diff --git a/data/11/6A/F0/116AF0B7AF095A859F1DBB2EACF23D1B.xml b/data/11/6A/F0/116AF0B7AF095A859F1DBB2EACF23D1B.xml index 2992a49a76a..c56e5b4180d 100644 --- a/data/11/6A/F0/116AF0B7AF095A859F1DBB2EACF23D1B.xml +++ b/data/11/6A/F0/116AF0B7AF095A859F1DBB2EACF23D1B.xml @@ -1,57 +1,57 @@ - - - -Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar + + + +Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar - - -Author + + +Author -Murray, Katie I. -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK +Murray, Katie I. +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Escobar-Toledo, Jaime -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK +Escobar-Toledo, Jaime +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Pett, Brogan L. -0000-0002-0461-3715 -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK +Pett, Brogan L. +0000-0002-0461-3715 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK -text - - -African Invertebrates +text + + +African Invertebrates - -2024 - -2024-10-28 + +2024 + +2024-10-28 - -65 + +65 - -2 + +2 - -61 -74 + +61 +74 -journal article -10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 -2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 +2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Material examined. - + Holotype @@ -81,26 +81,28 @@ : Madagascar ; -Mahajanaga province +Mahajanaga province , -Mariarano -classified forest, -Matsedroy -camp; +Mariarano classified forest +, +Matsedroy camp +; -15.471 ° S +15.471°S , -46.744 ° E +46.744°E ; 13 July 2017 -, 20: 06; “ Savannah next to dry forest ”, +, 20: 06; “ +Savannah next to dry forest +”, Yi Wang -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. Ara. 247707). +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247707 +). diff --git a/data/27/62/16/2762164CB6675B84AE49121ACF8FD975.xml b/data/27/62/16/2762164CB6675B84AE49121ACF8FD975.xml index 0dd80a675d2..6c3b8e6e552 100644 --- a/data/27/62/16/2762164CB6675B84AE49121ACF8FD975.xml +++ b/data/27/62/16/2762164CB6675B84AE49121ACF8FD975.xml @@ -1,57 +1,57 @@ - - - -Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar + + + +Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar - - -Author + + +Author -Murray, Katie I. -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK +Murray, Katie I. +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Escobar-Toledo, Jaime -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK +Escobar-Toledo, Jaime +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Pett, Brogan L. -0000-0002-0461-3715 -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK +Pett, Brogan L. +0000-0002-0461-3715 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK -text - - -African Invertebrates +text + + +African Invertebrates - -2024 - -2024-10-28 + +2024 + +2024-10-28 - -65 + +65 - -2 + +2 - -61 -74 + +61 +74 -journal article -10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 -2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 +2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Material examined. - + Holotype @@ -82,22 +82,26 @@ ; Mahajanga province , -Mariarano -classified forest; +Mariarano classified forest +; -15.468 ° S +15.468°S , -46.741 ° E +46.741°E ; 28 June 2017 -, 20: 25; “ long grass, net sweep ”, +, 20: 25; “ +long grass +, +net sweep +”, Brogan L. Pett -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. Ara. 247708). +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247708 +). diff --git a/data/35/96/6F/35966F97FF885A47A554757CC994358F.xml b/data/35/96/6F/35966F97FF885A47A554757CC994358F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a876e8ae92e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/35/96/6F/35966F97FF885A47A554757CC994358F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ + + + +Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar + + + +Author + +Murray, Katie I. +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK + + + +Author + +Escobar-Toledo, Jaime +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK + + + +Author + +Pett, Brogan L. +0000-0002-0461-3715 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2024 + +2024-10-28 + + +65 + + +2 + + +61 +74 + + + +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 +2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 + + + + + +Plexippus petersi +( +Karsch, 1878 +) + + + + + +Figs 34–36 + + + + + + + +Euophrys petersii + +Karsch, 1878: 332 +, pl. 2, fig. 7. + + + + + + + + + +Plexippus petersi + +Simon 1903: 728 +. + + + + + + + + + +Marpissa calcutaensis +Tikader, 1974: 210 + +, figs 9–10. + + + + + + +Plexippus calcutaensis + +Nenilin 1984: 6. + +Plexippus petersi + +: + +Żabka, 1985: 433 + +, figs 464–470. + + + + + + + +Description. + + +See +Żabka (1985) +; illustrated in this paper (figs 34–36). + + + + + + + +Plexippus petersi +( +Karsch, 1878 +) + +female +34 +habitus dorsal +35 +epigyne ventral +36 +habitus ventral. + + + + + +Material examined. + + +• + +1 ♀ +Madagascar +; +Mahajanga province +, +Mariarano classified forest +; +15.470°S +, +46.742°E +; + +21 June 2017 + +, 16: 20; +Brogan L. Pett +leg. ( +BINCO_MAD_17_0129_1 +) + +. + + + + +Distribution. + + +The species is recorded from many countries across south-eastern Asia ( +WSC 2024 +). The only published specimen records in Africa are from +Mozambique +( +Simon 1903 +), with specimens putatively identified from south-western +Kenya +, northern +Tanzania +, and far eastern +Madagascar +( +SMNS +database). Thus, this is the first confirmed specimen record from +Madagascar +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/52/CF/8A/52CF8A8660BC579E874E8D4626DA3A0A.xml b/data/52/CF/8A/52CF8A8660BC579E874E8D4626DA3A0A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..749256da7f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/52/CF/8A/52CF8A8660BC579E874E8D4626DA3A0A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,464 @@ + + + +Lost in synonymy: Integrative species delimitation reveals two unrecognized species of Southern Asian tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Callosciurinae) + + + +Author + +Hinckley, Arlo +0000-0002-2412-4003 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain & Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States & Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Maldonado, Jesús E. +0000-0002-4282-1072 +Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genomics, Washington DC, United States + + + +Author + +Tamura, Noriko +0000-0001-8142-0733 +Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Todori 1833, Hachioji, Tokyo 193 - 0843, Japan + + + +Author + +Leonard, Jennifer A. +0000-0003-0291-7819 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Hawkins, Melissa T. R. +0000-0001-8929-1593 +Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States + +text + + +Vertebrate Zoology + + +2024 + +2024-10-28 + + +74 + + +683 +707 + + + +journal article +10.3897/vz.74.e133467 +CCCE8F90-E07A-4F06-A8D7-04AD7A6D7005 + + + + + +Tamiops mcclellandii +( +Horsfield, 1839 +) + + + + + + + + +Sciurus mcclellandi +Horsfield, 1839 + + +, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1839: 152. + + + + + + +Sciurus pembertoni +Blyth, 1842 + + +, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 11: 887. + + + + + + +Sciurus macclellandi manipurensis +Bonhote, 1900 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) 5: 51. + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + +Holotype +not specified in description. Two examined specimens are labeled as cotypes: NHMUK 79.11. 21.372, skin and skull, an adult male, also marked as “ +lectotype +”, and NHMUK 79.11. 21.373, skin and skull, a young adult marked as “ lectoparatype ”. + + + + +Type locality. + + +“ +Assam +” [= +Assam +, +India +]. + + + + +Emended diagnosis. + + +A small-sized + +Tamiops + +(average +HB += +116.5 mm +, W = +56.7 g +, GLS = +32.7 mm +; Table S 8; +Moore and Tate 1965 +; +Liu et al. 2022 +) that can be distinguished from all other relatives by the combination of the following characters: relatively weakly striped summer pelage, with outer dark stripes paler than inner dark stripe; narrow (maximum width: +3–5 mm +) outer pair of light stripes which are connected to a distinct pale facial stripe; outer light stripes are paler than inner light stripes and have a different width; no traces of rust / orange suffusion in venter (except very rarely in the chest), crown, or nape; absence of a yellow / orange hue in ear tufts; venter hairs have a great extent of gray at their base, which is not entirely covered by the tip lighter coloration, giving the venter an overall dull yellow-buff mixed with gray / brown coloration; golden / yellow tipped tail hairs; relatively large baculum with shaft and blade, shaft lacks a small concavity where the blade is attached, blade lacks ridges, blade attachment orientation is tangent to shaft orientation (Figs +8 A, D +and +9 A, B +). + + + + + + +Dorsal and ventral views of the skins of ( +A +) + +Tamiops mcclellandii + +(NHMUK 79.11. 21.372, lectotype), ( +B +) + +T. barbei barbei + +(NHMUK 1914.7. 8.36, topotype), and ( +C +) + +T. barbei inconstans + +(NHMUK 12.7.25.31, holotype); live images of ( +D +) + +T. mcclellandii + +taken by Lee Alloway in Kumarkata, Assam, India, and ( +E +) + +T. barbei + +taken by Andaman Kaosung in Kaeng Krachan District, Thailand. + + + + + + + +Baculum comparison between + +Tamiops barbei + +and + +T. mcclellandii + +. +A +Lateral (left) view of + +T. mcclellandii + +(USNM 564453); +B +ventrolateral view of + +T. mcclellandii + +(USNM 564453); +C +lateral (left) view of + +T. barbei + +(USNM 297043); +D +ventrolateral view of + +T. barbei + +(USNM 297043). + + + + + +Comparisons. + + +It can be externally distinguished from its allopatric relatives + +Tamiops maritimus + +and + +T. mishanica + +, as well as the allopatric / elevational parapatric + +T. swinhoei + +, based on its smaller size and outer pair of light stripes which are connected to a light facial stripe in + +T. mcclellandii + +, but just extend to the shoulder in the other species (except in + +T. swinhoei + +in which it can be rarely connected with a faint line). Its pelage is also generally harsher, thinner, and shorter vs softer, denser and longer in + +T. swinhoei + +(although these features are affected by latitude, elevation and seasonality), and it lacks a yellow / orange hue in its ear tufts and reddish suffusion in crown while these features are frequently present in + +T. swinhoei + +. Its facial stripe is distinctive vs diffuse in + +T. minshanica + +, and its venter is buff or gray colored, lacking any red hue vs rust colored in + +T. minshanica +( +Liu et al. 2022 +) + +. It can be differentiated from allopatric + +Tamiops rodolphii + +based on the following external features: outer light lines are thinner but more distinctive, contrasted and lighter than inner light lines which are less conspicuous vs outer and inner light lines are of equal width and similar brightness, distinctiveness, and contrast with the dorsum in + +T. rodolphii + +; outer dark line coloration is homogeneous along the anterior-posterior axis vs outer dark lines grade posterior-anteriorly from black / dark brown to brown / reddish-brown in + +T. rodolphii + +; absence of a thin pale brown line across the black mid-dorsal line vs presence of a thin pale brown line across the black mid-dorsal line in + +T. rodolphii + +(except in SE +Thailand +populations); generally duller, venter coloration which goes from buff to yellow (without any trace of red, except in the chest of three Mishmi Hill female specimens) vs generally brighter, orange-yellow to salmon-ochraceous in + +T. rodolphii + +. A comparison with + +Tamiops barbei + +has been included in the following account, after this species has been formally revalidated. + + + + +Distribution, habitat and natural history. + + +Distributed across the Eastern Himalayas including +Nepal +, +Sikkim +( +NE +India +), +Bhutan +, +Assam +and +Arunachal Pradesh +( +NE +India +), +Kachin +( +Myanmar +), and Yingjiang County, north of the Daying River ( +SW +China +; Figs +2 +, S 5). It extends southward across the +Arakan +Range including the Garo, Khasi, Lushai, Mishmi, Naga and +Chin +Hills (Table S 1; iNaturalist; +Li et al. 2005 +; +Thapa et al. 2016 +). Its distribution is possibly