unclear at this time whether this species has been newly introduced to the Palearctic region or is part of a historically undiscovered population. Given this species’ known association with mangroves it is presumably utilizing them as hosts but use of other tree species is possible. Further studies and extractions of specimens from
+
+Avicennia
+spp.
+
+or
+
+Rhizophora
+spp.
+
+will confirm the host use by
+
+X. bidentatus
+
+in Iranian mangrove forests.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE838420DFD5BFF045F5CFC35.xml b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE838420DFD5BFF045F5CFC35.xml
index 60ee13f19a8..573a447e8e1 100644
--- a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE838420DFD5BFF045F5CFC35.xml
+++ b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE838420DFD5BFF045F5CFC35.xml
@@ -1,68 +1,66 @@
-
-
-
-A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
+
+
+
+A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Reis, Roberto E.
-PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
-reis@pucrs.br
+Reis, Roberto E.
+PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
+reis@pucrs.br
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Lehmann A., Pablo
-Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
-pablole@unisinos.br.
+Lehmann A., Pablo
+Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
+pablole@unisinos.br.
-text
-
-
-Neotropical Ichthyology
+text
+
+
+Neotropical Ichthyology
-
-2022
-
-e 220002
+
+2022
+
+e 220002
-
-2022-07-08
+
+2022-07-08
-
-20
+
+20
-
-2
+
+2
-
-1
-100
+
+1
+100
-
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-journal article
-304139
-10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
-1982-0224
-13350428
-0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
+journal article
+10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
+1982-0224
+13350428
+0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
-
+
-
+
Rhinotocinclus loxochelis
-,
-new species
+, new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
1B9ABD2F-5756-49C4-AB59-3C15B820D98D
diff --git a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE83C4209FD5FFDB45EBBF958.xml b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE83C4209FD5FFDB45EBBF958.xml
index 092657c1824..cc16d48588c 100644
--- a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE83C4209FD5FFDB45EBBF958.xml
+++ b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE83C4209FD5FFDB45EBBF958.xml
@@ -1,64 +1,63 @@
-
-
-
-A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
+
+
+
+A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Reis, Roberto E.
-PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
-reis@pucrs.br
+Reis, Roberto E.
+PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
+reis@pucrs.br
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Lehmann A., Pablo
-Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
-pablole@unisinos.br.
+Lehmann A., Pablo
+Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
+pablole@unisinos.br.
-text
-
-
-Neotropical Ichthyology
+text
+
+
+Neotropical Ichthyology
-
-2022
-
-e 220002
+
+2022
+
+e 220002
-
-2022-07-08
+
+2022-07-08
-
-20
+
+20
-
-2
+
+2
-
-1
-100
+
+1
+100
-
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-journal article
-304139
-10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
-1982-0224
-13350428
-0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
+journal article
+10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
+1982-0224
+13350428
+0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
-
+
Rhinotocinclus marginalis
,
diff --git a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE846427AFCB8F9025845FE8E.xml b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE846427AFCB8F9025845FE8E.xml
index ae49b0b446e..500bc0196b3 100644
--- a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE846427AFCB8F9025845FE8E.xml
+++ b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE846427AFCB8F9025845FE8E.xml
@@ -1,68 +1,66 @@
-
-
-
-A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
+
+
+
+A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Reis, Roberto E.
-PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
-reis@pucrs.br
+Reis, Roberto E.
+PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
+reis@pucrs.br
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Lehmann A., Pablo
-Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
-pablole@unisinos.br.
+Lehmann A., Pablo
+Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
+pablole@unisinos.br.
-text
-
-
-Neotropical Ichthyology
+text
+
+
+Neotropical Ichthyology
-
-2022
-
-e 220002
+
+2022
+
+e 220002
-
-2022-07-08
+
+2022-07-08
-
-20
+
+20
-
-2
+
+2
-
-1
-100
+
+1
+100
-
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-journal article
-304139
-10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
-1982-0224
-13350428
-0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
+journal article
+10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
+1982-0224
+13350428
+0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
-
+
Rhinotocinclus isabelae
-,
-new species
+, new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
6A076A5D-9972-41D4-9BEE-036C45B7102F
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
-
+
Holotype
.
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ SL,
.
-
+
Paratypes
.
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ SL,
14.6–17.2 mm
SL (4 measured),
-
+
MCP 54222
,
5,
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ SL), collected with
holotype
.
-
+
MCP 50154
,
4,
@@ -157,21 +155,21 @@ SL),
R. E. Reis
.
-
+
MCP 54755
,
2,
16.8–16.9 mm
SL (2 measured) + 1 cs,
-
+
MZUSP 125878
,
3,
15.4–17.6 mm
SL,
-
+
ROM 104102
,
16
@@ -388,17 +386,11 @@ is named in honor to Isabela Alho dos Reis, younger daughter of the senior autho
is endemic to
Peru
-and is currently known from two localities, the Río Nanay near Iquitos and the Río Tigre, a tributary to the Río Marañon. As only two localities are known the Extension of Occurrence (
-EOO
-) can not be estimated. Despite the species is apparently common, based on the high number of specimens exported by the aquarium trade, the impact of this activity is not understood and
+and is currently known from two localities, the Río Nanay near Iquitos and the Río Tigre, a tributary to the Río Marañon. As only two localities are known the Extension of Occurrence (EOO) can not be estimated. Despite the species is apparently common, based on the high number of specimens exported by the aquarium trade, the impact of this activity is not understood and
R. isabelae
-is preliminarily categorized as Data Deficient (DD) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (
-IUCN
-) categories and criteria (
-IUCN
-Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
+is preliminarily categorized as Data Deficient (DD) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
diff --git a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85A4270FD47FBD95860F928.xml b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85A4270FD47FBD95860F928.xml
index a5ec67eb971..485e8acf70b 100644
--- a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85A4270FD47FBD95860F928.xml
+++ b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85A4270FD47FBD95860F928.xml
@@ -1,68 +1,66 @@
-
-
-
-A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
+
+
+
+A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Reis, Roberto E.
-PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
-reis@pucrs.br
+Reis, Roberto E.
+PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
+reis@pucrs.br
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Lehmann A., Pablo
-Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
-pablole@unisinos.br.
+Lehmann A., Pablo
+Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
+pablole@unisinos.br.
-text
-
-
-Neotropical Ichthyology
+text
+
+
+Neotropical Ichthyology
-
-2022
-
-e 220002
+
+2022
+
+e 220002
-
-2022-07-08
+
+2022-07-08
-
-20
+
+20
-
-2
+
+2
-
-1
-100
+
+1
+100
-
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-journal article
-304139
-10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
-1982-0224
-13350428
-0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
+journal article
+10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
+1982-0224
+13350428
+0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
-
+
Rhinotocinclus pilosus
-,
-new species
+, new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
5D604B71-5C91-4452-BB9F-5CA4CF804ED2
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road
.
-
+
Paratypes
@@ -257,12 +255,11 @@ E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road
,
R. Reis
,
-
-F.
-
-Langeani,
+F. Langeani
+,
E. Pereira & A. Cardoso
-.
+.
+
UFRO-ICT
17593
@@ -306,12 +303,9 @@ SL,
.
