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<document id="7FBBA80BC45E619C788C5AECD8F88BAB" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="4D0EA0E-4759-4DFB-87CF-D2085293A2F8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1739349266596" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Terán, Guillermo E., Benitez, Mauricio F. &amp; Mirande, J. Marcos" docDate="2020" docId="0380375D5D25FFFEBA02FC6F2C2FFDC0" docLanguage="en" docName="zlaa019.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Makunaima Terán, Benitez &amp; Mirande, 2020, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1223" masterDocId="FFB94F255D23FFF8BB3DFF9B2916FFCF" masterDocTitle="Opening the Trojan horse: phylogeny of Astyanax, two new genera and resurrection of Psalidodon (Teleostei: Characidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1234" masterPageNumber="1217" pageNumber="1223" updateTime="1739349490246" updateUser="GgImagineBatch">
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<mods:title id="6C078C0F457461D8E8DE75E5DA0FED4B">Opening the Trojan horse: phylogeny of Astyanax, two new genera and resurrection of Psalidodon (Teleostei: Characidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BDE93F4C78C71DE9C2912684B37954DD">Terán, Guillermo E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="01A5545DEE94F53C285D0E9F0816BE72">Benitez, Mauricio F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8295EF6A22966A22E375C7B385627888">Mirande, J. Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="871543B9390E464788E13F98FF3FC58A">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0380375D5D25FFFEBA02FC6F2C2FFDC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0380375D5D25FFFEBA02FC6F2C2FFDC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0380375D5D25FFFEBA02FC6F2C2FFDC0" lastPageNumber="1223" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">
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<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D25FFFEBA02FC6F28C4FBC5" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" box="[319,466,1012,1035]" family="Characidae" genus="Makunaima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBA02FC6F28C4FBC5" bold="true" box="[319,466,1012,1035]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">MAKUNAIMA</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26EE7225D25FFFEBAE4FC682B5DFBC4" box="[473,587,1011,1035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBBACFB162809FB6E" box="[145,287,1164,1186]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D25FFFEBA0CFB172BE0FB6E" authority="Eigenmann, 1911" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[305,758,1164,1186]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaporensis">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBA0CFB172B31FB6E" box="[305,551,1164,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">Astyanax guaporensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D25FFFEB910FB172BE0FB6E" author="Eigenmann CH" box="[557,758,1164,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" pagination="164 - 181" refId="ref12988" refString="Eigenmann CH. 1911. New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 8: 164-181." type="journal article" year="1911">Eigenmann, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBBACFB502890FB10" box="[145,390,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">New combinations:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBAABFB512BEFFB10" bold="true" box="[406,761,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">Makunaima guaporensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D25FFFEBBA6FB722894FB31" author="Eigenmann CH" box="[155,386,1257,1279]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" pagination="164 - 181" refId="ref12988" refString="Eigenmann CH. 1911. New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 8: 164-181." type="journal article" year="1911">Eigenmann, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBAA6FB722B21FB31" bold="true" box="[411,567,1257,1278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">c o m b. n o v.</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEB970FB722827FAD2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">M a k u n a i m a g u i a n e n s i s</emphasis>
(E i g e n m a n n, 1 9 0 9)
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEB96CFA932BE6FAD2" bold="true" box="[593,752,1288,1309]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">c o m b. n o v.</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D25FFFEBBACFABD2BB5FAF3" authority="(Eigenmann, 1908)" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[145,675,1318,1340]" family="Characidae" genus="Makunaima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multidens" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBBACFABD28ADFAF3" bold="true" box="[145,443,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">Makunaima multidens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D25FFFEBAF1FABD2B8DFAF3" author="Eigenmann CH" box="[460,667,1318,1340]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" pagination="91 - 106" refId="ref12899" refString="Eigenmann CH. 1908. Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. (Zoological results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 52: 91-106." type="journal article" year="1908">Eigenmann, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26EE7225D25FFFEB991FABC29D2FA95" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBBACFA1F28D2FA56" box="[145,452,1412,1433]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D25FFFEBA14FA1F28D2FA56" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" box="[297,452,1412,1433]" family="Characidae" genus="Makunaima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Makunaima</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is diagnosed from the remaining Stethaprioninae by the following combination of characters: presence of two rows of teeth in the premaxilla, with five or six in the inner row, a naked caudal fin,
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBA5BFA6528A7F9DC" box="[358,433,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">circuli</emphasis>
absent on posterior field of scales, more than five maxillary teeth, dorsal expansion of the rhinosphenoid present, base of the teeth from inner premaxillary row as broad as distal portion, a single tubule for passage of blood vessels on lamellar portion of the maxilla, complete lateral line with 31 to 35 perforated scales and the caudal fin hyaline or with a blotch but always lacking a black longitudinal stripe.
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEBBACF88F2B08F8E6" box="[145,542,1812,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">S y n a p o m o r p h i e s: M a k u n a i m a</emphasis>
i s r e c o v e r e d a s monophyletic, supported by four morphological synapomorphies: posterior laterosensory pore of pterotic aligned with ventral pore (119:1), dentary teeth abruptly decreasing in size (207:1), posterior margin of quadrate reaching a vertical line through tip of symplectic (234:0) and the opercle with pronouncedly concave posterior margin (252:1).
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D25FFFEB814FEE52ABCFE5C" box="[809,938,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223">Etymology:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D25FFFEB88AFEE52D53FE5B" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" box="[951,1093,382,404]" family="Characidae" genus="Makunaima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Makunaima</taxonomicName>
(also spelled as Macunaima or Makonaima) is a god of creation in the mythology of several Amazonian tribes. According to legend,
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D25FFFEB814FE412AAFFE3F" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" box="[809,953,474,496]" family="Characidae" genus="Makunaima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Makunaima</taxonomicName>
created animals and a great tree from which all food plants grew. Gender: masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<treatment id="0380375D5D27FFFDB8A7FC4E2C23FC1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0380375D5D27FFFDB8A7FC4E2C23FC1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0380375D5D27FFFDB8A7FC4E2C23FC1C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1222" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
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<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D27FFFCB8A7FC4E2C09FC21" ID-CoL="6473V" authority="CUVIER, 1816" authorityName="CUVIER" authorityYear="1816" box="[922,1311,981,1006]" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCB8A7FC4E2D6AFC23" box="[922,1148,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">TETRAGONOPTERUS</emphasis>
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, 1816
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</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B96864B5D27FFFCB814FB852C98FBFC" blockId="4.[809,1422,1053,1075]" box="[809,1422,1053,1075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCB814FB852AAFFBFC" box="[809,953,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
<typeStatus id="549238E95D27FFFCB814FB852A48FBFC" box="[809,862,1054,1075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D27FFFCB8F8FB852C9CFBFC" authority="Cuvier, 1816" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[965,1418,1053,1075]" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argenteus">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCB8F8FB852DE7FBFC" box="[965,1265,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">Tetragonopterus argenteus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D27FFFCBFC5FB862C9CFBFC" author="Cuvier G" box="[1272,1418,1053,1075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" pagination="1 - 532" refId="ref12727" refString="Cuvier G. 1816. Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annelides 1.2: 1-532." type="book chapter" year="1816">Cuvier, 1816</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B96864B5D27FFFCB814FBC62D85FB5F" blockId="4.[809,1424,1115,1168]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCB814FBC62D36FBBE" box="[809,1056,1116,1138]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">New combinations:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D27FFFCBF0DFBC72D15FB5F" authority="(Eigenmann, 1913)" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1913" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daguae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCBF0DFBC72C86FBBE" bold="true" box="[1072,1424,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">Tetragonopterus daguae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D27FFFCB80CFBE12AEFFB5F" author="Eigenmann CH" box="[817,1017,1146,1168]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref13014" refString="Eigenmann CH. 1913. Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part II. Indiana University Studies 18: 1-32." type="journal article" year="1913">Eigenmann, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26EE7225D27FFFCBF33FBE02D85FB5F" box="[1038,1171,1147,1168]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B96864B5D27FFFCB814FB212C61F9CE" blockId="4.[809,1425,1209,1599]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCB814FB212D9EFB00" box="[809,1160,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D27FFFCB881FB212D9EFB00" authorityName="CUVIER" authorityYear="1816" box="[956,1160,1210,1231]" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tetragonopterus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: a deep and compressed body, two rows of premaxillary teeth with the inner row generally consisting of five or more teeth, a flattened prepelvic area that is bounded laterally by well-marked angles and a complete lateral line with an anterior portion that is strongly bent downwards (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D27FFFCB80FFA0B2D1EFA6A" author="Eigenmann CH" box="[818,1032,1424,1446]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref13077" refString="Eigenmann CH. 1917. American Characidae [Part 1]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 43: 1-102." type="journal article" year="1917">Eigenmann, 1917</bibRefCitation>
). Species of this genus are also recognizable, as mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D27FFFCBFABFA352C71FA0B" author="Silva PC &amp; Malabarba MC &amp; Malabarba LR" box="[1174,1383,1454,1476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref15690" refString="Silva PC, Malabarba MC, Malabarba LR. 2017. Using ancient DNA to unravel taxonomic puzzles: the identity of Deuterodon pedri (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15: 1-11." type="journal article" year="2017">
Silva
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCBFE7FA342C18FA0C" box="[1242,1294,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
, by a deep body, complete lateral line and the presence of pentacuspidate teeth in the inner premaxillary row.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B96864B5D27FFFCB87CF9902DDAF89A" blockId="4.[809,1425,1209,1599]" lastBlockId="4.[809,1419,1650,1877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D27FFFCB87CF9902D6AF9D0" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[833,1148,1546,1568]" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daguae">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCB87CF9902D6AF9D0" box="[833,1148,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">Tetragonopterus daguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not share with the remaining species in the genus the branched name in black were analysed from both morphological and molecular data; taxa in blue from several DNA markers plus some morphological characters coded from literature; taxa in red from just one DNA marker (
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D27FFFCBFDCF9512C1BF910" box="[1249,1293,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1221">COI</emphasis>
) plus some morphological characters coded from literature; and taxa in green analysed only from morphological data. The expression ‘best searches’ refers to the calculations of overall parsimony explained in the text.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B96864B5D26FFFDB806FF5E2CB2FEBB" blockId="5.[827,1444,197,372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">
laterosensory canal in the sixth infraorbital and has four supraneurals instead of the three proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D26FFFDBE54FF7F2AD4FED7" author="Silva PC &amp; Malabarba MC &amp; Malabarba LR" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref15690" refString="Silva PC, Malabarba MC, Malabarba LR. 2017. Using ancient DNA to unravel taxonomic puzzles: the identity of Deuterodon pedri (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15: 1-11." type="journal article" year="2017">
Silva
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D26FFFDB806FE982A7AFED8" box="[827,876,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
to be synapomorphic for
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D26FFFDBFD9FE982C8BFED7" authorityName="CUVIER" authorityYear="1816" box="[1252,1437,259,280]" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D26FFFDBFD9FE982C8BFED7" box="[1252,1437,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">Tetragonopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the coded specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D26FFFDBF93FEB92C2CFEF8" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1198,1338,290,311]" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argenteus">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D26FFFDBF93FEB92C2CFEF8" box="[1198,1338,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">T. argenteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had four supraneurals, suggesting an intraspecific variation that could be present also in other species of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B96864B5D26FFFDB806FE062A99FCB1" blockId="5.[827,1443,413,894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D26FFFDB806FE062AEBFE7D" box="[827,1021,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">Synapomorphies:</emphasis>
With the addition of
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D26FFFDBFD0FE052A9BFE1E" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1913" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daguae">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D26FFFDBFD0FE052A9BFE1E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">Tetragonopterus daguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the genus is supported by: ten ethmoid cartilage distant from lateral ethmoids (40:1), sphenotic spine long and reaching hyomandibular dorsal margin (47:1), supraoccipital spine extended dorsal to entire neural complex of Weberian apparatus (61:0), laterosensory pore anterior to dilatator fossa oriented dorsomedially (115:0), five teeth in the inner premaxillary series (182:0), dentary teeth abruptly decreasing in size (207:1), metapterygoid foramen for passage of the pseudobranch artery as an oblique canal through the metapterygoid (228:1), axis of supraneurals dorsally bifurcated (396:1), bony lamellae developed on supraneurals (397:1) and the presence of iii dorsal-fin rays with the anterior one visible only in c&amp;s specimens (404:1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B96864B5D26FFFDB895FC202C23FC1C" blockId="5.[936,1333,955,980]" box="[936,1333,955,980]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D26FFFDB895FC202D5BFC1C" box="[936,1101,955,980]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1233" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">
<smallCapsWord id="8D7010975D26FFFDB895FC202D5BFC1C" baselines="974,974" box="[936,1101,955,980]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Stevardiinae" pageId="5" pageNumber="1222">STEVARDIINAE</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
:
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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AQ17
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D2AFFF1BA7BF9EC2BF2F943" authority="Mirande et al., 2004" authorityName="Mirande" authorityYear="2004" box="[326,740,1654,1676]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latens">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BA7BF9EC28ECF944" box="[326,506,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">Astyanax latens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D2AFFF1B93CF9ED2BF2F943" author="Mirande JM &amp; Aguilera G &amp; Azpelicueta MM" box="[513,740,1654,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226" pagination="213 - 224" refId="ref14861" refString="Mirande JM, Aguilera G, Azpelicueta MM. 2004. A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) from the upper Rio Bermejo basin, Salta, Argentina. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 111: 213-224." type="journal article" year="2004">
Mirande
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1B954F9EC2BB7F944" box="[617,673,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
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.
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<paragraph id="8B96864B5D2AFFF1BB9EF92D2A1CF8AB" blockId="9.[163,780,1717,1892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BB9EF92D2892F905" box="[163,388,1717,1739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">New combinations:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BAAFF92E2B83F904" bold="true" box="[402,661,1717,1739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">Andromakhe latens</emphasis>
(
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Mirande
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BB9EF94E29F0F926" box="[163,230,1748,1770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BAC3F9482A1DF926" bold="true" box="[510,779,1747,1769]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">Andromakhe paris</emphasis>
(Azpelicueta
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BA05F9682867F8C8" box="[312,369,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">et al.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1B95BF969280EF8E9" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">Andromakhe saguazu</emphasis>
(
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Casciotta
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<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BB9EF8B428E7F88A" bold="true" box="[163,497,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">Andromakhe stenohalina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D2AFFF1B93EF8AB2BBAF889" author="Messner E" box="[515,684,1840,1862]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref14572" refString="Messner E. 1962. Lista de los peces Tetragonopterinae (fam. Characidae) del Uruguay. Boletin de la Asociacion Latino Americana de Ictiologos y Herpetologos 2: 4-5." type="journal article" year="1962">Messner, 1962</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1B983F8AB29CEF8AB" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26EE7225D2AFFF1B983F8AB29CEF8AB" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
<taxonomicName id="4C29FDC85D2AFFF1BBD4F8D52A1CF8AB" authority="(Azpelicueta et al., 2003)" authorityName="Terán &amp; Benitez &amp; Mirande" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Azpelicueta et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[233,778,1870,1892]" family="Characidae" genus="Andromakhe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tupi" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1BBD4F8D528C2F8AC" bold="true" box="[233,468,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">Andromakhe tupi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8FBBA5D2AFFF1BADBF8D52A14F8AB" author="Azpelicueta MM &amp; Mirande JM &amp; Almiron AE &amp; Casciotta JR" box="[486,770,1870,1892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref12204" refString="Azpelicueta MM, Mirande JM, Almiron AE, Casciotta JR. 2003. A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) from Parana river basin in Argentina. Revista del Museo de La Plata 15: 1-12." type="journal article" year="2003">
Azpelicueta
<emphasis id="B95D5A595D2AFFF1B941F8D42BAFF8AC" box="[636,697,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1226">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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120
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Species with golden reflection and rough punctate scutum and terga (
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). Mesonotum (in both sexes) and terga (in male) covered with only pale pile, reddish to yellow-grey. Tibiae and tarsi predominantly black (
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<mods:namePart id="8D49CC9E8FF0E6129D454E6E06A8F635">Radenković, Snežana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1807F0B4CB75E7A016AFBB55E8B8999">Djan, Mihajla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8A0EC064B2225FBD48B462E384A9A4F">Khaghaninia, Samad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B28452D8ADEFF0936ADD778B1CF9F1E7">
<mods:title id="E9A59279327FCCE7998FC8DAE49BC78B">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0EF7BFE88B8C6AC25B1785A4D8B01DAE">
<mods:date id="BDA010800A8B59C5680120E290CF11AA">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1D8AD9D983750CD4F19CC47B2ADF8CFB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="689BC2243EB6F85BB483F7102AD728F3">190</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="822C17225E1395BEDBB303D68394C368" unit="page">
<mods:start id="862C03493E283E8128625679120D0DF8">974</mods:start>
<mods:end id="9CDBCF44374AD20C6DF09716014D25E2">1001</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="6F065BE7E1EFE10B34ABF4C123034EA8">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="4E2E8743ABFCA9C0414FB721458E3DDE" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="83023D711D8388E9D260E21DF5C902E9" type="ZooBank">3A3CAA9-85B9-47F3-B657-06DA9A2897CB</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039A87FFF741FFDC05A115DBFD7BF902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87FFF741FFDC05A115DBFD7BF902" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87FFF741FFDC05A115DBFD7BF902" lastPageNumber="983" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<subSubSection id="C3296562F741FFDC05A115DBFEB3F8A0" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F741FFDC05A115DBFA19FEA4" blockId="9.[939,1425,128,155]" box="[939,1425,128,155]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<heading id="D0C48185F741FFDC05A115DBFA19FEA4" box="[939,1425,128,155]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC05A115DBFAC9FEA6" ID-CoL="8CSXW" authority="SUBGROUP" authorityName="SUBGROUP" box="[939,1345,132,154]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC05A115DBFB2FFEA5" box="[939,1191,133,154]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">MERODON AUREUS</emphasis>
SUBGROUP
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983
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F741FFDC069B1633FE20FD9E" blockId="9.[145,1425,877,929]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B1633FF71FDBD" bold="true" box="[145,249,877,899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Figure 5.</emphasis>
NJ phenogram constructed using squared Mahalanobis distances of wing shape for populations of species of the
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B16D5FEB2FD9F" box="[145,314,907,929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Merodon aureus</emphasis>
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.
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<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F741FFDC069B16B2FB79FA3E" blockId="9.[145,1265,1003,1025]" box="[145,1265,1003,1025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B16B2FF63FA3F" bold="true" box="[145,235,1003,1025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Table 3.</emphasis>
Tests of niche overlap (Schoener’s D) and niche similarity for species of
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC05EA16B5FB01FA3E" box="[992,1161,1003,1025]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Merodon aureus</emphasis>
subgroup
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<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F741FFDC069B117BFA05F870" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<table id="F933C449F741002A069A117BFA06F870" box="[144,1422,1061,1615]" gridcols="5" gridrows="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A117BFA06FA04" box="[144,1422,1061,1083]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A117BFEDAFA04" box="[144,338,1061,1083]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B117BFEDAFA04" box="[145,338,1061,1083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B117BFEDAFA04" bold="true" box="[145,338,1061,1083]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Merodon species</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A046C117BFC82FA04" box="[614,778,1061,1083]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC046D117BFC82FA04" bold="true" box="[615,778,1061,1083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Niche overlap</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A0578117BFA06FA04" box="[882,1422,1061,1083]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC0579117BFB39FA04" bold="true" box="[883,1201,1061,1083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Niche similarity test (± SD)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1103FA06FA4D" box="[144,1422,1117,1138]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1103FEDAFA4D" box="[144,338,1117,1138]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B1103FF2AFA4D" bold="true" box="[145,162,1117,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">A</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701103FE77FA4D" box="[378,511,1117,1138]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701103FE04FA4D" bold="true" box="[378,396,1117,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">B</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781103FBD9FA4D" box="[882,1105,1117,1138]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC05791103FC4AFA4D" bold="true" box="[883,962,1117,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">A vs. B</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31103FA06FA4D" box="[1209,1422,1117,1138]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC02B31103FA8FFA4D" bold="true" box="[1209,1287,1117,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">B vs. A</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A11CAFA06FA95" box="[144,1422,1172,1194]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A11CAFEDAFA95" box="[144,338,1172,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B11CBFE83FA95" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[145,267,1172,1194]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B11CBFE83FA95" bold="true" box="[145,267,1172,1194]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A077011CAFE77FA95" box="[378,511,1172,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC077011CBFE64FA95" box="[378,492,1173,1194]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC077011CBFE64FA95" bold="true" box="[378,492,1173,1194]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C11CAFC82FA95" box="[614,778,1172,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00072</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A057811CAFBD9FA95" box="[882,1105,1172,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00215 ± 0.00072**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B311CAFA06FA95" box="[1209,1422,1172,1194]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00455 ± 0.00148**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A11ECFA06FAF7" box="[144,1422,1202,1224]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A11ECFEDAFAF7" box="[144,338,1202,1224]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B11EDFE83FAF7" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[145,267,1202,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B11EDFE83FAF7" bold="true" box="[145,267,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A077011ECFE77FAF7" box="[378,511,1202,1224]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC077011EDFE7AFAF7" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[378,498,1202,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC077011EDFE7AFAF7" bold="true" box="[378,498,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. calidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C11ECFC82FAF7" box="[614,778,1202,1224]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00129</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A057811ECFBD9FAF7" box="[882,1105,1202,1224]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00699 ± 0.00396**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B311ECFA06FAF7" box="[1209,1422,1202,1224]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00432 ± 0.00142**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A118EFA06FAD9" box="[144,1422,1232,1254]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A118EFEDAFAD9" box="[144,338,1232,1254]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B118FFE83FAD9" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[145,267,1232,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B118FFE83FAD9" bold="true" box="[145,267,1232,1254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A0770118EFE77FAD9" box="[378,511,1232,1254]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC0770118FFE50FAD9" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[378,472,1233,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC0770118FFE50FAD9" bold="true" box="[378,472,1233,1254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. ortus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C118EFC82FAD9" box="[614,778,1232,1254]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00080</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A0578118EFBD9FAD9" box="[882,1105,1232,1254]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00076 ± 0.00047NS</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B3118EFA06FAD9" box="[1209,1422,1232,1254]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00601 ± 0.00111**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A11B0FA06FB3B" box="[144,1422,1262,1284]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A11B0FEDAFB3B" box="[144,338,1262,1284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B11B1FE83FB3B" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[145,267,1262,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B11B1FE83FB3B" bold="true" box="[145,267,1262,1284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A077011B0FE77FB3B" box="[378,511,1262,1284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC077011B1FE74FB3B" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[378,508,1262,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC077011B1FE74FB3B" bold="true" box="[378,508,1262,1284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C11B0FC82FB3B" box="[614,778,1262,1284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00139</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A057811B0FBD9FB3B" box="[882,1105,1262,1284]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00180 ± 0.00036**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B311B0FA06FB3B" box="[1209,1422,1262,1284]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00196 ± 0.00082**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1052FA06FB1D" box="[144,1422,1292,1314]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1052FEDAFB1D" box="[144,338,1292,1314]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B1053FE83FB1D" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[145,267,1292,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B1053FE83FB1D" bold="true" box="[145,267,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701052FE77FB1D" box="[378,511,1292,1314]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701053FE77FB1D" box="[378,511,1292,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701053FE77FB1D" bold="true" box="[378,511,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1052FC82FB1D" box="[614,778,1292,1314]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00137</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781052FBD9FB1D" box="[882,1105,1292,1314]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00067 ± 0.00028**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31052FA06FB1D" box="[1209,1422,1292,1314]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00257 ± 0.00088**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1074FA06FB7F" box="[144,1422,1322,1344]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1074FEDAFB7F" box="[144,338,1322,1344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B1075FE8BFB7F" box="[145,259,1323,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B1075FE8BFB7F" bold="true" box="[145,259,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701074FE77FB7F" box="[378,511,1322,1344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701075FE7AFB7F" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[378,498,1322,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701075FE7AFB7F" bold="true" box="[378,498,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. calidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1074FC82FB7F" box="[614,778,1322,1344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.30545</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781074FBD9FB7F" box="[882,1105,1322,1344]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.26057 ± 0.03193**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31074FA06FB7F" box="[1209,1422,1322,1344]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.22887 ± 0.01947**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1016FA06FB61" box="[144,1422,1352,1374]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1016FEDAFB61" box="[144,338,1352,1374]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B1017FE8BFB61" box="[145,259,1353,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B1017FE8BFB61" bold="true" box="[145,259,1353,1374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701016FE77FB61" box="[378,511,1352,1374]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701017FE50FB61" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[378,472,1353,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701017FE50FB61" bold="true" box="[378,472,1353,1374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. ortus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1016FC82FB61" box="[614,778,1352,1374]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00146</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781016FBD9FB61" box="[882,1105,1352,1374]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00338 ± 0.00153**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31016FA06FB61" box="[1209,1422,1352,1374]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00489 ± 0.00153**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1038FA06FB43" box="[144,1422,1382,1404]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1038FEDAFB43" box="[144,338,1382,1404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B1039FE8BFB43" box="[145,259,1383,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B1039FE8BFB43" bold="true" box="[145,259,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701038FE77FB43" box="[378,511,1382,1404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701039FE74FB43" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[378,508,1382,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701039FE74FB43" bold="true" box="[378,508,1382,1404]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1038FC82FB43" box="[614,778,1382,1404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00087</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781038FBD9FB43" box="[882,1105,1382,1404]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.10982 ± 0.04063**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31038FA06FB43" box="[1209,1422,1382,1404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00306 ± 0.00102**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A10DAFA06FBA4" box="[144,1422,1412,1435]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A10DAFEDAFBA4" box="[144,338,1412,1435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069B10DBFE8BFBA5" box="[145,259,1413,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069B10DBFE8BFBA5" bold="true" box="[145,259,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A077010DAFE77FBA4" box="[378,511,1412,1435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC077010DBFE77FBA5" box="[378,511,1412,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC077010DBFE77FBA5" bold="true" box="[378,511,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C10DAFC82FBA4" box="[614,778,1412,1435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.01924</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A057810DAFBD9FBA4" box="[882,1105,1412,1435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00184 ± 0.00064**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B310DAFA06FBA4" box="[1209,1422,1412,1435]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00192 ± 0.00054**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A10FCFA06FB86" box="[144,1422,1442,1465]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A10FCFEDAFB86" box="[144,338,1442,1465]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069A10FDFE80FB87" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[144,264,1442,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069A10FDFE80FB87" bold="true" box="[144,264,1442,1464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. calidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A077010FCFE77FB86" box="[378,511,1442,1465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC077010FDFE50FB87" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[378,472,1443,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC077010FDFE50FB87" bold="true" box="[378,472,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. ortus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C10FCFC82FB86" box="[614,778,1442,1465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00074</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A057810FCFBD9FB86" box="[882,1105,1442,1465]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00366 ± 0.00147**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B310FCFA06FB86" box="[1209,1422,1442,1465]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00788 ± 0.00219**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A109EFA06FBE8" box="[144,1422,1472,1495]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A109EFEDAFBE8" box="[144,338,1472,1495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069A109FFE80FBE9" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[144,264,1472,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069A109FFE80FBE9" bold="true" box="[144,264,1472,1494]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. calidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A0770109EFE77FBE8" box="[378,511,1472,1495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC0770109FFE74FBE9" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[378,508,1472,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC0770109FFE74FBE9" bold="true" box="[378,508,1472,1494]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C109EFC82FBE8" box="[614,778,1472,1495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00187</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A0578109EFBD9FBE8" box="[882,1105,1472,1495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00648 ± 0.00046**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B3109EFA06FBE8" box="[1209,1422,1472,1495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00662 ± 0.00172**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1080FA06FBCA" box="[144,1422,1502,1525]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1080FEDAFBCA" box="[144,338,1502,1525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069A1081FE80FBCB" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[144,264,1502,1524]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069A1081FE80FBCB" bold="true" box="[144,264,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. calidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701080FE77FBCA" box="[378,511,1502,1525]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701081FE77FBCB" box="[378,511,1502,1524]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701081FE77FBCB" bold="true" box="[378,511,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1080FC82FBCA" box="[614,778,1502,1525]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00123</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781080FBD9FBCA" box="[882,1105,1502,1525]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00334 ± 0.00086**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31080FA06FBCA" box="[1209,1422,1502,1525]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00628 ± 0.00255**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A10A2FA06F82C" box="[144,1422,1532,1555]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A10A2FEDAF82C" box="[144,338,1532,1555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069A10A3FF66F82D" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[144,238,1533,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069A10A3FF66F82D" bold="true" box="[144,238,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. ortus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A077010A2FE77F82C" box="[378,511,1532,1555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC077010A3FE74F82D" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[378,508,1532,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC077010A3FE74F82D" bold="true" box="[378,508,1532,1554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C10A2FC82F82C" box="[614,778,1532,1555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00077</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A057810A2FBD9F82C" box="[882,1105,1532,1555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00840 ± 0.00062**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B310A2FA06F82C" box="[1209,1422,1532,1555]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00184 ± 0.00110**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1344FA06F80E" box="[144,1422,1562,1585]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1344FEDAF80E" box="[144,338,1562,1585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069A1345FF66F80F" authorityName="Vujić &amp; Zorić &amp; Ačanski &amp; Likov &amp; Radenković &amp; Djan &amp; Milić &amp; Šebić &amp; Ranković &amp; Khaghaninia" authorityYear="2020" box="[144,238,1563,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069A1345FF66F80F" bold="true" box="[144,238,1563,1584]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. ortus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A07701344FE77F80E" box="[378,511,1562,1585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701345FE77F80F" box="[378,511,1562,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701345FE77F80F" bold="true" box="[378,511,1562,1584]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1344FC82F80E" box="[614,778,1562,1585]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00198</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781344FBD9F80E" box="[882,1105,1562,1585]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00287 ± 0.00054**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31344FA06F80E" box="[1209,1422,1562,1585]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.00242 ± 0.00084**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350334ABF741002A069A1366FA06F870" box="[144,1422,1592,1615]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<th id="76D25DD7F741002A069A1366FEDAF870" box="[144,338,1592,1615]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC069A1367FE9AF871" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[144,274,1592,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC069A1367FE9AF871" bold="true" box="[144,274,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. pumilus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07701367FE77F871" box="[378,511,1592,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07701367FE77F871" bold="true" box="[378,511,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. unicolor</emphasis>
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<td id="76D25DD7F741002A046C1366FC82F870" box="[614,778,1592,1615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.21329</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A05781366FBD9F870" box="[882,1105,1592,1615]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.28691 ± 0.03521**</td>
<td id="76D25DD7F741002A02B31366FA06F870" box="[1209,1422,1592,1615]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">0.24599 ± 0.03617**</td>
</tr>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F741FFDC069B1326FEB3F8A0" blockId="9.[145,1426,1656,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
Symbols: ** ecological niches are significantly (**
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC04371327FDC1F8B6" box="[573,585,1657,1673]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">P</emphasis>
≤ 0.01) more similar or different than expected by chance. Abbreviations: NS, non-significant;
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF741FFDC03791327FA06F8B5" box="[1395,1422,1657,1674]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">SD</collectingRegion>
, standard deviation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F741FFDC06A31392FD7BF902" blockId="9.[145,760,1740,1854]" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">
Based on the results of integrative taxonomic studies, three taxa belong to this subgroup: two complexes (
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC06931254FED2F920" box="[153,346,1802,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC06931254FED2F920" box="[153,346,1802,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">Merodon aureus</emphasis>
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complex and
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC040A1254FD0FF920" box="[512,647,1802,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC040A1254FD0FF920" box="[512,647,1802,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex) and one species
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF741FFDC07421277FDC8F901" authority="Macquart" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[328,576,1832,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF741FFDC07421277FE42F902" box="[328,458,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="983">M. pumilus</emphasis>
Macquart
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in Lucas, 1849.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
</document>

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<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75BFFC602F613FDFA9DF888" baselines="1714" box="[1276,1301,1699,1719]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="in" pageId="19" pageNumber="993">IN</smallCapsWord>
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&amp;
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75BFFC6052313A4FC26F930" box="[809,942,1786,1807]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="993">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Complete body pile whitish, except few black ones on frons; eye pile white (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75BFFC603161246FA02F912" box="[1308,1418,1816,1838]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="15.[145,226,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[157,1408,213,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-240@15.[145,1425,195,1380]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 12. Male head. A, Merodon aureus, dorsal view LJ87 (Italy, Trentino). B, M. aureus, lateral view LJ87 (Italy, Trentino). C, M. pumilus, dorsal view 09437 (Spain, Bolonia 3). D, M. unicolor, dorsal view 02945 (Spain, Guadarrama)." pageId="19" pageNumber="993">Figs 12D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75BFFC605231269FCDFF973" box="[809,855,1847,1868]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="18.[163,241,761,783]" captionTargetBox="[170,1443,203,716]" captionTargetId="figure-746@18.[163,1443,195,721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 17. Head, lateral view. A, Merodon pumilus, female 03084 (Tunisia, Khathairia). B, M. unicolor, male 07300 (Spain, Sierra Nevada). C, M. unicolor, female 07303 (Spain, Sierra Nevada)." pageId="19" pageNumber="993">17C</figureCitation>
) (black at least in upper half in
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75BFFC602EF1266FAD3F972" box="[1253,1371,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="993">M. aureus</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75BFFC605231208FC23F954" box="[809,939,1878,1899]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="993">M. pumilus</emphasis>
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); pile on metafemora whitish (
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);
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<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A91598FD52FEC6" blockId="20.[163,779,197,250]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
eye contiguity between 15 and 20 ommatidia, slightly shorter than length of vertical triangle (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC1046115BAFD42FEC6" box="[619,714,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="15.[145,226,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[157,1408,213,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-240@15.[145,1425,195,1380]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 12. Male head. A, Merodon aureus, dorsal view LJ87 (Italy, Trentino). B, M. aureus, lateral view LJ87 (Italy, Trentino). C, M. pumilus, dorsal view 09437 (Spain, Bolonia 3). D, M. unicolor, dorsal view 02945 (Spain, Guadarrama)." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A9147CFE6AFFEE" blockId="20.[163,779,290,466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A9147CFE01FF08" box="[163,393,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Material examined:</emphasis>
Type material:
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC10446147CFE8CFF69" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Merodon aeneus unicolor</emphasis>
Strobl
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in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B18F75CFFC10774141FFD4DFF69" author="Czerny L &amp; Strobl G" box="[382,709,321,343]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" pagination="121 - 301" refId="ref17217" refString="Czerny L, Strobl G. 1909. Spanische Dipteren, III. Beitrag Verh zool-bot Ges Wien 59: 121-301." type="journal article" year="1909">Czerny &amp; Strobl, 1909: 203</bibRefCitation>
. Type locality: Spain.