limited to the southeast by the +Irrawaddy +River basin and to the east by the Taping / Daying, Shweli / Longjiang, or Nu Jiang / Salween Rivers since the allopatric + +T. barbei + +has been recorded at Maymyo ( +Mandalay +) and Zhenkang (Yunnan), to the west of these rivers (Table S 1; iNaturalist; +Li et al. 2005 +). It has been recorded from ca. +170 to 2743 m +a. s. l. in tropical and subtropical forest. This species seems to be replaced, perhaps outcompeted, at higher elevations by + +Tamiops swinhoei + +in northern +Myanmar +(Table S 1; Ronald Kaulback field notes, NHMUK specimen tags; +Moore and Tate 1965 +). + +Tamiops mcclellandii + +rarely comes to the ground, often observed “ high up in tall trees, moving in short rushes and then staying motionless, sometimes head downward, often some minutes at a time … never seen one in low bushes ” (Lord Cranbrook letter, described in +Moore and Tate 1965 +). Similarly, in +Arunachal Pradesh +, + +T. mcclellandii + +was not recorded on the ground and was shown to mainly forage on bark along tree trunks below +10 m +, particularly on bark of the species + +Kydia calycina + +, + +Pterospermum acerifolium + +, and + +Amoora wallichii +( +Datta and Goyal 2008 +) + +. In northern +Myanmar +, it was collected at 12 meters up in dead pine tree in dense pine tree and rhododendron forest at +2743 m +a. s. l., but also in a yam field surrounded by “ light ” (possibly secondary) forest at +914 m +a. s. l. (Ronald Kaulback field notes, NHMUK specimen tags). Recorded in pairs or small groups often sharing the same tree with + +Dremomys lokriah +( +Moore and Tate 1965 +) + +, and feeding on the bark of + +Dipterocarpus macrocarpus + +(iNaturalist). Mating recorded in April in +Bhutan +( +https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/210973847 +). + + + + +Conservation. + + +Recorded in Neora Valley, Royal Manas, Namdapha, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Phrumsengla, and Nat Ma Taung National Parks, Buxa and Pakke Tiger Reserves, Eaglenest and Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Cherrapunji-Mawsynram Reserve Forest (Table S 1; iNaturalist; +Datta and Goyal 2008 +). Also recorded very close to Khangchendzonga and Phawngpui National Parks (Table S 1). This species was recorded in logged forest, but it was significantly less abundant than in nearby unlogged primary forest ( +Datta and Goyal 2008 +). + + + + +Comments. + + +Cyt +b +pairwise uncorrected genetic distances between populations from +Sikkim +and the +Arakan +Range are relatively high (ca. 5–6 %) but there is little nuclear differentiation ( +Hinckley et al. 2023 a +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8B/95/59/8B955966B9EE535086EDA36EC5E191C2.xml b/data/8B/95/59/8B955966B9EE535086EDA36EC5E191C2.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..30251f5034b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/8B/95/59/8B955966B9EE535086EDA36EC5E191C2.xml @@ -0,0 +1,654 @@ + + + +Lost in synonymy: Integrative species delimitation reveals two unrecognized species of Southern Asian tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Callosciurinae) + + + +Author + +Hinckley, Arlo +0000-0002-2412-4003 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain & Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States & Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Maldonado, Jesús E. +0000-0002-4282-1072 +Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genomics, Washington DC, United States + + + +Author + +Tamura, Noriko +0000-0001-8142-0733 +Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Todori 1833, Hachioji, Tokyo 193 - 0843, Japan + + + +Author + +Leonard, Jennifer A. +0000-0003-0291-7819 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Hawkins, Melissa T. R. +0000-0001-8929-1593 +Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States + +text + + +Vertebrate Zoology + + +2024 + +2024-10-28 + + +74 + + +683 +707 + + + +journal article +10.3897/vz.74.e133467 +CCCE8F90-E07A-4F06-A8D7-04AD7A6D7005 + + + + + +Tamiops barbei +( +Blyth, 1847 +) + + + + + + + + +Sciurus barbei +Blyth, 1847 + + +, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 16: 875. + + + + + + +Tamias +[sic] +leucotis +Temminck, 1853 + + +, Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de +Guiné +, Mammifères: 252. + + + + + + +Sciurus mcclellandi kongensis +Bonhote, 1901 + +, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1901: 55. + + + + + + + +Sciurus novemlineatus +Miller, 1903 b + +, Proceedings of the Biological Society of +Washington +16: 147. + + + + + + + +Tamiops inconstans +Thomas, 1920 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 5: 306. + + + + + + +Tamiops mcclellandi collinus +Moore, 1958 + + +, American Museum Novitates 1879: 1. + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + +Two syntypes +are housed in the National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of +India +: ZSI 9482 and ZSI 9483. These represent two unsexed study skins and skulls collected by +J. Barbe +and have been previously cited by their former Indian Museum catalog numbers: c 2 and d 2. The third +syntype +described by Blyth could not be found in this collection ( +Khajuria et al. 1977 +). These specimens could not be examined in this study but a +topotype +was examined ( +NHMUK 1914.7 +. 