-
-
-
-
+
Diagnosis.
Rhinotocinclus pilosus
@@ -380,55 +374,7 @@ accessory teeth present, Fig. 5A); the odontodes on the ventral surface of first
vs.
odontodes aligned with main ray axis, Fig. 9B); a triangular dark spot on the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin membrane (Fig. 8B;
vs.
-dorsal-fin spot absent); a
-
-
-
-
-FIGURE
-27 |
-
-Rhinotocinclus pilosus
-
-
-,
-holotype
-,
-UFRO
-27700,
-22.6 mm
-SL, female, igarapé Traíra,
-ca
-.
-35 km
-E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
-Brazil
-.
-
-
-
-
-
-FIGURE
-28 |
-
-Live specimen of
-
-Rhinotocinclus pilosus
-
-from lot
-MCP
-35878, rio Maicimirim,
-ca
-.
-45 km
-E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
-Brazil
-.
-
-
-
-Y-shaped light mark from snout tip to nostrils (
+dorsal-fin spot absent); a Y-shaped light mark from snout tip to nostrils (
vs.
Y-shaped light mark absent); and a larger orbit, 27.1–34.9% snout length (
vs.
@@ -494,6 +440,51 @@ by the shallower caudal peduncle (6.3–7.5%
21–29 teeth).
+
+
+
+FIGURE
+27 |
+
+Rhinotocinclus pilosus
+
+
+,
+holotype
+,
+UFRO
+27700,
+22.6 mm
+SL, female, igarapé Traíra,
+ca
+.
+35 km
+E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
+Brazil
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE
+28 |
+
+Live specimen of
+
+Rhinotocinclus pilosus
+
+from lot
+MCP
+35878, rio Maicimirim,
+ca
+.
+45 km
+E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas,
+Brazil
+.
+
+
Description.
@@ -548,22 +539,14 @@ The extinction risk of
is assessed as low despite its restricted range and the limited knowledge of its geographic distribution. The species is so far known from few localities near Humaitá, Amazonas State of
Brazil
-, with an Extension of Occurrence (
-EOO
-) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately
+, with an Extension of Occurrence (EOO) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately
82 km
2
. Despite being crossed by the Trans-Amazon road, where most specimens were collected, the region is relatively well preserved and surrounded by protected areas (Humaitá National Forest south of the Trans-Amazon road and the Indigenous Lands Nove de Janeiro, Pirahã, and Ipixuna north of the road). Despite logging, gold mining, and cattle ranching are common throughout the TransAmazon road, these threats are not believed to impact the species. For this reason,
R. pilosus
-is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (
-LC
-) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (
-IUCN
-) categories and criteria (
-IUCN
-Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
+is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
diff --git a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5.xml b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5.xml
index c85a47ac9e8..e09700726e1 100644
--- a/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5.xml
+++ b/data/7F/01/87/7F0187BBE85E426CFD48FB845978FBA5.xml
@@ -1,68 +1,66 @@
-
-
-
-A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
+
+
+
+A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Reis, Roberto E.
-PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
-reis@pucrs.br
+Reis, Roberto E.
+PontifÍcia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681, P. O. Box 1429, 90619 - 900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
+reis@pucrs.br
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Lehmann A., Pablo
-Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
-pablole@unisinos.br.
+Lehmann A., Pablo
+Laboratório de Ictiologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022 - 000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
+pablole@unisinos.br.
-text
-
-
-Neotropical Ichthyology
+text
+
+
+Neotropical Ichthyology
-
-2022
-
-e 220002
+
+2022
+
+e 220002
-
-2022-07-08
+
+2022-07-08
-
-20
+
+20
-
-2
+
+2
-
-1
-100
+
+1
+100
-
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-journal article
-304139
-10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
-1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
-1982-0224
-13350428
-0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
+journal article
+10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0002
+1f6c7a0d-e5f8-479d-be08-03fd894b7cfe
+1982-0224
+13350428
+0A755C8D-B807-41CF-825B-BD3209119D54
-
+
Rhinotocinclus discolor
-,
-new species
+, new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
BDD5D811-D797-4190-97D6-B3479866A445
@@ -488,15 +486,12 @@ Males have a conspicuous urogenital papilla immediately behind the anus and a de
-
+
Geographical distribution.
Rhinotocinclus discolor
-is known from creeks of the Río
-
-
-Orinoco basin in the State of
+is known from creeks of the Río Orinoco basin in the State of
Amazonas
,
Venezuela
@@ -527,33 +522,17 @@ The extinction risk of
is assessed as low despite the limited knowledge of its geographic distribution. The species is so far known from ten localities in southern
Venezuela
-, with an Extension of Occurrence (
-EOO
-) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately 33,000 square kilometers. The region is relatively well preserved but logging, gold mining and cattle ranching are common throughout the area. For this reason,
+, with an Extension of Occurrence (EOO) estimated by the convex polygon of those localities of approximately 33,000 square kilometers. The region is relatively well preserved but logging, gold mining and cattle ranching are common throughout the area. For this reason,
R. discolor
-is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (
-LC
-) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (
-IUCN
-) categories and criteria (
-IUCN
-Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
+is preliminarily categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2019).
Remarks.
-Four lots collected in 1990 from the Departamento Atabapo (
-MCNG
-23757,
-MCNG
-24047,
-MCNG
-24270,
-MCNG
-24302) are not well preserved, having the entire body softened and heavily darkened, not appropriate for a careful morphometric comparison, and for this reason were regarded as non-paratypes.
+Four lots collected in 1990 from the Departamento Atabapo (MCNG 23757, MCNG 24047, MCNG 24270, MCNG 24302) are not well preserved, having the entire body softened and heavily darkened, not appropriate for a careful morphometric comparison, and for this reason were regarded as non-paratypes.
Rhinotocinclus discolor
diff --git a/data/CB/52/87/CB52879EE817A325FF6DFE7DFB325F7A.xml b/data/CB/52/87/CB52879EE817A325FF6DFE7DFB325F7A.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dbadb972911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/CB/52/87/CB52879EE817A325FF6DFE7DFB325F7A.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,1278 @@
+
+
+
+Description of the complete larval development of Lysmata amboinensis (De Man) (Decapoda: Lysmatidae) reared under laboratory conditions
+
+
+
+Author
+
+De Sousa, Lígia F.