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC10753143EFDA0FF4A" box="[345,552,352,373]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Merodon unicolor</emphasis>
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was described as a variety of
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC107101421FE07FFAB" box="[282,399,383,404]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">M. aeneus</emphasis>
Megerle
</taxonomicName>
in
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from a single male.
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<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC107AE14FEFE3CFF8D" box="[420,436,416,434]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
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, Escorial
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC1048114C3FC83FF8D" box="[651,779,413,434]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="aeneus" variety="unicolor">
‘v.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC104A014C3FC83FF8D" box="[682,779,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m / Spain. / Typus’ (NMBA).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A914A4FEB7FD7C" blockId="20.[163,779,506,835]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A914A4FD84FC30" box="[163,524,506,527]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Biology and preferred habitat:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B18F75CFFC1041314A5FF65FC11" author="Marcos-Garcia MA &amp; Vujic A &amp; Mengual X" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" pagination="531 - 572" refId="ref18120" refString="Marcos-Garcia MA, Vujic A, Mengual X. 2007. Revision of Iberian species of the genus Merodon (Diptera: Syrphidae). European Journal of Entomology 104: 531-572." type="journal article" year="2007">
Marcos-García
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC104C514A5FC83FC30" box="[719,779,506,528]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B18F75CFFC107261747FE54FC11" author="Speight MCD" box="[300,476,537,559]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" refId="ref20071" refString="Speight MCD. 2018. Species accounts of European Syrphidae, 2018. In: Speight MCD, Castella E, Sarthou J- P, Vanappelghem C, eds. Syrph the net, the database of European Syrphidae (Diptera), Vol. 103. Dublin: Syrph the Net publications, 302." type="journal volume" year="2018">Speight (2018)</bibRefCitation>
revealed some biological data.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106E11766FD81FC72" box="[235,521,568,589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Preferred environment:</emphasis>
Forest/open ground; well-drained, non-calcareous, montane and subalpine unimproved grassland; hedgehog heath; open, grassy areas in montane
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC1077D17CAFE4BFC96" box="[375,451,660,681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1077D17CAFE4BFC96" box="[375,451,660,681]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Betula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC107F517CAFDCAFC96" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" box="[511,578,660,681]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC107F517CAFDCAFC96" box="[511,578,660,681]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Pinus</emphasis>
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forest, up to and including
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC1071E17EDFE49FCF7" box="[276,449,691,712]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1071E17EDFE49FCF7" box="[276,449,691,712]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Pinus uncinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest in the Pyrenees.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC104C017ECFEFDFCD9" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Adult habitat and habits</emphasis>
: Fast-flying, at up to
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC1046F178FFD2CFCD8" box="[613,676,721,743]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
from the ground, through and around tall ground vegetation.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A91650FEDAFD1C" box="[163,338,782,803]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Flowers visited:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC107521650FDFEFD1C" authority="L. Flight" authorityName="L. Flight" box="[344,630,782,804]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Anthemis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mixta">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC107521650FD84FD1B" box="[344,524,782,804]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Anthemis mixta</emphasis>
L.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1043A1650FDFEFD1C" box="[560,630,782,803]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Flight</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC104761650FD43FD1C" box="[636,715,782,803]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">period:</emphasis>
April to September.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A91632FE04FDC3" blockId="20.[163,778,876,1020]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A91632FEB6FDBE" box="[163,318,876,897]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Distribution:</emphasis>
Distributed in south-western Europe across the Iberian Peninsula: the Pyrenees in
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC106A916F4FF7FFD80" box="[163,247,938,959]" name="France" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC1070816F7FEECFD80" box="[258,356,937,959]" name="Andorra" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Andorra</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC107AA16F7FE6EFD80" box="[416,486,937,959]" name="Spain" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Spain</collectingCountry>
, and mountainous areas in
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC106CF1696FE87FDE1" box="[197,271,968,990]" name="Spain" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Spain</collectingCountry>
. The elevation range is from sea level to
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC106A916B9FF71FDC3" box="[163,249,999,1020]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="m" value="2400.0">2400 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC1070316B8FED9FDC3" box="[265,337,998,1020]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,1060,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-25@11.[145,1425,1060,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Map of western Palaearctic showing the distribution of species from Merodon unicolor complex. Symbols: ○ M. unicolor; ∆ M albidus." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Figs 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC1075516B8FEF3FDC3" box="[351,379,998,1020]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="17.[809,889,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[814,1421,1181,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-260@17.[813,1421,1180,1643]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 16. Variability plot of elevation ranges of taxa of the Merodon aureus subgroup. Circles represent data on the elevation of the samples." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

236
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, 1849
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<subSubSection id="C3296562F75CFFC105311672FA2CF966" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105311672FC3DFD7E" box="[827,949,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Eye pile black at least in upper half; eye contiguity in male short, between 5 and 10 ommatidia, about two times shorter than length of vertical triangle (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC1054916D6FC2CFDA2" box="[835,932,904,926]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="15.[145,226,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[157,1408,213,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-240@15.[145,1425,195,1380]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 12. Male head. A, Merodon aureus, dorsal view LJ87 (Italy, Trentino). B, M. aureus, lateral view LJ87 (Italy, Trentino). C, M. pumilus, dorsal view 09437 (Spain, Bolonia 3). D, M. unicolor, dorsal view 02945 (Spain, Guadarrama)." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
); female of
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(
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) similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC1053116F9FC27FD83" box="[827,943,935,956]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1053116F9FC27FD83" box="[827,943,935,956]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">M. aureus</emphasis>
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, but differs with shorter distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin (in
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC102E3169BFAC2FDE5" box="[1257,1354,965,987]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[163,242,632,654]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,591]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[163,1443,195,592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. The ocellar triangle of females, dorsal view. A, Merodon aureus X81 (Serbia, Kopaonik). B, M. pumilus 09438 (Spain, Bolonia 3). Legend: pink arrows – distance between two posterior ocelli; yellow arrows – distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
: yellow line) comparing distance between two posterior ocelli (in
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC10569115CFC4FFA27" box="[867,967,1026,1048]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[163,242,632,654]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,591]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[163,1443,195,592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. The ocellar triangle of females, dorsal view. A, Merodon aureus X81 (Serbia, Kopaonik). B, M. pumilus 09438 (Spain, Bolonia 3). Legend: pink arrows – distance between two posterior ocelli; yellow arrows – distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
: pink line), while in
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC102CB115DFAB0FA27" box="[1217,1336,1027,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC102CB115DFAB0FA27" box="[1217,1336,1027,1048]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">M. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distance between two posterior ocelli (in
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC102B6117FFA97FA09" box="[1212,1311,1057,1079]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[163,242,632,654]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,591]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[163,1443,195,592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. The ocellar triangle of females, dorsal view. A, Merodon aureus X81 (Serbia, Kopaonik). B, M. pumilus 09438 (Spain, Bolonia 3). Legend: pink arrows – distance between two posterior ocelli; yellow arrows – distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
: pink line) comparing distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin (in
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC105E51100FBD9FA4B" box="[1007,1105,1118,1140]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[163,242,632,654]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,591]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[163,1443,195,592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. The ocellar triangle of females, dorsal view. A, Merodon aureus X81 (Serbia, Kopaonik). B, M. pumilus 09438 (Spain, Bolonia 3). Legend: pink arrows – distance between two posterior ocelli; yellow arrows – distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
: yellow line) shorter; ocellar triangle isosceles, two lateral sides shorter than basal (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC1054911C2FC2AFA8E" box="[835,930,1180,1202]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[163,242,632,654]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,591]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[163,1443,195,592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. The ocellar triangle of females, dorsal view. A, Merodon aureus X81 (Serbia, Kopaonik). B, M. pumilus 09438 (Spain, Bolonia 3). Legend: pink arrows – distance between two posterior ocelli; yellow arrows – distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
); pile on metafemora pale (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC102D311C2FAB0FA8E" box="[1241,1336,1180,1202]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="19.[145,224,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,753,197,1218]" captionTargetId="figure-558@19.[149,757,195,1219]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 18. Metafemur, lateral view. A, Merodon pumilus, male 03092 (Tunisia, Khathairia). B, M. unicolor, male 04856 (Spain, Andalusia). C, M. unicolor, female 02950 (Spain, Cofinal)." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC105311184FA87FB55" blockId="20.[827,1443,1242,1387]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105311184FB93FAD0" box="[827,1051,1242,1263]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Material examined:</emphasis>
Type material:
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC102D21184FBE9FB31" authority="Macquart in Lucas, 1849" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC102D21184FA2BFAD0" box="[1240,1443,1242,1263]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Merodon pumilus</emphasis>
Macquart in Lucas, 1849
</taxonomicName>
: 466. Type locality: Algeria,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC105311046FC44FB11" box="[827,972,1304,1326]" country="Algeria" name="Constantine" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Constantine</collectingRegion>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC105DD1046FB2CFB12" authorityName="MACQUART IN LUCAS" authorityYear="1849" box="[983,1188,1304,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105DD1046FB2CFB12" box="[983,1188,1304,1325]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Merodon pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from a single female.
<typeStatus id="5488884BF75CFFC105E01068FBD0FB73" box="[1002,1112,1334,1356]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC1026E1067FBFBFB74" box="[1124,1139,1337,1355]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC102881069FB75FB73" box="[1154,1277,1335,1356]" name="Algeria" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">ALGERIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC103001068FA15FB73" box="[1290,1437,1334,1356]" country="Algeria" name="Constantine" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Constantine</collectingRegion>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC10531100BFC61FB54" authority="Macq." authorityName="Macq." authorityYear="2020" box="[827,1001,1365,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus" status="sp. nov.">
‘
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1054A100BFC16FB55" box="[832,926,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">pumilus</emphasis>
Macq.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2745780F75CFFC105E51008FBC3FB54" box="[1007,1099,1366,1387]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" rank="species">sp. nova</taxonomicNameLabel>
/ Type’ (MNHN).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC1053110CAFBF0F8A0" blockId="20.[827,1444,1428,1695]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1053110CAFB2CFB96" box="[827,1188,1428,1449]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Biology and preferred habitat:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B18F75CFFC102BB10CAFC0BFBF7" author="Marcos-Garcia MA &amp; Vujic A &amp; Mengual X" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" pagination="531 - 572" refId="ref18120" refString="Marcos-Garcia MA, Vujic A, Mengual X. 2007. Revision of Iberian species of the genus Merodon (Diptera: Syrphidae). European Journal of Entomology 104: 531-572." type="journal article" year="2007">
Marcos-García
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1036D10CAFA2BFB96" box="[1383,1443,1428,1449]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B18F75CFFC105B710ECFBEDFBF7" author="Speight MCD" box="[957,1125,1458,1480]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" refId="ref20071" refString="Speight MCD. 2018. Species accounts of European Syrphidae, 2018. In: Speight MCD, Castella E, Sarthou J- P, Vanappelghem C, eds. Syrph the net, the database of European Syrphidae (Diptera), Vol. 103. Dublin: Syrph the Net publications, 302." type="journal volume" year="2018">Speight (2018)</bibRefCitation>
listed some biological data.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC10531108FFBD3FBD8" box="[827,1115,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Preferred environment:</emphasis>
Forest/open ground; open areas in thermophilous
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC1024510AEFB25F83A" box="[1103,1197,1520,1541]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1024510AEFB25F83A" box="[1103,1197,1520,1541]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest and evergreen oak forest; maquis and matorral; xeric grassland.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105311373FBE7F87D" box="[827,1135,1581,1602]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Adult habitat and habits:</emphasis>
No data.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC102ED1373FA2BF87D" box="[1255,1443,1581,1602]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Flowers visited:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC105311312FC26F85D" box="[827,942,1612,1634]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC105B41312FB58F85E" box="[958,1232,1612,1633]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Anthericum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105B41312FB58F85E" box="[958,1232,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Anthericum ramosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC102E91312FC1BF840" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leucanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC102E91312FC1BF840" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Leucanthemum vulgare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC105AB1334FC72F840" box="[929,1018,1642,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Mentha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105AB1334FC72F840" box="[929,1018,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Mentha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC102021334FB1DF840" box="[1032,1173,1642,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Ranunculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC102021334FB1DF840" box="[1032,1173,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Ranunculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC102AE1334FA83F840" box="[1188,1291,1642,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC102AE1334FA83F840" box="[1188,1291,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Solidago</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC103131335FA15F8BF" box="[1305,1437,1643,1664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Taraxacum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC103131335FA15F8BF" box="[1305,1437,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Taraxacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1053113D7FC5EF8A1" box="[827,982,1673,1694]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Flight period:</emphasis>
April to June.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC105311397FA2CF966" blockId="20.[827,1444,1737,1882]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC105311397FC5CF8E1" box="[827,980,1737,1758]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Distribution:</emphasis>
Distributed in north-western parts of Africa (the Atlas mountain range in
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC102E913B6FACBF8C2" box="[1251,1347,1768,1789]" name="Morocco" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC1034413B6FA2BF8C1" box="[1358,1443,1768,1790]" name="Algeria" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Algeria</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC105791258FC5BF923" box="[883,979,1798,1820]" name="Tunisia" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
) and south-western parts of Europe (
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC10548127BFC2DF904" box="[834,933,1829,1851]" name="Portugal" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Portugal</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC105D5127BFBACF904" box="[991,1060,1829,1851]" name="Spain" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Spain</collectingCountry>
). According to available data, the elevation range is from sea level to
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC102C2121AFA93F966" box="[1224,1307,1860,1881]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC10323121AFAE5F966" box="[1321,1389,1860,1882]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[163,241,984,1006]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,944]" captionTargetId="figure-466@12.[163,1443,195,944]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Map of western Palaearctic showing the distribution of Merodon pumilus." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Figs 9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC10373121AFA1CF965" box="[1401,1428,1860,1882]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="17.[809,889,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[814,1421,1181,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-260@17.[813,1421,1180,1643]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 16. Variability plot of elevation ranges of taxa of the Merodon aureus subgroup. Circles represent data on the elevation of the samples." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

405
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<mods:detail id="A6BBE83E6345EE9D571CD24B426DCE2E" type="volume">
<mods:number id="294D76DCD354FDC1835E9FD5C07C5EA0">190</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="316D7A894216F2F46FE634CD6EE259F7" unit="page">
<mods:start id="8FE30C08D7D4974032E9C1401BC48BBC">974</mods:start>
<mods:end id="D742C42834AF5F8BA2D3E334DE101B9B">1001</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="5F1D8D42E4F4891DF8B67D6B13CF8FFD">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8F1F30A0EF29348FE99799CCA1FCBBDA" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A2C5E1C662A1A5E569FF777FB04119C1" type="ZooBank">3A3CAA9-85B9-47F3-B657-06DA9A2897CB</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5" lastPageNumber="994" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<subSubSection id="C3296562F75CFFC106CB1162FE12FAA7" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106CB1162FD64FA6C" blockId="20.[193,748,1083,1108]" box="[193,748,1083,1108]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<heading id="D0C48185F75CFFC106CB1162FD64FA6C" box="[193,748,1083,1108]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC106CB1162FD0AFA6B" authority="SASIC ZORIC ET AL." authorityName="SASIC ZORIC ET AL." authorityYear="2020" box="[193,642,1083,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106CB1162FE20FA6D" bold="true" box="[193,424,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC106CB1162FEB4FA6D" baselines="1101,1101" box="[193,316,1084,1107]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Merodon" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">MERODON</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC107491161FE20FA6D" baselines="1101" box="[323,424,1087,1106]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="albidus" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">ALBIDUS</smallCapsWord>
</emphasis>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC107BA1161FE66FA6D" baselines="1102,1101" box="[432,494,1087,1107]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="sasic" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">ŠAŠIĆ</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC107FF1161FDBEFA6D" baselines="1102,1101" box="[501,566,1087,1107]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="zoric" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">ZORIĆ</smallCapsWord>
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC10437111EFDF5FA6C" box="[573,637,1087,1107]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC10437111EFDD2FA6D" baselines="1101" box="[573,602,1088,1106]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="et" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">ET</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC1046B1161FDF5FA6C" baselines="1102" box="[609,637,1087,1107]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="al" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">AL</smallCapsWord>
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC104831161FD64FA6C" bold="true" box="[649,748,1083,1107]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2745780F75CFFC104831161FD64FA6C" box="[649,748,1083,1107]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" rank="species">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC104831161FD2EFA6D" baselines="1101" box="[649,678,1087,1106]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="sp" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">SP</smallCapsWord>
.
<smallCapsWord id="8D6AA035F75CFFC104BE1161FD6DFA6D" baselines="1101" box="[692,741,1087,1106]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="nov" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">NOV</smallCapsWord>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A9113AFE12FAA7" blockId="20.[163,779,1124,1176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
Lsid:
<uri id="FFA23AEBF75CFFC106D6113AFE12FAA7" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FF950C3CF75CFFC107FC113AFE12FAA7" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">031C530F-28A2-4C79- 9A60-6C865C9A168E</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3296562F75CFFC106A911E1FAA4FCF5" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A911E1FD99FB2E" blockId="20.[163,779,1214,1298]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A911E1FEAAFAEB" box="[163,290,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC107C511E1FDD2FAEC" box="[463,602,1214,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC107C511E1FDD2FAEC" box="[463,602,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">M. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC104D011E1FC83FAEB" box="[730,779,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">COI</emphasis>
gene sequences divergence (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC107D51183FDA3FACD" box="[479,555,1245,1267]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[164,242,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[215,1393,200,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-79@14.[212,1393,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Merodon aureus, male. A, body, lateral view 09661 (Switzerland, Simplon Dorf). B, metaleg, lateral view 16008 (Serbia, Zlatar). C, antenna, dorsolateral view 09661 (Switzerland, Simplon Dorf). D, thorax, dorsal view LJ76 (Italy, Trentino). E, abdomen, dorsal view 09626 (Switzerland, Simplon Dorf). Abbreviations: tr, metatrochanter." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) and morphometric character of the wing (
<figureCitation id="13082A6CF75CFFC107A911A2FD8AFB2E" box="[419,514,1276,1298]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[163,242,632,654]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,591]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[163,1443,195,592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. The ocellar triangle of females, dorsal view. A, Merodon aureus X81 (Serbia, Kopaonik). B, M. pumilus 09438 (Spain, Bolonia 3). Legend: pink arrows – distance between two posterior ocelli; yellow arrows – distance between posterior ocellus and eye margin." pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A91065FD5BFB50" blockId="20.[163,778,1338,1391]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A91065FEFDFB6F" box="[163,373,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Derivatio nominis:</emphasis>
The Latin adjective
<taxonomicName id="4C334D6AF75CFFC1046E1064FD31FB70" box="[612,697,1338,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albidus">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC1046E1064FD31FB70" box="[612,697,1338,1359]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">albidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, white, refers to white pilosity of the body of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36E9F75CFFC106A910C6FB46FFEF" blockId="20.[163,780,1432,1883]" lastBlockId="20.[827,1444,197,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">
<emphasis id="B947EAFBF75CFFC106A910C6FE15FB92" box="[163,413,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B5B3CB4F75CFFC107A110C6FB96FEC6" collectingDate="1960-05-17" collectingDateMax="2015-06-22" collectingDateMin="1960-05-17" collectionCode="EMIT, BMNH, NBCN, II" collectorName="A. Vujic &amp; Hayat &amp; Gok &amp; Uzal &amp; Harvey &amp; Lucas &amp; Warncke &amp; Smit &amp; Jones JS &amp; Keciborlu &amp; Kavak &amp; Kapanli Arasi" country="Turkey" county="Keciborlu" elevation="1502" latitude="37.9683" location="Goynuk" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.2594" municipality="Gulkoy" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="12" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Isparta" typeStatus="holotype">
Type material:
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<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC104F910C5FC8BFB92" box="[755,771,1435,1453]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC106A910E9FE90FBF3" box="[163,280,1463,1484]" name="Turkey" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">TURKEY</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC1072C10E9FE0BFBF3" box="[294,387,1463,1484]" country="Turkey" name="Isparta" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Isparta</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="62ED4E65F75CFFC1079810E8FD85FBF3" box="[402,525,1462,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Keçiborlu</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE8AC93F75CFFC1041610E8FDFCFBF3" box="[540,628,1462,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Gülköy</collectingMunicipality>
,
<date id="FF8D1029F75CFFC1048E10E8FC8DFBF3" box="[644,773,1462,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="2015-06-22">
<collectingDate id="EFC9E9C1F75CFFC1048E10E8FC8DFBF3" box="[644,773,1462,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="2015-06-22">22.vi.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC106A9108BFF76FBD4" box="[163,254,1493,1515]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.502" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="m" value="1502.0">
<elevation id="001ED1DAF75CFFC106A9108BFF76FBD4" box="[163,254,1493,1515]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.502" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="m" value="1502.0">1502 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE07502EF75CFFC10783108BFE75FBD4" box="[393,509,1493,1515]" degrees="30.2594" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" precision="5" value="30.2594">30.2594E</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC10400108BFDE0FBD5" box="[522,616,1493,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">A. Vujić</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC104731088FD4DFBD4" box="[633,709,1494,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Hayat</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC104DE108BFC8EFBD4" box="[724,774,1493,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Gök</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC106A910AAFF53F835" box="[163,219,1524,1546]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Uzal</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="ED22AE2CF75CFFC1071610AAFEEBF836" box="[284,355,1524,1545]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">EMIT</collectionCode>
, 09932). –
<typeStatus id="5488884BF75CFFC107ED10AAFDD7F836" box="[487,607,1524,1545]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
<collectingCountry id="F3247679F75CFFC1046D10AAFD51F836" box="[615,729,1524,1545]" name="Turkey" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">TURKEY</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC104EF10AAFC8BF836" box="[741,771,1524,1545]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC106A9134CFF56F817" box="[163,222,1554,1576]" country="Turkey" name="Bolu" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Bolu</collectingRegion>
, above
<location id="8EEC6032F75CFFC10735134CFE29F817" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5:8EEC6032F75CFFC10735134CFE29F817" box="[319,417,1554,1576]" country="Turkey" county="Keciborlu" latitude="37.9683" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.2594" municipality="Gulkoy" name="Goynuk" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" stateProvince="Isparta">Göynük</location>
,
<date id="FF8D1029F75CFFC107BA134CFDAEF817" box="[432,550,1554,1576]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="1960-05-17">
<collectingDate id="EFC9E9C1F75CFFC107BA134CFDAEF817" box="[432,550,1554,1576]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="1960-05-17">
17.v.