8.36). + + + + +Type locality. + + +Zami River, Ye Province, +100 miles +south of Moulmein, Tenasserim, +Burma +[= c. +161 km +south of Mawlamyine, +Mon +, +Myanmar +; ca. + +16.21 ° N +, +97.74 ° E + +]. + + + + +Emended diagnosis. + + +A small-sized + +Tamiops + +[average +HB += +107–114 mm +( + +T. b. +inconstans + +/ + +T. b. +barbei + +), W = +47 g +, GLS = +32 mm +; +Moore and Tate 1965 +; +Liu et al. 2022 +] that can be distinguished from all other relatives by the combination of the following features: Outer light stripes are paler than inner light stripes and have a different width; rust / orange suffusion in venter but not in crown or nape; absence of yellow / orange hue in ear tufts; venter hairs have a very small extent of basal gray that is entirely covered by the colored hair tips, giving the venter a homogeneous and bright coloration; white / buff tipped tail hairs (Fig. +8 B, C, E +). It can also be discriminated based on one of the following combinations of characters, which correspond to its two subspecies. + +Tamiops barbei barbei + +: Strongly striped, with outer dark stripes as dark as inner dark stripe; wide outer pair of light stripes (maximum width: +6–9 mm +), which are connected to a distinct light facial stripe; relatively small-sized baculum with shaft and blade, shaft has a small concavity where the blade is attached, blade is inserted in this concavity, blade attachment orientation is perpendicular to shaft orientation (Fig. +9 C, D +). + +Tamiops barbei inconstans + +: Faintly striped, with outer dark stripes less dark than inner dark stripe. + + + + +Comparisons. + + +In general terms, + +T. barbei + +is distinguished from its parapatric relative + +T. mcclellandii + +by its more colorful venter and paler tipped tail hairs, and at the turnover area between these species (west and central Indochina), by its strongly striped appearance and longer tail (Figs +8 +, S 2 A). Since the dorsal pelage of + +T. barbei barbei + +and + +T. b. +inconstans + +is quite different, and the latter is here considered a candidate species (see comments section), each of these subspecies will be compared separately with + +T. mcclellandii + +. Parapatric + +T. b. +barbei + +and + +T. mcclellandii + +can be externally distinguished based on the following pelage features: outer dark stripes as black as inner dark stripe vs paler than inner dark stripe in + +T. mcclellandii + +during spring-summer; great vs little contrast between inner light and outer dark stripe pairs in + +T. mcclellandii + +; outer pair of light stripes wide (maximum width: +6–9 mm +) vs narrow (maximum width: +3–5 mm +) in + +T. mcclellandii + +; venter gray hair bases are short and entirely covered by the colored hair tips vs venter gray hair bases are long and not entirely covered by colored hair tips in + +T. mcclellandii + +, giving + +T. b. +barbei + +a homogeneous bright yellow / orange ventral coloration vs yellow-buff mixed with gray / brown in + +T. mcclellandii + +; white / buff vs golden / yellow tipped tail hairs in + +T. mcclellandii + +. + + +Allopatric + +T. b. +inconstans + +and + +T. mcclellandii + +can be externally distinguished based on less pelage features: venter gray hair bases are short and entirely covered by the colored hair tips vs venter gray hair bases are long and not entirely covered by colored hair tips in + +T. mcclellandii + +, giving + +T. b. +inconstans + +a homogeneous bright orange ventral coloration vs yellow-buff mixed with gray / brown in + +T. mcclellandii + +; buff / pale yellow vs golden / yellow tipped tail hairs in + +T. mcclellandii + +. + + +It can also be distinguished from + +T. mcclellandii + +by its longer ( +106–163 mm +) vs shorter ( +75–113 mm +) tail in their distribution contact area (west and central Indochina; Fig. S 2 A). Similarly, cranium morphospace is also more distinct between parapatric + +T. b. +barbei + +and + +T. mcclellandii + +, than between allopatric + +T. b. +inconstans + +and + +T. mcclellandii + +(Figs +4 +, S 2 B). More specifically, + +T. barbei + +has a deeper rostrum and broader interorbital constriction, but a more flattened braincase than + +T. mcclellandii + +(Figs +4 +, S 2 B). + + +Finally, + +T. b. +barbei + +can also be differentiated from + +T. mcclellandii + +through the following baculum characteristics: Presence vs absence of a small concavity where the blade is attached to shaft in + +T. mcclellandii + +; blade attachment orientation is perpendicular vs tangent to shaft orientation in + +T. mcclellandii + +; shorter ( +4.70–5.09 mm +) vs longer ( +6.15–6.65 mm +) shaft in + +T. mcclellandii + +(Fig. +9 +). + + +It is currently thought to have an allopatric distribution with its relatives + +Tamiops maritimus + +, + +T. mishanica + +and + +T. swinhoei + +(although + +T. barbei inconstans + +might have a sympatric / parapatric elevational distribution with + +T. swinhoei + +/ + +maritimus + +in Yunnan and northern +Vietnam +) from which it can be externally distinguished based on its outer pair of light stripes, which are connected to the light facial stripe in + +T. barbei barbei + +(except in some + +T. barbei inconstans + +specimens), but just extend to the shoulder in the other species (except in + +T. swinhoei + +in which it is rarely connected with a faint line). Its pelage is also harsher, thinner, and shorter vs softer, denser and longer in + +T. swinhoei + +, and it lacks a yellow / orange hue in its ear tufts and reddish suffusion in crown while these features are frequently present in + +T. swinhoei + +. Its facial stripe is distinctive vs diffuse in + +T. minshanica + +, and its crown is characterized by a dull brown gray vs bright reddish-brown coloration in + +T. mishanica + +. It can be differentiated from parapatric + +T. rodolphii + +based on the following external features: outer light lines are thinner but more distinctive, contrasted and lighter than inner light lines, which are less conspicuous vs outer and inner light lines are of equal width and similar brightness, distinctiveness, and contrast with the dorsum in + +T. rodolphii + +; outer dark lines’ coloration is homogeneous along the anterior-posterior axis vs outer dark lines generally grade posterior-anteriorly from black / dark brown to brown / reddish-brown in + +T. rodolphii + +; absence of a thin pale brown line across the black mid-dorsal line vs presence of a thin pale brown line across the black mid-dorsal line in + +T. rodolphii + +(except in SE +Thailand +populations). + + +Finally, the glandes penis and bacula among + +T. minshanica + +, + +T. swinhoei + +, + +T. maritimus + +, + +T. barbei barbei + +, and + +T. barbei inconstans + +differ distinctly from each other ( +Pocock 1923 +; +Liu et al. 2022 +). + + + + +Distribution, habitat and natural history. + + +Distributed from the Irrawaddy River to the West to the Northwest provinces of +Vietnam +to the East (A. E. Balakirev pers. comm.), southern +Yunnan +( +China +) ca. +23.5 º N +to the North, and to +Selangor +( +Malaysia +) to the South (Figs +2 +, S 5). In +Thailand +, the Chao Phraya River Basin might constitute a barrier for this species and its eastern limit, since this species is replaced by + +T. rodolphii + +to the east of the Chao Phraya / Pa Sak River ( +Chon Buri +and +Chaiyaphum +provinces). The only exceptions are several iNaturalist records from Khao Yai National Park, which is just to the East of this river, most of which seem to represent + +Tamiops barbei + +. Recorded from sea level to +2130 m +a. s. l. (Table S 1). + + +Recorded feeding on cherry blossom flowers / nectar, + +Mudhuca floribunda + +, + +Ficus hirta + +, + +Musa acuminata + +, and + +Castanopsis acuminatissima + +(iNaturalist; +Rueangket et al. 2019 +). + + + + +Conservation. + +Recorded in Khao Sok, Khao Yai, Ko Tarutao, Thai Muang, Kaeng Krachan, Khoa Luang, Phu Suan Sai, Phu Kradueng, Thale Ban, Khao Pu-Khao Ya, Mae Ping, Si Satchanalai and Doi Luang, Doi Inthanon National Parks, Lentang Forest Reserve, Fraser’s Hill and Krau Wildlife Reserves, Chiang Dao, Phu Luang, and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (iNaturalist; Table S 1). + + + +Comments. + + +The subspecies + +Tamiops barbei inconstans + +might merit species-level recognition. It is well differentiated from + +T. barbei barbei + +populations based on mitochondrial DNA, having divergerged ca. 3.54 million years ago with cyt +b +pairwise uncorrected genetic distances ca. 5 % ( +Hinckley et al. 2023 a +). Ecologically, it is adapted to subtropical forests instead of monsoon forests / rainforests. Morphologically, it exhibits a highly distinct dorsal pelage, a shorter tail than Indochinese + +T. b. +barbei + +populations, and a somewhat overlapping but distinct craniodental morphospace. Its baculum also differs from that of nominotypical + +T. barbei + +populations ( +Pocock 1923 +; +Liu et al. 2022 +). Unfortunately, +Hinckley et al. (2023 a +) were limited by the sampling of only a single + +T. b. +inconstans + +population and the absence of nuclear data. Future research should expand geographic and genetic sampling to more thoroughly assess whether this subspecies warrants full species recognition. + + +In + +T. barbei barbei + +, morphological sampling in Kra sensu lato complemented and supported the limited molecular evidence in this area of +Hinckley et al. (2023 a +), suggesting a phenotype transition / contact zone between +Trang +and Hat Sanuk (circa 7.5–12 ºN). Molecular evidence showed specimen FMNH 82879 from Tenasserim Town (west coast, 12 ºN) had south and north haplotypes for different markers. Additionally, FMNH 82879 and other specimens from this latitude and all the way south to +Trang +(west coast, +7.5 ºN +) also showed an intermediate morphology among north and south groups in the +PCA +or measurement biplots. However, specimens from Chong Bueng ( +14.6 ºN +) show most external measurements in the range of the north group (and +T. m. kongensis +pelage) while specimens from Nakhon Sri Thammarat and +Surat Thani +(east coast, circa 8–10 ºN) cluster with the south group. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/C1/DC/6D/C1DC6DCFBBE451B993F316649C176768.xml b/data/C1/DC/6D/C1DC6DCFBBE451B993F316649C176768.xml index 8431cece9f9..1277537aa55 100644 --- a/data/C1/DC/6D/C1DC6DCFBBE451B993F316649C176768.xml +++ b/data/C1/DC/6D/C1DC6DCFBBE451B993F316649C176768.xml @@ -1,57 +1,57 @@ - - - -Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar + + + +Three new species of plexippine jumping spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Plexippini) from dry forest in Boeny region, north-western Madagascar - - -Author + + +Author -Murray, Katie I. -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK +Murray, Katie I. +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2042-2285 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Escobar-Toledo, Jaime -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK +Escobar-Toledo, Jaime +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2495-780X +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Pett, Brogan L. -0000-0002-0461-3715 -SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK +Pett, Brogan L. +0000-0002-0461-3715 +SpiDiverse, Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation npo (BINCO), 3380 Walmersumstraat, Glabbeek, Belgium & Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR 10 9 FE, UK & Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, UK -text - - -African Invertebrates +text + + +African Invertebrates - -2024 - -2024-10-28 + +2024 + +2024-10-28 - -65 + +65 - -2 + +2 - -61 -74 + +61 +74 -journal article -10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 -2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.126810 +2FE3F7D4-857D-4291-8885-289765927667 @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Material examined. - + Holotype @@ -85,29 +85,31 @@ : Madagascar ; -Mahajanaga province +Mahajanaga province , -Mariarano -classified forest, -Antafiameva -camp; +Mariarano classified forest +, +Antafiameva camp +; -15.46 ° S +15.46°S , -46.74 ° E +46.74°E ; 12 July 2017 -, 20: 06; “ Savannah next to dry forest ”, +, 20: 06; “ +Savannah next to dry forest +”, Jonas Merckx -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. Ara. 247698) +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247698 +) . - + Paratypes @@ -115,191 +117,184 @@ _ ARA. Ara. 247698) 1 ♀ Madagascar ; -Mahajanaga province +Mahajanaga province (all), -Mariarano -classified forest (all), -Mariarano -camp; +Mariarano classified forest +(all), +Mariarano camp +; -15.48 ° S +15.48°S , -46.69 ° E +46.69°E ; 17 June 2018 -, 20: 06; “ Savannah next to dry forest ”, +, 20: 06; “ +Savannah next to dry forest +”, Jonas Merckx -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247699) -Mariarano -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247699 +) -, • - + +Mariarano camp, +• 1 ♂ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.41 ° E +46.41°E ; 20 June 2023 -, 09: 00; “ Margin of tropical dry forest ”, +, 09: 00; “ +Margin of tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247700) -Mariarano -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247700 +) -, • - + +Mariarano camp, +• 1 ♀ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.41 ° E +46.41°E ; 22 June 2023 -, 20: 30; “ Margin of tropical dry forest ”, +, 20: 30; “ +Margin of tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247701) -Mariarano -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247701 +) -, • - + +Mariarano camp, +• 1 ♀ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.41 ° E +46.41°E ; 23 June 2023 -, 8: 30; “ Margin of tropical dry forest ”, +, 8: 30; “ +Margin of tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247702) -Matsedroy -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247702 +) -, • - + +Matsedroy camp, +• 1 ♂ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.39 ° E +46.39°E ; 3 July 2023 -, 10: 00; “ Open tropical dry forest ”, +, 10: 00; “ +Open tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247703) -Matsedroy -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247703 +) -, • - + +Matsedroy camp, +• 1 ♂ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.39 ° E +46.39°E ; 9 July 2023 -, 21: 00; “ Open tropical dry forest ”, +, 21: 00; “ +Open tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247704) -Matsedroy -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247704 +) -, • - + +Matsedroy camp, +• 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.38 ° E +46.38°E ; 11 July 2023 -, 19: 45; “ Tropical dry forest ”, +, 19: 45; “ +Tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247705) -Mariarano -camp +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247705 +) -, • - + +Mariarano camp, +• 1 ♂ ; -15.29 ° S +15.29°S , -46.41 ° E +46.41°E ; 16 July 2023 -, 08: 00; “ Margin of tropical dry forest ”, +, 08: 00; “ +Margin of tropical dry forest +”, Jaime Escobar-Toledo -leg. (BE _ -RMCA -_ ARA. -Ara. -247706) +leg. ( +BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.247706 +) . diff --git a/data/D6/AD/4D/D6AD4D486217509C8E88233E5D046E55.xml b/data/D6/AD/4D/D6AD4D486217509C8E88233E5D046E55.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c9b356022c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/D6/AD/4D/D6AD4D486217509C8E88233E5D046E55.xml @@ -0,0 +1,898 @@ + + + +Lost in synonymy: Integrative species delimitation reveals two unrecognized species of Southern Asian tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Callosciurinae) + + + +Author + +Hinckley, Arlo +0000-0002-2412-4003 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain & Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States & Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Maldonado, Jesús E. +0000-0002-4282-1072 +Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genomics, Washington DC, United States + + + +Author + +Tamura, Noriko +0000-0001-8142-0733 +Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Todori 1833, Hachioji, Tokyo 193 - 0843, Japan + + + +Author + +Leonard, Jennifer A. +0000-0003-0291-7819 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Hawkins, Melissa T. R. +0000-0001-8929-1593 +Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States + +text + + +Vertebrate Zoology + + +2024 + +2024-10-28 + + +74 + + +683 +707 + + + +journal article +10.3897/vz.74.e133467 +CCCE8F90-E07A-4F06-A8D7-04AD7A6D7005 + + + + + +Callosciurus concolor +( +Blyth, 1855 +) + + + + + + + + +Sciurus concolor +Blyth, 1855 + + +, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 24: 474. + + + + + + +Sciurus adangensis +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 17. + + + + + + + +Sciurus lancavensis +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 16. + + + + + + + +Sciurus concolor terutavensis +Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) 4: 535. + + + + + + +Callosciurus erubescens +Cabrera, 1917 + + +, Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 17: 518. + + + + + + +Callosciurus concolor telibius +Thomas & Robinson, 1921 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 121. + + + + + + +Callosciurus moheius +Thomas & Robinson, 1921 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 122. + + + + + + +Callosciurus moheius mohillius +Thomas & Robinson, 1921 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 122. + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + +ZSI 9328. Skin and skull, collected or donated by +G. Moxon +in 1847. This specimen was not cited in the “ Annotated Catalogue of the Type Specimens of the Indian Museum ” ( +Khajuria et al. 1977 +), but the skin is still housed in the National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of +India +(Uttam Saikia pers. comm.). Other catalog numbers linked to this specimen are: Zoological Survey of +India +barcode number: ZSI 0000004087; +Indian Museum of Kolkata +catalog number: “ w ”. + + + + +Type locality. + + +From the vicinity of +Malacca +” [ +Melaka +, +Malaysia +]. + + + + +Emended diagnosis. + + +A medium-sized + +Callosciurus + +(average +HB += +218.3 mm +, + +PL + += +49.1 mm +) that can be distinguished from all other relatives by the combination of the following morphological characters: “ reddish suffusion of color occurring on the mid dorsum [that usually extends to the proximal section of the tail] but not on the sides of the neck and body …; absence of a sharply marked off, quite black tip of the tail … [except in northern edge populations; see following sections], and a cool silvery gray color of the venter ” ( +Moore and Tate 1965 +), that lacks a reddish suffusion in the groin area; cranium with relatively long postorbital processes ( + +LPOP + +: +3.8–5.8 mm +), particularly proportionally to its least interorbital length ( + +LBO + +: +16.3–18.8 mm +); baculum consists of a shaft and blade, shaft has a dorso-lateral (right) expansion at its proximal end, blade base has a large lateral expansion at its posterior half, giving it a sinuous appearance from a lateral view, and a relatively rounded / oval shaped appearance from a dorsal view (Fig. +7 +); mating call characterized by an average of 17.9 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.098 seconds, and an average