+0000-0003-1934-1836
+IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495 - 165 Algés, Portugal. & ligia. faria. sousa @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1934 - 1836 & CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
+ligia.faria.sousa@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Marques, Daniel
+0000-0001-8247-8531
+MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520 - 630 Peniche, Portugal. dfmarques 88 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8247 - 8531
+dfmarques88@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Leandro, Sérgio Miguel
+0000-0001-5005-3598
+MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520 - 614 Peniche, Portugal. sergio. leandro @ ipleiria. pt; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5005 - 3598
+sergio.leandro@ipleiria.pt
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Santos, Antonina Dos
+0000-0002-2238-9315
+IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495 - 165 Algés, Portugal. & antonina @ ipma. pt; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2238 - 9315 & CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
+antonina@ipma.pt
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2022
+
+2022-02-16
+
+
+5099
+
+
+5
+
+
+501
+526
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5099.5.1
+1175-5326
+6110178
+F52DBA8A-93C6-4950-997A-C1D7484812E0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morphological description of larval stages of
+
+Lysmata amboinensis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Fig 1–7
+)
+
+
+
+
+First Zoea (
+Figure 1A–J
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 2.86±
+0.04 mm
+; CL= 0.95±
+0.02 mm
+; RL= 0.30±
+0.03 mm
+; N = 10
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 1A
+, A’): rostrum slender and pointed, reaching half the size of the antennular peduncle, eyes compound and sessile; carapace smooth with 1 pterigostomial spine, followed by 3–5 denticles along anterior ventral margin.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 1B
+): peduncle entire, with endopod represented by 1 long plumose setae, and exopod with 1–2 plumose setae and 3 aesthetascs.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 1C
+): peduncle entire; endopod apically with 1 long plumose setae and 1 short spine; exopod with 5-articles, with 9 plumose setae on inner side and 2 plumose setae on outer side, plus a simple setae on apex.
+
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 1D
+): asymmetrical, palp absent, left mandible bearing 3 teeth and right mandible with 5 teeth, both with 1
+lacinia mobilis
+, molar process as illustrated.
+
+
+Maxillule (
+Figure 1E
+): coxopodite with 7 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 6 cuspidate setae; endopod with 2 strong subterminal serrulate setae and 3 strong terminal serrulate setae.
+
+
+Maxilla (
+Figure 1F
+): coxopodite bilobed with 8–9 (3 serrulate and 5–6 pappose) and 4 pappose setae, respectively; basipodite bilobed with 3 pappose setae and 4 pappose setae, respectively; endopod entire bearing 3+2+4 pappose setae; exopod with 5 marginal plumose setae.
+
+
+First maxilliped (
+Figure 1G
+): coxopodite with 2+1+2 serrulate setae; basipodite with 12 (4 serrulate and 8 pappose) setae; endopod with 4 articles with 3,1,2, 4–5 pappose setae; exopod entire, with 1+2+1 plumose setae.
+
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 1H
+): coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 1+2+2 serrulate setae; endopod with 3 articles with 1–3 (2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate) + 0–1 simple, 0–3 (0–2 simple and 0–1 plumodenticulate), 4+1 (2 simple and 3 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 2+2+2+2+1 plumose setae.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 1I
+): coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 2+1 serrulate setae; endopod with 4 articles with 2+1 simple, 0, 1+4 plumodenticulate, 2–3 (0–1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 2+2+2+2+1 plumose setae.
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 1A
+): as bud
+
+Second to fifth pereiopods: absent
+
+Pleon (
+Figure 1A
+): 5 somites; 1 pair of dorso-lateral spines on posterior margin of the 5
+th
+somite.
+
+Pleopods: absent
+Uropod: absent
+
+Telson (
+Figure 1A, 1J
+): triangular, indented medially with 7+7 posterior processes; minute spines between setae.
+
+
+
+
+Second Zoea (
+Figure 2A–F
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 3.16±
+0.10 mm
+; CL= 0.85±
+0.11mm
+; RL= 0.38±
+0.03 mm
+; N = 10
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 2A
+): rostrum slender and pointed, reaching half the size of the antennular peduncle, eyes compound and stalked; 1 supraorbital spine, 1 pterigostomial spine, and 3–6 denticles along ventral margin.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 2A
+): peduncle with 2 articles, distal article bearing 2 plumose setae distally; endopod represented by 1 long plumose setae; exopod with 1 simple seta and 4 long aesthetascs.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 2A, 2B
+): peduncle entire; endopod represented by 1 long plumose setae; exopod with 4 articles, with 9 plumose setae on inner side and 2 setae on outer side, plus a simple small setae on apex.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 1.
+First zoea:
+A
+complete larvae lateral view;
+A’
+carapace denticles;
+B
+antennule;
+C
+antenna;
+D
+mandibles;
+E
+maxillule;
+F
+maxilla;
+G
+first maxilliped;
+H
+second maxilliped;
+I
+third maxilliped;
+J
+telson. Scale bars: 0.1mm (A–D, F–J); 0.5mm (E).
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 2.
+Second zoea:
+A
+complete larvae dorsal view;
+B
+antenna;
+C
+mandibles;
+D
+pleon lateral view;
+E
+first pereiopod;
+F
+fifth pereiopod. Third zoea:
+G
+antennule;
+H
+mandibles;
+I
+maxilla;
+J
+first pereiopod;
+K
+fifth pereiopod;
+L
+telson and uropods. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
+
+
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 2C
+): asymmetrical, both mandibles bearing 4 incisors and 1
+lacinia mobilis
+, armature of molar processes as illustrated.
+
+Maxillule: unchanged beside size.
+Maxilla: unchanged beside size.
+First maxilliped: exopod entire with 1+1+2+1 plumose setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 2A
+): coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 1+2+3 serrulate setae; exopod entire bearing 5 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 2A
+): coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 2+1 serrulate setae; endopod with 4 articles with 2+1 simple, 0, 1+4 plumodenticulate, 2+1 (1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 5 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 2E
+): biramous bud.
+
+Second to fourth pereiopods: absent.
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 2F
+): small bud.
+
+
+Pleon (
+Figure 2A, 2D
+): 1 pair of small setae on the dorso-posterior side of the 3
+rd
+somite. Otherwise unchanged, besides size.
+
+Pleopods: absent.
+Uropods: absent.
+
+Telson (
+Figure 2A
+): triangular, indented medially with 8 + 8 posterior processes.
+
+
+
+
+Third Zoea (
+Figure 2G–L
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 3.61±
+0.10 mm
+; CL= 0.86±
+0.11 mm
+; RL= 0.33±
+0.05 mm
+; N = 10
+
+Carapace: rostrum reaching a quarter of antennular peduncle; otherwise unchanged.
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 2G
+): peduncle with 2 articles, with 2 small simple setae proximally near the stylocerite, 1 small plumose setae in a more distal position, and 2–3+1 distally; distal article bearing 2–3 plumose setae and 5–7 simple setae; endopod with 1 long plumose setae terminally; exopod with 1 plumose setae, 1–2 small plumose setae and 2–4 aesthetascs.
+
+Antenna: peduncle entire; endopod apically with 1 long plumose setae; exopod with 3 articles, with 11–12 plumose setae on inner side and 2 setae on outer side, plus a simple small setae on apex.
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 2H
+): asymmetrical, both mandibles bearing 4 incisors, 1
+lacinia mobilis
+and 1 submarginal setae; armature of molar processes as illustrated.
+
+Maxillule: unchanged besides size.
+
+Maxilla (
+Figure 2I
+): coxopodite bilobed with 9–11 (4 serrulate and 5–7 pappose) and 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae, respectively; basipodite bilobed, both bearing 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae; endopod entire bearing 3 (2 serrulate and 1 simple) +2 serrulate +2 serrulate setae +1–2 serrulate setae; exopod with 8 marginal plumose setae bearing lateral microtricha.
+
+First maxilliped: unchanged besides size.
+Second maxilliped: unchanged besides size.