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC107EF134CFDAEF817" box="[485,550,1554,1576]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9606099999999997" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="m" value="1960610.0">1960</quantity>
</collectingDate>
</date>
, 610 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE07502EF75CFFC106A9136FFE9FF879" box="[163,279,1585,1606]" degrees="30.7883" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" precision="5" value="30.7883">30.7883E</geoCoordinate>
,
<location id="8EEC6032F75CFFC1072C136FFE13F878" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5:8EEC6032F75CFFC1072C136FFE13F878" box="[294,411,1585,1607]" country="Turkey" county="Keciborlu" latitude="37.9683" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.2594" municipality="Gulkoy" name="Guichard" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" stateProvince="Isparta">Guichard</location>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC107A0136CFD8BF878" box="[426,515,1586,1607]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Harvey</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="ED22AE2CF75CFFC10440136FFD2BF879" box="[586,675,1585,1606]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">BMNH</collectionCode>
, 04358);
<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC106A9130EFF48F85A" box="[163,192,1616,1637]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC106C7130EFEAFF859" box="[205,295,1616,1638]" country="Turkey" name="Ankara" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Ankara</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC10738130EFE04F859" box="[306,396,1616,1638]" country="Turkey" name="Ankara" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Ankara</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="FF8D1029F75CFFC10792130EFD9AF859" box="[408,530,1616,1638]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="1984-06-24">
<collectingDate id="EFC9E9C1F75CFFC10792130EFD9AF859" box="[408,530,1616,1638]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="1984-06-24">24.vi.1984</collectingDate>
</date>
,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE07502EF75CFFC1049C130EFC8EF859" box="[662,774,1616,1638]" degrees="32.8644" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" precision="5" value="32.8644">32.8644E</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC106A91331FF64F8BB" box="[163,236,1647,1668]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Lucas</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="ED22AE2CF75CFFC1073C1331FE02F8BB" box="[310,394,1647,1668]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">NBCN</collectionCode>
, AM-05-109);
<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC104341331FDE4F8BC" box="[574,620,1647,1668]" count="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="female">3♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC104741330FD56F8BB" box="[638,734,1646,1668]" country="Turkey" name="Ankara" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Ankara</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC104E41331FF41F89C" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
from
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC1071F13D3FEFBF89C" box="[277,371,1677,1699]" country="Turkey" name="Ankara" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Ankara</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="FF8D1029F75CFFC1078813D3FD8AF89C" box="[386,514,1677,1699]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="1988-06-05">
<collectingDate id="EFC9E9C1F75CFFC1078813D3FD8AF89C" box="[386,514,1677,1699]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="1988-06-05">05.vi.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE07502EF75CFFC1041813D3FD0FF89D" box="[530,647,1677,1698]" degrees="39.9272" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" precision="5" value="39.9272">39.9272N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE07502EF75CFFC1049B13D3FC8DF89C" box="[657,773,1677,1699]" degrees="32.8644" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" precision="5" value="32.8644">32.8644E</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26C6533FF75CFFC106A913F2FE85F8FD" box="[163,269,1708,1730]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Warncke</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="ED22AE2CF75CFFC1075B13F2FE2BF8FE" box="[337,419,1708,1729]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">NBCN</collectionCode>
, AM-05-108, AM-05-113);
<specimenCount id="9D35FD60F75CFFC104EC13F2FC8CF8FE" box="[742,772,1708,1729]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F80BF75CFFC106A91395FF7BF8DF" box="[163,243,1738,1760]" country="Turkey" name="Mugla" pageId="20" pageNumber="994">Muğla</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="4CCB9B0CF75CFFC107091394FED8F8DF" box="[259,336,1738,1760]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
NNW from
<location id="8EEC6032F75CFFC107E71397FDDAF8DE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5:8EEC6032F75CFFC107E71397FDDAF8DE" box="[493,594,1737,1761]" country="Turkey" county="Keciborlu" latitude="37.9683" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.2594" municipality="Gulkoy" name="Uzumlu" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" stateProvince="Isparta">Üzümlü</location>
, brooklet near
<location id="8EEC6032F75CFFC106A913B7FE97F8C0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87FFF75CFFC106CB1162FAA4FCF5:8EEC6032F75CFFC106A913B7FE97F8C0" box="[163,287,1769,1791]" country="Turkey" county="Keciborlu" latitude="37.9683" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.2594" municipality="Gulkoy" name="Kukpunar" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" stateProvince="Isparta">Kukpunar</location>
,
<date id="FF8D1029F75CFFC1072613B7FE17F8C1" box="[300,415,1769,1790]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="2000-05-28">
<collectingDate id="EFC9E9C1F75CFFC1072613B7FE17F8C1" box="[300,415,1769,1790]" pageId="20" pageNumber="994" value="2000-05-28">28.v.2000</collectingDate>
</date>
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81
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<heading id="D0BEB424BF35E30BFC9AFB9A8E1E6B3D" box="[827,1313,1088,1112]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="924" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93DDF5ABF35E30BFC9AFB9A8E1E6B3D" box="[827,1313,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
<emphasis id="B93DDF5ABF35E30BFC9AFB9A8F4B6B3D" bold="true" box="[827,1140,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
<taxonomicName id="4C4978CBBF35E30BFC9AFB9A88CC6B32" authorityName="Riccardi &amp; Amorim" authorityYear="2020" box="[827,1011,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Chloropellini">Chloropellini</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20E6221BF35E30BFC5BFB9A8F4B6B3D" box="[1018,1140,1088,1112]" pageId="35" pageNumber="924" rank="tribe">trib. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13721FCDBF35E30BFB25FB9B8FE16B32" box="[1156,1246,1088,1112]" captionStart="Figures 37–54" captionStartId="15.[163,256,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[205,1400,199,1725]" captionTargetId="figure-29@15.[200,1404,195,1725]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figures 37–54. Chloropidae wing. 37. Apotropina sp. 38. Rhodesiella sp. 39. Chloropella bipartita. 40. Neodiplotoxa pulchripes. 41. Meromyza femorata. 42. Chloromerus purus. 43. Meromyzella capensis. 44. Pachylophus madagascariensis. 45. Lieparella elstoni. 46. Archimeromyza humeralis. 47. Binatang longioculis. 48. Diplotoxa glabricollis. 49. Elliponeura sp. 50. Pseudopachychaeta approximatonervis. 51. Dudeurina flava. 52. Eurina ducalis. 53. Platycephalisca australica. 54. Trichieurina pubescens." pageId="35" pageNumber="924">Figs 39</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13721FCDBF35E30BFB4DFB9A8E276B32" box="[1260,1304,1088,1112]" captionStart="Figures 116–121" captionStartId="20.[146,237,1606,1628]" captionTargetBox="[146,1423,196,1565]" captionTargetId="figure-75@20.[145,1425,195,1566]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 116–121. Chloropinae male terminalia. 116. Chloropella bipartita, ventral view. 117. Neodiplotoxa pulchripes, ventral view. 118. Meromyza saltatrix, ventral view. 119. Chloromerus varians, epandrium terminal and hypandrium plus phallic complex ventral view. 120. Meromyzella capensis, ventral view. 121. Pachylophus madagascariensis, ventral view. Abbreviations: an l, anal lobe; bas, basiphallus; dis, distiphallus; ep, epandrium; hyp, hypandrium; mes, mesolobus (fused cerci); phal, phallapodeme; phal scl, phallapodemic sclerite; pog, postgonite; prg, pregonite; s scl, subepandrial sclerite; sp p, sperm pump; sur, surstylus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." pageId="35" pageNumber="924">116</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF60348BF35E30BFC9AFBB38F066BF7" blockId="35.[827,1443,1129,1181]" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
lsid:
<uri id="FFD80F4ABF35E30BFCD5FBB38F066BF7" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FFEF399DBF35E30BFB2EFBB38F066BF7" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">29899D37-3E82-462C-84CF-327EF61ED1B5</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35350C3BF35E30BFC9AFB1D88EF6AFF" pageId="35" pageNumber="924" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF60348BF35E30BFC9AFB1D8FC36BB6" blockId="35.[827,1276,1222,1244]" box="[827,1276,1222,1244]" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
<emphasis id="B93DDF5ABF35E30BFC9AFB1D88806BB6" box="[827,959,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
<typeStatus id="54F2BDEABF35E30BFC9AFB1D884F6BB6" box="[827,880,1223,1244]" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4978CBBF35E30BFC6AFB1C8FC76BB6" authority="Malloch, 1925" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1925" box="[971,1272,1222,1244]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Chloropella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93DDF5ABF35E30BFC6AFB1C8F706BB1" box="[971,1103,1222,1243]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">Chloropella</emphasis>
Malloch, 1925
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF60348BF35E30BFC9AFADF88EF6AFF" blockId="35.[827,1443,1285,1429]" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">
<emphasis id="B93DDF5ABF35E30BFC9AFADF888B6A70" box="[827,948,1285,1306]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="924">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Long ocellar setae; up to four long fronto-orbitals; frons not projected beyond level of eyes; presence of dorsocentral seta close to scutum suture; combination of 1 + 1 notopleurals; tibial organ absent; long surstyli.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="F14DD1952D5EFE27E65B64987811B642">Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Prodidominae (Arachnida: Araneae: Gnaphosidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0CB042A9D2F30353464F5441C37F446A">2020</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFF9ABFB16F9CE" blockId="40.[827,1252,1548,1570]" box="[827,1252,1548,1570]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<heading id="F40C712EFF80FFF5FCAFF9ABFB16F9CE" box="[827,1252,1548,1570]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" reason="2">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8FEBE16CFF80FFF5FCAFF9ABFB16F9CE" box="[827,1252,1548,1570]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<treatmentCitation id="2E5AE053FF80FFF5FCAFF9ABFB9BF9CE" author="Dalmas R" box="[827,1129,1548,1570]" page="324" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" year="1919">
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FCAFF9ABFB9BF9CE" authority="Dalmas 1919: 324" authorityName="Dalmas" authorityPageNumber="324" authorityYear="1919" box="[827,1129,1548,1570]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Prodida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="syn. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFF9ABFC65F9CE" box="[827,919,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Prodida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FC0AF9ABFB9BF9CE" author="Dalmas R" box="[926,1129,1548,1570]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="279 - 340" refId="ref16799" refString="Dalmas R. 1919. Synopsis des araignees de la famille des Prodidomidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 87: 279-340." type="journal article" year="1919">Dalmas 1919: 324</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
,
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FBE3F9ABFB16F9CE" bold="true" box="[1143,1252,1548,1569]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FBE3F9ABFB16F9CE" box="[1143,1252,1548,1569]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E7E195C9FF80FFF4FCAFF9E4FD9BFDE1" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="695" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFF9E4FAC7F9B7" blockId="40.[827,1333,1602,1624]" box="[827,1333,1602,1624]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFF9E4FC39F9B7" box="[827,971,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<typeStatus id="704078E0FF80FFF5FCAFF9E4FC82F9B7" box="[827,880,1603,1624]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FC43F9E5FADDF9B7" authority="Hentz 1847" authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1847" box="[983,1327,1602,1624]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Prodidomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC43F9E5FB56F9B7" box="[983,1188,1602,1624]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Prodidomus rufus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FB3FF9E4FADDF9B7" author="Hentz NM" box="[1195,1327,1603,1624]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="443 - 478" refId="ref17165" refString="Hentz NM. 1847. Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. Boston Journal of Natural History 5: 443-478." type="journal article" year="1847">Hentz 1847</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFF925FA97F91D" blockId="40.[827,1443,1665,1779]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFF925FBF8F979" box="[827,1034,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Species included:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FB83F926FC8EF95A" authority="(Dalmas, 1919)" authorityName="Rodrigues &amp; Rheims" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Dalmas" baseAuthorityYear="1919" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Prodidomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longivetris" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FB83F926FADDF979" box="[1047,1327,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Prodidomus longivetris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FAD6F926FC86F95A" author="Dalmas R" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="279 - 340" refId="ref16799" refString="Dalmas R. 1919. Synopsis des araignees de la famille des Prodidomidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 87: 279-340." type="journal article" year="1919">Dalmas, 1919</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC12F907FBE1F95A" bold="true" box="[902,1043,1696,1717]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FC12F907FBE1F95A" box="[902,1043,1696,1717]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FBB0F907FABEF95A" authority="(Saaristo, 2002)" authorityName="Rodrigues &amp; Rheims" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Saaristo" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1060,1356,1696,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Prodidomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stella" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FBB0F907FB71F95A" box="[1060,1155,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">P. stella</emphasis>
(Saaristo, 2002)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FAC1F907FC9DF93B" bold="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FAC1F907FC9DF93B" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. For complete composition see https://wsc.nmbe. ch/specieslist/2459 (
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FB88F97AFAABF91D" author="World Spider Catalog" box="[1052,1369,1757,1779]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" refId="ref18379" refString="World Spider Catalog. 2020. World spider catalog, v. 20.5. Bern: Natural History Museum Bern. Available at: http://wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed 15 January 2020)." type="url" year="2020">World Spider Catalog, 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFF8BBFAC4F8BF" blockId="40.[827,1442,1820,1872]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFF8BBFC4AF8DE" box="[827,952,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Presence of PLS massive, much thicker than the anterior spinnerets (
<figureCitation id="37C0DAC7FF80FFF5FB1AF89DFB03F8BF" box="[1166,1265,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="31.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[192,1377,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-25@31.[192,1377,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 21. Spinnerets, ventral (except figure L). A, Vectius niger, female; B, Pterotricha lentiginosa, female; C, Molycria mammosa, female; D, Myandra cambridgei, female; E, Lygromma gasnieri, male; F, Chilongius palmas, female; G, Theuma sp.1, male; H, Eleleis sp., female, arrow to sclerotization close to base of ALS; I, Austrodomus zuluensis, female; J, Namundra sp., female; K, Zimiris doriai, female; L, Prodidomus simoni, female, apical." pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Figs 21L</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="37C0DAC7FF80FFF5FB6AF89DFAD5F8BF" box="[1278,1319,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="35.[145,224,1674,1696]" captionTargetBox="[197,1373,195,1634]" captionTargetId="figure-24@35.[197,1373,195,1634]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 25. Spinnerets, PLS, female. A, Asemesthes sp.; B, Latonigena auricomis; C, Apopyllus silvestrii; D, Cryptoerithus occultus; E, Wesmaldra bidgemia; F, Lygromma gasnieri; G, Theuma sp.1; H, Tricongius amazonicus; I, Namundra sp.; J, Prodidomus wooldleigh; K, Neozimiris sp.; L, Zimiris doriai. Ac, aciniform gland spigot; MiAm, minor ampullate gland spigot; Cy, cylindrical gland spigot." pageId="40" pageNumber="694">25J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF81FFF4FF05FF62FD9BFDE1" blockId="41.[145,761,197,526]" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FF05FF62FD74FF34" box="[145,646,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">
Shared characters:
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FEEFFF62FD74FF34" bold="true" box="[379,646,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">char. 54—Chelicerae</emphasis>
</emphasis>
, paturon, retromargin, escort setae: present ➔ absent;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FD23FF44FE97FEF8" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">char. 168—Spinnerets</emphasis>
, ALS, sclerotizaton close to base: present ➔ absent;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FECAFE86FD9FFED9" bold="true" box="[350,621,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">char. 182—Spinnerets</emphasis>
, base spigot, Ac, insertion articulation,
<typeStatus id="704078E0FF81FFF4FE44FEE7FDF4FEBA" box="[464,518,320,341]" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">type</typeStatus>
: simple ➔ insertion annulate, flexible;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FEFAFEF9FD7BFE9C" bold="true" box="[366,649,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">char. 203—Spinnerets</emphasis>
(F), ALS, major ampullate gland spigots, mesal spigot: absent ➔ present;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FF66FE3CFDF0FE5E" bold="true" box="[242,514,411,433]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">char. 224—Spinnerets</emphasis>
, massive PLS: absent ➔ present; c
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF81FFF4FEB1FE1DFDFDFE20" bold="true" box="[293,527,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="695">har. 289—Epigyne</emphasis>
, vulva, fertilization duct, position: well advanced from the epigastric furrow ➔ posterior, close to the epigastric furrow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="BBBA2F6D9AA674566DFBC6A2607C43A6">Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Prodidominae (Arachnida: Araneae: Gnaphosidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FC48FEC3FAF3FE93" blockId="40.[988,1281,355,380]" box="[988,1281,355,380]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<heading id="F40C712EFF80FFF5FC48FEC3FAF3FE93" box="[988,1281,355,380]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FC48FEC3FAF3FE93" ID-CoL="7ZT5" authority="SIMON, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[988,1281,355,380]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC48FEC3FB9BFE94" box="[988,1129,356,379]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">TRICONGIUS</emphasis>
</smallCapsWord>
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FBE4FEC4FAF3FE93" author="Simon E" box="[1136,1281,355,380]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="423 - 462" refId="ref18076" refString="Simon E. 1893. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Decembre 1887 - Avril 1888). 21 e Memoire. Arachnides (1). Familles des Uloboridae, Zoropsidae, Dictynidae, Oecobiidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae, Leptonetidae, Oonopidae, Dysderidae, Caponiidae, Prodidomidae, Drassidae, Palpimanidae et Zodariidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 61: 423-462, pl. 9." type="journal article" year="1893">
<smallCapsWord id="A9A2509EFF80FFF5FBE4FEC4FB4EFE94" baselines="374,374" box="[1136,1212,355,380]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Simon" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">SIMON</smallCapsWord>
, 1893
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E7E195C9FF80FFF5FCAFFE2BFADDFE2F" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFE2BFB76FE4D" blockId="40.[827,1327,396,448]" box="[827,1156,396,418]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8FEBE16CFF80FFF5FCAFFE2BFB76FE4D" box="[827,1156,396,418]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<treatmentCitation id="2E5AE053FF80FFF5FCAFFE2BFB72FE4D" author="Simon E" box="[827,1152,396,418]" page="453" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" year="1893">
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FCAFFE2BFB72FE4D" ID-CoL="7ZT5" authority="Simon, 1893: 453" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="453" authorityYear="1893" box="[827,1152,396,418]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFE2BFC46FE4E" box="[827,948,396,417]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Tricongius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FC2EFE2BFB72FE4D" author="Simon E" box="[954,1152,396,418]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="423 - 462" refId="ref18076" refString="Simon E. 1893. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Decembre 1887 - Avril 1888). 21 e Memoire. Arachnides (1). Familles des Uloboridae, Zoropsidae, Dictynidae, Oecobiidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae, Leptonetidae, Oonopidae, Dysderidae, Caponiidae, Prodidomidae, Drassidae, Palpimanidae et Zodariidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 61: 423-462, pl. 9." type="journal article" year="1893">Simon, 1893: 453</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFE0DFADDFE2F" blockId="40.[827,1327,396,448]" box="[827,1327,426,448]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8FEBE16CFF80FFF5FCAFFE0DFADDFE2F" box="[827,1327,426,448]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<treatmentCitation id="2E5AE053FF80FFF5FCAFFE0DFB45FE2F" author="Mello-Leitao CF" box="[827,1207,426,448]" page="254" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" year="1940">
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FCAFFE0DFB45FE2F" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1940: 254" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityPageNumber="254" authorityYear="1940" box="[827,1207,426,448]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Oltacloea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="syn. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFE0DFC54FE50" box="[827,934,426,447]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Oltacloea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FC38FE0DFB45FE2F" author="Mello-Leitao CF" box="[940,1207,426,448]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="251 - 258" refId="ref17350" refString="Mello-Leitao CF. 1940. Tres generos extranos de aranas argentinas. Notas del Museo de la Plata 5: 251-258." type="journal article" year="1940">Mello-Leitão, 1940: 254</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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,
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FB56FE0CFADDFE2F" bold="true" box="[1218,1327,427,448]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FB56FE0CFADDFE2F" box="[1218,1327,427,448]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E7E195C9FF80FFF5FCAFFE78FB09FADA" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFE78FAB8FE1B" blockId="40.[827,1354,478,500]" box="[827,1354,478,500]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFE78FC39FE1B" box="[827,971,479,500]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<typeStatus id="704078E0FF80FFF5FCAFFE78FC82FE1B" box="[827,880,479,500]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FC43FE78FAB4FE1B" authority="Simon, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[983,1350,478,500]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collinus">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC43FE78FB5DFE1C" box="[983,1199,478,500]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Tricongius collinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FB22FE79FAB4FE1B" author="Simon E" box="[1206,1350,478,500]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="423 - 462" refId="ref18076" refString="Simon E. 1893. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Decembre 1887 - Avril 1888). 21 e Memoire. Arachnides (1). Familles des Uloboridae, Zoropsidae, Dictynidae, Oecobiidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae, Leptonetidae, Oonopidae, Dysderidae, Caponiidae, Prodidomidae, Drassidae, Palpimanidae et Zodariidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 61: 423-462, pl. 9." type="journal article" year="1893">Simon, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFDB9FB8FFD23" blockId="40.[827,1443,541,716]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFDB9FBFFFDDD" box="[827,1037,541,563]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Species included:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FB8FFDB9FC01FDBE" authority="Platnick &amp; Hofer, 1990" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Hofer" authorityYear="1990" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FB8FFDB9FAC1FDDC" box="[1051,1331,542,563]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Tricongius amazonicus</emphasis>
Platnick &amp; Hofer, 1990
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FB90FD9AFC8CFD9F" authority="(Brescovit &amp; Ramos, 2003)" authorityName="Rodrigues &amp; Rheims" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Brescovit &amp; Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beltraoe" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FB90FD9AFB7EFDBE" box="[1028,1164,572,594]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">T. beltraoe</emphasis>
(Brescovit &amp; Ramos, 2003)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC1CFDFCFBE5FD9F" bold="true" box="[904,1047,603,624]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FC1CFDFCFBE5FD9F" box="[904,1047,603,624]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FBBDFDFCFB5BFD80" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[1065,1193,602,624]" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collinus">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FBBDFDFCFB5BFD80" box="[1065,1193,602,624]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">T. collinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FB2DFDFCFC26FD61" authority="(Mello-Leitao, 1940)" authorityName="Rodrigues &amp; Rheims" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Mello-Leitao" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Oltacloea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FB2DFDFCFAB1FD80" box="[1209,1347,602,624]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">T. mutilata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FAC2FDFDFC39FD61" author="Mello-Leitao CF" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="251 - 258" refId="ref17350" refString="Mello-Leitao CF. 1940. Tres generos extranos de aranas argentinas. Notas del Museo de la Plata 5: 251-258." type="journal article" year="1940">Mello-Leitão, 1940</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC48FDDEFB94FD61" bold="true" box="[988,1126,633,654]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FC48FDDEFB94FD61" box="[988,1126,633,654]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FBE1FDDDFC04FD42" authority="(Bonaldo &amp; Brescovit, 1997)" authorityName="Rodrigues &amp; Rheims" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bonaldo &amp; Brescovit" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Oltacloea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ribaslangei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FBE1FDDDFAE4FD61" box="[1141,1302,633,655]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">T. ribaslangei</emphasis>
(Bonaldo &amp; Brescovit, 1997)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC6AFD3FFB75FD42" bold="true" box="[1022,1159,664,685]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FC6AFD3FFB75FD42" box="[1022,1159,664,685]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FB01FD3FFC03FD23" authority="(Rheims &amp; Brescovit, 2004)" authorityName="Rodrigues &amp; Rheims" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Rheims &amp; Brescovit" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Lygromma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ybyguara" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FB01FD3FFAECFD42" box="[1173,1310,664,685]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">T. ybyguara</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB6ABBB3FF80FFF5FABBFD3FFC1BFD23" author="Rheims CA &amp; Brescovit AD" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" pagination="325 - 327" refId="ref17879" refString="Rheims CA, Brescovit AD. 2004. A new cave spider of the genus Lygromma Simon (Araneae, Prodidomidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia 9: 325-327." type="journal article" year="2004">Rheims &amp; Brescovit, 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC6CFD10FB8FFD23" bold="true" box="[1016,1149,695,716]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86BCA72BFF80FFF5FC6CFD10FB8FFD23" box="[1016,1149,695,716]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFD52FC3FFCC6" blockId="40.[827,1443,757,810]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFD52FBEFFCE4" box="[827,1053,757,779]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Misplaced species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68FBBDC1FF80FFF5FBBFFD51FC3BFCC6" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1941" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1941" class="Arachnida" family="Prodidomidae" genus="Tricongius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granadensis">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FBBFFD51FABEFCE5" box="[1067,1356,757,779]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Tricongius granadensis</emphasis>
Mello-Leitão, 1941
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFCF4FB2BFC0D" blockId="40.[827,1443,850,995]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFCF4FC49FC87" box="[827,955,851,872]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Eyes (when present) widely separated with AME–AME shorter than AME–ALE, sternum with anterior margin less than half maximum width (
<figureCitation id="37C0DAC7FF80FFF5FCD7FC09FC51FC2B" box="[835,931,942,964]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="20.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[247,1358,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-79@20.[247,1358,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 11. Sternum. A, Platyoides walteri, female; B, Gallianoela sp., male; C, Scotophaeus quadripunctatus, male; D, Anzacia mustecula, female; E, Pterotricha lentiginosa, female; F, Homoeothele micans, male; G, Wesmaldra bidgemia, female; H, Wydundra osbourne, female; I, Nopyllus sp., male; J, Lygromma gasnieri, female; K, Oltacloea beltraoe, male; L, Theuma sp.1, male; M, Austrodomus zuluensis, female; N, Eleleis sp., female; O, Zimiris doriai, female; P, Namundra sp., female." pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Fig. 11K</figureCitation>
) and cymbium with a bunch of thick setae on the ventral-terminal part (
<figureCitation id="37C0DAC7FF80FFF5FBFFFC6AFB38FC0D" box="[1131,1226,973,995]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="37.[145,226,1669,1691]" captionTargetBox="[201,1368,195,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-25@37.[201,1368,195,1629]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 27. Male palp, ventral. A, Urozelotes rusticus; B, Asemesthes sp.; C, Anagrina sp.; D, Myandra cambridgei; E, Tricongius beltraoe; F, Lygromma gasnieri; G, Paracymbiomma carajas; H, Moreno ramirezi; I, Austrodomus scaber; J, Neozimiris sp.; K, Eleleis sp.; L, Zimirina hirsuta. C, conductor; CbTS, cymbial thick setae; CbVG, cymbial ventral groove; E, embolus; LETe, laminar extension of tegulum; MA, median apophysis; T, tegulum; TA, terminal apophysis; TEx, tegular excavation; TSP, tegular spine-like process." pageId="40" pageNumber="694">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF44C642FF80FFF5FCAFFBABFB09FADA" blockId="40.[827,1443,1035,1334]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FCAFFBABFAC9FBCE" box="[827,1339,1035,1057]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">
Shared characters:
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FBAEFBACFAC9FBCE" bold="true" box="[1082,1339,1035,1057]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">char. 2—Carapace</emphasis>
</emphasis>
, dorsal, posterior margin shape: notched ➔ truncated;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FAF6FB8DFC15FBB1" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">char. 35—Sternum</emphasis>
, anterior margin, width relative to maximum width: more than half ➔ equal or less than half;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC2EFB21FB29FB74" bold="true" box="[954,1243,1158,1180]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">char. 200—Spinnerets</emphasis>
(M), ALS, major ampullate gland spigots, mesal spigot: absent ➔ present;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC3DFB64FB23FB36" bold="true" box="[937,1233,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">char. 201—Spinnerets</emphasis>
(M), ALS, major ampullate gland spigots, mesal spigot,
<typeStatus id="704078E0FF80FFF5FB60FB44FADAFB17" box="[1268,1320,1251,1272]" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">type</typeStatus>
: nubbin ➔ normal;
<emphasis id="9D8F1A50FF80FFF5FC0CFAA6FBA9FAF8" bold="true" box="[920,1115,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="694">char. 245—Palp</emphasis>
, cymbium, ventral, terminal, bunch of thick setae: absent ➔ present.
</paragraph>
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276
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<heading id="7A751C7CF662F77D120EB4F1FAC46C99" box="[888,1381,1718,1743]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D120EB4F1FAC46C99" ID-CoL="7QWB3" authority="(THIELE, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[888,1381,1718,1743]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
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(
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, 1925)
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(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F662F77D153BB4AAFB306D50" box="[1101,1169,1773,1798]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="13.[145,223,1702,1724]" captionTargetBox="[305,1265,682,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-256@13.[305,1265,682,1662]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 9. Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925). A, holotype of Pleurotoma aethiopica Thiele, 1925, ZMB 109376, off East Africa. B, holotype of Pleurotoma fusiformis Thiele, 1925, ZMB 109388, off Sumatra. C, MNHN-IM-2009-14979, ATIMO VATAE, South of Madagascar. D, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2013-48115, KANADEEP, Chesterfield Islands. E, MNHN-IM-2009-29301, EXBODI, New Caledonia. F, MNHN-IM-2009-14778, ATIMO VATAE, South of Madagascar. G, holotype of Pinguigemmula luzonica Powell, 1964, USNM 237784, Philippines. H, holotype of Pinguigemmula okinavensis McNeil, 1960, UNSM MO 562851, Miocene or Pliocene of Okinawa. I, MNHN-IM-2013-19950, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. J, holotype of Pinguigemmula philippinensis Powell, 1964, USNM 237563, Philippines." pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
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. 9
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)
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<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D124DB552FB666D7D" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[827,1223,1813,1835]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB552FB996D7C" box="[827,1080,1813,1834]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma aethiopica</emphasis>
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Thiele,
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. 638 m, off
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. (Expedition Deutschen Tiefsee, st. 253).
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<taxonomicName id="E682D093F663F77C11DFB282FDF16A8D" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[169,592,197,219]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11DFB282FE156A8C" box="[169,436,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pleurotoma fusiformis</emphasis>
Thiele,
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,
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.
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<taxonomicName id="E682D093F663F77C11DFB345FD926B4E" authority="Finlay, 1930" authorityName="Finlay" authorityYear="1930" box="[169,563,258,280]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="thielei">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11DFB345FE236B41" box="[169,386,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Gemmula thielei</emphasis>
Finlay, 1930
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. (nom. nov. for
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F663F77C11E7B366FD836B61" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[145,546,289,311]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11E7B366FE2F6B60" box="[145,398,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pleurotoma fusiformis</emphasis>
Thiele, 1925
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).
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†
<treatmentCitation id="A0238D01F663F77C11C1B307FD0C6B03" author="Martin K" box="[183,685,320,342]" page="113" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" year="1935">
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11C1B307FE656B03" box="[183,452,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pleurotoma trincincta</emphasis>
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, pl. 2, figs 2, 2a.
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, south-east
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. Oligocene
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†
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11C3B33AFE4C6BC4" box="[181,493,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pinguigemmula okinavensis</emphasis>
McNeil, 1960
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.
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.
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, Shinzato Tuff Member, Miocene or Pliocene.
