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<mods:title id="040E55BADA5A3E4DAC11846C6CA3F151">Lost in synonymy: Integrative species delimitation reveals two unrecognized species of Southern Asian tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Callosciurinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E120473808D5417D8E5415F78B4542B7">Hinckley, Arlo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="336A482F7181147300905166A000F58E">Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain & Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States & Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F0461059E577C9165CF410ADD6ED99EA">Maldonado, Jesús E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4289178B871731C8F27298C8FCC57565">Tamura, Noriko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="670D8A48AA9197875CE0ADA61CBADAFA">Leonard, Jennifer A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="077D2FC94E044B0DE23035D4D442A1D6">Hawkins, Melissa T. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5EF2BEDFC4551D2FB4832B7046352A60">Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="319AE69BA5DA7B32091AEB47C0CBDAB5">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CBBF5B2BD5D26ACBA802899029BC018D">
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<mods:date id="525A62957AC16A4989120C4D97F059AB">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="15D3652180C8A0308FA2934AF6C8F4CB">2024-10-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="14665047418CE5E63AD4D1E4F92795FD">74</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0F1E16B95FD5A3FFB2CD86C7DD789DAE" type="DOI">10.3897/vz.74.e133467</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="17E005F51F18E3D4549A43462CE48AB7" type="ZooBank">CCCE8F90-E07A-4F06-A8D7-04AD7A6D7005</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="05B9BCE64886FFC92E24C6582DEE43BC" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1C8FE16A4F50A8D40A281450FCF9873A">
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<taxonomicName id="41DC3776470A1BACB3D146F814E84D2F" authority="(Blyth, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="33E992805137381B06647FE9E2FCC68A" italics="true">Callosciurus concolor</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FF1B15A1AA27801EF58DA67F43878AFE" author="Blyth E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pagination="469-481" refId="B11" refString="Blyth E (1855) Report of the curator, zoological department, for July 1855. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 24: 469 - 481." title="Report of the curator, zoological department, for July 1855." volume="24" year="1855">Blyth, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<taxonomicName id="F6DD5C687EC08CA3C0A949ED4A2CB146" authority="Blyth, 1855" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
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<emphasis id="A6B36340F8B1C5F13B4B59E1E6FC3EDB" italics="true">Sciurus concolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="979C5B295BB3797823B449EAD51A1F2F" author="Blyth E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pagination="469-481" refId="B11" refString="Blyth E (1855) Report of the curator, zoological department, for July 1855. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 24: 469 - 481." title="Report of the curator, zoological department, for July 1855." volume="24" year="1855">Blyth, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 24: 474.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="03EC21E1DCA8DB0CDE6F31E481E1510B">
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<treatmentCitation id="47EE0E49E1F9B2CF09B81DADBE711ED0">
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<taxonomicName id="3FF5D8063FF349376FC7A25CB9A061FE" authority="Miller, 1903 a" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adangensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7C38ED873E3247A80FD32F0EBBFA10B9" italics="true">Sciurus adangensis</emphasis>
|
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Miller, 1903 a
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 17.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CF4F8D6B233BA032DC5E282D865E2BB3">
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<treatmentCitation id="4D3DF15FBC7DEB88281760BDCA38E0E7">
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<taxonomicName id="76658F300488D0315583349DA01794A3" authority="Miller, 1903 a" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancavensis">
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||||
<emphasis id="059254D6697738CB5B81999217429950" italics="true">Sciurus lancavensis</emphasis>
|
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Miller, 1903 a
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 16.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="94A0930655FDF400DAF4A126C8C60C93">
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<treatmentCitation id="7653F34EE6AA6C31C1A16005E0D4CC15">
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<taxonomicName id="672E06BAC8206595EB671A17DD0290F4" authority="Thomas & Wroughton, 1909" authorityName="Thomas & Wroughton" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="terutavensis">
|
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<emphasis id="D8314D4983C011F0B9BEF1264C6B5938" italics="true">Sciurus concolor terutavensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C6CF12ABDF2351566F1823A51655CB06" author="Thomas O & Wroughton RC" refId="B108" refString="Thomas O, Wroughton RC (1909) Diagnoses of new mammals collected by Mr. H. C. Robinson in the islands of the Straits of Malacca. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) 4: 534 - 536." year="1909">Thomas & Wroughton, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) 4: 535.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3E2226F6ECF28A523B0842B30D2A5014">
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<treatmentCitation id="D99206D0D55E735C69E7DA2CFAA54928">
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<taxonomicName id="5A8DB83683BA1957C617A3EFFB65DD41" authority="Cabrera, 1917" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1917" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erubescens">
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<emphasis id="C57B8135B93B3982C3170D15B4B0CC99" italics="true">Callosciurus erubescens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9008F12A6F8F4BE5333CC4471A3EAA0A" author="Cabrera A" journalOrPublisher="Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural" pagination="516-519" refId="B18" refString="Cabrera A (1917) Dos ardillas exoticas nuevas. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 17: 516 - 519." title="Dos ardillas exóticas nuevas." volume="17" year="1917">Cabrera, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 17: 518.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="833757E00DFD50039FB523D7C61BF26B">
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<taxonomicName id="490084EF5E5AAF5C8BE0815B5BCF2FE4" authority="Thomas & Robinson, 1921" authorityName="Thomas & Robinson" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="telibius">
|
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<emphasis id="C83C271D45629AB95C342D50C7063880" italics="true">Callosciurus concolor telibius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="BC84C451B63CB09083B0F56C3081CDEF" DOI="10.1080/00222932108632492" author="Thomas O & Robinson HC" refId="B107" refString="Thomas O, Robinson HC (1921) Some new insular squirrels of the Callosciurus caniceps - concolor group from Peninsular Siam. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 118 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632492" year="1921">Thomas & Robinson, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 121.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A57507ECA3272AF632D4716184DB43B4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="83A8841D99736F2761CFAEAF83A01E2A">
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<treatmentCitation id="56D6BCCA8A4F560B7BB044B473282A84">
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<taxonomicName id="E210DB54BE4A6C41A8957000A3ADE7F0" authority="Thomas & Robinson, 1921" authorityName="Thomas & Robinson" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moheius">
|
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<emphasis id="F1D876CEF1D8C5B054BE9F37F72B2A2A" italics="true">Callosciurus moheius</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5AD0502FCAB79E1D6557C670111AE6E2" DOI="10.1080/00222932108632492" author="Thomas O & Robinson HC" refId="B107" refString="Thomas O, Robinson HC (1921) Some new insular squirrels of the Callosciurus caniceps - concolor group from Peninsular Siam. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 118 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632492" year="1921">Thomas & Robinson, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Annals and Magazine of Natural History Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 122.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3D8A0F6141F62E8AE6140F7592674886">
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<treatmentCitation id="589D990994EA693BEDA33C55CA62B4C6">
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<taxonomicName id="93498A6150274BB8C9A8D085C9222273" authority="Thomas & Robinson, 1921" authorityName="Thomas & Robinson" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="moheius" subSpecies="mohillius">
|
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<emphasis id="90D05B6A589F36B968549148A2B45569" italics="true">Callosciurus moheius mohillius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0F12399FA8421261AA836B89309FA31A" DOI="10.1080/00222932108632492" author="Thomas O & Robinson HC" refId="B107" refString="Thomas O, Robinson HC (1921) Some new insular squirrels of the Callosciurus caniceps - concolor group from Peninsular Siam. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 118 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632492" year="1921">Thomas & Robinson, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 122.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EWMAI" type="Holotype">
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<paragraph id="C877672706B1E4007DA0A78FF9CBEDA5">
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<heading id="49FB812280F0D17CF0DD8A7051F3B544" reason="title">