+Third maxilliped: coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 2+1 serrulate setae; endopod with 4 articles with 2+2 simple, 1 simple, 1+4 plumodenticulate, 2+1 (1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 2J
+): functional, biramous; coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 2 setae; endopod: first article with 1–2+1 simple setae, second article without setae, third article with 3–4 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 1+2 (1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire with 4 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+Second to fourth pereiopods: absent
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 2K
+): uniramous bud
+
+
+Pleon: 6 somites; 1 pair of small dorso-lateral spines on posterior margin of 5
+th
+somite, 1 pair of small lateral spines on 6
+th
+somite and 1 pair small posterior setae on 3
+rd
+somite.
+
+Pleopods: absent
+
+Uropod (
+Figure 2L
+): biramous, smaller than telson; exopod developed with 11–12 plumose setae; endopod small with 2 small plumose setae apically.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 2L
+): first pair of processes in an anterolateral position, about a fifth of total length of telson; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+
+Fourth Zoea (
+Figure 3A–D
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 3.87±
+0.15 mm
+; CL= 0.86±
+0.08 mm
+; RL= 0.33±
+0.03 mm
+; N = 10
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 3A
+): rostrum reaching approximately a third of antennular peduncle; 1 supraorbital spine, 1 antenal spine, 1 pterigostomial spine and 4 denticles along ventral margin.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 3A
+): peduncle with 2 articles, with 2 small simple setae proximally, 3 small plumose setae in a more distal position, and 4 plumose setae distally; distal article bearing 2–4 plumose setae and 3–5 simple setae; endopod with 1 long plumose setae; exopod with 1 plumose setae and 2 aesthetascs.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 3B
+): peduncle entire; endopod apically with 1 long plumose setae; exopod entire, with 13–17 plumose setae on inner side and 1–2 setae on outer side, plus a simple small setae on apex.
+
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 3C
+): asymmetrical, both mandibles bearing 4 incisors, 1
+lacinia mobilis
+and 2 submarginal setae; armature of molar processes as illustrated.
+
+Maxillule: unchanged besides size.
+Maxilla: exopod with 8–12 marginal plumose setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+First maxilliped: unchanged besides size.
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 3A
+): endopod with 3 articles with 3 (2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate) +1 simple, 1 simple + 1 plumodenticulate, 1+4+1 (3 simple and 3 plumodenticulate) setae; Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 3A
+): endopod with 4 articles with 2+2 simple, 1 simple, 1–3+4 plumodenticulate, 2+1 (1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 6–7 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 3A
+): endopod: first article with 2+2 setae, second article with 1 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 1+4 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 5–7 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Second pereiopod (
+Figure 3A
+): biramous bud.
+
+Third to fourth pereiopods: absent
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 3A, 3D
+): developed, uniramous. Coxopodite unarmed; basipodite bears 1 simple setae; first article with 1 setae; second article with 0–1 setae; third article with 1 setae; fourth article flattened and paddlelike enlarged with margins serrated (6–7 and 5 teeth on each side respectively), bearing 2 setae distally; fifth article small with 2 terminal setae.
+
+
+Pleon (
+Figure 3A
+): 6 somites; 1 pair of small dorso-lateral spines on posterior margin of 5
+th
+somite, 1 pair of small lateral spines on 6
+th
+somite and 2 pairs small posterior setae on 3
+rd
+somite; dorsal region of the 3
+rd
+pleomere is slightly curved.
+
+Pleopods: absent
+
+Uropod (
+Figure 3A
+): biramous; exopod well developed reaching the end of telson, with 15–19 plumose setae bearing lateral microtricha; endopod with 7–12 plumose setae.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 3A
+): unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+
+Fifth Zoea (
+Figure 3E–I
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 4.30±
+0.43 mm
+; CL= 0.77±
+0.38 mm
+; RL= 0.30±
+0.09 mm
+; N = 10
+
+Carapace: rostrum reaching a fifth of antennular peduncle; 2 denticles along ventral margin. Otherwise unchanged.
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 3E
+): peduncle with 2 articles; proximal article with 4–5 small simple setae on stylocerite and 1+1+2+3-4 plumose setae along the article; distal article with 4–6 plumose setae; endopod with 3 articles, distal article with 1 long plumose setae and 2–3 simple setae; exopod with 3 articles with 2 aesthetascs in the first one and 1 plumose +0–1 simple setae apically.
+
+Antenna: peduncle entire; endopod developing without setae; exopod entire, with 18 plumose setae on inner side, plus simple small setae on apex.
+
+Mandible: asymmetrical, both mandibles bearing 4 incisors and 1
+lacinia mobilis
+, right mandible with 2 submarginal setae and left with 3 submarginal setae.
+
+Maxillule: coxopodite with 8 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 8 cuspidate setae bearing lateral microtricha; endopod with 2 strong subterminal serrulate setae and 3 strong terminal serrulate setae.
+Maxilla: exopod with 11–13 marginal plumose setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+First maxilliped (
+Figure 3F
+): basipodite with 13 (4 serrulate and 9 pappose) setae; unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 3.
+Fourth zoea:
+A
+complete larvae lateral view;
+B
+antenna;
+C
+mandibles;
+D
+detail of fifth’s pereiopod propodus and dactylus. Fifth zoea:
+E
+antennule;
+F
+first maxilliped;
+G
+second pereiopod;
+H
+third pereiopod;
+I
+detail of fifth’s pereiopod propodus and dactylus;
+J
+uropods and telson. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
+
+
+Second maxilliped: exopod entire bearing 4 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Third maxilliped: unchanged besides size.
+First pereiopod: endopod: first article with 2+3 setae, second article with 1 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 1+4 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+Second pereiopod (
+Figure 3G
+): biramous, functional; coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 1 simple setae; endopod: first article with 2+3 setae, second article without setae, third article with 4 plumodenticulate, fourth article with 2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 4 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+Third pereiopod (
+Figure 3H
+): biramous bud.
+
+Fourth pereiopods: absent
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 3I
+): coxopodite with 1 simple setae; basis with 1 simple setae; first article with 2 setae; second article with 2 setae and a spine-like process; third article margins serrated with teeth on both sides and bearing 3 setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Pleon: 6 somites; 1 pair of small lateral spines on 6
+th
+somite and 2 pairs small posterior setae on 3
+rd
+somite.
+
+Pleopods: absent
+
+Uropod (
+Figure 3J
+): biramous, longer than telson; exopod with 22+1 plumose setae; endopod with 17 plumose setae.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 3J
+): margins laterally parallel; posterior margin concave with a central invagination.
+
+
+
+
+Sixth Zoea (
+Figure 4A–E
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 4.18±
+1.10 mm
+; CL= 1.01±
+0.63 mm
+; RL= 0.33±
+0.04 mm
+; N = 3
+
+Carapace: 1 denticle along antero-ventral margin; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 4A
+): peduncle with 2 articles; proximal article with 4 small simple setae on stylocerite, 6 plumose setae along the inner margin, 1 simple setae and one row of plumose setae on outer posterior margin; distal article with a row of plumose setae on inner posterior margin; endopod with 6 articles, second and third articles with 1 aesthetasc each and, 1, 0, 2 setae in the distal articles, respectively; exopod with 4 articles with 3 aesthetascs in the second article and 1 plumose setae and 2 simple setae in the distal one.