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11DFB3FDFE646B99" box="[169,453,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pinguigemmula luzonica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C10BAB3FDFD306B86" author="Powell AWB" box="[460,657,442,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell, 1964: 278</bibRefCitation>
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(22–790), pl. 215, figs 3,
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, off Hermana, Menor Island, Luzon Island,
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11DFB051FD9C687D" box="[169,573,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pinguigemmula philippinensis</emphasis>
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(22–790), pl. 215, figs 5,
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, off
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,
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<subSubSection id="6998F89BF663F77C11E7B0D5FD586D36" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11E7B0D5FF5C68F1" box="[145,253,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species was not included in the study by
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C11C7B0F6FE106890" author="Puillandre N &amp; Modica MV &amp; Zhang Y &amp; Sirovich L &amp; Boisselier MC &amp; Cruaud C &amp; Holford M &amp; Samadi S" box="[177,433,689,711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="2671 - 2691" refId="ref17408" refString="Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671-2691." type="journal article" year="2012">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1059B0F5FEC46890" box="[303,357,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
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. The protoconch is commonly eroded, with PD =
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, PL =
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and number of whorls ranging from 4.2 to five.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C11DFB14AFE7F6EC4" blockId="15.[145,762,658,1692]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
The radula is long, ~
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in length (0.37 of AL), composed of 77 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 150–159 µm long (mean 155 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C13E6B10CFD056936" box="[656,676,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">N</emphasis>
= 5, or 1.66% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) 0.4 of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view, awl shaped; in the posterior part the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, the accessory limb with a clear constriction and bent at about half tooth length, thin, nearly same length as the major limb. The central formation has a long, narrow, sharp, carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and anterolateral margins. The flaps are not completely fused with the cusp (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C1008B63AFE6E6EC4" box="[382,463,1149,1171]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C11DFB6DBFE0B6CCD" blockId="15.[145,762,658,1692]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
The former genus
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C10DFB6DBFDD86EE7" box="[425,633,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Pinguigemmula</emphasis>
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is easily distinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F663F77C10E4B6FDFDA46E99" authorityName="Weinkauff" authorityYear="1875" box="[402,517,1210,1231]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C10E4B6FDFDA46E99" box="[402,517,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Gemmula</emphasis>
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in having a broadly conical spire, a strongly constricted base and a long, straight siphonal canal (
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C10BBB6BFFDCA6F58" author="Powell AWB" box="[461,619,1272,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell, 1964</bibRefCitation>
). Although expressing a broad variety of forms, the molecular analysis resulted in a single species hypothesis. Several species were described based on the sculptural details, such as the number of gemmate cords (one, two or none). The sculpture seems to be correlated with geography, with the forms from the western Indian Ocean having a smooth intersuture sculpture, whereas the forms from the eastern Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean usually possess two or three gemmate cords. Some large specimens of this species have a similar ‘tertiary notch’ to that of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F663F77C1328B40EFD526C09" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[606,755,1609,1631]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praesignis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1328B40EFD526C09" box="[606,755,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">C. praesignis</emphasis>
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, suggesting sexual dimorphism also for this species (
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C11EFB4C0FE3A6CCD" author="Kantor YI &amp; Sysoev AV" box="[153,411,1670,1692]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="205 - 209" refId="ref16859" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1991. Sexual dimorphism in the apertural notch of a new species of Gemmula (Gastropoda: Turridae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 57: 205-209." type="journal article" year="1991">Kantor &amp; Sysoev, 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C11E7B48AFE4B6D56" blockId="15.[145,760,1740,1792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11E7B48AFF456CB7" box="[145,228,1740,1762]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1058B48BFF746D56" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[115: C; 307: A; 418: G].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C11E7B56BFD586D36" blockId="15.[145,761,1836,1889]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C11E7B56BFE816D17" box="[145,288,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Distribution:</emphasis>
Found off East Africa to the central Indo-Pacific (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C119EB50CFE976D36" box="[232,310,1867,1889]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[163,242,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[354,1252,196,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[353,1252,195,1611]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Map showing the species distributions. Filled circles represent localities of sequenced specimens. Full triangles represent localities of type specimens." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
), from a depth of ~400 to ~
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(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C13D8B50CFD4B6D36" box="[686,746,1866,1889]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,992]" captionTargetId="figure-380@9.[303,1266,195,993]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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270
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(
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D1347B736FD626FDC" author="Tesch P" box="[561,707,1393,1418]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref17747" refString="Tesch P. 1915. Jungtertiare und Quartare Mollusken von Timor. Palaontologie v. Timor: Stuttgart V: 1-70." type="book chapter" year="1915">
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF662F77D1347B736FDDC6FDE" baselines="1412,1411" box="[561,637,1393,1418]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Tesch" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">TESCH</smallCapsWord>
, 1915
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF662F77D10E2B7EDFDB86F95" box="[404,537,1450,1475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" type="description">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D10E2B7EDFDB86F95" blockId="14.[404,537,1450,1475]" box="[404,537,1450,1475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F662F77D10EBB7EDFDB06F95" box="[413,529,1450,1475]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[163,243,1560,1582]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[323,1283,195,1520]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895) (A–K) and Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915) (L–P). A, holotype of Pleurotoma praesignis Smith, 1895, ZSIC, Sri Lanka. B, MNHN-IM-2009-13477, AURORA-2007, Philippines. C, MNHN-IM-2013-62903, BIOMAGLO, Iles Glorieuses. D, holotype of Pleurotoma lobata Sowerby III, 1903, NHMUK 1903.7.27.49, South Africa. E, holotype of Ptychosyrinx lordhoweensis, ZMMU Lc-14532, Lord Howe Rise. F, syntype of Pleurotoma bisinuata von Martens, 1901, ZMB 683, off East Africa. G, holotype of Pleurotoma microscelida Dall, 1895, USNM 127122, Hawaiian Islands. H, holotype of Pleurotoma rotatilis von Martens, 1902, ZMB 60070, off East Africa. I, MNHN-IM-2013-62893, BIOMAGLO, Iles Glorieuses. J, MNHN-IM-2013-62900, BIOMAGLO, Iles Glorieuses. K, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2013-62893. L, holotype of Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi Powell, 1964, USNM 239068, Borneo. M, MNHN-IM-2009-14860,ATIMO VATAE, south of Madagascar. N, MNHN-IM-2007-40928, SALOMON 2, Solomon Islands. O, MNHN-IM-2013-58793, KAVIENG, Papua. P, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2009-14935." pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF662F77D10EBB7EDFE676F94" baselines="1469,1469" box="[413,454,1450,1475]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 8L–P
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF662F77D11D5B794FEF16CD7" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D11D5B794FD5A6FBE" blockId="14.[163,779,1490,1666]" box="[163,763,1490,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
†
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D11D9B795FD9D6FBE" ID-CoL="7SS22" authority="Tesch, 1915" authorityName="Tesch" authorityYear="1915" box="[175,572,1490,1512]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D11D9B795FE0E6FBE" box="[175,431,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma timorensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D10C3B795FD9D6FBE" author="Tesch P" box="[437,572,1490,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref17747" refString="Tesch P. 1915. Jungtertiare und Quartare Mollusken von Timor. Palaontologie v. Timor: Stuttgart V: 1-70." type="book chapter" year="1915">Tesch, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Timor. Pliocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D11CDB7B6FE3E6C70" blockId="14.[163,779,1490,1666]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
†
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D11BFB7B6FCA76C50" ID-CoL="7SRX4" authority="K. Martin, 1933" authorityName="K. Martin" authorityYear="1933" box="[201,774,1521,1543]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ktolemandoensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D11BFB7B6FD916C50" box="[201,560,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis</emphasis>
K. Martin, 1933
</taxonomicName>
. Ktolemando. Miocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D11CDB469FEF16CD7" blockId="14.[163,779,1490,1666]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="01928C3EF662F77D11CDB469FEF16CD7" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<treatmentCitation id="A0238D01F662F77D11CDB469FD756C12" author="Powell AWB" box="[187,724,1582,1604]" page="291" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" year="1964">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D11CDB469FD756C12" ID-CoL="7V26Y" authority="Powell, 1964: 291" authorityName="Powell" authorityPageNumber="291" authorityYear="1964" box="[187,724,1582,1604]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Ptychosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="teschi">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D11CDB469FDAC6C15" box="[187,525,1582,1604]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D1365B469FD756C12" author="Powell AWB" box="[531,724,1582,1604]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell, 1964: 291</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(22– 853), pl. 223, figs 5,
<quantity id="E67A06F5F662F77D10FBB40AFE526C35" box="[397,499,1613,1635]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.759" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" unit="m" value="6.759">6. 759 m</quantity>
, north-west off Sipadan Island, Borneo.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF662F77D11D5B4E7FB2E6C29" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D11D5B4E7FDC06CE0" blockId="14.[163,609,1696,1718]" box="[163,609,1696,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF662F77D11D5B4E7FDFC6CE0" box="[163,605,1696,1718]" location="Pliocene of Timor Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D11D5B4E7FE996CE3" box="[163,312,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F662F77D11D5B4E7FF796CE3" box="[163,216,1696,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<location id="245DFDCBF662F77D1033B4E7FDFC6CE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F662F77D1195B736FB2E6C29:245DFDCBF662F77D1033B4E7FDFC6CE0" box="[325,605,1696,1718]" name="Pliocene of Timor Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pliocene of Timor Island</location>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D11D5B49EFE0E6D5B" blockId="14.[163,779,1753,1898]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D11D5B49EFEB66CB8" box="[163,279,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species corresponds to PSH 14 of
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D11D5B4BFFE096D5B" author="Puillandre N &amp; Modica MV &amp; Zhang Y &amp; Sirovich L &amp; Boisselier MC &amp; Cruaud C &amp; Holford M &amp; Samadi S" box="[163,424,1784,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="2671 - 2691" refId="ref17408" refString="Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671-2691." type="journal article" year="2012">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D1055B4BFFEFA6D5B" box="[291,347,1784,1805]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D11CDB551FEFA6D3C" blockId="14.[163,779,1753,1898]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
Protoconch commonly eroded, with
<collectionCode id="479333D5F662F77D1320B550FDDB6D7A" box="[598,634,1815,1836]" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">PD</collectionCode>
=
<quantity id="E67A06F5F662F77D13EEB550FCAA6D7A" box="[664,779,1815,1836]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.0">1–1.2 mm</quantity>
and
<collectionCode id="479333D5F662F77D11A2B571FF546D1D" box="[212,245,1846,1867]" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
=
<quantity id="E67A06F5F662F77D1066B572FE116D1D" box="[272,432,1845,1867]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4875" metricValueMax="1.675" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" unit="mm" value="1.4875" valueMax="1.675" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.675 mm</quantity>
and number of whorls varying from four to 4.5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D1225B282FA8E681C" blockId="14.[827,1444,197,1384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
The radula is medium short, ~
<quantity id="E67A06F5F662F77D15DBB282FAA26A8D" box="[1197,1283,197,219]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
in length (0.2 of
<collectionCode id="479333D5F662F77D1222B2A3FCD86AAF" box="[852,889,228,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">AL</collectionCode>
), formed of 45 transverse rows of teeth. Marginal teeth are 162–172 µm long (mean 168 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D144FB344FAEC6B4E" box="[1337,1357,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">N</emphasis>
= 5, or 1.35% of
<collectionCode id="479333D5F662F77D12D4B366FC666B60" box="[930,967,289,310]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">AL</collectionCode>
), duplex. Anterior (inner) one-third of the tooth length is solid, medium broad in dorsal view, lanceolate; in posterior two-thirds the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, the accessory limb with a clear constriction and bent at about half tooth length, nearly the same length as the major limb. The central formation has a short and obtuse cusp and lateral inconspicuous flaps with indistinct lateral and anterior margins. The posterior margin is thickened and uninterrupted along its length (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F662F77D15A0B072FA81681D" box="[1238,1312,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Fig. 7I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D1225B013FACB6F3E" blockId="14.[827,1444,197,1384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
The
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F662F77D12FCB013FC1C683F" box="[906,957,596,617]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">type</typeStatus>
of this species is a fossil specimen from Timor island (
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F662F77D129EB035FBFA68DE" box="[1000,1115,626,648]" name="Indonesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
/Timor Leste) described by
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D124DB0D6FC7368F1" author="Tesch P" box="[827,978,657,679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref17747" refString="Tesch P. 1915. Jungtertiare und Quartare Mollusken von Timor. Palaontologie v. Timor: Stuttgart V: 1-70." type="book chapter" year="1915">Tesch (1915)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D156FB0D6FB6068F1" author="Martin K" box="[1049,1217,657,679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref17089" refString="Martin K. 1935. Oligocaene gastropoden von Buton. Leidsche Geologische Mededelingen 7: 111-118." type="journal article" year="1935">Martin (1935)</bibRefCitation>
described another similar specimen from Buton island (
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F662F77D1476B0F7FAD76890" box="[1280,1398,688,710]" name="Indonesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
) as
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D124DB089FB2068B5" authorityName="K. Martin" authorityYear="1933" box="[827,1153,718,739]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ktolemandoensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB089FB2068B5" box="[827,1153,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without reference to the work of Tesch. However,
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D1524B0AAFB516955" author="Martin K" box="[1106,1264,749,771]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref17089" refString="Martin K. 1935. Oligocaene gastropoden von Buton. Leidsche Geologische Mededelingen 7: 111-118." type="journal article" year="1935">Martin (1935)</bibRefCitation>
also recognized the affinities between
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D1523B14BFACB6977" authorityName="Tesch" authorityYear="1915" box="[1109,1386,780,801]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D1523B14BFACB6977" box="[1109,1386,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma timorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D124DB16DFB396969" authorityName="K. Martin" authorityYear="1933" box="[827,1176,810,831]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ktolemandoensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB16DFB396969" box="[827,1176,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D1479B16DFC206908" author="Robba E &amp; Sartono S &amp; Violanti D &amp; Erba E" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="61 - 113" refId="ref17450" refString="Robba E, Sartono S, Violanti D, Erba E. 1989. Early Pleistocene gastropods from Timor. Memorie degli Istituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell'Universita di Padova 41: 61-113." type="journal article" year="1989">
Robba
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D1412B16CFA026969" box="[1380,1443,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
synonymized
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D1557B10EFAC96908" authorityName="K. Martin" authorityYear="1933" box="[1057,1384,841,862]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ktolemandoensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D1557B10EFAC96908" box="[1057,1384,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D124DB12FFBEB692B" authorityName="Tesch" authorityYear="1915" box="[827,1098,872,893]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB12FFBEB692B" box="[827,1098,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma timorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D152DB12FFB5A6928" author="Powell AWB" box="[1115,1275,872,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell (1964)</bibRefCitation>
described the subspecies
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D12CDB1C1FAB069CD" authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1964" box="[955,1297,902,924]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Ptychosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="teschi">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D12CDB1C1FAB069CD" box="[955,1297,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on an extant specimen, which
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F662F77D1549B1E2FB7569ED" author="Sysoev AV" box="[1087,1236,933,955]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref17713" refString="Sysoev AV. 1996. Deep-sea conoidean gastropods collected by the John Murray Expedition, 1933 - 34. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum: Zoology series 62: 1-30." type="book chapter" year="1996">Sysoev (1996)</bibRefCitation>
elevated to species rank. The argument by both authors for separating the fossil species from the extant species was the ‘much broader’ shell of the extant
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D1516B646FA036E40" authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1964" box="[1120,1442,1025,1047]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Ptychosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="teschi">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D1516B646FA036E40" box="[1120,1442,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen. Examination of the morphological variability of the sequenced specimens shows that the dimensions and shape of fossil specimens are close to the inferred average breadth of the species; some specimens show a broader aperture and a taller last whorl than others, despite having the same number of teleochonch whorls. The results of the LDA show that
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D150BB69FFAD36EBB" authorityName="Tesch" authorityYear="1915" box="[1149,1394,1240,1261]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D150BB69FFAD36EBB" box="[1149,1394,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Pleurotoma timorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D124DB6B1FB246F5D" authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1964" box="[827,1157,1270,1292]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Ptychosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="teschi">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB6B1FB246F5D" box="[827,1157,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fall within the variability of the sequenced specimens. The broader last whorl and the generally larger size (~
<quantity id="E67A06F5F662F77D1529B774FB746F1F" box="[1119,1237,1331,1353]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" unit="mm" value="42.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="30.0">30–55 mm</quantity>
) are characteristic for
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F662F77D1229B714FC4A6F3E" baseAuthorityName="Tesch" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[863,1003,1363,1384]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Ptychosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="546" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D1229B714FC4A6F3E" box="[863,1003,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">C. timorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when compared with
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<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D15AFB714FAC56F3E" box="[1241,1380,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">C. praesignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D124DB7D5FB416F93" blockId="14.[827,1441,1425,1477]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB7D5FC2F6FF0" box="[827,910,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D12AEB7D6FCDE6F93" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[73: G; 214: G; 334: G; 511: G].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F662F77D124DB7A9FB2E6C29" blockId="14.[827,1443,1518,1663]" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">
<emphasis id="13F67702F662F77D124DB7A9FC736C55" box="[827,978,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Distribution:</emphasis>
Found from the western Indian Ocean to the central Indo-Pacific (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F662F77D15F6B44AFB746C74" box="[1152,1237,1549,1571]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[163,242,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[354,1252,196,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[353,1252,195,1611]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Map showing the species distributions. Filled circles represent localities of sequenced specimens. Full triangles represent localities of type specimens." pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
), from a depth of ~300 to ~
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(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F662F77D1564B46BFBF56C17" box="[1042,1108,1579,1602]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,992]" captionTargetId="figure-380@9.[303,1266,195,993]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul." pageId="14" pageNumber="546">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Curiously, this species has not been found in
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F662F77D1572B40CFB126C36" box="[1028,1203,1610,1632]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="14" pageNumber="546">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, despite considerable sampling effort in this region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

223
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<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C1229B283FAFB6A8B" blockId="15.[863,1370,196,221]" box="[863,1370,196,221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
<heading id="7A751C7CF663F77C1229B283FAFB6A8B" box="[863,1370,196,221]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1229B283FB3E6A8D" box="[863,1183,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
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<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF663F77C1562B280FB3E6A8D" baselines="214" box="[1044,1183,199,219]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="tessellata" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">TESSELLATA</smallCapsWord>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C15D8B283FAF36A8B" author="Powell AWB" box="[1198,1362,196,221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="409 - 444" refId="ref17247" refString="Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific, Part 1 a. The Turrinae concluded. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 409-444." type="journal article" year="1967">
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF663F77C15D8B283FAAD6A8D" baselines="215,214" box="[1198,1292,196,221]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Powell" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">POWELL</smallCapsWord>
, 1967
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)
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<subSubSection id="6998F89BF663F77C1567B2BDFB096B45" box="[1041,1192,250,275]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" type="description">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C1567B2BDFB096B45" blockId="15.[1041,1192,250,275]" box="[1041,1192,250,275]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C156CB2BDFB016B45" box="[1050,1184,250,275]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[163,241,1218,1240]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[323,1283,195,1178]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1967) (A–D), Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964) (E–H) and Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889) (I–K).A, holotype of Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1964, AWMM MA71042, Hawaiian Islands.B, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2013-48252, KANADEEP, Chesterfield Islands. C, MNHN-IM-2009-24975, EXBODI, New Caledonia. D, MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. E, holotype of Gemmula congener unilineata Powell, 1964, BPBM 8929, Hawaiian Islands. F, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2007-40786, NORFOLK 2, New Caledonia. G, MNHN-IM-2009-14953, ATIMO VATAE, south of Madagascar. H, MNHN-IM-2007-38340, MAINBAZA, Mozambique channel. I, lectotype of Pleurotoma periscelida Dall, 1889, USNM 87391, Colombia. J, MNHN-IM-2013-56285, GUYANE 2014, French Guiana. K, MNHN-IM-2013-56283, GUYANE 2014, French Guiana." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
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. 10A–D
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)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF663F77C125FB36CFB746B2B" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="01928C3EF663F77C125FB36CFB746B2B" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
<treatmentCitation id="A0238D01F663F77C125FB36CFB496B16" author="Powell AWB" box="[809,1256,299,321]" page="439" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" year="1967">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F663F77C125FB36CFB496B16" ID-CoL="7RDPJ" authority="Powell, 1967: 439" authorityName="Powell" authorityPageNumber="439" authorityYear="1967" box="[809,1256,299,321]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tessellata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C125FB36CFBB36B16" box="[809,1042,299,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Gemmula tessellata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C156CB36CFB496B16" author="Powell AWB" box="[1050,1256,299,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="409 - 444" refId="ref17247" refString="Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific, Part 1 a. The Turrinae concluded. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 409-444." type="journal article" year="1967">Powell, 1967: 439</bibRefCitation>
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(22–734a), pl. 315. 183–
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, off Waikiki, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands (collected by Dr Pat Burgess).
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C125FB3E0FC376BEA" box="[809,918,423,444]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species corresponds to PSH
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the study by
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Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1569B381FBFA6B8D" box="[1055,1115,454,475]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
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. The protoconch of the
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is 4.5 whorls according to
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, and PD =
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and PL =
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according to measurements inferred from photographs of the
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F663F77C125FB007FC326800" box="[809,915,576,598]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The protoconch exhibits high variability, with PD =
<quantity id="E67A06F5F663F77C12DFB018FBEE6822" box="[937,1103,607,629]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2375" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.175" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" unit="mm" value="1.2375" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.175">1.175–1.3 mm</quantity>
, PL =
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<geoCoordinate id="44B6CDD7F663F77C15EAB018FB7A6823" box="[1180,1243,607,629]" degrees="1.525" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" precision="55" value="1.525">1.525</geoCoordinate>
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mm
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and consisting of four to 5.5 whorls.
</paragraph>
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The radula is of medium length, ~
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(0.29 of AL), composed of 51 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 86–91 µm long (mean 89 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C143BB09DFAC068B9" box="[1357,1377,730,751]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">N</emphasis>
= 2, or 2.1% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) half of the tooth length is solid, medium broad in dorsal view, triangular. The accessory limb is weak, thin, without constriction, much shorter than the major limb, but of nearly same width (the marginal teeth in
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C1464B134FAC569DE" box="[1298,1380,883,905]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[163,243,1560,1582]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[323,1283,195,1520]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895) (A–K) and Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915) (L–P). A, holotype of Pleurotoma praesignis Smith, 1895, ZSIC, Sri Lanka. B, MNHN-IM-2009-13477, AURORA-2007, Philippines. C, MNHN-IM-2013-62903, BIOMAGLO, Iles Glorieuses. D, holotype of Pleurotoma lobata Sowerby III, 1903, NHMUK 1903.7.27.49, South Africa. E, holotype of Ptychosyrinx lordhoweensis, ZMMU Lc-14532, Lord Howe Rise. F, syntype of Pleurotoma bisinuata von Martens, 1901, ZMB 683, off East Africa. G, holotype of Pleurotoma microscelida Dall, 1895, USNM 127122, Hawaiian Islands. H, holotype of Pleurotoma rotatilis von Martens, 1902, ZMB 60070, off East Africa. I, MNHN-IM-2013-62893, BIOMAGLO, Iles Glorieuses. J, MNHN-IM-2013-62900, BIOMAGLO, Iles Glorieuses. K, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2013-62893. L, holotype of Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi Powell, 1964, USNM 239068, Borneo. M, MNHN-IM-2009-14860,ATIMO VATAE, south of Madagascar. N, MNHN-IM-2007-40928, SALOMON 2, Solomon Islands. O, MNHN-IM-2013-58793, KAVIENG, Papua. P, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2009-14935." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
are not fully sclerotized). The central formation has a long, sharp and carinated central cusp, slightly curved in profile, and with lateral conspicuous flaps with distinct margins. The flaps are not completely fused with the cusp. The anterior margin of the central formation is strongly concave (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C1283B66CFBE56E16" box="[1013,1092,1067,1089]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F663F77C1237B60EFC656FB8" blockId="15.[809,1426,423,1518]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">
The ‘light form’ of
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C157EB60DFB2F6E08" box="[1032,1166,1097,1119]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">C. tessellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been misidentified by
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C1231B62FFBE26E2B" author="Puillandre N &amp; Modica MV &amp; Zhang Y &amp; Sirovich L &amp; Boisselier MC &amp; Cruaud C &amp; Holford M &amp; Samadi S" box="[839,1091,1128,1150]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="2671 - 2691" refId="ref17408" refString="Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671-2691." type="journal article" year="2012">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C12B2B62EFC586E2B" box="[964,1017,1128,1150]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
as
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1515B62EFA306E2B" box="[1123,1425,1128,1150]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Xenuroturris gemmuloides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C125FB6C0FC1E6ECB" author="Powell AWB" box="[809,959,1159,1181]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="409 - 444" refId="ref17247" refString="Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific, Part 1 a. The Turrinae concluded. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 409-444." type="journal article" year="1967">Powell, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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because it shares superficially similar features, such as the white-yellowish shell punctuated with regular brown-orange spots, and the small size (~
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). The ‘brown-orange form’ of
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1475B6A4FA2A6EAE" box="[1283,1419,1251,1272]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">C. tessellata</emphasis>
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, closer to the
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, is distinctly different from the ‘light form’ not only in colouration, but also in having a stouter outline and a more tuberculate subsutural fold (
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F663F77C121EB71AFC5E6F25" author="Powell AWB" box="[872,1023,1373,1395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" pagination="409 - 444" refId="ref17247" refString="Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific, Part 1 a. The Turrinae concluded. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 409-444." type="journal article" year="1967">Powell, 1967</bibRefCitation>
). Although readily distinguished from the other
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species
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owing to its colour pattern and small size, LDA indicates that this species more closely resembles small adults of
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C125FB79FFC1D6FB8" box="[809,956,1496,1518]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">C. praesignis</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C125FB450FCDD6C7A" box="[809,892,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C12B0B450FCCC6C1D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[46: C; 61: A; 316: T].
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C125FB433FC626CDF" box="[809,963,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Distribution:</emphasis>
The sequenced specimens were found off
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only, and the
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is from the Hawaiian Islands (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C157AB4F6FBC16C91" box="[1036,1120,1713,1735]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[163,242,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[354,1252,196,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[353,1252,195,1611]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Map showing the species distributions. Filled circles represent localities of sequenced specimens. Full triangles represent localities of type specimens." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
), from a depth of ~200 to ~
<quantity id="E67A06F5F663F77C1240B497FCDD6CB0" box="[822,892,1744,1766]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="547" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F663F77C12FCB497FC696CB0" box="[906,968,1744,1766]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,992]" captionTargetId="figure-380@9.[303,1266,195,993]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul." pageId="15" pageNumber="547">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The protoconch characteristics, similar in shape, size and number of whorls to
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<emphasis id="13F67702F663F77C1582B4A8FA2A6D52" box="[1268,1419,1775,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="547">C. praesignis</emphasis>
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, imply that the species might have a much broader range than what is currently documented, possibly covering the entire central Pacific.