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<typeStatus id="B314BE4FFCCEAF686480737079118522" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9A9FF0EB45E2FEFA0D688377F63391CE">
|
||||
ZSI 9328. Skin and skull, collected or donated by
|
||||
<collectorName id="05DF66226B60E41625E969566C4D4D0D">G. Moxon</collectorName>
|
||||
in 1847. This specimen was not cited in the “ Annotated Catalogue of the Type Specimens of the Indian Museum ” (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="709922844E35D080BE80463515895467" author="Khajuria" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Khajuria" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" refId="B53" refString="Khajuria H, Chaturvedi Y, Ghoshal DK (1977) Catalogue Mammaliana: An annotated catalogue of the type specimens of mammals in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 44 pp." title="Catalogue Mammaliana: An annotated catalogue of the type specimens of mammals in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India." year="1977">Khajuria et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but the skin is still housed in the National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="77861F5663AB3846017F802E81773011" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Uttam Saikia pers. comm.). Other catalog numbers linked to this specimen are: Zoological Survey of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="FA272DD420AE5FB814B9987031053226" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
barcode number: ZSI 0000004087;
|
||||
<location id="39280AA92247A0BDD8CFCE80A31B0F42" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6AD4D486217509C8E88233E5D046E55:39280AA92247A0BDD8CFCE80A31B0F42" country="India" name="Indian Museum of Kolkata">Indian Museum of Kolkata</location>
|
||||
catalog number: “ w ”.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EANAI" type="type locality">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BB7AFEE22CA16592A9E07C99175C1568">
|
||||
<heading id="D482DCFAE971B319813EB4EB17019E99" reason="title">Type locality.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="EC8FACD4F0CF7AD860F76AB104B7D948">
|
||||
From the vicinity of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="7F283327448C63AED5FEF940B75EC2E6" name="Malaysia">Malacca</collectingCountry>
|
||||
” [
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="FB85F425B3406E2ACB0C1AFB7EE542BA" country="Malaysia" name="Melaka">Melaka</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="44AD8E54B5F59A306A0BCBC9A21F2FBB" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFNAI" type="Emended diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D2AF3892F35B459A3E0212B2F9F7D261">
|
||||
<heading id="791B27F78E647E939554E25BD47D96C6" reason="title">Emended diagnosis.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B83A75DD7D495EACE2BA14F0E7E3721">
|
||||
A medium-sized
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D0ADEF07293168CBE91D9F1A131393B6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8FA3882A274529B6AC12D4347A2D3ADF" italics="true">Callosciurus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(average
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESNAI" xlink_title="length of head and body">HB</abbrev>
|
||||
=
|
||||
<quantity id="9D891753C284111E1E0F6EE8D0E622BB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.183" unit="mm" value="218.3">218.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWNAI" xlink_title="profile length">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="39DEE9A1409A4A7DB26590522CDC0DC0" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
=
|
||||
<quantity id="1ADF4B7B4ED33632C835CBC53F4E84C6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.91" unit="mm" value="49.1">49.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) that can be distinguished from all other relatives by the combination of the following morphological characters: “ reddish suffusion of color occurring on the mid dorsum [that usually extends to the proximal section of the tail] but not on the sides of the neck and body …; absence of a sharply marked off, quite black tip of the tail … [except in northern edge populations; see following sections], and a cool silvery gray color of the venter ” (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F193F4E2449AE8F4A864C289B2B37A40" author="Moore and Tate" firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pagination="1-351" refId="B71" refString="Moore JC, Tate GH (1965) A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions. Fieldiana Zoology 48: 1–351." title="A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions." volume="48" year="1965">Moore and Tate 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), that lacks a reddish suffusion in the groin area; cranium with relatively long postorbital processes (
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5NAI" xlink_title="length of postorbital processes">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="9212A1C0E668BAACE5A68BD98FE083D0">LPOP</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<quantity id="062823F6994B0BD3F8C1F6182593A87D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="3.8" unit="mm" value="4.8" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="3.8">3.8–5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
), particularly proportionally to its least interorbital length (
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECOAI" xlink_title="least breadth between the orbits">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="584E028C56276983A404603D351D619A">LBO</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<quantity id="715C0CA349BFBF0DC3EE40D713A32656" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7550000000000001" metricValueMax="1.8800000000000001" metricValueMin="1.6300000000000001" unit="mm" value="17.55" valueMax="18.8" valueMin="16.3">16.3–18.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
); baculum consists of a shaft and blade, shaft has a dorso-lateral (right) expansion at its proximal end, blade base has a large lateral expansion at its posterior half, giving it a sinuous appearance from a lateral view, and a relatively rounded / oval shaped appearance from a dorsal view (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="F41660DD86AE043FD8AC5E35428B3F73" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Baculum comparison between Callosciurus caniceps and C. concolor. A Lateral view of C. caniceps (USNM 296998). B Dorsal view of C. caniceps (USNM 296998). C Lateral view of C. concolor (USNM 283481). D Dorsal view of C. concolor (USNM 283481)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160067">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
); mating call characterized by an average of 17.9 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.098 seconds, and an average frequency modulation of 1476 Hz.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKOAI" type="comparisons">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B40360D20CCB3E47306A36D2DD3B65CB">
|
||||
<heading id="4FCAD4E3ED0E7D344E7D0E68899469C9" reason="title">Comparisons.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="91FE4BCE7497E5DCA1BA20D9A2341B11">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6CA19971605353AFF91D958B3AE0ACE1" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9B1483A8BC8A4CD22E77BE908B6DF6E7" italics="true">Callosciurus concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished from its closest relative,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ED87E5A29021A95755BD0B95FFE7A26C" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="C5E51429FDC687CAC2443A19BCBB85E1" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by its smaller size (average
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGPAI" xlink_title="length of head and body">HB</abbrev>
|
||||
: 220 vs
|
||||
<quantity id="55987B165DEA0702F0E8CCA6387DC4F8" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" unit="mm" value="235.0">235 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; with the exception of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1D71E563B29B1835BC7AF85091CEE02E" authority="Koh Tao" authorityName="Koh Tao" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BD11438D4D182DAB6F91E4E7C705F151" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
Koh Tao
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Island dwarf population, which is even smaller than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="19C5218575BC75AD8C544CA35D26B557" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6A29726F9AEFD64ABF6C3CB509994742" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and excluded from this comparison). Additionally, this species exhibits relatively longer postorbital processes and a distinct distribution of ornamented pelage coloration. During the dry season, its dorsum has a reddish suffusion in the midline that generally extends to the most proximal side of the tail, while
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C9AB1FAB432B6EDA7EF2B76DA2F3732" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="C4E5DBFAE4A8DE5D1980C474617C5A74" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a brighter, ochraceous / rufus orange in flanks and dorsum (
|
||||
<emphasis id="D442ED43F670D828851829FE0B6110CF" italics="true">
|
||||
C.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1A2992DF6F6D0048435CD2CACE64CD10" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">c. caniceps</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
) or a rusty reddish suffusion in the side of the neck and groin, and frequently, in the flanks and upper part of the legs (
|
||||
<emphasis id="D1F09FADBDABF3E166144C1625353AE5" italics="true">
|
||||
C. c.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3AE7037D4A445BF5061D75550C4540CF" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">bimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
; Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="74D39E9ECEFE98130DC4E60F0E620228" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Dorsal and ventral views of the skins of (A) Callosciurus caniceps (NHMUK 41.1817, lectotype); live images of (B) C. caniceps caniceps taken by Natthaphat Chotjuckdikul (Te’) in Bangkok, Thailand; (C) C. caniceps bimaculatus taken by Pattaraporn Vangtal in Railay Bay Beach, Krabi, Thailand; and (D) C. concolor taken by Cheong Weng Chun in Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160066">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In the wet season, this reddish suffusion disappears or becomes less conspicuous in both species, but