+
+Antenna: exopod entire, with 21 plumose setae on inner side, 1 spine plus a simple small setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 4B
+): asymmetrical, both mandibles bearing 4 incisors, 1
+lacinia mobilis
+and 3 submarginal setae.
+
+Maxillule: coxopodite with 11 cuspidate setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Maxilla: coxopodite bilobed with 10 (4 serrulate and 6 pappose) and 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae, respectively; basipodite bilobed, both bearing 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae; endopod entire bearing 3 (2 serrulate and 1 simple) +2 serrulate +4 serrulate setae; exopod with 13 marginal plumose setae bearing lateral microtricha.
+First maxilliped: coxopodite with 2+1+2 serrulate setae; basipodite with 14 (4 serrulate and 10 pappose) setae; endopod with 4 articles with 3,1,2,3 pappose setae; exopod entire with 1+3 plumose setae.
+Second maxilliped: coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 1+2+3 serrulate setae; exopod entire bearing 6 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged.
+Third maxilliped: coxopodite unarmed; basipodite with 3 serrulate setae along inner margin; endopod with 4 articles with 2+2 simple, 1 simple, 2+4 plumodenticulate, 2+1 (1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 8 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+First pereiopod: biramous; coxopodite with 1 simple setae; basipodite with 1 simple setae; endopod: first article with 2+2 setae, second article with 3 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 3+4 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 8 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+Second pereiopod: biramous; coxopodite without setae; basipodite with 2 simple setae; endopod: first article with 2+1 setae, second article with 2 plumodenticulate, third article with 4 plumodenticulate, fourth article with 2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 6 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+Third pereiopod (
+Figure 4C
+): biramous; coxa without setae; basipodite with 1 simple setae; endopod: first article with 2 simple setae, second article without setae, third article without setae, fourth article with 5 plumodenticulate setae, fifth article with 2 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 3 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 4.
+Sixth zoea:
+A
+antennule;
+B
+mandibles;
+C
+third pereiopod;
+D
+fourth pereiopod;
+E
+uropods and telson. Seventh zoea:
+F
+larvae dorsal view;
+G
+maxillule;
+H
+maxilla. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
+
+
+
+Fourth pereiopod (
+Figure 4D
+): biramous bud
+
+Fifth pereiopod: developed, uniramous. coxopodite without setae; basipodite bears 1 simple setae; endopod: first article without setae; second article with 1 setae and a spine-like process; third article with 1+2 setae and a spine-like process; fourth article paddle-like, margins 2/3 serrated with teeth on both sides and bearing 1+2+1 setae; fifth article small with 2 terminal setae.
+Pleon: unchanged besides size.
+Pleopods: absent
+
+Uropods (
+Figure 4E
+): biramous, longer than telson, with 2 base spines; exopod with 2 simple setae +1 spine +24 plumose setae +3 simple setae; endopod with 3 simple setae +18 plumose setae.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 4E
+): second pair of processes also in an anterolateral position; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+
+Seventh Zoea (
+Figure 4F–H
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 5.46±
+0.40 mm
+; CL= 1.23±
+0.15 mm
+; RL= 0.56±
+0.06 mm
+; N = 10
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 4F
+): rostrum with 1 spine in front of dorsal organ; anterio-ventral margin without denticles; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 4F
+): peduncle with 2 articles; stylocerite with 5–7 small simple setae, proximal article with 3–4 setae on inner margin, 8–13 plumose setae along the inner margin of the article and 1 row of plumose setae on outer margin and posterior end; distal article with row of plumose setae terminally; endopod with 16–25 articles; exopod with 10–21 articles with 3 aesthetascs in the forth article and 1 plumose setae and 2 simple setae apically.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 4F
+): endopod reaching about a third of exopod, with 3 small setae apically; exopod with 23–30 plumose setae on inner side, 1 spine plus 1–3 simple small setae on the outer margin.
+
+
+Mandible: both mandibles bearing 4 incisors, 1
+lacinia mobilis
+and a molar process; right mandible with 2–6 submarginal setae and left with 3–5 submarginal setae.
+
+
+Maxillule (
+Figure 4G
+): coxopodite with 14–15 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 9 cuspidate setae bearing lateral microtricha; endopod with 2 strong subterminal serrulate setae and 3 strong terminal serrulate setae.
+
+
+Maxilla (
+Figure 4H
+): coxopodite bilobed with 14–15 (4 serrulate and 10 pappose) and 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae, respectively; basipodite bilobed, bearing 6–7 (1 serrulate and 5 pappose) and 5–6 (1 serrulate and 4 pappose) setae; exopod with 19–30 marginal plumose setae bearing lateral microtricha; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+First maxilliped: basipodite with 17–18 (8 serrulate and 10 pappose) setae; endopod with 4 articles with 3,1– 2,2,4 pappose setae; exopod entire with 0–1 plumose setae on anterior outer margin and 1+4 plumose setae terminally; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 4F
+): endopod with 3 articles with 2–3 (1–2 simple +1 plumodenticulate) +1 simple, 2–3 (1–2 simple +1 plumodenticulate), 0–1+5 (2–3 simple +3 plumodenticulate) setae; otherwise unchanged.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 4F
+): endopod with 4 articles with 2+2 simple, 1 simple, 0–2 (0–1 simple +1 plumodenticulate) +2+4 plumodenticulate, 1–2 simple +2 plumodenticulate setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 4F
+): coxopodite with 1–2 simple setae; basipodite with 0–3 simple setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Second pereiopod (
+Figure 4F
+): basipodite with 2–3 simple setae; endopod: first article with 1–2+1–2 setae, second article with 2 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 4–5 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 2 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 11–12 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Third pereiopod (
+Figure 4F
+): basipodite with 2+0–1 simple setae; endopod: first article with 1–2 setae, second article with 1 simple setae and 1 spine-like process, third article with 1–3 setae, fourth article paddle-like bearing 11–18 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 2 plumodenticulate and 1 simple terminal setae; exopod entire with 9–10 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Fourth pereiopod (
+Figure 4F
+): biramous; coxopodite with 0–1 setae; basipodite with 1–2 simple setae; endopod: first article with 0–2 setae, second article with 1–2 setae, third article with 2–6 setae, fourth article enlarged, paddlelike, bearing 12–17 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 2 simple and 1 simple terminal setae; exopod entire with 5–6 pairs of plumose setae.
+
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 4F
+): coxopodite with 1 simple setae; basipodite bears 2 simple setae; first article with 0–2 setae; second article with 1–3 setae and a spine-like process; third article sparsely setose with 1–2 spine-like setae and a spine-like process; fourth article paddle-like, margins 2/3 serrated with teeth on both sides and bearing 5–15 sparsely plumodenticulate setae; fifth article small with 2 terminal setae.
+
+
+Pleon (
+Figure 4F
+): unchanged besides size.