</paragraph>
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</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="479333D5F66BF77413EEB7D4FD1E6FFE" box="[664,703,1427,1448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">OD</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF77411DFB7F6FE586FB3" blockId="7.[145,761,1426,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411DFB7F6FE6F6F91" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[169,462,1457,1479]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Ptychosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411DFB7F6FE9A6F90" box="[169,315,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Ptychosyrinx</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF66BF7741034B7F6FE6F6F91" box="[322,462,1457,1479]" collectionCode="OD" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" specimenCount="1">Thiele, 1925</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F66BF77410ABB7F6FDAE6F90" box="[477,527,1457,1478]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741303B7F6FE066FB3" authority="Martens, 1901" authorityName="von Martens" authorityYear="1901" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bisinuata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741303B7F6FF5C6FB3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Pleurotoma bisinuata</emphasis>
Martens, 1901
</taxonomicName>
–
<collectionCode id="479333D5F66BF77410B5B797FE486FB3" box="[451,489,1488,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">OD</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF66BF77411DFB7A8FAB4698C" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" type="description">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF77411DFB7A8FDD86C74" blockId="7.[145,761,1426,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411DFB7A8FD886C52" authority="Haas, 1949" authorityName="Haas" authorityYear="1949" box="[169,553,1518,1540]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Bathybermudia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411DFB7A8FEDD6C52" box="[169,380,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Bathybermudia</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF66BF77410FBB7A8FD886C52" box="[397,553,1519,1540]" collectionCode="OD" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" specimenCount="1">Haas, 1949</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F66BF7741333B7A8FDDF6C52" box="[581,638,1519,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411E7B44AFD896C74" authority="Haas, 1949" authorityName="Haas" authorityYear="1949" box="[145,552,1549,1571]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Bathybermudia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carynae">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411E7B44AFE026C75" box="[145,419,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Bathybermudia carynae</emphasis>
Haas, 1949
</taxonomicName>
– OD).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF77411DFB46BFD6D6C09" blockId="7.[145,761,1426,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
†
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411CEB46BFDE16C14" authority="McNeil, 1960" authorityName="McNeil" authorityYear="1960" box="[184,576,1580,1602]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pinguigemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411CEB46BFE246C17" box="[184,389,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Pinguigemmula</emphasis>
McNeil, 1960
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F66BF7741321B46BFD2E6C17" box="[599,655,1580,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
species †
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411EBB40DFDDA6C36" authority="McNeil, 1960" authorityName="McNeil" authorityYear="1960" box="[157,635,1610,1632]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pinguigemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="okinavensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411EBB40DFE7F6C09" box="[157,478,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Pinguigemmula okinavensis</emphasis>
McNeil, 1960
</taxonomicName>
– OD).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF77411E7B4CEFE706D4C" blockId="7.[145,761,1673,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411E7B4CEFEFD6CC9" box="[145,348,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Included species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF774101CB4CEFF786CE8" authority="(Thiele, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774101CB4CEFD346CC8" box="[362,661,1673,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Cryptogemma aethiopica</emphasis>
(Thiele, 1925)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF774119CB4EFFDE16CEB" authority="(Dall, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[234,576,1704,1726]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="periscelida">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774119CB4EFFE396CEB" box="[234,408,1704,1725]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. periscelida</emphasis>
(Dall, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741326B4EFFE9A6C8A" authority="(Watson, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phymatias">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741326B4EFFD586CEB" box="[592,761,1704,1725]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. phymatias</emphasis>
(Watson, 1886)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741030B480FE156C8D" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[326,436,1734,1756]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741030B480FE156C8D" box="[326,436,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. powelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77410B6B480FDF26C8A" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[448,595,1735,1756]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praesignis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77410B6B480FDF26C8A" box="[448,595,1735,1756]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. praesignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="E34665F2F66BF7741317B481FD086C8A" box="[609,681,1734,1756]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1895);
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411E7B4A2FE1C6CAD" authority="(Powell, 1964)" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[145,445,1765,1787]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tessellata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411E7B4A2FEB66CAC" box="[145,279,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. tessellata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF7741052B4A2FE146CAD" author="Powell AWB" box="[292,437,1765,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell, 1964</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77410B1B4A2FD556CAD" authority="(Tesch, 1915)" baseAuthorityName="Tesch" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[455,756,1765,1787]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77410B1B4A2FDF86CAD" box="[455,601,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. timorensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF7741310B4A2FD4C6CAD" author="Tesch P" box="[614,749,1765,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref17747" refString="Tesch P. 1915. Jungtertiare und Quartare Mollusken von Timor. Palaontologie v. Timor: Stuttgart V: 1-70." type="book chapter" year="1915">Tesch, 1915</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77411E7B543FE6C6D4C" authority="(Powell, 1964)" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[145,461,1796,1818]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411E7B543FE856D4F" box="[145,292,1796,1817]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. unilineata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF7741044B543FE646D4C" author="Powell AWB" box="[306,453,1796,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell, 1964</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF77411E7B57FFA9868B2" blockId="7.[145,762,1848,1900]" lastBlockId="7.[809,1426,197,986]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77411E7B57FFF5F6D1B" box="[145,254,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Remarks:</emphasis>
According to WoRMS (checked http://www. marinespecies.org/,
<date id="553C8DD0F66BF774101BB511FE796D3D" box="[365,472,1878,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" value="2019-07">July2019</date>
),
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741091B510FD246D3A" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[487,645,1879,1900]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741091B510FD246D3A" box="[487,645,1879,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises 11 species and has never been revised. A consultation of available
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F66BF77412CFB2A3FC4D6AAF" box="[953,1004,228,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
photographs and published images on
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF774123DB344FBE26B4E" box="[843,1091,258,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774123DB344FC4B6B4E" box="[843,1002,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
indicated that all 11 species, except the
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F66BF77412D2B365FC746B61" box="[932,981,290,311]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741542B366FB1C6B60" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1908" box="[1076,1213,289,310]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="benthima">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741542B366FB1C6B60" box="[1076,1213,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. benthima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741580B366FA2A6B60" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1270,1419,289,310]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phymatias">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741580B366FA2A6B60" box="[1270,1419,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. phymatias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741551B307FB0E6B03" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1908" box="[1063,1199,320,341]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="benthima">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741551B307FB0E6B03" box="[1063,1199,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">C. benthima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, should be excluded from the genus, because the majority of them lack key characters, such as the narrow fusiform shell and the well-marked peripheral anal sinus. Moreover, studied samples from
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F66BF77412BAB3FCFBB56B86" box="[972,1044,443,464]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Japan</collectingCountry>
, most certainly corresponding to
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF774125FB39EFB446BB9" authority="(Okutani, 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[809,1253,473,495]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="corneus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774125FB39EFB866BB9" box="[809,1063,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Cryptogemma corneus</emphasis>
(Okutani, 1966)
</taxonomicName>
as pictured by
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF774125FB3BFFC44685B" author="Hasegawa K" box="[809,997,504,525]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="225 - 383" refId="ref16457" refString="Hasegawa K. 2009. Upper bathyal gastropods of the Pacific coast of northern Honshu, Japan, chiefly collected by R / V Wakataka-maru. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, Tokyo 39: 225-383." type="journal article" year="2009">Hasegawa (2009</bibRefCitation>
: figs 335–338), showed closer affinity to other conoidean families (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF77415D1B051FAEA687A" authorityName="Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2011" box="[1191,1355,534,556]" class="Gastropoda" family="Horaiclavidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Horaiclavidae</taxonomicName>
) than to the
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF774120EB072FC45681D" authorityName="H. Adams &amp; A. Adams" authorityYear="1853" box="[888,996,565,587]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
, based on both the sequence of the barcode fragment of
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741560B013FBE4683F" box="[1046,1093,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">COI</emphasis>
and the radular morphology (results not shown). The eight species of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741584B034FA3168DE" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[1266,1424,627,648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741584B034FA3168DE" box="[1266,1424,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed herein have wide distributions, most of them covering the whole Indo-Pacific tropical region, and are not found at depths shallower than
<specimenCount id="37846099F66BF774159AB089FA9868B2" box="[1260,1337,718,740]" count="200" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" type="generic">
<quantity id="E67A06F5F66BF774159AB089FA9468B2" box="[1260,1333,718,740]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF7741237B0AAFAB4698C" blockId="7.[809,1426,197,986]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">The protoconch consists of four to 5.25 whorls. The shell shape of the teleoconch combined with size is an important factor to distinguish species (see Results section), despite high intraspecific variability.The widest range of variability is observed in shell proportions, with shells with a wide last whorl and long siphonal canal being at one extreme of the range and more elongated shells with short siphonal canal at the other.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

319
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<mods:namePart id="F5B662A17C380D6563E6DBCE6916A37D">Kano, Yasunori</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="89D8EF67B9D664D6977AA2C26DB3FBC0">Puillandre, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="102E305C1A5FAF8E2FE55D6FB1BD5F22">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="31BD33CBF31EC45BBF0D165D0C2A76F5">
<mods:date id="AE6D48878DC990A62F1A08164ADF05D0">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2E056DAF871E649204DA055C012BFFEA" type="volume">
<mods:number id="5FAF446F8B3CE71E6DE0294C21EFBA24">190</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C72CD9E01250651B50957068A05DCFD5" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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(
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF66BF77415D3B666FAA96E6E" baselines="1076,1075" box="[1189,1288,1057,1082]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Watson" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">WATSON</smallCapsWord>
, 1886)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6998F89BF66BF7741544B600FC2F6F53" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" type="description">
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(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F66BF774154DB600FBDE6E36" box="[1083,1151,1095,1120]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[163,243,1405,1427]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1366]" captionTargetId="figure-178@10.[323,1283,195,1366]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). A, lectotype of Gemmula benthima Dall, 1908, USNM 123089, Gulf of Panama. B, paralectotype of G. benthima Dall, 1908, USNM 123087, Gulf of Panama. C, holotype of Bathybermudia carynae Haas, 1949, FMNH 31656, Bermuda. D, lateral view of the protoconch of B. carynae. E, holotype of Pleurotoma phymatias Watson, 1886, NHMUK 1887.2.9.957, Philippines. F, G, AMS C.482304, IN2017_V03 – Sampling the Abyss, Jervis CommonwealthMarine Reserve.H,MNHN-IM-2013-49928,R/VTansei-maru,KT-12–32,Okinawa.I,MNHN-IM-2009-13476, AURORA 2007, Philippines." pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
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. 6
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)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF774125FB632FAC16E9E" blockId="7.[809,1425,1141,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF774125FB632FA876EDD" authority="R. B. Watson, 1886" authorityName="R. B. Watson" authorityYear="1886" box="[809,1318,1141,1163]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phymatias">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774125FB632FB996EDC" box="[809,1080,1141,1162]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Pleurotoma phymatias</emphasis>
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R. B. Watson,
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. 1920 m,
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,
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,
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(
<collectorName id="8C77CEC6F66BF774147DB6D3FCD66E9E" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Expedition H.M.S.</collectorName>
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741208B6F5FC5A6E91" box="[894,1019,1202,1223]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Challenger" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741208B6F5FC5A6E91" box="[894,1019,1202,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Challenger</emphasis>
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on
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<collectingDate id="45787438F66BF7741555B6F4FB5A6E9E" box="[1059,1275,1202,1224]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" value="1874-11-13">13 November 1874</collectingDate>
</date>
, st. 205).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF7741237B696FC2F6F53" blockId="7.[809,1425,1141,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741237B696FB606EB0" authority="Dall, 1908" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1908" box="[833,1217,1233,1255]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="benthima">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741237B696FB956EB0" box="[833,1076,1233,1254]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Gemmula benthima</emphasis>
Dall,
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. 2323 m, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F66BF774125FB6B7FC2B6F53" box="[809,906,1264,1285]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Panama</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF66BF7741237B749FB516FD6" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF7741237B749FB0B6F14" blockId="7.[809,1425,1141,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
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<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741237B749FBBA6F75" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1908" box="[833,1051,1294,1315]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="benthina">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741237B749FBBA6F75" box="[833,1051,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Gemmula benthina</emphasis>
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–
<treatmentCitation id="A0238D01F66BF7741545B749FB786F72" author="Dall WH" box="[1075,1241,1294,1316]" page="318" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" year="1918">
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF7741545B749FB786F72" author="Dall WH" box="[1075,1241,1294,1316]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="313 - 333" refId="ref16004" refString="Dall WH. 1918. Notes on the nomenclature of the mollusks of the family Turritidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 54: 313-333." type="journal article" year="1918">Dall, 1918: 318</bibRefCitation>
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(
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741590B749FA226F75" box="[1254,1411,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">lapsus calami</emphasis>
);
<treatmentCitation id="A0238D01F66BF774125FB76AFC4C6F14" author="Powell AWB" box="[809,1005,1325,1347]" page="279" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF774125FB76AFC4C6F14" author="Powell AWB" box="[809,1005,1325,1347]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="227 - 346" refId="ref17220" refString="Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346." type="journal article" year="1964">Powell, 1964: 279</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774128AB76AFB3A6F14" box="[1020,1179,1325,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">lapsus calami</emphasis>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF7741237B70BFB516FD6" blockId="7.[809,1425,1141,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741237B70BFABE6F37" ID-CoL="7SRS2" authority="Schepman, 1913" authorityName="Schepman" authorityYear="1913" box="[833,1311,1356,1378]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="truncata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741237B70BFBE56F37" box="[833,1092,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Pleurotoma truncata</emphasis>
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Schepman,
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. 2798 m,
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,
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,
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,
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF66BF77A1237B7CEFB106F65" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" type="description">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF7741237B7CEFBDE6FEB" blockId="7.[809,1425,1141,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F66BF7741237B7CEFB5A6FC8" authority="Haas, 1949" authorityName="Haas" authorityYear="1949" box="[833,1275,1417,1439]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Bathybermudia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carynae">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741237B7CEFBC76FC9" box="[833,1126,1417,1439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Bathybermudia carynae</emphasis>
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Haas,
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. 3109 m, off
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,
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,
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF774125FB7A1FB816C0E" blockId="7.[809,1425,1510,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774125FB7A1FC356FAD" box="[809,916,1510,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species was not present in the sampling of
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF7741231B442FBC36C4C" author="Puillandre N &amp; Modica MV &amp; Zhang Y &amp; Sirovich L &amp; Boisselier MC &amp; Cruaud C &amp; Holford M &amp; Samadi S" box="[839,1122,1541,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="2671 - 2691" refId="ref17408" refString="Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671-2691." type="journal article" year="2012">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77412A6B441FBAC6C4C" box="[976,1037,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
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, but was included in the phylogeny of
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F66BF77412B5B463FB716C6F" author="Puillandre N &amp; Kantor YI &amp; Sysoev A &amp; Couloux A &amp; Meyer C &amp; Rawlings T &amp; Todd JA &amp; Bouchet P" box="[963,1232,1572,1594]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" pagination="259 - 272" refId="ref17358" refString="Puillandre N, Kantor YI, Sysoev A, Couloux A, Meyer C, Rawlings T, Todd JA, Bouchet P. 2011. The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 259-272." type="journal article" year="2011">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF7741530B463FB216C6F" box="[1094,1152,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
under the name
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<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774125FB405FBBB6C0E" box="[809,1050,1602,1624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Ptychosyrinx carynae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F66BF7741237B426FC5D6D46" blockId="7.[809,1425,1510,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF66BF7741237B426FC596D46" collectionCode="PD, PL" pageId="7" pageNumber="539" specimenCount="1">
Owing to the frequent loss of the shell apex, there are few available protoconchs for this species. Only the eroded protoconch of the
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F66BF77415BFB4D8FB5D6CE2" box="[1225,1276,1695,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
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<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF774125FB4FAFBF36C85" box="[809,1106,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">Bathybermudia carynae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be measured, with
<collectionCode id="479333D5F66BF774125FB49BFCEC6CA7" box="[809,845,1756,1777]" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">PD</collectionCode>
=
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and
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&gt;
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, consisting of more than three whorls
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.
</paragraph>
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The radula is of medium length, ~
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(0.44 of AL), composed of 74 transverse rows of teeth. Marginal teeth are 118–128 µm long (mean 120 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F66BF77415B7B510FB746D3A" box="[1217,1237,1879,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="539">N</emphasis>
= 5), duplex. The anterior (inner) one-third of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view, pointed; in the posterior two-thirds, major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, and the accessory limb has a clear constriction at about half the tooth length, slightly shorter than the major limb. The central formation has a distinct narrow carinated cusp and lateral inconspicuous flaps with indistinct lateral and anterior margins (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F664F77B15F3B548FB4E6D73" box="[1157,1263,1807,1829]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="8" pageNumber="540">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="13F67702F664F77B11D5B435FEAA6CDE" bold="true" box="[163,267,1650,1672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="540">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Map showing the species distributions. Filled circles represent localities of sequenced specimens. Full triangles represent localities of type specimens.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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Although this species can be distinguished from its congeners by the frequent loss of the first whorls, and from its sister species
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F665F77A10E6B6E4FD0B6EEE" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[400,682,1187,1208]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="541" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praesignis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A10E6B6E4FD0B6EEE" box="[400,682,1187,1208]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Cryptogemma praesignis</emphasis>
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by the slightly larger diameter of the shell, the bathymetry is its most distinct characteristic.
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F665F77A133BB6A6FEB26F42" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="541" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praesignis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A133BB6A6FEB26F42" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Cryptogemma praesignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found between ~300 and ~
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depth, whereas
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F665F77A103DB759FE426F64" authorityName="R. B. Watson" authorityYear="1886" box="[331,483,1309,1331]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="541" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phymatias">
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A103DB759FE426F64" box="[331,483,1309,1331]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">C. phymatias</emphasis>
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is the only
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, to our knowledge, to be found exclusively below ~
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deep. Moreover, it is the only
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F665F77A137BB71CFDD76F27" authorityName="H. Adams &amp; A. Adams" authorityYear="1853" box="[525,630,1371,1393]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="541" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
so far, and possibly the first reported benthic gastropod, to have a Pacific–Atlantic distribution (
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; see Discussion). Most studied
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specimens have eroded shells, but the variability of the last whorls, siphonal twist and aperture among them agrees with the variability in the sequenced specimens. Note that the etymology of this species combines ‘
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F665F77A10E8B475FDE36C11" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[414,578,1586,1607]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="541" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A10E8B475FDE36C11" box="[414,578,1586,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
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’ (hidden gems) and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F665F77A11B4B417FE9E6C33" authorityName="R. B. Watson" authorityYear="1886" box="[194,319,1616,1637]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="541" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phymatias">
‘
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A11B1B417FE9E6C33" box="[199,319,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">phymatias</emphasis>
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’ (one who has tubercules), resulting in a confusing combination.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="213DAB10F665F77A11E7B64FFBC86E21" blockId="9.[145,1425,1032,1143]" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A11E7B64FFF5B6E48" bold="true" box="[145,250,1032,1054]" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul.
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<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A11E7B4E9FF7B6C94" box="[145,218,1709,1731]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A106EB4EAFD586C95" box="[280,761,1709,1731]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[379: T; 493: C; 622: C]. Indexing starts right next to the 3′ end of the LCO1490 primer (from 1 to 658).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F665F77A11E7B56EFB106F65" blockId="9.[145,761,1833,1886]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1425,1187,1331]" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A11E7B56EFE816D68" box="[145,288,1833,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Distribution:</emphasis>
From the central Indo-Pacific (Banda Sea) to the North Atlantic Ocean (
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) (
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), from a depth of ~1400 to ~
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(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F665F77A15D3B6E4FB406EEF" box="[1189,1249,1187,1209]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,992]" captionTargetId="figure-380@9.[303,1266,195,993]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul." pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). This species is expected to be found in the Indian Ocean, as is the case with other Indo-Pacific species of
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<emphasis id="13F67702F665F77A15D1B6A7FAE46EA3" box="[1191,1349,1248,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="541">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
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, but it has not been documented there, presumably owing to a lack of sampling at bathyal depths.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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(
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF67CF76310FCB467FD826C6F" box="[394,547,1568,1593]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" type="description">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67CF76310FCB467FD826C6F" blockId="16.[394,547,1568,1593]" box="[394,547,1568,1593]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67CF76310E5B467FDBB6C6F" box="[403,538,1568,1593]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[163,241,1218,1240]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[323,1283,195,1178]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1967) (A–D), Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964) (E–H) and Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889) (I–K).A, holotype of Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1964, AWMM MA71042, Hawaiian Islands.B, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2013-48252, KANADEEP, Chesterfield Islands. C, MNHN-IM-2009-24975, EXBODI, New Caledonia. D, MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. E, holotype of Gemmula congener unilineata Powell, 1964, BPBM 8929, Hawaiian Islands. F, lateral view of the protoconch of MNHN-IM-2007-40786, NORFOLK 2, New Caledonia. G, MNHN-IM-2009-14953, ATIMO VATAE, south of Madagascar. H, MNHN-IM-2007-38340, MAINBAZA, Mozambique channel. I, lectotype of Pleurotoma periscelida Dall, 1889, USNM 87391, Colombia. J, MNHN-IM-2013-56285, GUYANE 2014, French Guiana. K, MNHN-IM-2013-56283, GUYANE 2014, French Guiana." pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
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. 10E–H
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF67CF76311D5B416FDB06CF2" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67CF76311D5B416FDB06CF2" blockId="16.[163,779,1617,1700]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="01928C3EF67CF76311D5B416FDB06CF2" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
<treatmentCitation id="A0238D01F67CF76311D5B416FD796C30" author="Powell AWB" box="[163,728,1617,1639]" page="437" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" year="1967">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67CF76311D5B416FD796C30" ID-CoL="7RDPN" authority="Powell, 1967: 437" authorityName="Powell" authorityPageNumber="437" authorityYear="1967" box="[163,728,1617,1639]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="congener" subSpecies="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67CF76311D5B416FDA56C30" box="[163,516,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">Gemmula congener unilineata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F67CF763137AB416FD796C30" author="Powell AWB" box="[524,728,1617,1639]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" pagination="409 - 444" refId="ref17247" refString="Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific, Part 1 a. The Turrinae concluded. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 409-444." type="journal article" year="1967">Powell, 1967: 437</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(22– 716a), pl.
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, off Waikiki, Oahu Island,
<collectingRegion id="E34665F2F67CF76313CFB437FCAA6CD0" box="[697,779,1648,1670]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
(Expedition Pele,
<date id="553C8DD0F67CF763101CB4C9FDA46CF2" box="[362,517,1678,1700]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" value="1964-06-13">13 June 1964</date>
).
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF67CF76211D5B48FFEDE6937" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="549" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67CF76311D5B48FFDB96CAA" blockId="16.[163,779,1736,1880]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67CF76311D5B48FFEAE6C8B" box="[163,271,1736,1757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species corresponds to PSH
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the study by
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F67CF763107DB4A1FDB16CAD" author="Puillandre N &amp; Modica MV &amp; Zhang Y &amp; Sirovich L &amp; Boisselier MC &amp; Cruaud C &amp; Holford M &amp; Samadi S" box="[267,528,1766,1788]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" pagination="2671 - 2691" refId="ref17408" refString="Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671-2691." type="journal article" year="2012">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F67CF76310FDB4A0FE626CAD" box="[395,451,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67CF76311CDB542FD2A6D0E" blockId="16.[163,779,1736,1880]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF67CF76311CDB542FD266D0E" collectionCode="PD, PL" latitude="1.375" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-1.925" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" specimenCount="1">
The protoconch is commonly retained, with
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=
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mm
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,
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=
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<geoCoordinate id="44B6CDD7F67CF7631098B564FD8D6D6F" box="[494,556,1827,1849]" degrees="1.375" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="548" precision="55" value="1.375">1.375</geoCoordinate>
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mm
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and the number of whorls ranging from 4.75 to 5.5
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67CF7631225B7ADFB5A6D06" blockId="16.[827,1443,1514,1873]" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">
The radula is long, ~
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in length (0.31 of AL), composed of 99 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 121–127 µm long (mean 125 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F67CF7631477B46FFAB46C6B" box="[1281,1301,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="548">N</emphasis>
= 5, or 1.27% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) 0.4 of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view and awl shaped. In the posterior part, the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, the accessory limb with a clear constriction and bent at about half the tooth length, slightly shorter than the major limb. The central formation has a long, sharp, carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and anterolateral margins. The flaps are not completely fused with the cusp (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67CF76315EBB57CFB4C6D06" box="[1181,1261,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="16" pageNumber="548">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211DFB281FDD468DE" blockId="17.[145,762,197,648]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
This species has been named based on the characteristic carinated brown-orange subsutural band. The brown-orange subsutural band has been found in
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76211E7B366FF5D6B60" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[145,252,289,310]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B366FF5D6B60" box="[145,252,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. powelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in some specimens of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF762136DB366FD096B61" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[539,680,289,311]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praesignis">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762136DB366FD096B61" box="[539,680,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. praesignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in other
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76211A7B307FE976B00" authorityName="H. Adams &amp; A. Adams" authorityYear="1853" box="[209,310,320,342]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76210ECB307FD546B03" authority="(Sykes, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Sykes" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[410,757,320,342]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cosmoi">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76210ECB307FDF86B03" box="[410,601,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Gemmula cosmoi</emphasis>
(Sykes, 1930)
</taxonomicName>
, but it is generally smoother and thinner than that of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76211E7B33AFE8A6BC4" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[145,299,381,402]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B33AFE8A6BC4" box="[145,299,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. unilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The LDA indicated that
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF7621329B33AFD586BC4" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[607,761,381,402]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621329B33AFD586BC4" box="[607,761,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. unilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
generally has a more angulated shape on the outer aperture lip of the last whorl, indicating a more concave subsutural ramp in comparison to other
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF7621321B39EFD526BB8" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[599,755,473,494]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621321B39EFD526BB8" box="[599,755,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, we note that the convex hulls (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF76213FDB3BFFD71685B" box="[651,720,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[145,223,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[146,1423,777,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-381@5.[145,1425,775,1691]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Projection of specimens along the two first discriminant axes. Convex hulls are drawn for easy observation of the range of each species in the morphospace. Triangles are type specimens, with names of species indicated; the background colour corresponds to the species attribution from the literature and the border colour to the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) prediction. Type specimens were not included in the LDA training set. Orange segments correspond to the projection of coefficients multiplied by the standard deviation of each raw variable (principal component axes and shell length). Outlines of the most extreme shapes are drawn with their respective MNHN numbers." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76211E7B050FE89687D" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[145,296,534,556]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B050FE89687D" box="[145,296,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. unilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF7621013B050FE76687D" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[357,471,534,556]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621013B050FE76687D" box="[357,471,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. powelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are greatly overlapping; therefore, the strong carinated brown-orange subsutural band remains the best-suited character for distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF762104EB034FE6068D1" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[312,449,626,648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unlineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762104EB034FE6068D1" box="[312,449,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. unlineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF7621374B034FDCE68D1" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[514,623,626,648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621374B034FDCE68D1" box="[514,623,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">C. powelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211E7B0F5FD9F68B3" blockId="17.[145,760,689,742]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B0F5FF456890" box="[145,228,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621058B0F6FF7468B3" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[172: G; 307: T; 361: G; 370: C].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211E7B149FEDE6937" blockId="17.[145,761,782,866]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B149FE876975" box="[145,294,782,803]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Distribution:</emphasis>
From East Africa to the central Pacific (Hawaiian and Society Islands) (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF7621374B16AFDF56915" box="[514,596,813,835]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
), from ~300 to ~
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deep (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF7621047B10BFED16934" box="[305,368,844,866]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,992]" captionTargetId="figure-380@9.[303,1266,195,993]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

259
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<mods:namePart id="66A735A31A19CB36FBCFC21B79422FAB">Zaharias, Paul</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="50DCA7F470876CAA5309CB5912D78990" type="personal">
<mods:role id="18B489398D9AD4CD0D08348E61A6A1E3">
<mods:roleTerm id="7191853DDD23B40F545DEF79F756DE36">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="ED35D56F60E7478B81FEA00553FA421B">Kantor, Yuri I.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="69C764F310FFDD2E29D5DA89743EC559" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9001DA5E36AC87B1E4CAA65A171CA0BA">
<mods:roleTerm id="1506F4EDC9289B0EFA798C846262E132">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9AAFE1316D4F4A2C67FDD4D67A6B153A">Fedosov, Alexander E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D85EE7733A4346E34476F5A3F6DCB4B1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2D941C50CE5B95A42F38A4CDDB53F791">
<mods:roleTerm id="DEE28A5890FEDE5946CB6B0EE0412C49">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="04F6A1A73744644E232A14966571429B">Criscione, Francesco</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A4D098BDC267773270E6DC625CEB2C38" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7F70D01D38809F861616B9F0DA3FE88A">
<mods:roleTerm id="E676386E490401123D42CB2DB7578D5D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4A923122E7F26E223DB86EC8ED65625C">Hallan, Anders</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="47C253EAABCC6EA91BE64540D596318D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AAA9276C63A50E9A47B0F95E828C434E">
<mods:roleTerm id="498CC20EEBF09F0951EA62EAC8D4186B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="92C3FBCDC1E1B5E38D5750D459D5D95C">Kano, Yasunori</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6195EC613676A050F2E60A1A89F19DC7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="01E819396B922C182C095F21F7D723BF">
<mods:roleTerm id="4A32E50876AC248F5957F75E50304A7D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5A8388E91E051FE706E46164D63BA86E">Bardin, Jérémie</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="DEB51D5BA66B41F6C2F74DCF2EF7E0DF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A8FEFF9E10F169BDF6FF479B29E7F1AA">
<mods:roleTerm id="19822E20F92FD747F60C2ED7E7A58D9B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0E970D14FDE1B7B8AF0DB4C6CBBBBC86">Puillandre, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="08DE62653F082D8914AA1AE51C7F662A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CF6FF60A1C56AFFD02E61BFB51A99DC1">
<mods:title id="72954587B29B321E27FDDA519FDB3FED">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="056C38E0F360D3620503FB29693B19C6">
<mods:date id="BBD273978F9BE181839572248EAC35E1">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0F8C07759CBD856F7A8A01E787674ECC" type="volume">
<mods:number id="54EE1C5D1919E0375C0642C4583D6C78">190</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="409D4A854B92BD9CDB6008528BB08F0D" unit="page">
<mods:start id="FAB5AEADFCF704DE61C4E38974D5829F">532</mods:start>
<mods:end id="DAD96E063A9E08285BC8D1538C3B336F">557</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="0FFA95CEEB1A9385C54D7FA9A3595EB1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="45E400E6FF252465DC60F5A3002F4806" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D1CF33E3721D03038F04D517301C301C" type="ZooBank">1C5BDFE-31BA-481D-B269-526669931821</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF67DF76212E0B312FA856B3B" box="[918,1316,341,365]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76212E0B312FA856B3B" blockId="17.[918,1316,341,365]" box="[918,1316,341,365]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<heading id="7A751C7CF67DF76212E0B312FA856B3B" box="[918,1316,341,365]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76212E0B312FB186B3D" ID-CoL="7QWB7" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[918,1209,341,365]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli" status="sp. nov.">
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF67DF76212E0B312FBEA6B3D" baselines="359,358" box="[918,1099,341,365]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Cryptogemma" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">CRYPTOGEMMA</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF67DF7621524B31FFB186B3D" baselines="358" box="[1106,1209,344,363]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="powelli" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">POWELLI</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76215B7B31FFA856B3B" bold="true" box="[1217,1316,341,365]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="08C5CA79F67DF76215B7B31FFA856B3B" box="[1217,1316,341,365]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" rank="species">
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF67DF76215B7B31FFB7F6B3D" baselines="358" box="[1217,1246,344,363]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="sp" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">SP</smallCapsWord>
.