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9FEEE51083B0838D3F08254439206FAC" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0C03CAE0078ED5BB3216FDB15DC68B38" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
generally still retains a yellow / orange-brown hue. This hue can at least be noted in the side of the neck and groin in
|
||||
<emphasis id="FEF94F2D357D878CBA95871908E644F9" italics="true">
|
||||
C. c.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E0C1EF32AF302280EDED1CDBBBC53FE5" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">bimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and in a few small patches throughout the dorsum in
|
||||
<emphasis id="73291D3BDDCD5BD5CCF0330755E3D381" italics="true">
|
||||
C.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="93FD5B437052DCFBF452E0E717D416DE" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">c. caniceps</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
, which greatly contrast with the darker gray ash coloration in the latter. The venter of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FA32F99B2E47018F3EABDEFED5AED2A3" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="C3573B319CB49280BF6C811F9D5AED6D" italics="true">Callosciurus concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is silvery gray distinct from the whitish gray (
|
||||
<emphasis id="83FC642D298F318C443DE92367996591" italics="true">
|
||||
C. c.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="81D8BA021E615A2FDBA4AA99ED7A487B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">bimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
) or agouti gray (
|
||||
<emphasis id="F603CDDB5DDD719399082F40F82D39E6" italics="true">
|
||||
C.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="88028EAEED430E79BB6A8150C93EC3B4" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">c. caniceps</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
). Another diagnostic feature is the absence of a sharply marked off, black tail tip throughout most of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="620A75FE9F794C6883CB16B9D1FDD659" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7F14EC0A8203B8B0590B3D83B34BE578" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations, whereas
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="630309BA75EE7C4AA7A883F8FC626FF5" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="067703FE3CCC6A244EE11371853B0832" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
typically exhibits such feature. Notably,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="22865E1AC756BA21AAE468DD688FC391" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6208C830B4A140391E519FFF3B438E8B" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations in Langkawi, Adang, Terutao (⅛ specimens), and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="D30CC275BC2DF6302ADE968E407DB961" country="Thailand" name="Songkhla">Songkhla</collectingRegion>
|
||||
have a black tail tip that is generally shorter and / or less intensely black than that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BE2C46BFCA4E3BE1F504EA67CD38593" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A105ECB5C56D30CEF228788C1340D67B" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, resulting in a less pronounced contrast. However, in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="83743F6DAE204D3BA018C78D6C4E28A8" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="C149D5E3830875140AFD9C4ACF255939" country="Thailand" name="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="AFE9A320D8AA0302ED003F3EEAEB3510" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, the black tail tip of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1FCCB37BB5677AC938CF984AEB2E6EEC" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B49CDA06D7B2B228F6BFA8FE79FA5A14" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is highly contrasted as in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6CA744E2BFF30DD9B508E65789ABF40F" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A407D6B271E06B2759950BD54B892D8A" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Examined specimens from the latter two provinces, and all the rain-shade area until Singora have a washed dorsum coloration and possibly lack an ornamented dorsum midline during the breeding season. Thus, the absence of reddish suffusion in the groin area of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="45A40A1BC4DA351AA97BB1BB18F8A459" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AF2346816EA47933BEA45FB517905774" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, compared to its presence in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="337701F43BDE83140FA0CF4F37608710" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caniceps" subSpecies="bimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="17D0574A0EA7C710FE88C3F141229A0B" italics="true">C. caniceps bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, along with the presence or absence of red suffusion on the side of the neck, appear to be the best diagnostic features for distinguishing these species in the contact areas of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="2F27EF4F0BABEDCE087D15D249276CFE" country="Thailand" name="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5A173138CD673F8433D4D5DE428E5661" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="E53EAA6A3E0E337B0AC554DBFF37D6AC" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and perhaps also in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="6367AC0C364634063C8E628FF55AAA49" country="Thailand" name="Satun">Satun</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="C9B6C40B6C06FCE02EDBE9C079363F37" country="Thailand" name="Phatthalung">Phatthalung</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="C647F913D4991046B273B0BBE033B29E" country="Thailand" name="Songkhla">Songkhla</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. However, juvenile and subadult specimens lack this reddish hue, suggesting this feature is diagnostic primarily in adults. The skull of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AEE4051D0C9E2C357EE6EDE57665095" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CCB42C7C17C8A0A1285004341D5AC35C" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is smaller (
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGXAI" xlink_title="profile length">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="32F9B4B25BDE2A3C07E617B55092D956" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
: 46–51.5 vs
|
||||
<quantity id="F09EDB92B013C3AD4B21E4AA8E32070F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.295" metricValueMax="5.62" metricValueMin="4.97" unit="mm" value="52.95" valueMax="56.2" valueMin="49.7">49.7–56.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) with a shorter rostrum (
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKXAI" xlink_title="short lateral facial length">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="268AE0405915CE1DDE0E6F496D25FCFC" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
: 18.0–21.2 vs
|
||||
<quantity id="EFCB8380F10D3FDCD218C7B7CAB99FB6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2399999999999998" metricValueMax="2.44" metricValueMin="2.04" unit="mm" value="22.4" valueMax="24.4" valueMin="20.4">20.4–24.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) and interorbital breadth (
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOXAI" xlink_title="least breadth between the orbits">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="D631D4E40A6E16B94068F5865C0F9824">LBO</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
: 16.3–18.8 vs
|
||||
<quantity id="132CEF391E4C1014611C7F712A36A473" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.17" metricValueMin="1.83" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="21.7" valueMin="18.3">18.3–21.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; Fig. S 1 A), but relatively larger postorbital processes (average
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESXAI" xlink_title="length of postorbital processes">LPOP</abbrev>
|
||||
: 4.7 vs
|
||||
<quantity id="F6A9D18E9DF8A7F8E9E1E52B9E0032F3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; Fig. S 1 B) than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F1A2FA6C8646F4FEEF91B5ECB0FE3FE7" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="84F0FCA2634102A64511CBB000CB3727" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. As mentioned, the allopatric dwarf population on Koh Tao island has a smaller size than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="06A177B99E6BE5CD8C5D5A3F7CD52DDE" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="90FB2E7ACEA490F07524049401FAFB37" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and was excluded from these comparisons, but it shows a distinct shape and its morphospace does not overlap with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FFAC93338402EE4AB8FD3BF3EAF8C1AF" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3986F963A2DA278AF6328E2ED388A7E2" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, due to the combination of relatively larger postorbital processes and relatively shorter interorbital breadth of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8A5C5B8780DB361330C203A7D37B45C8" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1C51E96D44DF3B733A719EC4922D6A08" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with regard to the Koh Tao population (Figs
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E3AFB5E48FBFA0E6B56E3133E4076C06" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphometric variation in Callosciurus caniceps. First and second principal components from an analysis of 11 craniodental variables. Samples are colored according to the two main lineages from Indochina (in blue) and Sundaland (in orange), and the Koh Tao dwarf population (in pink). Different subspecies are labeled with different symbol-color combinations." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160063">3</figureCitation>
|
||||
, S 1 A, B). Allometric size-controlled statistical analyses only supported significant differences in