+
+Pleopods: absent
+
+Uropods (
+Figure 4F
+): longer than telson; protopod with edged margins dorsally; exopod with 27–33 plumose setae along inner and posterior margin, 2–3 simple setae on anterior and 1 spine posteriorly on outer margin; endopod with 24–34 plumose setae.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 4F
+): margins slightly narrower posteriorly; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+
+Eighth Zoea (
+Figure 5A–C
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 6.20±
+2.57 mm
+; CL= 1.67±
+0.15 mm
+; RL= 0.83±
+0.09 mm
+; N = 10
+
+Carapace: unchanged besides size.
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 5A
+): stylocerite with 8 small simple setae, proximal article now with 3 setae on inner margin, 11–15 plumose setae along the margin of the segment, one row of plumose setae on outer margin and posterior end, 0–3 simple setae and 1 row of plumose setae on outer margin and posterior end, 2–4 simple setae 1 row of plumose setae terminally; endopod with 24–26 articles; exopod with 18–26 articles with 2–3 aesthetascs in the third article and 3–4 aesthetascs in the forth article and 1 plumose setae and 4–7 simple setae apically.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 5B
+): peduncle with 2 simple setae; endopod with 2 articles with 1–2 simple setae on the margin of the 2
+nd
+article and 5 small setae apically; exopod with 29–32 plumose setae on inner side, 1 spine plus 3–6 simple small setae.
+
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 5C
+): right mandible with 6–8 submarginal setae and left with 4–5 submarginal setae; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+Maxillule: coxopodite with 12–20 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 11–15 cuspidate setae bearing lateral microtricha; endopod with 2–3 strong subterminal serrulate setae and 3 strong terminal serrulate setae.
+Maxilla: coxopodite bilobed with 15 (4 serrulate and 10 pappose) and 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae, respectively; basipodite bilobed, both bearing 8 (1 serrulate and 7 pappose) setae; endopod entire bearing 3 (2 serrulate and 1 simple) +2 serrulate +4 serrulate setae; exopod with 28–34 marginal plumose setae bearing lateral microtricha.
+First maxilliped: exopod with 1–4 plumose setae on anterior outer margin and 4–5 plumose setae terminally; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Second maxilliped: unchanged besides size.
+Third maxilliped: unchanged besides size.
+First pereiopod: unchanged besides size.
+Second pereiopod: endopod: first article with 1–2+1–2 setae, second article with 1–4 setae and 2 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 4–5 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 2–3 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 11–13 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Third pereiopod: coxopodite with 1–2 simple setae; endopod: first article with 2–4 setae, second article with 0–2 setae and 1 spine-like process, third article with 2–4 setae, fourth article enlarged, paddle-like, bearing 16–22 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 2 simple and 2–3 terminal plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 10–11 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Fourth pereiopod: coxopodite with 1 setae; basipodite with 1–2 simple setae; endopod: first article with 1–4 setae, second article with 1–3 setae, third article with 3–6 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article margins 1/3 serrated bearing 13–24 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 2–4 simple and 1 terminal setae; exopod entire with 6 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Fifth pereiopod: developed, uniramous. Coxopodite with 0–1 simple setae; basipodite bears 1 simple setae; first article with 1–7 sparse setae; second article with 1–5 setae and 1 spine-like process; third article sparsely setose with 6 spine-like setae and 1 spine-like process; fourth article margins 2/3 serrated with teeth on both sides and bearing 14–31 sparsely plumodenticulate setae; fifth article small with 3–6 setae.
+
+Pleon: 6 somites; possibly with 3 small simple dorsal setae on the 4
+th
+somite and 1–2 small dorsal setae on the 5
+th
+somite.
+
+Pleopods: small buttons.
+
+
+FIGURE 5.
+Eighth zoea:
+A
+antennule;
+B
+antenna;
+C
+mandibles. Ninth zoea:
+D
+larvae dorsal view;
+E
+first maxilliped;
+F
+pleopods. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
+
+
+Uropods: exopod with 3–4 simple setae on anterior outer margin, 1–6 simple setae and 1 spine on posterior outer margin, followed by 32–40 plumose setae along posterior and inner margin; endopod with 33–38 plumose setae along margin. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Telson: slightly narrower posteriorly. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+Ninth Zoea (
+Figure 5D–F
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 7.58±
+1.48 mm
+; CL=
+2.26±2.57 mm
+; RL= 1.07 ±
+0.17 mm
+; N = 3
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 5D
+): rostrum reaching about a third of antennular peduncle, one spine in front of the dorsal organ and 2 spines on the rostrum. Otherwise unchanged.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 5D
+): stylocerite with 7–10 small simple setae, proximal article with 2–3 setae on inner margin, 16–20 plumose setae along the margin of the article +1 row of plumose setae +1–2 simple setae +1 row of plumose setae, 1–4 simple setae +1 row of plumose setae; endopod with 35–38 articles; exopod with 40–45 articles with 0–1 aesthetascs in the third article, 3–5 aesthetascs in the fourth, 4–6 aesthetascs in the fifth, 2–5 aesthetascs in the sixth, 0–3 aesthetascs in the seventh and 4–5 simple setae apically.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 5D
+): endopod nearly twice the length of exopod, with 17–20 articles, each one with 0–3, except the terminal one with 3–5, simple setae; exopod entire, with 39–41 plumose setae on inner side, 1 spine plus 5–7 simple small setae.
+
+Mandible: right mandible with 9–10 submarginal setae and left with 7 submarginal setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Maxillule: coxopodite with 13–16 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 11–12 cuspidate setae; endopod with 3–4 strong subterminal serrulate setae and 3 strong terminal serrulate setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+Maxilla: coxopodite bilobed with 18 (4 serrulate and 14 pappose) and 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae, respectively; endopod entire bearing 3 (2 serrulate and 1 simple) + 2–3 serrulate +4 serrulate setae; exopod with 48 marginal plumose setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+First maxilliped (
+Figure 5E
+): basipodite with 18–19 (8 serrulate and 10–11 pappose) setae; endopod with 4 articles with 2–3,1–3,2,3–4 pappose setae; exopod showing the caridean lobe with 9–10 plumose setae along the margin and with 6–8 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 5D
+): basipodite with 6–8 serrulate setae along inner margin; endopod with 3 articles with 2–3+1 (2 simple + 1–2 plumodenticulate), 2–4 plumodenticulate, 1+5 (3 simple and 3 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 5–6 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 5D
+): coxopodite with 0–1 simple small setae; endopod with 4 articles, with 2+1 simple, 1 simple and 2 plumodenticulate, 16–24 plumodenticulate, 3–4 (1–2 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 11–13 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 5D
+): endopod: first article with 2–3 setae, second article with 2 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 1–2 simple and 8 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 5 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 18 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Second pereiopod (
+Figure 5D
+): coxopodite with 2–3 simple setae; endopod: first article with 4–5 setae, second article with 4 setae and 3 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 7–12 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article with 7 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 23–25 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Third pereiopod (
+Figure 5D
+): coxopodite with 2–4 simple setae; endopod: first article with 5–9 setae, second article with 1–6 setae and 1 spine-like process, third article with 4–6 setae, fourth article bearing 26–33 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 4–5 simple and 1 terminal setae; exopod entire with 14–15 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Fourth pereiopods (
+Figure 5D
+): coxopodite with 1–2 setae; basipodite with 3 simple setae along margin; endopod: first article with 5–6 setae, second article with 2–3 setae, third article with 10–15 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article bearing 34–40 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 5 simple and 1 terminal setae; exopod entire with 10–11 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 5D
+): coxopodite with 1–3 simple setae; basipodite bears 1–3 simple setae; first article sparsely setose; second article with 4–7 spine-like setae and 1 spine-like process; third article sparsely setose with 11–16 spine-like setae and 1 spine-like process; fourth article bearing 21–27 sparsely plumodenticulate setae; Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Pleon (
+Figure 5D
+): with 0–4 small simple setae along dorsal margin on the 1
+st
+somite, 0–2 small simple setae along dorsal margin on the 3
+rd
+somite, 2–5 small simple setae along dorsal margin on the 4
+th
+somite, 1–2 small simple setae along dorsal margin and 0–1 simple setae on posterior ventral margin of the 5
+th
+somite and 6 small simple setae along ventral margin the 6
+th
+somite.