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF67DF762159AB31FFABC6B3D" baselines="358" box="[1260,1309,344,363]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="nov" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">NOV</smallCapsWord>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6998F89BF67DF761155DB3CEFBF76C3B" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" type="description">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762155DB3CEFB2F6BF4" blockId="17.[1067,1166,393,418]" box="[1067,1166,393,418]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF7621542B3CEFB276BF4" box="[1076,1158,393,418]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[163,244,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-330@18.[323,1283,195,1029]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Cryptogemma powelli. A–C, holotype, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. D, lateral view of the protoconch of the paratype 2 MNHN-IM-2007-40765, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. E, paratype 1, MNHN-IM-2007-40795, NORFOLK 2, New Caledonia. F, MNHN-IM-2013-55832, TAIWAN 2013, Taiwan. G–I, paratype 2, MNHN-IM-2007-40765, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<smallCapsWord id="27DB3DCCF67DF7621542B3CEFBFC6BF6" baselines="412,411" box="[1076,1117,393,418]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 11
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762125FB3F6FBBC6BB0" blockId="17.[809,1425,433,486]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<uri id="5513A712F67DF762125FB3F6FBBC6BB0" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="552491C5F67DF7621531B3F6FBBC6BB0" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">EC0DAF2A-AD02-4D9D-8970-B49A70385A0A</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762125FB048FBAB68D6" blockId="17.[809,1425,526,640]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762125FB048FC416875" box="[809,992,526,548]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Type material:</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F67DF7621299B049FBFF6872" box="[1007,1118,526,548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
MNHN-IM-2013-68787;
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F67DF762125FB069FC3B6815" box="[809,922,558,579]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
1, MNHN-IM-2007-40795;
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F67DF7621589B069FAD16815" box="[1279,1392,558,579]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
2, MNHN-IM-2007-40765; all live collected and processed for DNA extraction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762125FB0EDFA9968AA" blockId="17.[809,1424,681,764]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF67DF762125FB0EDFA9568AA" country="New Caledonia" elevation="457" latitude="-22.8" location="Ile des Pins" longLatPrecision="1258" longitude="167.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762125FB0EDFC6668E8" box="[809,967,681,703]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F67DF762125FB0EDFCC168E9" box="[809,864,682,703]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F67DF76212A3B0EDFB2A68E9" box="[981,1163,681,703]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, south-west of
<location id="245DFDCBF67DF7621437B0EEFCFF6888" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B:245DFDCBF67DF7621437B0EEFCFF6888" country="New Caledonia" latitude="-22.8" longLatPrecision="1258" longitude="167.25" name="Ile des Pins" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Ile des Pins</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="44B6CDD7F67DF762121DB08FFC65688B" box="[875,964,711,734]" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" precision="925" value="-22.8">22°48′S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="44B6CDD7F67DF76212A4B08FFB9C688B" box="[978,1085,711,734]" degrees="167" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" precision="925" value="167.25">167°15′E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="AAAF4C23F67DF762153CB08FFAB96888" box="[1098,1304,712,734]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" metricValueMax="4.65" metricValueMin="4.49" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="457.0" valueMax="465.0" valueMin="449.0">
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF762153CB08FFB6A688B" box="[1098,1227,712,734]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" metricValueMax="4.65" metricValueMin="4.49" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="457.0" valueMax="465.0" valueMin="449.0">449–465 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, sand and debris (Expedition KANACONO, st. DW4697)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762125FB162FADD69E3" blockId="17.[809,1425,805,950]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762125FB162FC0A696C" box="[809,939,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Etymology:</emphasis>
Named after
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F67DF762152EB161FB55696D" box="[1112,1268,805,827]" name="New Zealand" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
malacologist Arthur William Baden Powell CBE (1901–1987), who contributed enormously to the systematics of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF7621451B125FA30692E" authorityName="FLEMING" authorityYear="1822" box="[1319,1425,866,888]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Conoidea">Conoidea</taxonomicName>
and, in particular, who revised the family
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF762147AB1C6FAD369C1" authorityName="H. Adams &amp; A. Adams" authorityYear="1853" box="[1292,1394,897,919]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
in 1964 and described several species of
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67DF76215A0B1E7FAD569E3" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[1238,1396,928,949]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76215A0B1E7FAD569E3" box="[1238,1396,928,949]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762125FB198FB026C2E" blockId="17.[809,1426,990,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762125FB198FB8869A5" box="[809,1065,990,1012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
Description (
<typeStatus id="FE3915B2F67DF76212CDB199FBBA69A5" box="[955,1051,990,1011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
):
</emphasis>
Shell narrowly fusiform, with high spire and medium-long siphonal canal. Protoconch conical, eroded, with a diameter of
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF76215C1B65BFA8B6E67" box="[1207,1322,1052,1074]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="mm" value="1.125">1.125 mm</quantity>
, of about four convex whorls. Teleoconch of nine whorls; suture shallow, impressed. Shell height
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF76215B4B61EFAB96E39" box="[1218,1304,1113,1135]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
, aperture height
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF762120DB63FFC416EDB" box="[891,992,1144,1165]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="mm" value="10.9">10.9 mm</quantity>
and shell diameter
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF76215BAB63FFA926EDB" box="[1228,1331,1144,1166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
. Whorls strongly shouldered, with slightly concave shoulder slope, very weakly convex, nearly cylindrical periphery. Spiral sculpture of fine, broadly spaced, wavy, subequal spiral cords on subsutural ramp, ten on last whorl, uppermost being much more pronounced than the others, coloured light orange-brown. Sinus cord strongly gemmate, with gemmules clearly bisected (39 on the body whorl). Spiral cords becoming thicker on whorl periphery, sometimes nodulose, some notably wider than others. Axial sculpture of fine growth lines. Last whorl shortly constricted to long siphonal canal, with 32 cords below the sinus, of which ~20 on canal. Aperture irregular oval, outer lip thin, simple. Anal sinus moderately deep, U-shaped. Shell colour straw-yellow, subsutural cord orange-brown, gemmae slightly lighter than background.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF7611237B4C6FD1A6F6E" blockId="17.[809,1426,990,1902]" lastBlockId="18.[163,779,1223,1337]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
Radula medium long, ~
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF762152AB4C6FB166CC0" box="[1116,1207,1665,1686]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
in length (0.28 of AL), composed of 75 transverse rows of teeth. Marginal teeth 129–135 µm long (mean 133 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621590B4F8FB5B6C82" box="[1254,1274,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">N</emphasis>
= 5 or 1.22% of AL), duplex. Anterior (inner) one-third of tooth length solid, lanceolate in dorsal view, in posterior part major and accessory limbs broadly bifurcating; accessory limb with clear constriction at half tooth length, thin, about half the length and width of the major limb. Central formation with medium long and medium broad sharp carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and posterolateral margins. Flaps not completely fused with cusp (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67EF7611321B764FD0A6F6E" box="[599,683,1315,1337]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="75FDFB98F67EF76111D5B66BFD436ECD" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" startId="18.[163,244,1068,1090]" targetBox="[323,1283,195,1029]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67EF76111D5B66BFD436ECD" blockId="18.[163,1442,1068,1179]" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76111D5B66BFD8F6E14" bold="true" box="[163,558,1068,1090]" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">
Figure 11.
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF761105FB66BFD8F6E14" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[297,558,1068,1090]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF761105FB66BFD8F6E14" bold="true" box="[297,558,1068,1090]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Cryptogemma powelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. A–C, holotype, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. D, lateral view of the protoconch of the paratype 2 MNHN-IM-2007-40765, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. E, paratype 1, MNHN-IM-2007-40795, NORFOLK 2, New Caledonia. F, MNHN-IM-2013-55832, TAIWAN 2013, Taiwan. G–I, paratype 2, MNHN-IM-2007-40765, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67EF76111D5B726FB7A6F20" blockId="18.[163,780,1377,1890]" lastBlockId="18.[827,1443,1223,1398]" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76111D5B726FEAE6F20" box="[163,271,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species corresponds to PSH
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67EF76113D5B726FD7F6F21" box="[675,734,1377,1399]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
the study by
<bibRefCitation id="4513D6E1F67EF761107FB7C7FDAB6FC3" author="Puillandre N &amp; Modica MV &amp; Zhang Y &amp; Sirovich L &amp; Boisselier MC &amp; Cruaud C &amp; Holford M &amp; Samadi S" box="[265,522,1408,1430]" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" pagination="2671 - 2691" refId="ref17408" refString="Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671-2691." type="journal article" year="2012">
Puillandre
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76110F1B7C6FE1F6FC3" box="[391,446,1408,1430]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF7611361B7C7FCAA6FC3" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[535,779,1408,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF7611361B7C7FCAA6FC3" box="[535,779,1408,1429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Cryptogemma powelli</emphasis>
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exhibits similar intraspecific variation in shell shape to that of its congeners, based on its convex hull area (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67EF76111DAB79BFF516FA7" box="[172,240,1500,1522]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[145,223,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[146,1423,777,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-381@5.[145,1425,775,1691]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Projection of specimens along the two first discriminant axes. Convex hulls are drawn for easy observation of the range of each species in the morphospace. Triangles are type specimens, with names of species indicated; the background colour corresponds to the species attribution from the literature and the border colour to the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) prediction. Type specimens were not included in the LDA training set. Orange segments correspond to the projection of coefficients multiplied by the standard deviation of each raw variable (principal component axes and shell length). Outlines of the most extreme shapes are drawn with their respective MNHN numbers." pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Studied specimens vary in shades of shell colour, from light yellowish to light orange, occasionally with a patchy pattern. In terms of both size and shape,
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF76111D5B47FFEB96C1B" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[163,280,1592,1613]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76111D5B47FFEB96C1B" box="[163,280,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. powelli</emphasis>
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can, in some cases, be undistinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF76111A9B410FED06C3A" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[223,369,1623,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76111A9B410FED06C3A" box="[223,369,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. unilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67EF76110F7B410FE616C3A" box="[385,448,1623,1645]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[145,223,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[146,1423,777,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-381@5.[145,1425,775,1691]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Projection of specimens along the two first discriminant axes. Convex hulls are drawn for easy observation of the range of each species in the morphospace. Triangles are type specimens, with names of species indicated; the background colour corresponds to the species attribution from the literature and the border colour to the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) prediction. Type specimens were not included in the LDA training set. Orange segments correspond to the projection of coefficients multiplied by the standard deviation of each raw variable (principal component axes and shell length). Outlines of the most extreme shapes are drawn with their respective MNHN numbers." pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The morphometric analysis shows considerable overlap of the measured shell features between the two species, with the main distinction between them expressed by the second axis. Interpretation of this result suggests that the
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<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76113E9B495FCAA6CB0" box="[671,779,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. powelli</emphasis>
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on average possesses a more concave curvature of the outer aperture lip, in comparison to
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF7611313B548FCA56D72" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[613,772,1807,1828]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF7611313B548FCA56D72" box="[613,772,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. unilineata</emphasis>
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. Besides, distinction of
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<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76110C1B569FD8F6D14" box="[439,558,1837,1859]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. powelli</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF7611318B569FCAB6D14" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[622,778,1837,1859]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF7611318B569FCAB6D14" box="[622,778,1837,1859]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. unilineata</emphasis>
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mostly relies on the degree of pronunciation of the subsutural cord; it is typically not significantly stronger than the succeeding cords in the former species, but is always thick and gemmate in the latter. However, the subsutural cord is thicker in younger specimens, rendering the distinction of juvenile
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF761158EB705FACC6F00" authorityName="Zaharias &amp; Kantor &amp; Fedosov &amp; Criscione &amp; Hallan &amp; Kano &amp; Bardin &amp; Puillandre" authorityYear="2020" box="[1272,1389,1345,1367]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="powelli">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF761158EB705FACC6F00" box="[1272,1389,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. powelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E682D093F67EF761124DB727FC6C6F23" baseAuthorityName="POWELL" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[827,973,1376,1397]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="550" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unilineata">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF761124DB727FC6C6F23" box="[827,973,1376,1397]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">C. unilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens problematic.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF761124DB7D8FC2F6FE2" box="[827,910,1439,1460]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF76112AEB7D8FCDE6F85" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[112: G; 322: T; 433: A].
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="13F67702F67EF761124DB7BBFC7C6C47" box="[827,989,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Distribution:</emphasis>
The confirmed distribution of this species based on sequenced specimens ranges from the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67EF761159DB47EFA9F6C18" box="[1259,1342,1593,1615]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[163,242,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[354,1252,196,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[353,1252,195,1611]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Map showing the species distributions. Filled circles represent localities of sequenced specimens. Full triangles represent localities of type specimens." pageId="18" pageNumber="550">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
), from a depth of ~400 to ~
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.
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188
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(
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, 1889)
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<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762100BB18DFDAD69B5" blockId="17.[381,524,970,995]" box="[381,524,970,995]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
(
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. 10I–K
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)
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<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B1BDFE196E59" box="[145,440,1018,1039]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Pleurotoma periscelida</emphasis>
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Dall,
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. 283 m (USS
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expedition, st. 2143, collected on
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</date>
) and
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF762107EB67FFEF16E1B" box="[264,336,1080,1102]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="196.0">
<elevation id="AAAF4C23F67DF762107EB67FFEF16E1B" box="[264,336,1080,1102]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="196.0">196 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, off
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,
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211E7B631FED16E9C" blockId="17.[145,762,1142,1808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B631FEA16EDD" box="[145,256,1142,1163]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Remarks:</emphasis>
The protoconch is unknown, because it is consistently eroded in all examined material, even in younger specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211DFB695FDD76C0E" blockId="17.[145,762,1142,1808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
The radula is of medium length (part of youngest section lost),&gt;
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(&gt; 0.22 of AL), composed of&gt; 50 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 107– 116 µm long (mean 110 µm,
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76210CAB768FE716F12" box="[444,464,1327,1348]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">N</emphasis>
= 5 or 1.25% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) 0.4 of the tooth length is solid, narrow lanceolate in dorsal view. In the posterior part, the major and accessory limbs are medium broadly bifurcating, and the accessory limb has a clear constriction and is bent at less than half tooth length, thin, nearly the same length and width as major limb. The central formation has a long, narrow, sharp carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and posterolateral margins. The flaps are completely fused with the cusp (
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF762136FB405FDC96C0E" box="[537,616,1602,1624]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-110@11.[145,1425,195,1475]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of studied Cryptogemma. A, Cryptogemma praesignis (Smith, 1895). B, C, Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson, 1886). B, MNHN uncatalogued, BIOCAL, New Caledonia, st. CP23. C, USNM 857019, Venezuela. D, Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889), R/V Pelican, 28°23.935′N, 89°22.508′W, 675–765 m. E, Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), MNHN-IM-2013-50175, DONGSHA 2014, Taiwan. F, Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2007-40775, EBISCO, Chesterfield Islands. G, Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1964), MNHN-IM-2013-61844, ZHONGSHA 2015, Taiwan. H, Cryptogemma powelli, MNHN-IM-2013-68787, KANACONO, New Caledonia. I, Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915), MNHN-IM-2013-09864, PAPUA NIUGINI, Papua. Scale bars: 50 μm." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211DFB426FD4C6D46" blockId="17.[145,762,1142,1808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<materialsCitation id="91EAA14DF67DF76211DFB426FD4C6D46" country="French Guiana" county="Atlantic Ocean" elevation="500" location="This" municipality="Gemmula'" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" specimenCount="1">
<location id="245DFDCBF67DF76211DFB426FF7F6C21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E:245DFDCBF67DF76211DFB426FF7F6C21" box="[169,222,1633,1655]" country="French Guiana" county="Atlantic Ocean" municipality="Gemmula'" name="This" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">This</location>
species has been described from the
<location id="245DFDCBF67DF76213D0B426FF426CC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E:245DFDCBF67DF76213D0B426FF426CC0" country="French Guiana" county="Atlantic Ocean" municipality="Gemmula'" name="Gulf of Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Gulf of Mexico</location>
, although specimens from
<location id="245DFDCBF67DF762136EB4C7FD286CC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E:245DFDCBF67DF762136EB4C7FD286CC0" box="[536,649,1664,1686]" country="French Guiana" county="Atlantic Ocean" municipality="Gemmula'" name="Suriname" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Suriname</location>
and from the MNHN recent expedition
<collectingCountry id="5995EB80F67DF762109FB4D8FDF96CE2" box="[489,600,1695,1716]" name="French Guiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">GUYANE</collectingCountry>
2014 (French Guiana) were also collected.
<location id="245DFDCBF67DF76210BCB4FAFE5D6C85" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E:245DFDCBF67DF76210BCB4FAFE5D6C85" box="[458,508,1725,1747]" country="French Guiana" county="Atlantic Ocean" municipality="Gemmula'" name="This" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">This</location>
is the only ‘
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621308B4FAFD506C84" box="[638,753,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<collectingMunicipality id="C159316AF67DF7621308B4FAFD506C84" box="[638,753,1725,1746]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Gemmula’</collectingMunicipality>
</emphasis>
- like species to be found exclusively in the
<collectingCounty id="C85CD39CF67DF76213E1B49BFF786D46" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Atlantic Ocean</collectingCounty>
, where it occurs in a depth range of
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF762131AB4BCFD4B6D46" box="[620,746,1787,1808]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="500.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="200.0">
<elevation id="AAAF4C23F67DF762131AB4BCFD4B6D46" box="[620,746,1787,1808]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="500.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="200.0">200–800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF76211E7B57DFE486D3B" blockId="17.[145,760,1849,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF76211E7B57DFF456D18" box="[145,228,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">List of</emphasis>
COI
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF7621058B57EFF746D3B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">diagnostic sites (position: character state):</emphasis>
[352: C, 412: G, 655: C].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213DAB10F67DF762125FB282FB4A6B4E" blockId="17.[809,1425,197,280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="13F67702F67DF762125FB282FC1A6A8C" box="[809,955,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Distribution:</emphasis>
Found in the
<collectingRegion id="E34665F2F67DF762152BB282FB2E6A8D" box="[1117,1167,197,219]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of
<collectingRegion id="E34665F2F67DF76215D9B282FAA06A8D" box="[1199,1281,197,219]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Mexico</collectingRegion>
, north to the Carolina coast and south to
<collectingRegion id="E34665F2F67DF7621507B2A3FA816AAC" box="[1137,1312,228,250]" country="France" name="Guyane" pageId="17" pageNumber="549">French Guiana</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF7621446B2A3FA236AAF" box="[1328,1410,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[163,242,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[354,1252,196,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[353,1252,195,1611]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Map showing the species distributions. Filled circles represent localities of sequenced specimens. Full triangles represent localities of type specimens." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
), from a depth of ~200 to ~
<quantity id="E67A06F5F67DF7621530B345FB2F6B4E" box="[1094,1166,258,280]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="B9B9B795F67DF76215EBB345FB7D6B4E" box="[1181,1244,258,280]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,992]" captionTargetId="figure-380@9.[303,1266,195,993]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Bathymetric distributions of the eight species. Vertical bars and lines denote ‘confirmed’ and ‘potential’ depth ranges, respectively. As a single trawl/dredge haul accumulate samples from a range of depths, the confirmed shallowest of a species is the deepest point of the shallowest haul with the species, and vice versa for the confirmed deepest. Potential ranges are from the shallowest point of the shallowest haul to the deepest of the deepest haul." pageId="17" pageNumber="549">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

463
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
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<heading id="786E2A05FF9DC85F49E5FF44FDDCB652" box="[163,625,238,260]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" reason="2">
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<treatmentCitation id="A238BB78FF9DC85F49E5FF44FD82B652" author="Lesueur CA" box="[163,559,238,259]" page="90" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" year="1821">
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F49E5FF44FD82B652" authority="Lesueur, 1821: 90" authorityName="Lesueur" authorityPageNumber="90" authorityYear="1821" box="[163,559,238,259]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Loliginidae" genus="Loligo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FF44FEF2B652" box="[163,351,238,259]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Loligo bartramii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4820FF44FD82B652" author="Lesueur CA" box="[358,559,238,259]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="86 - 101" refId="ref15716" refString="Lesueur CA. 1821. Description of several new species of cuttlefish. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 86-101." type="journal article" year="1821">Lesueur, 1821: 90</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 7.
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<subSubSection id="6B83CEE2FF9DC85F49E5FE8FFBBBB003" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FE8FFD5AB609" blockId="12.[163,779,292,345]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FE8FFEEAB668" box="[163,327,292,314]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Type material:</emphasis>
Academy of Natural Sciences (
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). Not extant [
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F486AFEE9FEFBB609" box="[300,342,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F481BFEEEFE54B609" author="Voss GL" box="[349,505,323,345]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref18447" refString="Voss GL. 1962. List of the types and species of cephalopods in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Notulae Naturae 356: 1-7." type="journal article" year="1962">Voss (1962: 1)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4B43FEEEFD41B609" author="Lu CC &amp; Boucher-Rodoni R &amp; Tillier A" box="[517,748,323,345]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="307 - 343" refId="ref15889" refString="Lu CC, Boucher-Rodoni R, Tillier A. 1995. Catalogue of types of recent Cephalopoda in the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (series 4) 17: 307-343." type="journal article" year="1995">
Lu
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4B6AFEEEFDC9B609" box="[556,612,323,345]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
(1995: 312)
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FED0FDA3B6BA" blockId="12.[163,778,378,492]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<materialsCitation id="93F19734FF9DC85F49E5FED0FDA3B6BA" collectingDate="2009-09-08" collectionCode="DML" latitude="41.95" location="Science" longLatPrecision="692" longitude="-135.17" municipality="National Museum of Nature" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tokyo" typeStatus="neotype">
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<collectingMunicipality id="C3420713FF9DC85F4850FED0FDC1B6DE" box="[278,620,378,400]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">National Museum of Nature</collectingMunicipality>
and
<location id="2646CBB2FF9DC85F4BEDFED0FCA8B6C1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB302C7FFF9DC85F49E5FF44FBBBB003:2646CBB2FF9DC85F4BEDFED0FCA8B6C1" box="[683,773,378,400]" latitude="41.95" longLatPrecision="692" longitude="-135.17" municipality="National Museum of Nature" name="Science" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" stateProvince="Tokyo">Science</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="E15D538BFF9DC85F49E5FE32FF42B6FF" box="[163,239,408,430]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
, specimen NSMT-Mo 67507, mature male,
<quantity id="E461308CFF9DC85F49E5FE1DFEACB69C" box="[163,257,439,461]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="458805ACFF9DC85F484CFE12FEE5B69C" box="[266,328,440,461]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">DML</collectionCode>
, collected by squid jigging at
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F4BE1FE1DFCABB69C" box="[679,774,439,461]" degrees="41.95" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="555" value="41.95">41.95°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F49E5FE7CFEBDB6BD" box="[163,272,470,492]" degrees="135.17" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="555" value="-135.17">135.17°W</geoCoordinate>
on
<date id="5727BBA9FF9DC85F487FFE7CFDA7B6BA" box="[313,522,470,492]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" value="2009-09-08">
<collectingDate id="47634241FF9DC85F487FFE7CFDA7B6BA" box="[313,522,470,492]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" value="2009-09-08">8 September 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FDBFFE8EB5D7" blockId="12.[163,779,532,646]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FDBFFEF5B57B" box="[163,344,532,554]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ty p e l o c a l i t y:</emphasis>
N o t d e s i g n a t e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l description. Here it is designated, based on the
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F49E5FDF8FF52B536" box="[163,255,594,615]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, as North Pacific waters (
<tableCitation id="6E1BA8D2FF9DC85F4B6CFDF8FDD2B536" box="[554,639,594,616]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[86,150,383,405]" captionText="Table 1. Sample data of the ommastrephid squid individuals studied, including their accession numbers for GenBank and the morphological vouchers" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Table 1</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="BBA281ECFF9DC85F4BCBFDF8FD63B536" box="[653,718,594,616]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[163,241,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,198,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[163,1446,195,1426]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Schematic map of the distributional range of each species of the genus Ommastrephes, based on the distribution of the genus depicted by Roper et al. (2010) and the results of the present study. Sampled points for both molecular markers are depicted on the map. The oceanic currents that are likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation of each species are depicted. Parts of the distributional range of each species that are not yet confirmed with molecular data are indicated with a question mark." pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) (see ‘Remarks’).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FD68FE8CB588" blockId="12.[163,289,706,729]" box="[163,289,706,729]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FD68FE8CB588" box="[163,289,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Synonyms</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FD40FD0EB46D" blockId="12.[163,779,746,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
(?)
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4983FD40FDF0B5AE" authority="Souleyet, 1852: 22" authorityName="Souleyet" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1852" box="[197,605,746,768]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Loliginidae" genus="Loligo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="touchardii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4983FD40FE25B5AE" box="[197,392,746,767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Loligo touchardii</emphasis>
Souleyet, 1852: 22
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, figs 6–13 [
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49EDFCA2FF78B44C" box="[171,213,776,797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F499AFCA2FE1DB44F" author="Pfeffer G" box="[220,432,776,798]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 815" refId="ref16570" refString="Pfeffer G. 1912. Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Zugleich eine monographische ubersicht der Oegopsiden Cephalopoden. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-stiftung 2: 1-815." type="journal article" year="1912">Pfeffer (1912: 466)</bibRefCitation>
]
<collectingRegion id="E15D538BFF9DC85F48FBFCA3FDBCB44F" box="[445,529,777,798]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">MNHN</collectingRegion>
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4B5EFCA3FDD8B44F" box="[536,629,777,798]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
7-3-724 [
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4BA6FCA2FCA7B44C" box="[736,778,776,797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F49E5FC82FE24B46C" author="Lu CC &amp; Boucher-Rodoni R &amp; Tillier A" box="[163,393,807,829]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="307 - 343" refId="ref15889" refString="Lu CC, Boucher-Rodoni R, Tillier A. 1995. Catalogue of types of recent Cephalopoda in the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (series 4) 17: 307-343." type="journal article" year="1995">
Lu
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F498FFC82FEACB46D" box="[201,257,807,829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
(1995: 326)
</bibRefCitation>
]. Locality: Pacific Ocean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49FDFCECFD3EB4C8" blockId="12.[163,779,746,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
(?)
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F49A6FCECFD18B40A" authority="Owen, 1881: 144" authorityName="Owen" authorityPageNumber="144" authorityYear="1881" box="[224,693,838,859]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ensifer">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49A6FCECFE4BB40A" box="[224,486,838,859]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ommastrephes ensifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F48A9FCECFD18B40A" author="Owen R" box="[495,693,838,859]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="131 - 170" refId="ref16380" refString="Owen R. 1881. Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda (Part II). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 11: 131-170." type="journal article" year="1881">Owen, 1881: 144</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 28.
<materialsCitation id="93F19734FF9DC85F49E5FCCFFEEFB4C9" country="United Kingdom" location="Royal College of Surgeons" municipality="London" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" specimenCount="1">
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F49E5FCCFFF76B42B" box="[163,219,869,890]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Type</typeStatus>
repository unresolved [
<location id="2646CBB2FF9DC85F48A7FCCEFCABB42B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB302C7FFF9DC85F49E5FF44FBBBB003:2646CBB2FF9DC85F48A7FCCEFCABB42B" box="[481,774,868,890]" country="United Kingdom" municipality="London" name="Royal College of Surgeons" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Royal College of Surgeons</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C3420713FF9DC85F49E5FC29FF57B4C8" box="[163,250,899,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">London</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9DC85F4843FC29FE9CB4C9" box="[261,305,899,920]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">UK</collectingCountry>
?]
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F480DFC2EFE2EB4C8" box="[331,387,900,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Type</typeStatus>
locality not designated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FC79FEB1B4BB" blockId="12.[163,284,979,1002]" box="[163,284,979,1002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FC79FEB1B4BB" box="[163,284,979,1002]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FC51FF5CB399" blockId="12.[163,779,1019,1225]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F49E5FC51FEF7B341" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[163,346,1019,1040]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FC51FEF7B341" box="[163,346,1019,1040]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a maximal mantle length of
<quantity id="E461308CFF9DC85F49E5FBB0FEADB37E" box="[163,256,1050,1072]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" unit="mm" value="600.0">600 mm</quantity>
and weight of
<quantity id="E461308CFF9DC85F48E9FBB0FE4FB361" box="[431,482,1050,1072]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" unit="kg" value="6.0">6 kg</quantity>
; maximal spermatophore length of
<quantity id="E461308CFF9DC85F4857FB93FE27B31F" box="[273,394,1081,1102]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" unit="mm" value="31.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="21.0">21–41 mm</quantity>
(9.5 ± 1.45%
<collectionCode id="458805ACFF9DC85F4B6EFB93FDCAB31F" box="[552,615,1081,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">DML</collectionCode>
), cement body of spermatophore 11%, sperm reservoir 44.7% and posterior empty end 22% of spermatophore length; cytochrome
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4876FB3FFE96B3FB" box="[304,315,1173,1194]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">c</emphasis>
oxidase subunit I diagnostic character: 454, C.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FB5EFE1CB276" blockId="12.[163,779,1267,1319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FB5EFEE0B276" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
Name of the species in the phylogenetic analyses:
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F49E5FAB8FEE0B276" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[163,333,1298,1319]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ommastrephes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
group 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5FAFAFD1AB2AE" blockId="12.[163,779,1360,1536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5FAFAFE99B234" box="[163,308,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Distribution:</emphasis>
Temperate North Pacific, from the coasts of
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9DC85F4984FAC5FEA6B2D4" box="[194,267,1391,1413]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">China</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F4858FAC5FEF1B2D4" box="[286,348,1391,1413]" degrees="25" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="55555" value="25.0">25°N</geoCoordinate>
) to
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9DC85F48C9FAC5FE4CB2D4" box="[399,481,1391,1413]" name="Russia" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F48B5FAC5FD9DB2D4" box="[499,560,1391,1413]" degrees="60" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="55555" value="60.0">60°N</geoCoordinate>
) in the west, and probably from Alaska (
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F48EDFA24FE4BB2F5" box="[427,486,1422,1444]" degrees="55" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="55555" value="55.0">55°N</geoCoordinate>
) to the Gulf of California (
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F49ECFA07FF48B293" box="[170,229,1453,1474]" degrees="20" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="55555" value="20.0">20°N</geoCoordinate>
) in the east. The distribution has been confirmed using molecular tools for the majority of its range, excluding north-eastern Pacific waters (
<figureCitation id="BBA281ECFF9DC85F4B2EFA40FD0AB2AE" box="[616,679,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[163,241,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,198,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[163,1446,195,1426]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Schematic map of the distributional range of each species of the genus Ommastrephes, based on the distribution of the genus depicted by Roper et al. (2010) and the results of the present study. Sampled points for both molecular markers are depicted on the map. The oceanic currents that are likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation of each species are depicted. Parts of the distributional range of each species that are not yet confirmed with molecular data are indicated with a question mark." pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F49E5F982FC4FB51A" blockId="12.[163,780,1576,1874]" lastBlockId="12.[827,1444,197,1875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5F982FDECB16C" box="[163,577,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
Remarks:
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F485AF982FDECB16C" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[284,577,1576,1597]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">Ommastrephes bartramii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was described as
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F49E5F9EDFEF2B10D" authorityName="Lesueur" authorityYear="1821" box="[163,351,1607,1628]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Loliginidae" genus="Loligo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49E5F9EDFEF2B10D" box="[163,351,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Loligo bartramii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F48CEF9E2FDD3B10D" author="Lesueur CA" box="[392,638,1607,1629]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="86 - 101" refId="ref15716" refString="Lesueur CA. 1821. Description of several new species of cuttlefish. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 86-101." type="journal article" year="1821">Lesueur (1821: 90–92</bibRefCitation>
, pl.