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGZAI" xlink_title="profile length">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="0FC9A64E44F4180F308FE1C675E3078C" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKZAI" xlink_title="dental length">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="DAFB506B0BA52E8B4E194FD609B39A6E">DL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOZAI" xlink_title="median palatal length">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="AAC0381B556DCC5DE3D13A1A487C06E8" country="Mauritius" name="Musee de Port Louis">MPL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C3DCE8134F08F99174B63F96BBC7C1CC" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B63F0F767CBC6201352F7B26DAC42B5E" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B451356802885E61C51EE3380775A6B" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2CAC297621D1EEFEC7478C6D963877BD" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(File S 1). Paradoxically, these measurements are the largest, perhaps suggesting an allometric size effect in the data, and that these sister species differ mainly in size, with little shape differentiation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="695617C9B5495A1E374C4B3E5D109E27">
|
||||
Baculum morphology provides additional distinguishing characteristics between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="BE31BE83CBC3AD531691C368B6FCC9E6" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B388D342A1D688EDB5C50CC1FE1D5DD4" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0705E2F821D7DA600F960908630886AA" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="467BE3E0147F1EF9A74EA85A4423A235" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: Presence vs absence of a dorso-lateral (right) expansion at shaft proximal end in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="89322413766B9BF7E5811F5945F263EA" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6C9A5186D36D87805185F22EA100E3A5" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; presence vs absence of a large lateral expansion at blade base posterior half in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="69F8BEDFFB1ECE130249C68167AC52F2" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="633742EC1C89C0EF0B909EA1935C11CB" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, giving a sinuous (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="61C3C890C2B0E8202C05828A269375C9" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B3D69104454B48AE6FEBBF0BE493A552" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) vs straight (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E4D9398287679C5FC32E8175A3C5B19C" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5D81B3768906D2F492D1DACA20CBBD66" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) appearance from a lateral view, and a relatively rounded / oval (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2789F69A3EF38692443C92BC8F33A943" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D8F3B9385473CDC2BFC9F002B24EC4BE" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) vs triangular (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0C1CA0596809081373FA5E4F6F50F880" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6371FBE3B9A8E7CD8775D53005F12FAC" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) shaped appearance from a dorsal view (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8B3CDC6B5279FDDAB6AE9425C61E7E3" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Baculum comparison between Callosciurus caniceps and C. concolor. A Lateral view of C. caniceps (USNM 296998). B Dorsal view of C. caniceps (USNM 296998). C Lateral view of C. concolor (USNM 283481). D Dorsal view of C. concolor (USNM 283481)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160067">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="1217108A58218FBA07A4DB80210493B2">
|
||||
Finally,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E53AA63CE28DAFFC395DE74CD8DED1C9" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D2FCCDC7F788A57E68F7219DA6225736" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be easily distinguished from its closest genetic relative,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="14A4CC77F2971A55F2BE4BC4EE7F9F2F" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="17187782F8A3CD8A3484F48A2ABE03C7" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, by its generally distinct mating call (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CE41A03306E5844BAD88C92924288309" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Variation in mating calls of Callosciurus species. A Principal Component Analysis highlighting mating call variation. B Univariate plot showing the number of pulses per call. C Univariate plot of pulse intervals, in seconds. D Univariate plot of frequency modulation, in Hz. Different taxa are represented by distinct symbols." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160065">5 A</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Table S 4, correct discrimination rate = 87 %). This is characterized by an average of 17.9 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.098 seconds, and average frequency modulation of 1476 Hz vs an average of 8.1 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.195 seconds, and average frequency modulation of 493 Hz in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3FCF53053B40F3D0AEE9A3A3F0193791" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="96EB23B5247D116D0A3131FAB6BD9D1D" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="36D4221DC31942673A4E29A2449E6522" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Variation in mating calls of Callosciurus species. A Principal Component Analysis highlighting mating call variation. B Univariate plot showing the number of pulses per call. C Univariate plot of pulse intervals, in seconds. D Univariate plot of frequency modulation, in Hz. Different taxa are represented by distinct symbols." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160065">5 B – D</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2D4825F6A121EF76C0C0800088ACA536">
|
||||
It can be easily distinguished from sympatric congeneric
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="EFD17AB2FBA0D20F08446C88033EBA44" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="626CD97E29F2FEF8F55E4DDE0A696959" italics="true">C. notatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="05474A8B7BA5AB48422A8D6CD3A84185" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrovittatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="31F31854CF714B2A5D37A78C1B9FC9F1" italics="true">C. nigrovittatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by its lack of lateral stripes, and from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="34B009F76EE719C29FA02D044D163DB5" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythraeus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7258A47DB688945CF3468BCD56902" italics="true">C. erythraeus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by its silvery gray venter, grayish head and limbs which contrast with the remaining dorsum, and darker tail tip vs reddish brown, reddish or agouti venter, homogeneously olive brown colored dorsum, including head, limbs and tail. It can be distinguished from sympatric
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8E4A3542E59237C8BBFD2933F1F0E1AE" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3B87430B35F400FD05BF039EAF391839" italics="true">Sundasciurus robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4447A8D066A5E523747A8148F27FF906" baseAuthorityName="Bonhote" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tahan">
|
||||
<emphasis id="630A024F04241A88CCE5A1A594C550B4" italics="true">S. tahan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="54E46FD32DB9582013A613C3CA88CB9E" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="48B2AB9B201AC7DAAE521FAC463772E6" italics="true">S. tenuis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by its larger size, grayish head and limbs, bushier dark-tipped tailed, and thinner and less contrasted pale eye ring, and from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7524628B7F6DCE1BE60887AB3E390C15" baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippurus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B4EA2CB36B2C721523DC0B088BC669AF" italics="true">S. hippurus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by its silvery gray venter coloration with just some black or dark gray / brown in the tail tip vs rusty red venter with entirely black tail in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F2272A0C6742134C9F2CDD9A3F6CA703" baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippurus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="564AA74CB97FC3E354C8104132E0C060" italics="true">S. hippurus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0ELBBI" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="729158DB31AE76A36D3A69F528E9024D">
|
||||
<heading id="A9E7E42023987D4D212834E5B6996B60" reason="title">Distribution, habitat, and natural history.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AF02032EAAFA53A1CC4EB6C7E688E4CE">
|
||||
Distributed across the Thai-Malay peninsula extending from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="DFB35E6669B26FDEDB64986F28857F00" country="Malaysia" name="Melaka">Melaka</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to Trang province in the west coast and from central
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="A32EEF77AA712CC0FF82BD7B05F9E81E" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang">Pahang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to Surat Thani in the east coast (Figs
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BDF535FCAAD348D84AD45326B6C4C8A1" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of tropical East Asia indicating the localities of museum specimens examined in this study for Callosciurus caniceps. Different subspecies are labeled with different symbols, while different colors illustrate the potential distribution of the two major genetic lineages described by Hinckley et al. (2023 a), inferred from pelage variation. Darker background shades correspond to higher elevations." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160061">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
, S 3). Habitat generalist recorded in lowland and hill primary and secondary dipterocarp forests recorded up to ca.