+
+
+Pleopods (
+Figure 5D, 5F
+): bilobed, endopod bud-like with 2–4 simple apical setae as figured; exopod as bud.
+
+
+Uropods (
+Figure 5D
+): exopod almost twice the length of telson with 6–10 simple setae on anterior outer margin, 6–8 simple setae and 1 spine on posterior outer margin, followed by 48–51 plumose setae along posterior and inner margin; endopod with 49–50 plumose setae along margin. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 5D
+): unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+
+Tenth Zoea (
+Figure 6A–U
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL= 11.61±
+1.62 mm
+; CL= 3.17±
+0.69 mm
+; RL= 1.95 ±
+0.49 mm
+; N = 6
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 6A, 6B
+): one spine in front of the dorsal organ, 3–4 spines on the rostrum dorsal part and 0–1 ventrally. Otherwise unchanged.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 6A, 6C
+): peduncle with 2 articles; stylocerite with 12–17 small simple setae, proximal article with 4–6 setae on inner margin, 20–24 plumose setae along the margin of the article +1 row of plumose setae + 3 simple setae +1 row of plumose setae, 3–10 simple setae +1 row of plumose setae; endopod with 63–71 articles; exopod with 62–75 articles with 0–2 aesthetascs in the second article, 2–4 aesthetascs in the third article, 5–7 aesthetascs in the fourth, 6–7 aesthetascs in the fifth, 4–7 aesthetascs in the sixth, 3–7 aesthetascs in the seventh, 0–4 aesthetascs in the eighth, 0–3 aesthetascs in the ninth and 4–9 simple setae apically.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 6A, 6D
+): basipodite with 4+4–7 simple setae; endopod three times the length of scaphocerite, with 49–59 articles, each one with 0–4, except the terminal one with 3–4 simple setae; exopod entire with 48–54 plumose setae on inner side, 1 spine plus 10–13 simple small setae.
+
+
+Mandible (
+Figure 6E
+): right mandible with 10–12 submarginal setae and left with 8–9 submarginal setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Maxillule (
+Figure 6F
+): coxopodite with 18–21 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 19–21 cuspidate setae bearing lateral microtricha; endopod with 4–5 strong subterminal serrulate setae and 3 strong terminal serrulate setae.
+
+
+Maxilla (
+Figure 6G
+): coxopodite with 20–21 (4 serrulate and 16–17 pappose) and 4 (1 serrulate and 3 pappose) setae, respectively; endopod entire bearing 3 (2 serrulate and 1 simple) +3–4+4 serrulate setae, and 0–1 small plumose setae on the ventral external side; exopod with 64–77 marginal plumose setae; microtricha as illustrated. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+First maxilliped (
+Figure 6H
+): coxopodite with 4–7 serrulate setae; basipodite with 20–22 (8–11 serrulate and 11–14 pappose) setae and 5–11 simple setae scattered around; endopod with 4 articles with 3–5,4–6,2,4 pappose setae; exopod showing the caridean lobe with 15–18 plumose setae along the margin, entire, with 4 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; epipodite as bud.
+
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 6I
+): coxopodite with 0–1 simple setae; basipodite with 8 serrulate setae along inner margin and 1–3 simple setae along outer margin; endopod with 3 articles with 2 simple +2 plumodenticulate +3–4 simple, 1 simple +6 plumodenticulate, 4–5 simple +3 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire bearing 5–6 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 6J
+): coxopodite with 1–3 simple small setae; basipodite with 3–4 serrulate setae along inner margin; endopod with 4 articles with 3–6 simple, 1 simple and 3–5 plumodenticulate, 23–31 plumodenticulate, 5–6 (3–4 simple and 2 plumodenticulate) setae; exopod entire bearing 17–19 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 6K
+): coxopodite with 0–3 simple setae; basipodite with 2–4 simple setae; endopod: first article with 7 setae, second article with 1–2 simple and 1+3 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 7 simple and 6 plumodenticulate setae and a forming chela about a 3
+rd
+of fourth article’s size, fourth article with 10 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae; exopod entire with 23–25 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+Second pereiopod (
+Figure 6L
+): basipodite with 1–4 simple setae; endopod: first article with 8–16 setae, second article with 8 setae and 6 plumodenticulate setae, third article with 7–9 plumodenticulate setae and a forming chela about a 3
+rd
+and a half of the fourth size bearing 6–8 simple setae, fourth article with 7–11 simple and 1 plumodenticulate setae. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 6.
+Tenth zoea:
+A
+complete larvae lateral view;
+B
+rostrum and carapace denticles;
+C
+antennule;
+D
+antenna;
+E
+mandibles;
+F
+maxillule;
+G
+maxilla;
+H
+first maxilliped;
+I
+second maxilliped;
+J
+third maxilliped;
+K
+first pereiopod;
+L
+second pereiopod;
+M
+third pereiopod;
+N
+fourth pereiopod;
+O
+fifth pereiopod;
+P
+first pleopod;
+Q
+second pleopod;
+R
+third pleopod;
+S
+fourth pleopod;
+T
+fifth pleopod;
+U
+telson and uropods. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
+
+
+
+Third pereiopod (
+Figure 6M
+): basipodite with 1–5 simple setae; endopod: first article with 7–9 setae, second article with 12–17 setae and 1 spine-like process, third article with 14–22 setae, fourth article bearing 57–74 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 7–10 simple and 1 terminal setae; exopod entire with 20–23 pairs of plumose setae on distal part. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Fourth pereiopods (
+Figure 6N
+): coxopodite with 2–7 setae; basipodite with 1–3 setae along margin; endopod: first article sparsely setose with 8 setae, second article sparsely setose with 7 setae, third article sparsely setose with 18 plumodenticulate setae, fourth article margins 1/3 serrated bearing 20–61 sparsely plumodenticulate setae, fifth article small with 4–9 simple and 1 terminal setae; exopod entire with 13–16 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 6O
+): coxopodite with 2–3 simple setae; basipodite bears 2–4 simple setae; first article sparsely setose; second article sparsely setose with 4–7 spine-like setae and 1 spine-like process; third article sparsely setose with 3–6 spine-like setae and a spine-like process; fourth article margins 2/3 serrated with teeth on both sides and bearing 27–56 sparsely plumodenticulate setae; fifth article small with 5 simple terminal and 3 spinelike setae.