<collectionCode id="458805ACFF9DC85F4BEDF9EDFD7FB10D" box="[683,722,1607,1628]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">VII</collectionCode>
) and was later transferred to the genus
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4B7DF9CCFD45B12A" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[571,744,1638,1659]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4B7DF9CCFD45B12A" box="[571,744,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F49E5F92EFEC9B1CB" author="d'Orbigny A" box="[163,356,1668,1690]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 758" refId="ref13461" refString="d'Orbigny A. 1834 - 1847. Mollusques. Voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale 5: 1-758." type="journal article" year="1834">d’Orbigny (1834</bibRefCitation>
–1848). In his description, Lesueur did not provide any specific locality for the species, and the
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4841F968FE97B186" box="[263,314,1730,1751]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
specimen no longer exists (
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4BCEF968FF1CB1A7" author="Voss GL" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref18447" refString="Voss GL. 1962. List of the types and species of cephalopods in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Notulae Naturae 356: 1-7." type="journal article" year="1962">Voss, 1962: 1</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4984F94BFE15B1A7" author="Lu CC &amp; Boucher-Rodoni R &amp; Tillier A" box="[194,440,1760,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="307 - 343" refId="ref15889" refString="Lu CC, Boucher-Rodoni R, Tillier A. 1995. Catalogue of types of recent Cephalopoda in the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (series 4) 17: 307-343." type="journal article" year="1995">
Lu
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F49ABF94BFE81B1A4" box="[237,300,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995: 312
</bibRefCitation>
). The only reference to the origin of the material he examined is that they came ‘from the collection of the academy, and that from the Philadelphia Museum’ (
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4887F897FD3BB000" author="Lesueur CA" box="[449,662,1852,1874]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="86 - 101" refId="ref15716" refString="Lesueur CA. 1821. Description of several new species of cuttlefish. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 86-101." type="journal article" year="1821">Lesueur, 1821: 89</bibRefCitation>
). Without any further accurate reference, it is possible that the material came from the Philadelphia shores and adjacent waters. However, Lesueur also participated in the Baudin Expedition (1800–1803; see
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4C79FE8BFC41B607" author="Peron F &amp; Freycinet L" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" refId="ref16516" refString="Peron F, Freycinet L. 1816. Voyage de decouvertes aux terres australes, execute sur les corvettes le Geographe, le Naturaliste, et la goelette le Casuarina, pendent les annees 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804; Historique: tome second. Paris: l'Imprimerie Imperiale." type="book" year="1816">Péron &amp; Freycinet, 1816</bibRefCitation>
) from Le Havre (
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9DC85F4DF2FEEAFAA8B604" box="[1204,1285,320,341]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">France</collectingCountry>
) to
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9DC85F4C76FEEAFA33B607" box="[1328,1438,320,342]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and he might have collected specimens during this cruise, covering the distribution area of
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4DBFFED7FA0EB6C3" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[1273,1443,381,402]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DBFFED7FA0EB6C3" box="[1273,1443,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups 1, 2 and 3. Based on the available information, it is not possible to exclude any other specimens that were previously donated to the Philadelphia Museum from other localities. Therefore, the
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4D9CFE52FAA1B55C" box="[1242,1292,504,525]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
locality data of the
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4AC2FDBDFBBEB57A" authorityName="Lesueur" authorityYear="1821" box="[900,1043,534,556]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Loliginidae" genus="Loligo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4AC2FDBDFBBEB57A" box="[900,1043,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">O. bartramii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4D5DFDBDFBE0B57D" box="[1051,1101,535,556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
material remains unresolved and uncertain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F4A15FDFEFBC3B1CB" blockId="12.[827,1444,197,1875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
Although the type locality remains uncertain, the name ‘
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4AC3FDD8FB08B5D6" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[901,1189,626,647]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4AC3FDD8FB08B5D6" box="[901,1189,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ommastrephes bartramii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ has been widely used in the North Pacific, where the only commercial fishery for this squid occurs and where the majority of studies on this genus have been conducted. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (
<collectionCode id="458805ACFF9DC85F4DFAFD47FB50B453" box="[1212,1277,749,770]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">ICZN</collectionCode>
) precludes the substitution of a long-accepted name in its accustomed meaning in order to increase taxonomic stability (
<collectionCode id="458805ACFF9DC85F4C24FC80FA0FB46E" box="[1378,1442,810,831]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">ICZN</collectionCode>
Article 32.2;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A96FCE3FBB2B42C" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" refId="ref15124" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature, 4 th edn. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature." type="book" year="1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The name
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4DECFCC2FA9AB42C" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1194,1335,872,893]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DECFCC2FA9AB42C" box="[1194,1335,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">O. bartramii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
referring to North Pacific individuals (i.e.
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4DAFFC2CFA0EB4CA" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[1257,1443,902,923]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DAFFC2CFA0EB4CA" box="[1257,1443,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group 4) has been used in&gt; 25 works authored by more than ten researchers in the last 50 years (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFC49FB9FB4A6" author="Young RE &amp; Hirota J" box="[827,1074,994,1016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="71 - 80" refId="ref18848" refString="Young RE, Hirota J. 1990. Description of Ommastrephes bartramii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) paralarvae with evidence for spawning in Hawaiian waters. Pacific Science 44: 71-80." type="journal article" year="1990">Young &amp; Hirota, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4D79FC48FAB0B4A9" author="Sakurai Y &amp; Young RE &amp; Hirota J &amp; Mangold K &amp; Vecchione M &amp; Clarke MR &amp; Bower J" box="[1087,1309,994,1016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="185 - 191" refId="ref17418" refString="Sakurai Y, Young RE, Hirota J, Mangold K, Vecchione M, Clarke MR, Bower J. 1995. Artificial fertilization and development through hatching in the oceanic squids Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae). Veliger 38: 185-191." type="journal article" year="1995">
Sakurai
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DE4FC49FB77B4A6" box="[1186,1242,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4C6CFC48FCDEB347" author="Ichii I &amp; Mahapatra K &amp; Sakai M &amp; Okada Y" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref14894" refString="Ichii I, Mahapatra K, Sakai M, Okada Y. 2009. Life history of the neon flying squid: effect of the oceanographic regime in the North Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 378: 1-11." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Ichii
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4C23FC49FA30B4A6" box="[1381,1437,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
, 2017;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A83FBABFB29B346" author="Vijai D &amp; Sakai M &amp; Sakurai Y" box="[965,1156,1025,1047]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="417 - 430" refId="ref18305" refString="Vijai D, Sakai M, Sakurai Y. 2015. Embryonic and paralarval development following artificial fertilization in the neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii. Zoomorphology 134: 417-430." type="journal article" year="2015">
Vijai
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4D42FBA8FB93B347" box="[1028,1086,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DD4FBABFA30B347" author="Budyansky MV &amp; Prants SV &amp; Samko EV &amp; Uleysky MY" box="[1170,1437,1025,1047]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="648 - 660" refId="ref12887" refString="Budyansky MV, Prants SV, Samko EV, Uleysky MY. 2017. Identification and Lagrangian analysis of oceanographic structures favorable for fishery of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the South Kuril area. Oceanology 57: 648-660." type="journal article" year="2017">
Budyansky
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4C5BFBA8FAFAB347" box="[1309,1367,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFB8AFBA8B364" author="Fang Z &amp; Chen XJ &amp; Su H &amp; Thompson K &amp; Chen Y" box="[827,1029,1056,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="367 - 380" refId="ref13643" refString="Fang Z, Chen XJ, Su H, Thompson K, Chen Y. 2017. Evaluation of stock variation and sexual dimorphism of beak shape of neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, based on geometric morphometrics. Hydrobiologia 784: 367-380." type="journal article" year="2017">
Fang
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4A39FB8AFC11B364" box="[895,956,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
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;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4D53FB8AFB73B364" author="Feng YJ &amp; Chen XJ &amp; Liu Y" box="[1045,1246,1056,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="921 - 935" refId="ref13744" refString="Feng YJ, Chen XJ, Liu Y. 2017. Detection of spatial hot spots and variation for the neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii resources in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35: 921-935." type="journal article" year="2017">
Feng
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4D1EFB8AFB38B364" box="[1112,1173,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DA8FB8AFA9BB364" author="Feng YJ &amp; Chen XJ &amp; Gao F &amp; Liu Y" box="[1262,1334,1056,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="67 - 76" refId="ref13690" refString="Feng YJ, Chen XJ, Gao F, Liu Y. 2018 a. Impacts of changing scale on Getis-Ord Gi * hotspots of CPUE: a case study of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 37: 67-76." type="journal article" year="2018">2018a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 2019;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFB94FB84B302" author="Igarashi H &amp; Ichii T &amp; Sakai M &amp; Ishikawa Y &amp; Toyoda T &amp; Masuda S &amp; Sugiura N &amp; Mahapatra K &amp; Awaji T" box="[827,1065,1086,1108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="20 - 34" refId="ref15005" refString="Igarashi H, Ichii T, Sakai M, Ishikawa Y, Toyoda T, Masuda S, Sugiura N, Mahapatra K, Awaji T. 2017. Possible link between interannual variation of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) abundance in the north Pacific and the climate phase shift in 1998 / 1999. Progress in Oceanography 150: 20-34." type="journal article" year="2017">
Igarashi
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4AE1FB95FC4FB302" box="[935,994,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
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,
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4D7FFB94FBDCB302" author="Igarashi H &amp; Saito S-I &amp; Ishikawa Y &amp; Kamachi M &amp; Usui N &amp; Sakai M &amp; Imamura Y" box="[1081,1137,1086,1107]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="16 - 27" refId="ref15071" refString="Igarashi H, Saito S-I, Ishikawa Y, Kamachi M, Usui N, Sakai M, Imamura Y. 2018. Identifying potential habitat distribution of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) off the eastern coast of Japan in winter. Fisheries Oceanography 27: 16-27." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DC6FB94FA31B302" author="McKinnell S &amp; Seki MP" box="[1152,1436,1086,1108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="48 - 61" refId="ref16151" refString="McKinnell S, Seki MP. 2017. Arcane epipelagic fishes of the subtropical North Pacific and factors associated with their distribution. Progress in Oceanography 150: 48-61." type="journal article" year="2017">McKinnell &amp; Seki, 2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFBF7FC50B323" author="Tang F &amp; Zhang S &amp; Cui X &amp; Wang J &amp; Du J" box="[827,1021,1117,1139]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="3071 - 3077" refId="ref17906" refString="Tang F, Zhang S, Cui X, Wang J, Du J. 2017. Analysis of the typical radionuclides for neon flying squid of the high seas fisheries in north Pacific Ocean and risk assessment in 2013. Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 28: 3071-3077." type="journal article" year="2017">
Tang
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4A3BFBF4FC1AB323" box="[893,951,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
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;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4D4CFBF7FB79B323" author="Wang JT &amp; Chen XJ &amp; Tanaka K &amp; Cao J &amp; Chen Y" box="[1034,1236,1117,1139]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="37 - 47" refId="ref18641" refString="Wang JT, Chen XJ, Tanaka K, Cao J, Chen Y. 2017. Environmental influences on commercial oceanic ommastrephid squids: a stock assessment perspective. Scientia Marina 81: 37-47." type="journal article" year="2017">
Wang
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4D12FBF4FB23B323" box="[1108,1166,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
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;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DA7FBF7FA31B323" author="Wen J &amp; Tinacci L &amp; Acutis PL &amp; Riina MV &amp; Xu Y &amp; Zeng L &amp; Ying X &amp; Chen Z &amp; Guardone L &amp; Chen D &amp; Sun Y &amp; Zhao J &amp; Guidi A &amp; Armani A" box="[1249,1436,1117,1139]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="333 - 342" refId="ref18679" refString="Wen J, Tinacci L, Acutis PL, Riina MV, Xu Y, Zeng L, Ying X, Chen Z, Guardone L, Chen D, Sun Y, Zhao J, Guidi A, Armani A. 2017. An insight into the Chinese traditional seafood market: species characterization of cephalopod products by DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis using COI and 16 SrRNA genes. Food Control 82: 333-342." type="journal article" year="2017">
Wen
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4C5AFBF4FAFBB323" box="[1308,1366,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFBD6FC59B3C0" author="Yu W &amp; Chen XJ &amp; Chen C &amp; Zhang Y" box="[827,1012,1148,1169]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="48 - 59" refId="ref18916" refString="Yu W, Chen XJ, Chen C, Zhang Y. 2017 a. Impacts of oceanographic factors on interannual variability of the winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid abundance in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 36: 48-59." type="journal article" year="2017">
Yu
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4A24FBD6FC33B3C0" box="[866,926,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017a
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, b, 2018, 2019;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DF7FBD6FACFB3C0" author="Hu GY &amp; Fang Z &amp; Liu BL &amp; Chen XJ &amp; Staples K &amp; Chen Y" box="[1201,1378,1148,1169]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="355 - 362" refId="ref14844" refString="Hu GY, Fang Z, Liu BL, Chen XJ, Staples K, Chen Y. 2018. Using different standardized methods for species identification: a case study using beaks from three ommastrephid species. Journal of Ocean University of China 17: 355-362." type="journal article" year="2018">
Hu
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4D98FBD6FAB7B3C0" box="[1246,1306,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4C37FBD6FC19B3FE" author="Jiao YN &amp; Chen JD &amp; Li W &amp; Liu YJ &amp; Xin CL &amp; Yang LP" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref15150" refString="Jiao YN, Chen JD, Li W, Liu YJ, Xin CL, Yang LP. 2018. Trace elements concentrations in squids consumed in Shandong Province China and their associated risks to the human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin 128: 267-274." type="journal article" year="2018">
Jiao
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4A7DFB31FCDFB3FE" box="[827,882,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A86FB30FBDAB3FE" author="Ding Q &amp; Cao J &amp; Chen X" box="[960,1143,1178,1200]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="155 - 166" refId="ref13521" refString="Ding Q, Cao J, Chen X. 2019. Stock assessment of the western winter-spring cohort of Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific Ocean using a Bayesian hierarchical DeLury model based on daily natural mortality during 2005 - 2015. Scientia Marina 83: 155-166." type="journal article" year="2019">
Ding
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4ABBFB31FB99B3FE" box="[1021,1076,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DC5FB30FAE6B3FE" author="Zhang KQ &amp; Wei RB &amp; Song R" box="[1155,1355,1178,1200]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" refId="ref19136" refString="Zhang KQ, Wei RB, Song R. 2019. Extraction of cathepsin D-like protease from neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) viscera and application in antioxidant hydrolysate production. Biomolecules 9: 228." type="journal volume" year="2019">
Zhang
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4D97FB31FAA5B3FE" box="[1233,1288,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
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), which is in agreement with the conditions described in the
<collectionCode id="458805ACFF9DC85F4A7DFB72FCD1B3BC" box="[827,892,1240,1261]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">ICZN</collectionCode>
Article 23.9.1.2. Although
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4D87FB72FAFAB3BD" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1217,1367,1239,1261]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4D87FB72FAFAB3BD" box="[1217,1367,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">O. bartramii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the name that has been used commonly for the remaining species in other parts of the distributional range of the genus (recent examples:
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4DC7FA99FADDB218" author="Franjevic D &amp; Sharamuca D &amp; Katavic V &amp; Rajevic N &amp; Skaramuca B" box="[1153,1392,1331,1353]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="19 - 22" refId="ref14157" refString="Franjevic D, Sharamuca D, Katavic V, Rajevic N, Skaramuca B. 2015. Genetic identification of a rare record of Ommastrephes bartramii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the eastern Adriatic Sea. Folia Biologica 63: 19-22." type="journal article" year="2015">
Franjevic
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DB2FA9EFA81B219" box="[1268,1324,1331,1353]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFAF8FB8AB239" author="Tsiamis K &amp; Aydogan O &amp; Bailly N &amp; Balistreri P &amp; Bariche M &amp; Carden-Noad S &amp; Corsini-Foka M &amp; Crocetta F &amp; Davidov B &amp; Dimitriadis C &amp; Dragicevic B &amp; Drakulic &amp; Dulcic MJ &amp; Escanez A &amp; Fernandez-Alvarez FA &amp; Gerakaris V &amp; Gerovasileiou V &amp; Hoffman R &amp; Izquierdo Gomez D &amp; Izquierdo-Munoz A &amp; Kondylatos G &amp; Latsoudis P &amp; Lipej L &amp; Madiraca F &amp; Mavric B &amp; Parasporo M &amp; Sourbes L &amp; Taskin E &amp; Turker A &amp; Yapici S" box="[827,1063,1362,1384]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="472 - 488" refId="ref18067" refString="Tsiamis K, Aydogan O, Bailly N, Balistreri P, Bariche M, Carden-Noad S, Corsini-Foka M, Crocetta F, Davidov B, Dimitriadis C, Dragicevic B, Drakulic, Dulcic MJ, Escanez A, Fernandez-Alvarez FA, Gerakaris V, Gerovasileiou V, Hoffman R, Izquierdo Gomez D, Izquierdo-Munoz A, Kondylatos G, Latsoudis P, Lipej L, Madiraca F, Mavric B, Parasporo M, Sourbes L, Taskin E, Turker A, Yapici S. 2015. New Mediterranean biodiversity records (July 2015). Mediterranean Marine Science 16: 472-488." type="journal article" year="2015">
Tsiamis
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4AE4FAF9FC73B236" box="[930,990,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
for Mediterranean individuals;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A7DFADBFB21B2D7" author="Villanueva R &amp; Sanchez P" box="[827,1164,1393,1415]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="15 - 46" refId="ref18373" refString="Villanueva R, Sanchez P. 1993. Cephalopods of the Benguela Current off Namibia: new additions and considerations on the genus Lycoteuthis. Journal of Natural History 27: 15-46." type="journal article" year="1993">Villanueva &amp; Sánchez, 1993</bibRefCitation>
for the South Atlantic; and
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9DC85F4A29FA3AFBE2B2F4" author="Guerra A &amp; Pierce GJ &amp; Santos MB &amp; Gonzalez AF &amp; Hernandez-Milian G &amp; Porteiro C &amp; Patino B" box="[879,1103,1423,1445]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref14471" refString="Guerra A, Pierce GJ, Santos MB, Gonzalez AF, Hernandez-Milian G, Porteiro C, Patino B. 2010. Record of the largest specimen of neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae). Iberus 28: 61-66." type="journal article" year="2010">
Guerra
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4A8BFA3AFBA5B2F5" box="[973,1032,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
for the South Pacific), these species are far less studied, and consequently, the name is less commonly applied to them. Therefore, either considering the name
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9DC85F4DE1FA46FAEFB151" baseAuthorityName="Lesueur" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1191,1346,1515,1537]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartramii">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DE1FA46FAEFB151" box="[1191,1346,1515,1537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">O. bartramii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
invalid or designating a
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4D4EF9A1FBC8B171" box="[1032,1125,1547,1568]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
from a location outside of the North Pacific would generate further taxonomic instability and create problems in tracking the current biological information on the species, instead of solving the taxonomy of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9DC85F4A15F90EFBBBB003" blockId="12.[827,1444,197,1875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
<materialsCitation id="93F19734FF9DC85F4A15F90EFBBDB002" county="In" latitude="41.95" location="Science" longLatPrecision="692" longitude="-135.17" municipality="National Museum of Nature" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Tokyo" typeStatus="neotype">
<collectingCounty id="CA47E5E5FF9DC85F4A15F90EFCC1B1E8" box="[851,876,1700,1721]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">In</collectingCounty>
order to fix a suitable type locality for the species and ensure the stability of the name, the specimen NSMT-Mo 67507 from the
<collectingMunicipality id="C3420713FF9DC85F4DDFF94BFC22B044" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">National Museum of Nature</collectingMunicipality>
and
<location id="2646CBB2FF9DC85F4A8DF955FB8FB044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB302C7FFF9DC85F49E5FF44FBBBB003:2646CBB2FF9DC85F4A8DF955FB8FB044" box="[971,1058,1791,1813]" county="In" latitude="41.95" longLatPrecision="692" longitude="-135.17" municipality="National Museum of Nature" name="Science" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" stateProvince="Tokyo">Science</location>
(
<collectingRegion id="E15D538BFF9DC85F4D74F955FBD7B044" box="[1074,1146,1791,1813]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
) is
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9DC85F4DE3F8AAFC15B062" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="472">
hereby designed as a
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4A17F8B4FC15B062" box="[849,952,1822,1843]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<location id="2646CBB2FF9DC85F4A80F8B4FC5FB065" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB302C7FFF9DC85F49E5FF44FBBBB003:2646CBB2FF9DC85F4A80F8B4FC5FB065" box="[966,1010,1822,1844]" county="In" latitude="41.95" longLatPrecision="692" longitude="-135.17" municipality="National Museum of Nature" name="The" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" stateProvince="Tokyo">The</location>
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9DC85F4ABFF8B5FBFEB065" box="[1017,1107,1823,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
locality is north-east Pacific,
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F4A7DF897FC3AB002" box="[827,919,1853,1875]" degrees="41.95" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="555" value="41.95">41.95°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9DC85F4AE4F897FBBDB002" box="[930,1040,1853,1875]" degrees="135.17" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="472" precision="555" value="-135.17">135.17°W</geoCoordinate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:title id="C75CDC980D006D1C91C58EA2AF921240">Global biodiversity of the genus Ommastrephes (Ommastrephidae: Cephalopoda): an allopatric cryptic species complex</mods:title>
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<heading id="786E2A05FF9FC85D4A7DFF6DFB7BB78D" box="[827,1238,198,221]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4A7DFF6DFB28B78D" authority="Rang, 1837: 71" authorityName="Rang" authorityPageNumber="71" authorityYear="1837" box="[827,1157,199,220]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Loliginidae" genus="Loligo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitreus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFF6DFC7BB78D" box="[827,982,199,220]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Loligo vitreus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4A9BFF6DFB28B78D" author="Rang MS" box="[989,1157,199,220]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref16806" refString="Rang MS. 1837. Documents pour servir a l'histoire naturelle des cephalopodes crypyobranches. Magasin de Zoologie 7: 1-77." type="journal article" year="1837">Rang, 1837: 71</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 96.
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<materialsCitation id="93F19734FF9FC85D4A7DFEACFB85B668" location="MNHN" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Monaghan" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFEACFC73B64B" box="[827,990,261,283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9FC85D4A7DFEACFCDDB64A" box="[827,880,262,283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="E15D538BFF9FC85D4AADFEACFB92B64A" box="[1003,1087,262,283]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">MNHN</collectingRegion>
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9FC85D4D00FEACFBD4B64A" box="[1094,1145,262,283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">type</typeStatus>
; specimen not extant [
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4C3EFEAFFA0FB64B" box="[1400,1442,261,282]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4A7DFE8EFB8CB668" author="Lu CC &amp; Boucher-Rodoni R &amp; Tillier A" box="[827,1057,292,314]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="307 - 343" refId="ref15889" refString="Lu CC, Boucher-Rodoni R, Tillier A. 1995. Catalogue of types of recent Cephalopoda in the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (series 4) 17: 307-343." type="journal article" year="1995">
Lu
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A27FE8FFC34B668" box="[865,921,292,314]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">et al.</emphasis>
(1995: 327)
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]
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.
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<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFEC9FC7AB629" box="[827,983,355,376]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">
<typeStatus id="FC2223CBFF9FC85D4A7DFEC9FCDCB629" box="[827,881,355,376]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Equatorial coast of Africa (Equatorial Atlantic).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9FC85D4A7DFE6AFC19B686" blockId="14.[827,948,448,471]" box="[827,948,448,471]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFE6AFC19B686" box="[827,948,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4A7DFE42FC5FB6AC" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[827,1010,488,509]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFE42FC5FB6AC" box="[827,1010,488,509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
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with a maximal mantle length of
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and weight of
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; maximal spermatophore length
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(9.5 ± 1.45%
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), cement body of spermatophore 11%, sperm reservoir 44.7% and posterior empty end 22% of spermatophore length. Cytochrome
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A89FD28FC77B5C6" box="[975,986,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">c</emphasis>
oxidase I diagnostic characters: 30, G; 103, G; 306, A; 493,
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; 16S rRNA diagnostic character: 435, G.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFD54FC48B460" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">
Name of the species in the phylogenetic analyses:
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</emphasis>
group 2.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFCF1FC78B421" box="[827,981,859,880]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Distribution:</emphasis>
Tropical and South Atlantic (from 14 to ~
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) and tropical and south Indian (~10–
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) waters. A significant part of the distributional range for this species was confirmed with
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4DA4FC1DFABFB49D" box="[1250,1298,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">COI</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="BBA281ECFF9FC85D4C65FC1DFAC8B49D" box="[1315,1381,951,973]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[163,241,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,198,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[163,1446,195,1426]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Schematic map of the distributional range of each species of the genus Ommastrephes, based on the distribution of the genus depicted by Roper et al. (2010) and the results of the present study. Sampled points for both molecular markers are depicted on the map. The oceanic currents that are likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation of each species are depicted. Parts of the distributional range of each species that are not yet confirmed with molecular data are indicated with a question mark." pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), but specimens were not available for genetic analysis from the eastern part of the Indian Ocean or from the southernmost part of the Atlantic Ocean. The absence of differences in substrate- and inhibitor-specific cholinesterase activities of optical ganglia between specimens sampled in the South Atlantic and south-eastern Indian waters reported by
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4DA5FB27FC29B390" author="Shevtsova SP &amp; Nesis KN &amp; Rozengart EV" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="481 - 485" refId="ref17503" refString="Shevtsova SP, Nesis KN, Rozengart EV. 1979. Differences in the properties of cholinesterases in the visual ganglions of Ommastrephes bartrami (Les.) squids as an indicator of the isolation of populations from various parts of a discontinuous range. Okeanologiya 19: 481-485." type="journal article" year="1979">
Shevtsova
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4C20FB24FA0EB3F3" box="[1382,1443,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">et al.</emphasis>
(1979)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4A87FB06FAA8B393" author="Rozengart EV &amp; Basova NE" box="[961,1285,1196,1218]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="56 - 60" refId="ref17298" refString="Rozengart EV, Basova NE. 2005. Differences in substrate and inhibitor specificity of cholinesterase activity of optical ganglia of the squid Ommastrephes bartrami (Les) as a characteristic of isolation of populations from different areas of a disjunctive home range. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 400: 56-60." type="journal article" year="2005">Rozengart &amp; Basova (2005)</bibRefCitation>
supports the conspecificity of all
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4D64FB60FB62B38E" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[1058,1231,1226,1247]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4D64FB60FB62B38E" box="[1058,1231,1226,1247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens within the distributional range depicted for
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4DA9FB43FA0EB3AF" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1835 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[1263,1443,1257,1278]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cylindraceus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4DA9FB43FA0EB3AF" box="[1263,1443,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">O. cylindraceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BBA281ECFF9FC85D4A02FAA2FC25B24C" box="[836,904,1288,1310]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[163,241,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,198,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[163,1446,195,1426]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Schematic map of the distributional range of each species of the genus Ommastrephes, based on the distribution of the genus depicted by Roper et al. (2010) and the results of the present study. Sampled points for both molecular markers are depicted on the map. The oceanic currents that are likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation of each species are depicted. Parts of the distributional range of each species that are not yet confirmed with molecular data are indicated with a question mark." pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). It is also noteworthy that
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4DA3FAA2FA0FB24C" author="Dunning M" box="[1253,1442,1288,1310]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="425 - 433" refId="ref13571" refString="Dunning M. 1998. A review of the systematics, distribution and biology of the arrow squid genera Ommastrephes Orbigny, 1835, Sthenoteuthis Verrill, 1880, and Ornithoteuthis Okada, 1927 (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae). In: Voss NA, Vecchione M, Toll RB, Sweeney MJ, eds. Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods. Washington: Smithsonian University Press, 425-433." type="book chapter" year="1998">Dunning (1998)</bibRefCitation>
described a discontinuous distributional range of
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4A7DFAEFFB8CB20A" box="[827,1057,1349,1371]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DFAEFFC47B20B" box="[827,1002,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
at the tip of South America and the south-eastern tip of
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9FC85D4D2DFACEFB72B22B" box="[1131,1247,1380,1402]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Australia</collectingCountry>
and considered both populations reproductively isolated. The results provided here (
<figureCitation id="BBA281ECFF9FC85D4AA3FA0BFBE8B2E7" box="[997,1093,1441,1463]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="6.[163,241,1657,1679]" captionStartId-1="8.[163,243,933,955]" captionStartId-2="10.[163,241,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox-0="[235,1368,197,1616]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1445,198,892]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1446,198,1423]" captionTargetId-0="figure-27@6.[235,1371,195,1618]" captionTargetId-1="figure-374@8.[163,1445,195,894]" captionTargetId-2="figure-146@10.[163,1446,195,1426]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="Figure 1. Haplotype statistical parsimony networks constructed by the TCS function of PopART. The geographical origins of the samples are indicated on the map. For GenBank records, the approximate geographical position was inferred when necessary. A, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). B, map depicting the localities sampled for COI. C, 16S rRNA (16S). D, map depicting the localities sampled for 16S. Abbreviations: EA, eastern tropical Atlantic; NA, North Atlantic; NP, North Pacific; SA, South Atlantic; SI, Indian; SP, South Pacific." captionText-1="Figure 2. Summarized results from the molecular species delimitation analyses and the enzymatic and morphological information, represented on the maximum likelihood tree resulting from the analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) dataset. Values on the nodes represent the bootstrap values for COI. Black and grey bars to the right represent the hypothesized species groupings based on the molecular delimitation results of TCS, p-distances, ABGD and PTP for COI, and TCS and PTP for 16S rRNA (16S), in addition to the previously identified groups from the literature based on the differences in substrate and inhibitor specificity of cholinesterase activities of the optical ganglia (after Shevtsova et al., 1979; Rozengart &amp; Basova, 2005), the spermatophore morphology (after Nigmatullin et al., 2003) and the maximal size at maturity of females (Roper et al., 2010). It is important to note that Shevtsova et al. (1979) and Rozengart &amp; Basova (2005) did not include any South Pacific individuals in their studies." captionText-2="Figure 3. Schematic map of the distributional range of each species of the genus Ommastrephes, based on the distribution of the genus depicted by Roper et al. (2010) and the results of the present study. Sampled points for both molecular markers are depicted on the map. The oceanic currents that are likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation of each species are depicted. Parts of the distributional range of each species that are not yet confirmed with molecular data are indicated with a question mark." pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="6E1BA8D2FF9FC85D4D16FA0BFB03B2E7" box="[1104,1198,1441,1463]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[145,209,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Intraclade p-distances (expressed as percentages) among Ommastrephes groups for two mitochondrial gene regions [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S)]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Tables 2</tableCitation>
–5) support this point of view and ensure the recognition of
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4DB7FA6AFA0EB284" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1835 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[1265,1443,1472,1493]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cylindraceus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4DB7FA6AFA0EB284" box="[1265,1443,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">O. cylindraceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4A2AFA75FBBCB2A2" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1852" box="[876,1041,1502,1524]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Onychoteuthidae" genus="Onychoteuthis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brevimanus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A2AFA75FBBCB2A2" box="[876,1041,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">O. brevimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as different species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23269D69FF9FC85C4A15FA57FD60B55F" blockId="14.[827,1443,859,1892]" lastBlockId="15.[145,761,199,527]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="475" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">
The single specimen of this species analysed from Cape Verdean waters (
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9FC85D4DDBF9B6FB76B160" box="[1181,1243,1564,1585]" degrees="18" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" precision="55555" value="18.0">18°N</geoCoordinate>
) merits further discussion.