|
||||
<quantity id="57CEE1190701DF7C0B0A30B0CBDF0383" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.135" unit="m" value="1135.0">1135 m</quantity>
|
||||
a. s. l., plantations, and urban / suburban areas (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="AD2CA863CB2ECCB67E3C49FA0D66A463" author="Moore and Tate" firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pagination="1-351" refId="B71" refString="Moore JC, Tate GH (1965) A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions. Fieldiana Zoology 48: 1–351." title="A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions." volume="48" year="1965">Moore and Tate 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F5D9D356D9943026CA352E4838FD4F17" DOI="10.2307/1382292" author="Tamura and Yong" firstAuthor="Tamura" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pagination="703-714" refId="B102" refString="Tamura N, Yong HS (1993) Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae). Journal of Mammalogy 74: 703–714. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382292" title="Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae)." volume="74" year="1993">Tamura and Yong 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8F5F8B30FE927729F65307818137BCD2" DOI="10.3106/mammalstudy.26.133" author="Abdullah" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Abdullah" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Study" pagination="133-144" refId="B1" refString="Abdullah SA, Yusoff-Rashid N, Idris AH (2001) Niche segregation among three sympatric species of squirrels inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest, Peninsular Malaysia. Mammal Study 26: 133–144. https://doi.org/10.3106/mammalstudy.26.133" title="Niche segregation among three sympatric species of squirrels inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest, Peninsular Malaysia." volume="26" year="2001">Abdullah et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B1429EEC338A2831B5DCEE693731236E" DOI="10.1017/S02664674040061" author="Saiful and Nordin" firstAuthor="Saiful" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pagination="45-49" refId="B89" refString="Saiful AA, Nordin M (2004) Diversity and density of diurnal squirrels in a primary hill dipterocarp forest, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20: 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S02664674040061" title="Diversity and density of diurnal squirrels in a primary hill dipterocarp forest, Malaysia." volume="20" year="2004">Saiful and Nordin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In Ulu Gombak (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="7C7FF2C6896FD89B66DDAC1C7F0C32B5" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="39D19C35A162D30780A082FCBF42A6D1" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5925210D826B471BA91A4A108CEE4303" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
preferred bushy areas with a larger number of small trees, in contrast with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0DFF6DB958C4F1D9C05811B6EFC16263" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CE9C885FB28196511793C42CBBBFD9B8" italics="true">C. notatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that showed preference for the opposite (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF12AFE67E38A1D0FE70DAA415A33938" DOI="10.2307/1382292" author="Tamura and Yong" firstAuthor="Tamura" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pagination="703-714" refId="B102" refString="Tamura N, Yong HS (1993) Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae). Journal of Mammalogy 74: 703–714. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382292" title="Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae)." volume="74" year="1993">Tamura and Yong 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In this reserve, the four species of squirrels use different levels of the habitat:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B864CEC2EC6190CE77C7809DB0A8AD6F" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Lariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2ADD2F5482D1D405A57C5806E3D1AAA2" italics="true">L. insignis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
uses the ground,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="59AC1B849340A63259D5B8C51266F838" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EC62A3071A0A30EFD022CE6BD7FA3A51" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lower levels,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="96C6E6AA2156CB65AAC36160E2E1A506" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8849C6033ADEB61EE08513F19FDC5EEA" italics="true">C. notatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
middle levels, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3099D0BD60E41FDBCDEA39190AB31732" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrovittatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2B69C073FAF1FF47744019833EDBFBF4" italics="true">C. nigrovittatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the highest levels of trees (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="34E01E00C7638FF75BD796D9C74A05EA" DOI="10.3759/tropics.4.337" author="Tamura" firstAuthor="Tamura" journalOrPublisher="Tropics" pagination="337-343" refId="B98" refString="Tamura N (1995) Space use by sympatric tree squirrels in Malaysian tropical forests. Tropics 4: 337–343. https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.4.337" title="Space use by sympatric tree squirrels in Malaysian tropical forests." volume="4" year="1995">Tamura 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In the same site, it was shown to feed on 13 species of plants — on fruits (45 %), leaves (21 %), bark (17 %), and flowers (10 %) — with “ others ” comprising the rest of its diet. These consisted mainly of the fruits of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F9732749CCB032D9E7B3490D3F879494" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elasticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4147D170D13D2A197ADD29886C2EFBC1" italics="true">Artocarpus elasticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="014AA157E2E1B989E9CAEDE2EC525C20" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adancum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D13E460250FAC08C0D0CDB12ECC51F4A" italics="true">Piper adancum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="513E1CD627BDDDB99B0FB9FEA2CED10E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AACB31BA9EE1D0650A6B4CB7F07EA38" italics="true">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and leaves of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3F3B1F8F1EAA20E0FB7E27D5D657B7E4" authority="(Abdullah et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Abdullah" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6F690AE05F4FD2001AAA8A971A710DFE" italics="true">Bambusa vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0F3F99D21B01E9321E5CA63D7A31411E" DOI="10.3106/mammalstudy.26.133" author="Abdullah" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Abdullah" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Study" pagination="133-144" refId="B1" refString="Abdullah SA, Yusoff-Rashid N, Idris AH (2001) Niche segregation among three sympatric species of squirrels inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest, Peninsular Malaysia. Mammal Study 26: 133–144. https://doi.org/10.3106/mammalstudy.26.133" title="Niche segregation among three sympatric species of squirrels inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest, Peninsular Malaysia." volume="26" year="2001">Abdullah et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Other studies in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="9053C80A83B6F1D88F288B87C5CE50BD" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
based on stomach content examination instead of feeding observations showed that all specimens contained fruit and vegetable matter, and six contained insect remains (n = 9;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="21761E3478435BD1A7A10D76AB8F8086" author="Harrison" firstAuthor="Harrison" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Raffles Museum" pagination="157-165" refId="B35" refString="Harrison JL (1954) The natural food of some rats and other mammals. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 25: 157–165." title="The natural food of some rats and other mammals." volume="25" year="1954">Harrison 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2FB6FD86083A2CE482F974C336779160" author="Harrison" firstAuthor="Harrison" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Singapore National Museum" pagination="5-18" refId="B36" refString="Harrison JL (1961) The natural food of some Malayan mammals. Bulletin of the Singapore National Museum 30: 5–18." title="The natural food of some Malayan mammals." volume="30" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In Ulu Gombak, the average size of home ranges of males was 2.65 and 3.73 ha, and that of females was 0.79 and 1.54 ha, and females ranges overlap, contrasting with the lack of overlap in other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="15E5E807977908794ED46E717D193AEC" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E0D0760909C13F364E6A3D9A246FB7E7" italics="true">Callosciurus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F92595216095B40E614A7A4F0FC75D00" DOI="10.2307/1382404" author="Tamura" firstAuthor="Tamura" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pagination="468-476" refId="B97" refString="Tamura N (1993) Role of sound communication in mating of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae). Journal of Mammalogy 74: 468–476. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382404" title="Role of sound communication in mating of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae)." volume="74" year="1993">Tamura 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="BA4DCD45D39B3F622C5EEA08FD866440" DOI="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00186.x" author="Saiful" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Saiful" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pagination="346-351" refId="B88" refString="Saiful AA, Idris AH, Rashid YN, Tamura N, Hayashi F (2001) Home range size of sympatric squirrel species inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest in Malaysia. Biotropica 33: 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00186.x" title="Home range size of sympatric squirrel species inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest in Malaysia." volume="33" year="2001">Saiful et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Mating bouts were observed from March to July in this site (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E26DEB3AD8ACE339DA369580B2A06DBB" DOI="10.2307/1382404" author="Tamura" firstAuthor="Tamura" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pagination="468-476" refId="B97" refString="Tamura N (1993) Role of sound communication in mating of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae). Journal of Mammalogy 74: 468–476. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382404" title="Role of sound communication in mating of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae)." volume="74" year="1993">Tamura 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="910AE235F3358F28821EF151240657BB" country="Malaysia" name="Selangor">Selangor</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, this species has been recorded in sympatry with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="03CCDD5C3EC7F4A3F1876AE34AE42676" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrovittatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="659F3B61B7E122B329F48CE8F2B35B23" italics="true">C. nigrovittatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D65ECEC6F53B70AA7F256EC6F8084E79" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="28EF2B5752FBDAFF24902D43A19B9586" italics="true">C. notatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="41285D4AD14DB8BB5BC4EA1B0689DCA7" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythraeus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8445AE91CD518FBF697D50C04FC94524" italics="true">C. erythraeus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2B049D1EF6DD4A0F3FC6A1CA7C4595FE" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="40EC32BB29325214221855AAD7546D39" italics="true">Sundasciurus tenuis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="043B73FF3052131BEE4368509E434C0D" baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippurus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CDC66A94FF5BFD4F894161A4E1C99F3E" italics="true">Sundasciurus hippurus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E6FDA74C70D2E8365DCFCAB6A48C65F5" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Lariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A446AB3AD937CC2948FD26108E07FC04" italics="true">Lariscus insignis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4CFBCE98D5CE7E70F4E8A1CD27B6DF21" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Rhinosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticaudatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="51A499DA6208FB5E0987CECB6C381F52" italics="true">Rhinosciurus laticaudatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(R. Traub field notes; USNM Mammal Division archives).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDJBI" type="Conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4C2B2FC2192140FBAA70CDDFB692F13B">
|
||||
<heading id="26EABD5446EE0159B98BBD14B91BD55A" reason="title">Conservation.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="70DBD06148350B3BAB5BA71B0443F420">
|
||||
Recorded in Labis and Ulu Gombak Forest Reserves, Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="6A0971417C2BD2C0C46378D6B343E4C4" country="Malaysia" name="Perlis">Perlis</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, Gunong Stong and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="9B1588D05A204469F8B80FC20D27AD0B" country="Malaysia" name="Selangor">Selangor State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Parks, Tasik Bera Ramsar Site, and Taman Negara National Park (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="1F23710D78AAD6A817D614CDB685C8B3" DOI="10.15560/9.6.1349" author="Jayaraj" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jayaraj" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pagination="1439-1448" refId="B50" refString="Jayaraj V, Mokhtar S, Daud S, Sah S, Azhar MI, Abdullah M (2013) Diversity and conservation status of mammals in Wang Kelian State Park, Perlis, Malaysia. Check List 9: 1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.15560/9.6.1349" title="Diversity and conservation status of mammals in Wang Kelian State Park, Perlis, Malaysia." volume="9" year="2013">Jayaraj et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7F4F9983272F8A23FB8CABBEA62A928E" author="Ling" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ling" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pagination="3-11" refId="B64" refString="Ling LS, Maseri NM, Hambali K, Amir A (2018) A preliminary camera traps assessment of terrestrial vertebrates at different elevation gradients in Gunung Stong State Park, Kelantan, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 70: 3–11." title="A preliminary camera traps assessment of terrestrial vertebrates at different elevation gradients in Gunung Stong State Park, Kelantan, Malaysia." volume="70" year="2018">Ling et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E1F983DC36ABC3E478E9C6692C530112" DOI="10.21315/tlsr2019.30.2.10" author="William-Dee" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="William-Dee" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Life Sciences Research" pagination="131-147" refId="B114" refString="William-Dee J, Khan FA, Rosli Q, Morni MA, Azhar I, Lim LS, Tingga RC, Rahman MR (2019) Comparative distribution of small mammals diversity in protected and non-protected areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research 30: 131–147. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2019.30.2.10" title="Comparative distribution of small mammals diversity in protected and non-protected areas of Peninsular Malaysia." volume="30" year="2019">William-Dee et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="305A09EA4873842BB25330E5E6D4DB7D" DOI="10.3897/BDJ.8.e50304" author="Munian" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Munian" refId="B73" refString="Munian K, Azman SM, Ruzman NA, Fauzi NF, Zakaria AN (2020) Diversity and composition of volant and non-volant small mammals in northern Selangor State Park and adjacent forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e 50304. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e50304" year="2020">Munian et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="25956D1E29C1EEC15D520AF7E0A708EB" DOI="10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012024" author="Fauzi" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fauzi" refId="B30" refString="Fauzi NF, Shahfiz MA, Ruzman NA, Munian K, Baharudin MS, Azahar MA, Beri NZ, Ahmadni AA, Mohamad F (2021) Notes on small mammals diversity at Perlis State Parks, Wang Kelian, Perlis, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 842: 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012024" year="2021">Fauzi et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; iNaturalist; USNM specimens). It was the most abundant
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D25CF3E5401D5FEA62A813068792F291">
|
||||
<emphasis id="34A341E60E4E3B063D59183814D4E44C" italics="true">Callosciurus</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in a logged hill forest (8. l individuals / ha) but the least abundant one in a primary hill forest, perhaps suggesting a preference for secondary forests (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A61C8A977CA20E9A1F566DC5C5417337" DOI="10.2307/1382292" author="Tamura and Yong" firstAuthor="Tamura" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pagination="703-714" refId="B102" refString="Tamura N, Yong HS (1993) Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae). Journal of Mammalogy 74: 703–714. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382292" title="Vocalizations in response to predators in three species of Malaysian Callosciurus (Sciuridae)." volume="74" year="1993">Tamura and Yong 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="1940696CF67E7F7A07041CDA1D0D1DA6" DOI="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00186.x" author="Saiful" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Saiful" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pagination="346-351" refId="B88" refString="Saiful AA, Idris AH, Rashid YN, Tamura N, Hayashi F (2001) Home range size of sympatric squirrel species inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest in Malaysia. Biotropica 33: 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00186.x" title="Home range size of sympatric squirrel species inhabiting a lowland dipterocarp forest in Malaysia." volume="33" year="2001">Saiful et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="72908A1E8FBE3BAB48A204C8596CAFE2" DOI="10.1017/S02664674040061" author="Saiful and Nordin" firstAuthor="Saiful" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pagination="45-49" refId="B89" refString="Saiful AA, Nordin M (2004) Diversity and density of diurnal squirrels in a primary hill dipterocarp forest, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20: 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S02664674040061" title="Diversity and density of diurnal squirrels in a primary hill dipterocarp forest, Malaysia." volume="20" year="2004">Saiful and Nordin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Similarly, it was not recorded in the primary forest of Krau Game Reserve but it was frequently seen in rubber plantations around the reserve (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F1387767E7D6527E48A7B7DA7FE59081" author="Mackinnon" firstAuthor="Mackinnon" journalOrPublisher="Malay Nature Journal" pagination="593-608" refId="B66" refString="MacKinnon KS (1978) Stratification and feeding differences among Malayan squirrels. Malay Nature Journal 30: 593–608." title="Stratification and feeding differences among Malayan squirrels." volume="30" year="1978">Mackinnon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This species is destructive in plantations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2FC30B128F3D196626DCDB286EA302A9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F37C02332E3E5DA18365B1BCE3AD8A5B" italics="true">Artocarpus integrifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="59893D37CD09D3CDFD92E04A541A714C" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0ECC5CF8E104928A998C4DA44BC4F0CD" italics="true">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in various states of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="48FF7F6B3DDB6FBC23F0942C8A0BF46A" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="02C543BB7990AC3FCD11105A3EFDAD24" author="Moore and Tate" firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pagination="1-351" refId="B71" refString="Moore JC, Tate GH (1965) A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions. Fieldiana Zoology 48: 1–351." title="A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions." volume="48" year="1965">Moore and Tate 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EOLBI" type="comments">