+
+
+Pleon: with 3–5 small simple setae along ventral margin on the 1
+st
+somite, 2–6 small simple setae along ventral margin on the 3
+rd
+somite, 1–4 small simple setae along ventral margin on the 4
+th
+somite and 1–4 small simple setae along ventral margin on the 5
+th
+somite.
+
+
+Pleopods (
+Figure 6P, 6Q, 6R, 6S, 6T
+): protopods without setae; endopods with 4–8 small spines and exopods with 8–16 small spines, as illustrated.
+
+
+Uropods (
+Figure 6U
+): exopod with 3–7 simple setae on anterior outer margin, 8–16 simple setae and 1 spine on posterior outer margin, followed by 60–72 plumose setae along posterior and inner margin; endopod with 2–4 simple setae on anterior outer margin, 5–7 simple setae and 58–69 plumose setae along margin with lateral microtricha. Otherwise unchanged besides size.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 6U
+): Unchanged besides size.
+
+
+
+
+Decapodite (
+Figure 7A–U
+)
+
+
+
+
+Size: TL=
+26.19 mm
+; CL=
+7.23 mm
+; RL=
+4.38 mm
+; N = 1
+
+
+Carapace (
+Figure 7A
+): carapace smooth, rostrum straight reaching over a half of antennular peduncle, with one spine in front of the dorsal organ, 6 spines on the dorsal part and 0–3 ventrally.
+
+
+Antennule (
+Figure 7A, 7
+A’, 7B): basal article of the antennular peduncle with stylocerite reaching over 1/4 of this article; peduncle with 3 articles; lateral antennular flagellum with aesthetascs extending from the 3
+rd
+article to 20
+th
+article.
+
+
+Antenna (
+Figure 7A, 7
+A’, 7C): basipodite with 4 simple setae; endopod nine times the length of scaphocerite, with 147 articles, each one with 0–1, except the terminal one with 8 simple setae; exopod entire, with 67 plumose setae on inner side, 1 spine plus 2 simple small setae.
+
+
+Mandibles (
+Figure 7D
+): unequal, without palp; presenting incisor process, as figured.
+
+
+Maxillule (
+Figure 7E
+): coxopodite with 36 cuspidate setae, basipodite with 51 cuspidate setae; endopod with 2 strong terminal serrulate setae and 5 setae along outer margin.
+
+
+Maxilla (
+Figure 7F
+): coxopodite bearing 23 setae; basipodite bilobed, each bearing 25 setae and 29 setae respectively; endopod entire bearing 1 setae on inner side, 1 terminal setae and 1 setae along outer margin; scaphognathite well developed, very large and not very broad, with 115 plumose setae along the margin.
+
+
+First maxilliped (
+Figure 7G
+): coxopodite with 8 serrulate setae; basipodite with 62 setae; endopod with 4 articles with (0,2,0,3) pappose setae; exopod showing the caridean lobe, not distinctly separated with 38 plumose setae along the margin, entire, with 10 pairs of plumose setae on distal part; epipodite bilobed.
+
+
+Second maxilliped (
+Figure 7H
+): coxa with 7 simple setae and a large epipod laterally; basis with 10 setae along inner margin and 4 setae along outer margin; endopod stout, terminal article, distally elongated, with rows of long marginal and submarginal setae; ischium with 4 setae along inner margin and 6 simple setae along outer margin; merus with 3 setae; carpus short with 2 setae along the margin; propod with row of distributed setae; exopod entire bearing 13 pairs of plumose setae on distal part.
+
+
+Third maxilliped (
+Figure 7I, 7
+I’): with long and slender endopod, distal article with 6 spines distributed terminally; exopod short, slender, reaching more than 2/3 of the two proximal endopod articles, with 2 terminal setae and 1 setae near the base.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 7.
+Decapodite:
+A
+specimen lateral view;
+A’
+complete specimen lateral view;
+B
+antennule;
+C
+antenna;
+D
+mandibles;
+E
+maxillule;
+F
+maxilla;
+G
+first maxilliped;
+H
+second maxilliped;
+I
+third maxilliped;
+J
+first pereiopod;
+J’
+first pereiopod, detail of chelae;
+K
+second pereiopod;
+K’
+second pereiopod, detail of chelae;
+L
+third pereiopod;
+L’
+third pereiopod, detail of chelae;
+M
+fourth pereiopod;
+M’
+fourth pereiopod, detail of chelae;
+N
+fifth pereiopod;
+N’
+fifth pereiopod, detail of chelae;
+O
+first pleopod;
+P
+second pleopod;
+Q
+third pleopod;
+R
+fourth pleopod;
+S
+fifth pleopod;
+T
+telson;
+U
+uropods. Scale bars: 0.1mm.
+
+
+
+First pereiopod (
+Figure 7J, 7
+J’): all articles well differentiated and setose as figured; propodus with a simple chela, reaching beyond the end of scaphocerite; palm about 3.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus almost as long as merus; exopod entire with four setae on ventral posterior margin and four setae on distal part.
+
+
+Second pereiopod (
+Figure 7K, 7
+K’): carpus twice as long as merus, with indistinct articulation; merus with equal length as ischium, both entire; exopod entire with eight setae on ventral posterior margin and two setae on distal part.
+
+
+Third pereiopod (
+Figure 7L, 7
+L’): similar to fourth and fifth pereiopod, being the smallest in size; with unarmed ischium; merus with four stout ventrolateral spines, over twice as long as carpus; propodus slightly shorter than merus with setae along margins; dactylus about 1/10 length of propodus, biunguiculate, with three additional slender spines on flexor margin, terminal unguis longer than ventral unguis; exopod entire with four setae on distal part.
+
+
+Fourth pereiopod (
+Figure 7M, 7
+M’): with four stout spines along ventrolateral margin of merus, which is almost two times as long as carpus; propodus slightly longer than merus with setae along margins; dactylus similar to third pereiopod, as figured; exopod entire with nine setae on ventral posterior margin, one on distal part and five on dorsal posterior margin.
+
+
+Fifth pereiopod (
+Figure 7N, 7
+N’): merus with five stout spines along lateral margin; propodus slightly shorter than merus with spines and setae along margins; dactylus similar to third and fourth pereiopod, as figured.
+
+
+Pleopods (
+Figure 7O, 7P, 7Q, 7R, 7S
+): endopod of first pleopod about half as long as exopod with 20 setae. Other pleopods with endopod slightly smaller than exopod, both with plumose setae on margins.
+Appendix masculina
+on second pleopod about half the size of
+appendix interna
+, with four setae on posterior end.
+
+
+Uropods (
+Figure 7U
+): protopod with two lateral teeth with seven setae on margin; exopod sub equal to endopod length, both with plumose setae on margins.
+
+
+Telson (
+Figure 7T
+): about 1.3 times as long as sixth pleomere; lateral margins of telson with many setae on distal half and 4 setae (2 long ones and 2 short ones) in the middle at proximal; dorsal surface with two pairs of spines, the first pair on 0.4 and second one on 0.8 of telson; posterior margins with a pair of short acute spines, two pairs of long acute ones, a pair of strong spines, a pair of short strong spines and a pair of long acute ones.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file