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4A8CF991FB08B101" author="Zuev GV &amp; Nesis KN &amp; Nigmatullin CM" box="[970,1189,1594,1616]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="53 - 63" refId="ref19173" refString="Zuev GV, Nesis KN, Nigmatullin CM. 1976. Distribution of the genera Ommastrephes d'Orbigny, 1835, Sthenoteuthis Verrill, 1880, and Todarodes Steenstrup, 1880 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) in the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Natural Biology 81: 53-63 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1976">
Zuev
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4D56F991FBE3B11E" box="[1040,1102,1594,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">et al.</emphasis>
(1976)
</bibRefCitation>
sampled Equatorial Atlantic waters extensively without finding any
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4A7DF9D2FC4AB1DC" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1834 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[827,999,1656,1677]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A7DF9D2FC4AB1DC" box="[827,999,1656,1677]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals. Therefore, it is commonly accepted that the genus
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<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4D12F93CFB52B1FA" box="[1108,1279,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Ommastrephes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not present in Equatorial Atlantic owing to the temperature (see
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9FC85D4A7DF97EFBB7B1B8" author="Roper CFE &amp; Nigmatullin C &amp; Jereb P" box="[827,1050,1748,1769]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" pagination="269 - 347" refId="ref17138" refString="Roper CFE, Nigmatullin C, Jereb P. 2010. Family Ommastrephidae. In: Jereb P, Roper CFE, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Vol. 2. Myopsid and oegopsid squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO, 269-347." type="book chapter" year="2010">
Roper
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4AC8F97EFC60B1B8" box="[910,973,1748,1769]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). However, sequences obtained herein reveal that the
<collectingCountry id="5B8EDDF9FF9FC85D4D04F959FB6BB059" box="[1090,1222,1778,1800]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
individual belongs to
<taxonomicName id="E499E6EAFF9FC85D4A1EF8BBFBABB077" authorityName="D' ORBIGNY, 1835 IN" authorityYear="1834" box="[856,1030,1809,1830]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Ommastrephidae" genus="Ommastrephes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="14" pageNumber="474" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cylindraceus">
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9FC85D4A1EF8BBFBABB077" box="[856,1030,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">O. cylindraceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BBA281ECFF9FC85D4D53F8BBFBDBB077" box="[1045,1142,1809,1831]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="6.[163,241,1657,1679]" captionStartId-1="8.[163,243,933,955]" captionStartId-2="10.[163,241,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox-0="[235,1368,197,1616]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1445,198,892]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1446,198,1423]" captionTargetId-0="figure-27@6.[235,1371,195,1618]" captionTargetId-1="figure-374@8.[163,1445,195,894]" captionTargetId-2="figure-146@10.[163,1446,195,1426]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="Figure 1. Haplotype statistical parsimony networks constructed by the TCS function of PopART. The geographical origins of the samples are indicated on the map. For GenBank records, the approximate geographical position was inferred when necessary. A, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). B, map depicting the localities sampled for COI. C, 16S rRNA (16S). D, map depicting the localities sampled for 16S. Abbreviations: EA, eastern tropical Atlantic; NA, North Atlantic; NP, North Pacific; SA, South Atlantic; SI, Indian; SP, South Pacific." captionText-1="Figure 2. Summarized results from the molecular species delimitation analyses and the enzymatic and morphological information, represented on the maximum likelihood tree resulting from the analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) dataset. Values on the nodes represent the bootstrap values for COI. Black and grey bars to the right represent the hypothesized species groupings based on the molecular delimitation results of TCS, p-distances, ABGD and PTP for COI, and TCS and PTP for 16S rRNA (16S), in addition to the previously identified groups from the literature based on the differences in substrate and inhibitor specificity of cholinesterase activities of the optical ganglia (after Shevtsova et al., 1979; Rozengart &amp; Basova, 2005), the spermatophore morphology (after Nigmatullin et al., 2003) and the maximal size at maturity of females (Roper et al., 2010). It is important to note that Shevtsova et al. (1979) and Rozengart &amp; Basova (2005) did not include any South Pacific individuals in their studies." captionText-2="Figure 3. Schematic map of the distributional range of each species of the genus Ommastrephes, based on the distribution of the genus depicted by Roper et al. (2010) and the results of the present study. Sampled points for both molecular markers are depicted on the map. The oceanic currents that are likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation of each species are depicted. Parts of the distributional range of each species that are not yet confirmed with molecular data are indicated with a question mark." pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="6E1BA8D2FF9FC85D4DC7F8BBFB4DB077" box="[1153,1248,1809,1831]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[145,209,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Intraclade p-distances (expressed as percentages) among Ommastrephes groups for two mitochondrial gene regions [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S)]" pageId="14" pageNumber="474">Tables 2</tableCitation>
–5). This isolated spot from the remaining distributional range of the species can be explained by drift of specimens from the Southern Hemisphere, along with the subsurface and intermediate waters of southern origin with the South Atlantic central water (
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, 5–18 °C) and the Antarctic intermediate water (
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, 2–6 °C), which penetrate from the southern subtropical zone to the north-western coast of Africa up to 20–24 and 28–
<geoCoordinate id="46ADFBAEFF9EC85C49FDFED5FF58B6C5" box="[187,245,383,404]" degrees="34" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="475" precision="55555" value="34.0">34°N</geoCoordinate>
, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9EC85C48DDFED5FD21B6C5" author="Aristegui J &amp; Barton ED &amp; Alvarez-Salgado XA &amp; Miguel P &amp; Santos A &amp; Figueiras FG &amp; Kifani S &amp; Hernandez-Leon S &amp; Mason E &amp; Machu E &amp; Demarcq H" box="[411,652,383,405]" pageId="15" pageNumber="475" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref12354" refString="Aristegui J, Barton ED, Alvarez-Salgado XA, Miguel P, Santos A, Figueiras FG, Kifani S, Hernandez-Leon S, Mason E, Machu E, Demarcq H. 2009. Sub-regional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current upwelling. Progress in Oceanography 83: 33-48." type="journal article" year="2009">
Arístegui
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9EC85C4B48FED5FDEAB6C5" box="[526,583,383,404]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="475">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9EC85C4BDCFED5FEE8B6E3" author="Machini F &amp; Pelegri JL" pageId="15" pageNumber="475" pagination="512 - 535" refId="ref15988" refString="Machini F, Pelegri JL. 2009. Northward penetration of Antarctic intermediate water off Northwest Africa. Journal of Physical Oceanography 39: 512-535." type="journal article" year="2009">Machini &amp; Pelegri, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Similar cases of distant migrations far outside the main distributional range of the species to the other hemisphere with deep waters are also known (
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9EC85C49AAFE50FE17B55F" author="MOller PR &amp; Nielsen JG &amp; Fossen I" box="[236,442,505,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="475" refId="ref16183" refString="MOller PR, Nielsen JG, Fossen I. 2003. Patagonian toothfish found off Greenland. Nature 421: 599." type="journal volume" year="2003">
Mǿller
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9EC85C4878FE50FEDBB55F" box="[318,374,505,527]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="475">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4708E098FF9EC85C4883FE53FD13B55F" author="Arkhipkin AI &amp; Laptikhovsky VV &amp; Brickle P" box="[453,702,505,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="475" pagination="1009 - 1011" refId="ref12451" refString="Arkhipkin AI, Laptikhovsky VV, Brickle P. 2010. An antipodal link between the north Pacific and south Atlantic Oceans? Deep Sea Research I 57: 1009-1011." type="journal article" year="2010">
Arkhipkin
<emphasis id="11ED417BFF9EC85C4B04FE50FDD7B55F" box="[578,634,505,527]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="475">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFDCFFC5AF7E6804D992FA89" blockId="15.[1027,1242,1293,1318]" box="[1027,1242,1293,1318]" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">
(
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFDCFFC5AF766804D921FA89" box="[1035,1129,1293,1318]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[145,225,1337,1359]" captionTargetBox="[148,1423,197,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-200@4.[145,1425,195,1297]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adults of Chrysorthenches and Diathryptica. A, D. proterva, male, ANICF957-10. B, C. callibrya, lectotype. C, C. muraseae, holotype. D, C. smaragdina, holotype. E, Wing venation of D. proterva. F, Wing venation of C. muraseae. Scale bars = 3 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="724">
<smallCapsWord id="78B0A072FFDCFFC5AF766804D909FA8A" baselines="1312,1312" box="[1035,1089,1293,1318]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Figs" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">FIGS</smallCapsWord>
1D
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFDCFFC5AF0B6804D99AFA89" box="[1142,1234,1293,1318]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1381,1403]" captionTargetBox="[169,1440,198,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-194@5.[163,1443,195,1341]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Male genitalia and abdomen of Chrysorthenches. A–C, genital capsule. D–F, phallus, inset = close-up of cornuti corresponding dotted ellipse. A, D, C. callibrya, ANIC-20627. B, E, C. muraseae, USNM-115161. C, F, C. smaragdina, BM-32892. G, sternites (top side) and tergites (bottom) of C. callibrya, ANIC-20627, arrow indicating pleural lobes. H, Close-up of spinulate anellus of C. smaragdina, corresponding dotted box of 2C." pageId="15" pageNumber="724">2C, F, H</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFDCFFC5A846683FD97BFAC5" blockId="15.[827,1443,1334,1386]" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">
lsid:
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFDCFFC5A8466880DE84F9B7" blockId="15.[827,1443,1416,1560]" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFDCFFC5A8466880DEFAFA31" box="[827,946,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
This new species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFDCFFC5AE7A6880D8CFFA32" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1923" box="[1287,1415,1416,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Diathryptica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="724" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFDCFFC5AE7A6880D8CFFA32" box="[1287,1415,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">C. callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the male genitalia, but differs from the latter in having the subrectangular valva (obovate in
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFDCFFC5AE7168CFD8D2FA74" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1923" box="[1292,1434,1478,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Diathryptica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="724" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFDCFFC5AE7168CFD8D2FA74" box="[1292,1434,1478,1499]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">C. callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the subtriangular apex of the saccus (digitate in
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFDCFFC5A8466B0ADEF5F9B7" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1923" box="[827,957,1539,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Diathryptica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="724" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFDCFFC5A8466B0ADEF5F9B7" box="[827,957,1539,1560]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">C. callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFDCFFDBA8466B4BD907F8F4" blockId="15.[827,1443,1602,1900]" lastBlockId="17.[827,1443,1800,1883]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="726" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFDCFFC5A8466B4BDE8DF9F8" box="[827,965,1602,1623]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="724">Description:</emphasis>
Adult (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFDCFFC5AF5C6B4BD93DF9F8" box="[1057,1141,1602,1624]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[145,225,1337,1359]" captionTargetBox="[148,1423,197,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-200@4.[145,1425,195,1297]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Adults of Chrysorthenches and Diathryptica. A, D. proterva, male, ANICF957-10. B, C. callibrya, lectotype. C, C. muraseae, holotype. D, C. smaragdina, holotype. E, Wing venation of D. proterva. F, Wing venation of C. muraseae. Scale bars = 3 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="724">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Head – Vertex yellowish green, with greenish orange piliform scales on temporal and occipital areas; frons yellowish green. Antenna with scape yellowish green; flagellum pale greyish green, intermixed with dark brown scales basally and distally. Maxillary palpus with first palpomere dark brown; second and third palpomeres dark brown, tinged with pale greenish grey apically. Labial palpus with first palpomere yellowish green on outer surface, pale orange on inner surface, tinged with dark brown dorsally; second palpomere 2× longer than first palpomere, dark brown, mottled with yellowish green on outer surface, pale orange on apex and inner surface; third palpomere 2.2× longer than second palpomere, dark brown on outer surface, pale orange on inner surface.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2A966626FFC3FFDAABEC6B82DEBCF956" pageId="16" pageNumber="725" startId="16.[145,226,1675,1697]" targetBox="[306,1269,197,1635]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC3FFDAABEC6B82DEBCF956" blockId="16.[145,1425,1675,1785]" pageId="16" pageNumber="725">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC3FFDAABEC6B82DC44F90F" bold="true" box="[145,268,1675,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="725">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Habitat and feeding habit of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC3FFDAA9216B82DEC9F90E" authorityName="Sohn &amp; Kobayashi" authorityYear="2020" box="[604,897,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="725" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muraseae">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC3FFDAA9216B82DEC9F90E" box="[604,897,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="725">Chrysorthenches muraseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC3FFDAA8D16B82D98EF90E" box="[940,1222,1675,1697]" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Podocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="16" pageNumber="725" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC3FFDAA8D16B82D98EF90E" box="[940,1222,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="725">Podocarpus macrophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–H, Oku-KochiSanso, Imai, Soni, Nara Prefecture. I, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka Prefecture. A, spun leaves of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC3FFDAAE656BA1DC68F974" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Podocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="16" pageNumber="725" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC3FFDAAE656BA1DC68F974" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="725">Podocarpus macrophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, arrows indicating holes to eject frass. B, habitat and host-plant trees (arrows). C, D, fresh shoots and spun leaves (arrows). E–H, developing stages of spun leaves (arrows). I, Old spun leaves.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2A966626FFC2FFDBABDE6B82DF4DF973" pageId="17" pageNumber="726" startId="17.[163,241,1675,1697]" targetBox="[229,1376,195,1635]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC2FFDBABDE6B82DF4DF973" blockId="17.[163,1444,1675,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="726">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC2FFDBABDE6B82DC5FF90F" bold="true" box="[163,279,1675,1697]" pageId="17" pageNumber="726">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Spun leaves and larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC2FFDBA9496B82DE02F90E" authorityName="Sohn &amp; Kobayashi" authorityYear="2020" box="[564,842,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="726" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muraseae">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC2FFDBA9496B82DE02F90E" box="[564,842,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="726">Chrysorthenches muraseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC2FFDBA8126B82D934F90E" box="[879,1148,1675,1697]" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Podocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="726" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC2FFDBA8126B82D934F90E" box="[879,1148,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="726">Podocarpus macrophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–C, F, H, spun leaves with larval frass. D, E, mature larva. F–I, spun leaves with final instar larva. G, I, inside of spun leaves with final instar larva. J, final instar larva on the cocoon.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2A966626FFC1FFD8ABF26B82D8CCF973" pageId="18" pageNumber="727" startId="18.[143,221,1675,1697]" targetBox="[309,1260,195,1635]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC1FFD8ABF26B82D8CCF973" blockId="18.[143,1424,1675,1756]" pageId="18" pageNumber="727">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC1FFD8ABF26B82DC4CF90F" bold="true" box="[143,260,1675,1697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="727">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Cocoons, pupae, and resting adults of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC1FFD8A9E46B82DEF8F90E" authorityName="Sohn &amp; Kobayashi" authorityYear="2020" box="[665,944,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="727" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muraseae">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC1FFD8A9E46B82DEF8F90E" box="[665,944,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="727">Chrysorthenches muraseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, pupal cocoon on leaf surface of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC1FFD8AE656B82DC6EF911" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Podocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="727" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC1FFD8AE656B82DC6EF911" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="727">Podocarpus macrophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. B, cocoon with pupal exuvia. C, pupa, ventrolateral view. D, pupa, dorsal view. E, cremaster on A10, ventrolateral view. F–H, resting posture of adult (F, H, lateral view; G, dorsal view). I, close-up of adult head, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC1FFD9ABD46A01DC9CFD6A" blockId="18.[145,760,1800,1883]" lastBlockId="19.[163,780,197,1139]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="18" pageNumber="727">
Thorax – Patagium dark yellowish green, tinged with dark brownish green medially; tegula dark purplish brown; mesonotum dark greenish grey, intermixed with dark brown scales anterolaterally; mesoscutellum dark brown. Foreleg with coxa dark greyish brown; femur dark brown; tibia and tarsomeres dark brown, with pale orange ring distally. Midleg with coxa and femur pale orange, intermixed with dark greyish brown scales; tibia and tarsomeres dark brown dorsally, pale orange ventrally, with pale orange ring distally. Hindleg with coxa and femur pale greyish orange, sparsely intermixed with brownish grey scales; tibia and tarsomeres dark brownish grey, with pale orange ring distally. Forewing length
<quantity id="B9119B4BFFC0FFD9A92E6C95DFE1FE1E" box="[595,681,412,434]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
(sample number = 1), dark brown, tinged with yellowish green narrowly along costal area and broadly along dorsal area; apical area dark greenish brown; costal strigulae dark brown, irregularly intermixed with small white bars; subbasal and median fascia bar-like, yellowish green, bordered with pale greyish green, and then with black; dorsal margin with dark brown strigulae; fringe pale greyish green. Hindwing greyish brown, paler to base; fringe brownish grey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9ABC66FC7DCD7FBDD" blockId="19.[163,780,197,1139]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9AAFB6FC7DF6FFD4B" box="[390,551,718,740]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1381,1403]" captionTargetBox="[169,1440,198,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-194@5.[163,1443,195,1341]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Male genitalia and abdomen of Chrysorthenches. A–C, genital capsule. D–F, phallus, inset = close-up of cornuti corresponding dotted ellipse. A, D, C. callibrya, ANIC-20627. B, E, C. muraseae, USNM-115161. C, F, C. smaragdina, BM-32892. G, sternites (top side) and tergites (bottom) of C. callibrya, ANIC-20627, arrow indicating pleural lobes. H, Close-up of spinulate anellus of C. smaragdina, corresponding dotted box of 2C." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 2C, F, H</figureCitation>
) – Uncus slightly concave apically, gradually broadened basally; setose area of tuba analis one-quarter of its length. Valva subrectangular; costa nearly straight in basal two-thirds, slightly curved in distal third; sacculus narrow, one-third as long as ventral margin of valva; membranous disc obliquely round, half as long as valva. Vinculum U-shaped; saccus as long as uncus, slightly narrowed at middle, narrowly round apically. Anellus densely spinose (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9AAAF6EEBDF62FC58" box="[466,554,994,1016]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1381,1403]" captionTargetBox="[169,1440,198,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-194@5.[163,1443,195,1341]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Male genitalia and abdomen of Chrysorthenches. A–C, genital capsule. D–F, phallus, inset = close-up of cornuti corresponding dotted ellipse. A, D, C. callibrya, ANIC-20627. B, E, C. muraseae, USNM-115161. C, F, C. smaragdina, BM-32892. G, sternites (top side) and tergites (bottom) of C. callibrya, ANIC-20627, arrow indicating pleural lobes. H, Close-up of spinulate anellus of C. smaragdina, corresponding dotted box of 2C." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
). Phallus (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9A9D36EEBDE4AFC58" box="[686,770,994,1016]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1381,1403]" captionTargetBox="[169,1440,198,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-194@5.[163,1443,195,1341]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Male genitalia and abdomen of Chrysorthenches. A–C, genital capsule. D–F, phallus, inset = close-up of cornuti corresponding dotted ellipse. A, D, C. callibrya, ANIC-20627. B, E, C. muraseae, USNM-115161. C, F, C. smaragdina, BM-32892. G, sternites (top side) and tergites (bottom) of C. callibrya, ANIC-20627, arrow indicating pleural lobes. H, Close-up of spinulate anellus of C. smaragdina, corresponding dotted box of 2C." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
) with broad, needle-like cornutus one-sixth the length of the phallus; spinulate, digitate cornutus twosevenths as long as the needle-like cornutus; elongate, spinose cornutal zone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9ABDE6995DFB7FAE5" blockId="19.[163,779,1180,1355]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9ABDE6995DDADFB1E" box="[163,229,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Type:</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="A152880CFFC0FFD9AB896995DC2DFB1D" box="[244,357,1180,1202]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
– ‘
<typeStatus id="A152880CFFC0FFD9AAF26995DCA3FB1E" box="[399,491,1180,1201]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" type="holotype">HOLO-</typeStatus>
| TYPE’ (round label with red edges), ‘
<typeStatus id="A152880CFFC0FFD9AA0F69B3DF41FB60" box="[370,521,1210,1231]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9A95669B3DFBAFB60" authorityName="Dugdale" authorityYear="1996" box="[555,754,1210,1231]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9A95669B3DFBAFB60" box="[555,754,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Chrysorthenches</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9ABDE69D0DC7AFB41" authorityName="Sohn" authorityYear="2020" box="[163,306,1241,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdina">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9ABDE69D0DC7AFB41" box="[163,306,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">smaragdina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
| Sohn’ (red label with black marginal lines), ‘N.
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AA6B69F1DCEEFAA2" box="[278,422,1272,1293]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
:
<quantity id="B9119B4BFFC0FFD9AACC69FEDF05FAA2" box="[433,589,1271,1293]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6625" metricValueMax="1.685" metricValueMin="1.64" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" unit="m" value="1662.5" valueMax="1685.0" valueMin="1640.0">1640–1685 m</quantity>
|
<collectingRegion id="BC2DF84CFFC0FFD9A91169F1DFD7FAA2" box="[620,671,1272,1293]" country="Thailand" name="Nan" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Nan</collectingRegion>
, Doi Phu Kha NP, | km 33.8 to 34.4, |
<date id="0A57106EFFC0FFD9AA8A681FDFEAFA83" box="[503,674,1302,1324]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" value="1991-12-26" valueMax="1991-12-30" valueMin="1991-12-26">26–30.xii.1991</date>
’, ‘B. M.
<specimenCount id="68EFFD27FFC0FFD9A9876810DE42FA84" box="[762,778,1305,1323]" count="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
| Genitalia slide | No. 32892’, deposited in NHMUK.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9ABDE687DDCE7FA25" blockId="19.[163,431,1396,1418]" box="[163,431,1396,1418]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9ABDE687DDC7CFA26" box="[163,308,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AA3D687DDCE3FA25" box="[320,427,1396,1418]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Thailand</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9ABDE68BBDF8BF9A9" blockId="19.[163,779,1458,1542]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9ABDE68BBDC60FA68" box="[163,296,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Etymology:</emphasis>
The epithet is derived from the Greek σμαράγδι, ‘
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9AA5D68D8DCC6FA49" box="[288,398,1489,1510]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">smarágdi</emphasis>
’, emerald, referring to the broad green patch on the forewing of this new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9AA046B4BDF7DF9F5" blockId="19.[377,565,1602,1627]" box="[377,565,1602,1627]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
<smallCapsWord id="78B0A072FFC0FFD9AA046B4BDF7DF9F5" baselines="1621,1621" box="[377,565,1602,1627]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Phylogenetics" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">PHYLOGENETICS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9ABDE6B62DEE2FE1D" blockId="19.[163,779,1642,1848]" lastBlockId="19.[827,1443,197,434]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
Our cladistic analyses of the morphological characteristics of 13 yponomeutoids resulted in a single most parsimonious tree (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9AAB26BA1DF7BF911" box="[463,563,1704,1726]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[145,227,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[306,1263,196,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-81@20.[305,1265,195,1502]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Most-parsimonious cladogram of Chrysorthenches. A, optimized character state changes over the most parsimonious treefor 12 species of Chrysorthenches and one outgroup, circles on nodes and branches indicating unambiguous character changes: numbers above circles = character numbers in Table 1; numbers in circles = character states. B, result of DIVA analysis over the most parsimonious tree for 12 species of Chrysorthenches and one outgroup, letters in black boxes representing four general areas: A = New Zealand; B = Tasmania; C = eastern Australia; and D = East Asia." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
: tree length = 74, Ci = 67, Ri = 68). The resulting tree recovers strong support (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9AA756BECDC1AF954" box="[264,338,1765,1787]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="22.[145,225,808,830]" captionTargetBox="[180,1390,198,765]" captionTargetId="figure-550@22.[177,1393,195,768]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 16. Host associations between Chrysorthenches and conifers. Left and right trees represent the latest working phylogenies of Podocarpaceae and Chrysorthenches, respectively. Host associations are indicated by dotted lines. Numbers above and below nodes of right tree indicate the Bremer supports and the bootstrapping supports (only&gt;50 shown), respectively. Shaded boxes show the members of the ‘porphyritis’ lineage sensu Dugdale (1996)." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
: JK support = 100, Bremer support = 5) for the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9AAD06A0DDF3DF8B6" authorityName="Dugdale" authorityYear="1996" box="[429,629,1796,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9AAD06A0DDF3DF8B6" box="[429,629,1796,1817]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Chrysorthenches</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
against the outgroup,
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9AA686A2BDF54F898" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1885" box="[277,540,1826,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Orthenches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorocoma">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9AA686A2BDF54F898" box="[277,540,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Orthenches chlorocoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The backbone of the tree is divided into two clades. One clade corresponds to the
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9A8FC6DEDD94BFF56" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1923" box="[897,1027,228,249]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Diathryptica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9A8FC6DEDD94BFF56" box="[897,1027,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">C. callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (including
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9AE5C6DEDD8EBFF56" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1923" box="[1313,1443,228,249]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Diathryptica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9AE5C6DEDD8EBFF56" box="[1313,1443,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">C. callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9A80D6C0AD949FEB7" authorityName="Sohn &amp; Kobayashi" authorityYear="2020" box="[880,1025,259,280]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muraseae">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9A80D6C0AD949FEB7" box="[880,1025,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">C. muraseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and is recovered as monophyletic (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9A83E6C28DEDCFE98" box="[835,916,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="22.[145,225,808,830]" captionTargetBox="[180,1390,198,765]" captionTargetId="figure-550@22.[177,1393,195,768]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 16. Host associations between Chrysorthenches and conifers. Left and right trees represent the latest working phylogenies of Podocarpaceae and Chrysorthenches, respectively. Host associations are indicated by dotted lines. Numbers above and below nodes of right tree indicate the Bremer supports and the bootstrapping supports (only&gt;50 shown), respectively. Shaded boxes show the members of the ‘porphyritis’ lineage sensu Dugdale (1996)." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
: JK support = 95, Bremer support = 4). The monophyly of the
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9AF7A6C49D9C2FEFA" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1923" box="[1031,1162,320,341]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Diathryptica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9AF7A6C49D9C2FEFA" box="[1031,1162,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">C. callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group is defined by one unambiguous character (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9AFCA6C57D851FEDB" box="[1207,1305,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[145,227,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[306,1263,196,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-81@20.[305,1265,195,1502]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Most-parsimonious cladogram of Chrysorthenches. A, optimized character state changes over the most parsimonious treefor 12 species of Chrysorthenches and one outgroup, circles on nodes and branches indicating unambiguous character changes: numbers above circles = character numbers in Table 1; numbers in circles = character states. B, result of DIVA analysis over the most parsimonious tree for 12 species of Chrysorthenches and one outgroup, letters in black boxes representing four general areas: A = New Zealand; B = Tasmania; C = eastern Australia; and D = East Asia." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
). The other clade is divided into two subclades, but the supports are weak.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9AF6B6CE7D980FDA9" blockId="19.[1046,1224,494,519]" box="[1046,1224,494,519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
<smallCapsWord id="78B0A072FFC0FFD9AF6B6CE7D980FDA9" baselines="513,513" box="[1046,1224,494,519]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Biogeography" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">BIOGEOGRAPHY</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5636AEFFC0FFD9A8466F1FD966FC33" blockId="19.[827,1443,534,924]" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">
Optimal reconstruction of our DIVA analysis requires two dispersals (
<figureCitation id="E6D22A2BFFC0FFD9AF7C6F3CD920FDE4" box="[1025,1128,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[145,227,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[306,1263,196,1500]" captionTargetId="figure-81@20.[305,1265,195,1502]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Most-parsimonious cladogram of Chrysorthenches. A, optimized character state changes over the most parsimonious treefor 12 species of Chrysorthenches and one outgroup, circles on nodes and branches indicating unambiguous character changes: numbers above circles = character numbers in Table 1; numbers in circles = character states. B, result of DIVA analysis over the most parsimonious tree for 12 species of Chrysorthenches and one outgroup, letters in black boxes representing four general areas: A = New Zealand; B = Tasmania; C = eastern Australia; and D = East Asia." pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
). The result shows three possible scenarios for the ancestral distribution of
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9A8236F7BD979FD28" authorityName="Dugdale" authorityYear="1996" box="[862,1073,626,647]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9A8236F7BD979FD28" box="[862,1073,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Chrysorthenches</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: all areas covering (1)
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AE166F7ADEE8FD08" name="New Zealand" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingRegion id="BC2DF84CFFC0FFD9A8CD6F98D962FD08" box="[944,1066,657,679]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
–eastern
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AFE36F98D85CFD08" box="[1182,1300,657,679]" name="Australia" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Australia</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AE596F98D8D5FD08" box="[1316,1437,657,679]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">East Asia</collectingCountry>
, (2)
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9A81B6FB9D945FD69" box="[870,1037,688,710]" name="New Zealand" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
–eastern
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AFFC6FB9D9BFFD69" box="[1153,1271,688,710]" name="Australia" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Australia</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AE756FB9D837FD69" box="[1288,1407,688,710]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">East Asia</collectingCountry>
or (3)
<collectingRegion id="BC2DF84CFFC0FFD9A81A6FC7DEADFD4B" box="[871,997,718,740]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
–eastern
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AF206FC7D99EFD4B" box="[1117,1238,718,740]" name="Australia" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Australia</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AF9B6FC7D82DFD4B" box="[1254,1381,718,740]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">East Asia</collectingCountry>
. The
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9A8466FE4D931FCAD" box="[827,1145,749,770]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callibrya">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9A8466FE4D931FCAD" box="[827,1145,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Chrysorthenches callibrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group branched off from the ancestors and dispersed to
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AE5B6E05D8D6FC8D" box="[1318,1438,780,802]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">East Asia</collectingCountry>
. Subsequently, the
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9AF4C6E22D9AEFC90" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1886" box="[1073,1254,810,832]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Orthenches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porphyritis">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9AF4C6E22D9AEFC90" box="[1073,1254,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">C. porphyritis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group diverged and occupied
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9AF336E43D9A3FCF0" box="[1102,1259,841,863]" name="New Zealand" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and Tasmania. The
<taxonomicName id="B9E94D2DFFC0FFD9A8106E61D9DFFCD2" authorityName="Dugdale" authorityYear="1996" box="[877,1175,872,893]" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterigidae" genus="Chrysorthenches" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="4C9DEABCFFC0FFD9A8106E61D9DFFCD2" box="[877,1175,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">Chrysorthenches argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group radiated within
<collectingCountry id="06FE763EFFC0FFD9A8F36E8ED962FC33" box="[910,1066,902,924]" name="New Zealand" pageId="19" pageNumber="728">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>