|
||||
<paragraph id="82CC272A1525181186DE0DDA55CEAE82">
|
||||
<heading id="34BC681365B4572844D0AB96270DC278" reason="title">Comments.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C156A2D6076035C9A761DAADD70879A2">
|
||||
Northwestern edge populations from the islands of Langkawi (named form
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FAA5064C6164895B821BCAB5C336A81E" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancavensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D2931957E605E1C2864CF015EE872E83" italics="true">lancavensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), Telibun [Ko Libong] (named form
|
||||
<emphasis id="49EB3CD40990F70EAA5F23093072E6A6" italics="true">telibius</emphasis>
|
||||
), Adang (named form
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="450F517A078976ABAA7FA3ADD78B8F7C" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adangensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2ACED752978396F6C5FFD505029265A4" italics="true">adangensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and Mohea,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="2595B2ABA4EF1598939F69A84E120408" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(named forms
|
||||
<emphasis id="174105D789E663C8F395752F1E4D98BE" italics="true">mehoeius</emphasis>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<emphasis id="D46756D4F546B66A377F8C0AC546D254" italics="true">mohillius</emphasis>
|
||||
), have a pelage that is somewhat intermediate between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7CD177134F32A4FFFB1BB47DE99DD9D3" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="16E4CBA6F3BE9F815647A765BF367F26" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="04FC20508AA315EF8E74419BBE13E810" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caniceps" subSpecies="bimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9E12ACCC38D69A94A12AFE30EDD0A8DE" italics="true">C. caniceps bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but more similar to the former (This study;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8FADA11FF7E2FCC9EE3DD187F9D9275E" author="Moore and Tate" firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pagination="1-351" refId="B71" refString="Moore JC, Tate GH (1965) A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions. Fieldiana Zoology 48: 1–351." title="A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions." volume="48" year="1965">Moore and Tate 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). These have a more sharply marked-off, black tip of the tail than other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CBDCE829AADAF0A842C7930CC93095FC" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EDA43F287072CDC75C14314E07631684" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2CD6914E9F53A437DC60879EDA609E9E" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5574242430E4341BC2962B273D7ACDEC" italics="true">bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); generally lack the red suffusion in the neck side (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7B25DE6144404F76E7B3C02331B76954" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4927D2BCD2BC7001076F7474D703F627" italics="true">concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), except a single specimen in Lankawi, Ko Terutao and Ko Libong which had some faint yellow
|
||||
<emphasis id="88A78C9CDCB029ED04ED1541A4CEDDA0" italics="true">
|
||||
C. c.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="683E9B4BD74E951A2720E1FE2732DCE1" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">bimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
; lack a reddish suffusion in flanks and groin (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="15C4835B029AEE2CB5DC6DD939424E71" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4EEFB5C8AB1B2ED836F26A58F9CF997B" italics="true">concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and generally have a venter gray coloration that seems intermediate between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E1FF41AD4F5668F92AB756284D4F678B" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="41B80199E5879E5CBF06755C0EB43B11" italics="true">concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="53A67D60E1F3F4FA1EB79B162F6851E5" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="C54CF36D1B6BABFE4243BD12C6FE86BE" italics="true">bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(This study;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CD2B9C33C6ACD6141E8E4834714BDB06" author="Moore and Tate" firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pagination="1-351" refId="B71" refString="Moore JC, Tate GH (1965) A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions. Fieldiana Zoology 48: 1–351." title="A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions." volume="48" year="1965">Moore and Tate 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Specimens from Langkawi, Adang and Terutao islands were included in the craniodental
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1QBI" xlink_title="principal component analysis">PCA</abbrev>
|
||||
and are however clearly within the morphospace of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E1571079BAB571CDC89419C209D2F25B" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="92EFD483A8D4F51EA79CA80B6637F3BD" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Ko Libong museum specimens could not be examined but citizen science pictures suggest these are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="DEC3988817F9B8C15BEE15B81480D48A" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="64B370FAEB75ACA66B1C975770607F46" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and / or potential hybrids (Table S 3). Remarkably, museum specimens (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="0F9A6BD34467B128F89D1B4C410AAF25" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
83235) and pictures taken
|
||||
<quantity id="AB67BF6CBECF31D42A2BFB58CF0D9BD3" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||||
away, in the mainland (Prahmon, Yan Ta Khao District, Hat Chao Mai NP and Mot Tanoi Beach) show a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C2F52A67F459D6D3CBACAD8BD2DDC5A8" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EAAB567E36EBB3730527A7FC8423C9D5" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
skull and / or pelage. The mouth of the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="CB7DE9AB773915794381432488442ABE" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and / or Palian River might represent the northwestern limit for this species at the west coast since a specimen from “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5641E4DD44F0017FA2EF1C84EFDAE851" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
” (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="C1CCC7BC6C39273B544FFA5FF1FB54A5" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
86780), which must have been collected in a locality east of this river (according to W. L. Abbott’s field notes all localities sampled during the timeframe in which the specimen was collected were east of this river) and Kao Soi Dao (
|
||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ECSBI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.860000,7.350000]}">7.35, 99.86</named-content>
|
||||
; USNM 258917–8), which is southeast of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="105D8B4A52353872A2B84CB734CA7F88" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
River, showed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7B1B34D2665FAAA59FEE520D004E44FF" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75AE1961A621991654A471EBEDF33EA8" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
craniodental morphospace and / or pelage. Potential hybrid specimens are recorded at this river headwaters, in Lay Song Hong (
|
||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EUSBI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.450000,7.830000]}">7.83, 99.45</named-content>
|
||||
; USNM 83495–7), while
|
||||
<emphasis id="BDF9275ECBEC47171C5FEF6269C814E6" italics="true">
|
||||
C. c.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1B0381B64822882859FCD6B196EC89C7" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">bimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
with a faintly ornamented pelage side are recorded in Khao Chong (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="09574F5254B8671A09273A12DB11924E" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
258916;
|
||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EKTBI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.790000,7.540000]}">7.54, 99.79</named-content>
|
||||
), at the foothills of the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="71D28BAA6BC1CD8D769C2B60420400B3" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Range (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="14A90ECA19DF847588BDA77209B1AFA1">NSTR</collectionCode>
|
||||
). This suggests that the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="42009C8E445BCE82A15C0BF27EF9F276" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and / or Palian Rivers and NSTR might have constituted physical barriers to gene flow to some extent. Similarly, on the east coast,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DEB2F70520ACD98D924BB92BAFE98E5" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9EE785688157075AF3144CBC9206F59E" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
seems to have its southern limit around
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="C4754ACD9F7CA05A341D0EF593E13A4F" country="Thailand" name="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</collectingRegion>
|
||||
city and Ban Ta Yai (
|
||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E3TBI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.870000,8.380000]}">8.38, 99.87</named-content>
|
||||
), potentially at the confluence of two major rivers: Ta Pi and Phum Duang. Tha Lo, which is SW of the city, has potential hybrids (Fig. S 4). The species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A21823280519064A93F5A42398CBA842" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="840CDEEAC28074BAE3103E68541EB34D" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
seems to be distributed north of these rivers and west of NSTR (e. g., Ban Kok Klap,
|
||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EOUBI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.280000,8.880000]}">8.88, 99.28</named-content>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E09B6C4E1B23513DF15796BE01F01C88" author="Robinson and Kloss" firstAuthor="Robinson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum" pagination="111-127" refId="B83" refString="Robinson HC, Kloss CB (1915) On a collection of mammals from Siamese province of Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum 5: 111–127." title="On a collection of mammals from Siamese province of Bandon, N. E. Malay Peninsula." volume="5" year="1915">Robinson and Kloss 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), while
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0BC247CDB8DAC70D2206B35D233FF009" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="263D2C3BB9BAF948397E954BB6BB6FB9" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
seems to be found to the east of this range (Ban Ta Yai,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="D48FB75F0B559CDE5CE5EC339C2F7170" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
; Figs
|
||||
<figureCitation id="967430FF3F14CC230F44C20DD68DA40E" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of tropical East Asia indicating the localities of museum specimens examined in this study for Callosciurus caniceps. Different subspecies are labeled with different symbols, while different colors illustrate the potential distribution of the two major genetic lineages described by Hinckley et al. (2023 a), inferred from pelage variation. Darker background shades correspond to higher elevations." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e133467.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1160061">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
, S 3). Furthermore, specimens (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="EEE92B3BE19CE12484BED658D8D6A664" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
355078, 355079, 35580, 535161; Fig. S 4) collected in this mountain range or at its foothills (Doi Kaeo, Nam Tok Tha Phae, and Ban Tha Phae, at Lan Saka and Chawang districts) have a hybrid pelage (red infusion in mid-line but also in the sides, particularly on the neck, and groin area, or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D42F4E3620C83B93673ABB4B0FE25D1C" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="37E10877D0E78EF10D48B51AE17CEB78" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
venter with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="00822EAE763F3F3863864BC02ECFF15A" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9AE32E4DB7117E333AFD23B93D082ABF" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
dorsum coloration). However, specimens from Ban Nam Tok, Ban Na and Thafa, unknown localities also at Chawang district (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="1C37E248A850625C8A72FC4C77634B0C" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
535159, 535163–8), have
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6BF4EA238C2DC5A742BE711E00DCE743" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="91584C65CBA09DE8EDEC42D2882E7E9A" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
pelage. Just at
|
||||
<quantity id="157E393C70DF632616F3B6CA584038ED" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||||
from the potential hybrid population of Nam Tok Tha Phae, and at the east side of NSTR, there is Ban Ta Yai (
|
||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EJWBI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.870000,8.380000]}">8.38, 99.87</named-content>
|
||||
) which has
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5EB8DF0D387C6918251A5C27E448DA86" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="216ACAD4827876CD6B8F3F94F9B5150B" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
pelage. Craniodental data is quite consistent with pelage since localities from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="BD3B4687C7141A325441996C4EE64906" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="A388D0B51958C5092CB29AA1021CA69E" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
are intermingled with those of N and S groups in the
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYWBI" xlink_title="principal component analysis">PCA</abbrev>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="91EF724E302DD97A8F0E75206E0508B0" DOI="10.1292/jvms.69.149" author="Hayashida A & Endo H & Sasaki M & Oshida T & Kimura J & Waengsothorn S & Kitamura N & Yamada J" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hayashida" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Veterinary Medical Science" pagination="149-157" refId="B39" refString="Hayashida A, Endo H, Sasaki M, Oshida T, Kimura J, Waengsothorn S, Kitamura N, Yamada J (2007) Geographical variation in skull morphology of gray-bellied squirrel Callosciurus caniceps. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 69: 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.149" title="Geographical variation in skull morphology of gray-bellied squirrel Callosciurus caniceps." volume="69" year="2007">Hayashida et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. However, localities from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="879ED8D92C7BA8EA797C2C68CD6CB641" country="Thailand" name="Prachuap Khiri Khan">Prachuap Khiri Khan</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="DC3D4E82A5A2C2FF61311C1EA29DA44E" country="Thailand" name="Chumphon">Chumphon</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="04391A666FF1A33A1FF9196215F506D9" country="Thailand" name="Krabi">Krabi</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and some from Mergui archipelago were also in between the morphospace of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="EF7D301820B9BF59F182ED74192CB878" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="41E7B8602DDC107C8E4D27DE92BED448" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="AC8C48921C23115DA48E2BBD34CB440C" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="DC9CA3E1B6DE234C6528AC261AE900E0" italics="true">C. concolor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but this study and / or
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3C5F82417D451D1F510C200EC9523603" author="Hinckley A & Hawkins MT & Maldonado JE & Leonard JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pagination="1090-1102" refId="B46" refString="Hinckley A, Hawkins MT, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA (2023 a) Evolutionary history and patterns of divergence in three tropical east Asian squirrels across the Isthmus of Kra. Journal of Biogeography 50: 1090–1102. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbi.14598" title="Evolutionary history and patterns of divergence in three tropical east Asian squirrels across the Isthmus of Kra." url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbi.14598" volume="50">Hinckley et al. (2023 a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) craniodental, pelage and / or molecular evidence show these populations represent
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D60538F01214A316B723BF6CA6E70BB4" authority="(Hayashida et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Hayashida" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B5CACE472F807C621C0D107C355C3191" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
(Hayashida et al. 2006)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The addition of the diagnostic postorbital process length variable might have contributed to a better resolution in this study. Similarly,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5E975D2592CA34F1FEFD817516866A55" DOI="10.1292/jvms.69.149" author="Hayashida A & Endo H & Sasaki M & Oshida T & Kimura J & Waengsothorn S & Kitamura N & Yamada J" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hayashida" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Veterinary Medical Science" pagination="149-157" refId="B39" refString="Hayashida A, Endo H, Sasaki M, Oshida T, Kimura J, Waengsothorn S, Kitamura N, Yamada J (2007) Geographical variation in skull morphology of gray-bellied squirrel Callosciurus caniceps. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 69: 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.149" title="Geographical variation in skull morphology of gray-bellied squirrel Callosciurus caniceps." volume="69" year="2007">Hayashida et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
considered specimens with completed molar eruption as adults while this study was more conservative, considering specimens with deciduous or partially erupted premolars as subadults. According to molecular data, the southern limit of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="38A81F37A07D1CB5AC051B3600E999B6" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BA45C9034BE6B9EEE01BA0EB1BDB1F9C" italics="true">C. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is between 6.5–
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="F6C6060FD880E6FF86C496D265471353" degrees="8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55555" value="8.0">8 ° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, specimens sequenced further south in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="256316012C4BBF30A4409286786848B1" author="Hinckley A & Hawkins MT & Maldonado JE & Leonard JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pagination="1090-1102" refId="B46" refString="Hinckley A, Hawkins MT, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA (2023 a) Evolutionary history and patterns of divergence in three tropical east Asian squirrels across the Isthmus of Kra. Journal of Biogeography 50: 1090–1102. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbi.14598" title="Evolutionary history and patterns of divergence in three tropical east Asian squirrels across the Isthmus of Kra." url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbi.14598" volume="50">Hinckley et al. (2023 a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) are from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7D6848379A96D63D754492E4A4C2E3FC" country="Thailand" name="Phuket">Phuket</collectingRegion>
|
||||
at east coast and Ko Tao at west coast, but sampling at
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="B9B5F4DC1C524B351C943A7A1ED721BE" country="Thailand" name="Trang">Trang</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="5DB5ADDA4F2C22492CE106652F79F68E" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</collectingRegion>
|
||||
provinces is lacking.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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