frequency modulation of 1476 Hz. + + + + +Comparisons. + + + +Callosciurus concolor + +can be distinguished from its closest relative, + +C. caniceps + +, by its smaller size (average +HB +: 220 vs +235 mm +; with the exception of the + +C. caniceps +Koh Tao + +Island dwarf population, which is even smaller than + +C. concolor + +and excluded from this comparison). Additionally, this species exhibits relatively longer postorbital processes and a distinct distribution of ornamented pelage coloration. During the dry season, its dorsum has a reddish suffusion in the midline that generally extends to the most proximal side of the tail, while + +C. caniceps + +has a brighter, ochraceous / rufus orange in flanks and dorsum ( + +C. +c. caniceps + +) or a rusty reddish suffusion in the side of the neck and groin, and frequently, in the flanks and upper part of the legs ( + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +; Fig. +6 +). In the wet season, this reddish suffusion disappears or becomes less conspicuous in both species, but + +C. caniceps + +generally still retains a yellow / orange-brown hue. This hue can at least be noted in the side of the neck and groin in + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +and in a few small patches throughout the dorsum in + +C. +c. caniceps + +, which greatly contrast with the darker gray ash coloration in the latter. The venter of + +Callosciurus concolor + +is silvery gray distinct from the whitish gray ( + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +) or agouti gray ( + +C. +c. caniceps + +). Another diagnostic feature is the absence of a sharply marked off, black tail tip throughout most of + +C. concolor + +populations, whereas + +C. caniceps + +typically exhibits such feature. Notably, + +C. concolor + +populations in Langkawi, Adang, Terutao (⅛ specimens), and +Songkhla +have a black tail tip that is generally shorter and / or less intensely black than that of + +C. caniceps + +, resulting in a less pronounced contrast. However, in +Trang +, +Surat Thani +, and +Nakhon Si Thammarat +, the black tail tip of + +C. concolor + +is highly contrasted as in + +C. caniceps + +. Examined specimens from the latter two provinces, and all the rain-shade area until Singora have a washed dorsum coloration and possibly lack an ornamented dorsum midline during the breeding season. Thus, the absence of reddish suffusion in the groin area of + +C. concolor + +, compared to its presence in + +C. caniceps bimaculatus + +, along with the presence or absence of red suffusion on the side of the neck, appear to be the best diagnostic features for distinguishing these species in the contact areas of +Surat Thani +, +Trang +, and +Nakhon Si Thammarat +, and perhaps also in +Satun +, +Phatthalung +and +Songkhla +. However, juvenile and subadult specimens lack this reddish hue, suggesting this feature is diagnostic primarily in adults. The skull of + +C. concolor + +is smaller ( + +PL + +: 46–51.5 vs +49.7–56.2 mm +) with a shorter rostrum ( + +SL + +: 18.0–21.2 vs +20.4–24.4 mm +) and interorbital breadth ( + +LBO + +: 16.3–18.8 vs +18.3–21.7 mm +; Fig. S 1 A), but relatively larger postorbital processes (average +LPOP +: 4.7 vs +4.8 mm +; Fig. S 1 B) than + +C. caniceps + +. As mentioned, the allopatric dwarf population on Koh Tao island has a smaller size than + +C. concolor + +and was excluded from these comparisons, but it shows a distinct shape and its morphospace does not overlap with + +C. concolor + +, due to the combination of relatively larger postorbital processes and relatively shorter interorbital breadth of + +C. concolor + +with regard to the Koh Tao population (Figs +3 +, S 1 A, B). Allometric size-controlled statistical analyses only supported significant differences in + +PL + +, + +DL + +, and + +MPL + +between + +C. concolor + +and + +C. caniceps + +(File S 1). Paradoxically, these measurements are the largest, perhaps suggesting an allometric size effect in the data, and that these sister species differ mainly in size, with little shape differentiation. + + +Baculum morphology provides additional distinguishing characteristics between + +C. concolor + +and + +C. caniceps + +: Presence vs absence of a dorso-lateral (right) expansion at shaft proximal end in + +C. caniceps + +; presence vs absence of a large lateral expansion at blade base posterior half in + +C. caniceps + +, giving a sinuous ( + +C. concolor + +) vs straight ( + +C. caniceps + +) appearance from a lateral view, and a relatively rounded / oval ( + +C. concolor + +) vs triangular ( + +C. caniceps + +) shaped appearance from a dorsal view (Fig. +7 +). + + +Finally, + +C. concolor + +can be easily distinguished from its closest genetic relative, + +C. caniceps + +, by its generally distinct mating call (Fig. +5 A +; Table S 4, correct discrimination rate = 87 %). This is characterized by an average of 17.9 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.098 seconds, and average frequency modulation of 1476 Hz vs an average of 8.1 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.195 seconds, and average frequency modulation of 493 Hz in + +C. caniceps + +(Fig. +5 B – D +). + + +It can be easily distinguished from sympatric congeneric + +C. notatus + +and + +C. nigrovittatus + +by its lack of lateral stripes, and from + +C. erythraeus + +by its silvery gray venter, grayish head and limbs which contrast with the remaining dorsum, and darker tail tip vs reddish brown, reddish or agouti venter, homogeneously olive brown colored dorsum, including head, limbs and tail. It can be distinguished from sympatric + +Sundasciurus robinsoni + +, + +S. tahan + +, and + +S. tenuis + +by its larger size, grayish head and limbs, bushier dark-tipped tailed, and thinner and less contrasted pale eye ring, and from + +S. hippurus + +by its silvery gray venter coloration with just some black or dark gray / brown in the tail tip vs rusty red venter with entirely black tail in + +S. hippurus + +. + + + + +Distribution, habitat, and natural history. + + +Distributed across the Thai-Malay peninsula extending from +Melaka +to Trang province in the west coast and from central +Pahang +to Surat Thani in the east coast (Figs +1 +, S 3). Habitat generalist recorded in lowland and hill primary and secondary dipterocarp forests recorded up to ca. +1135 m +a. s. l., plantations, and urban / suburban areas ( +Moore and Tate 1965 +; +Tamura and Yong 1993 +; +Abdullah et al. 2001 +; +Saiful and Nordin 2004 +). In Ulu Gombak ( +Malaysia +), + +C. concolor + +preferred bushy areas with a larger number of small trees, in contrast with + +C. notatus + +that showed preference for the opposite ( +Tamura and Yong 1993 +). In this reserve, the four species of squirrels use different levels of the habitat: + +L. insignis + +uses the ground, + +C. concolor + +lower levels, + +C. notatus + +middle levels, and + +C. nigrovittatus + +the highest levels of trees ( +Tamura 1995 +). In the same site, it was shown to feed on 13 species of plants — on fruits (45 %), leaves (21 %), bark (17 %), and flowers (10 %) — with “ others ” comprising the rest of its diet. These consisted mainly of the fruits of + +Artocarpus elasticus + +, + +Piper adancum + +and + +Ficus +spp. + +, and leaves of + +Bambusa vulgaris +( +Abdullah et al. 2001 +) + +. Other studies in +Malaysia +based on stomach content examination instead of feeding observations showed that all specimens contained fruit and vegetable matter, and six contained insect remains (n = 9; +Harrison 1954 +, +1961 +). In Ulu Gombak, the average size of home ranges of males was 2.65 and 3.73 ha, and that of females was 0.79 and 1.54 ha, and females ranges overlap, contrasting with the lack of overlap in other + +Callosciurus +spp. + +( +Tamura 1993 +; +Saiful et al. 2001 +). Mating bouts were observed from March to July in this site ( +Tamura 1993 +). In +Selangor +, this species has been recorded in sympatry with + +C. nigrovittatus + +, + +C. notatus + +, + +C. erythraeus + +, + +Sundasciurus tenuis + +, + +Sundasciurus hippurus + +, + +Lariscus insignis + +, + +Rhinosciurus laticaudatus + +(R. Traub field notes; USNM Mammal Division archives). + + + + +Conservation. + + +Recorded in Labis and Ulu Gombak Forest Reserves, Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, +Perlis +, Gunong Stong and +Selangor State +Parks, Tasik Bera Ramsar Site, and Taman Negara National Park ( +Jayaraj et al. 2013 +; +Ling et al. 2018 +; +William-Dee et al. 2019 +; +Munian et al. 2020 +; +Fauzi et al. 2021 +; iNaturalist; USNM specimens). It was the most abundant + +Callosciurus +species + +in a logged hill forest (8. l individuals / ha) but the least abundant one in a primary hill forest, perhaps suggesting a preference for secondary forests ( +Tamura and Yong 1993 +; +Saiful et al. 2001 +; +Saiful and Nordin 2004 +). Similarly, it was not recorded in the primary forest of Krau Game Reserve but it was frequently seen in rubber plantations around the reserve ( +Mackinnon 1978 +). This species is destructive in plantations of + +Artocarpus integrifolia + +and + +Cocos nucifera + +in various states of +Malaysia +( +Moore and Tate 1965 +). + + + + +Comments. + + +Northwestern edge populations from the islands of Langkawi (named form + +lancavensis + +), Telibun [Ko Libong] (named form +telibius +), Adang (named form + +adangensis + +) and Mohea, +Nakhon Si Thammarat +(named forms +mehoeius +/ +mohillius +), have a pelage that is somewhat intermediate between + +C. concolor + +and + +C. caniceps bimaculatus + +, but more similar to the former (This study; +Moore and Tate 1965 +). These have a more sharply marked-off, black tip of the tail than other + +C. concolor + +populations ( + +bimaculatus + +); generally lack the red suffusion in the neck side ( + +concolor + +), except a single specimen in Lankawi, Ko Terutao and Ko Libong which had some faint yellow + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +; lack a reddish suffusion in flanks and groin ( + +concolor + +), and generally have a venter gray coloration that seems intermediate between + +concolor + +and + +bimaculatus + +(This study; +Moore and Tate 1965 +). Specimens from Langkawi, Adang and Terutao islands were included in the craniodental +PCA +and are however clearly within the morphospace of + +C. concolor + +. Ko Libong museum specimens could not be examined but citizen science pictures suggest these are + +C. concolor + +, and / or potential hybrids (Table S 3). Remarkably, museum specimens ( +USNM +83235) and pictures taken +3 km +away, in the mainland (Prahmon, Yan Ta Khao District, Hat Chao Mai NP and Mot Tanoi Beach) show a + +C. caniceps + +skull and / or pelage. The mouth of the +Trang +and / or Palian River might represent the northwestern limit for this species at the west coast since a specimen from “ +Trang +” ( +USNM +86780), which must have been collected in a locality east of this river (according to W. L. Abbott’s field notes all localities sampled during the timeframe in which the specimen was collected were east of this river) and Kao Soi Dao ( +7.35, 99.86 +; USNM 258917–8), which is southeast of +Trang +River, showed + +C. concolor + +craniodental morphospace and / or pelage. Potential hybrid specimens are recorded at this river headwaters, in Lay Song Hong ( +7.83, 99.45 +; USNM 83495–7), while + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +with a faintly ornamented pelage side are recorded in Khao Chong ( +USNM +258916; +7.54, 99.79 +), at the foothills of the +Nakhon Si Thammarat +Range ( +NSTR +). This suggests that the +Trang +and / or Palian Rivers and NSTR might have constituted physical barriers to gene flow to some extent. Similarly, on the east coast, + +C. caniceps + +seems to have its southern limit around +Surat Thani +city and Ban Ta Yai ( +8.38, 99.87 +), potentially at the confluence of two major rivers: Ta Pi and Phum Duang. Tha Lo, which is SW of the city, has potential hybrids (Fig. S 4). The species + +C. caniceps + +seems to be distributed north of these rivers and west of NSTR (e. g., Ban Kok Klap, +8.88, 99.28 +; +Robinson and Kloss 1915 +), while + +C. concolor + +seems to be found to the east of this range (Ban Ta Yai, +Nakhon Si Thammarat +; Figs +1 +, S 3). Furthermore, specimens ( +USNM +355078, 355079, 35580, 535161; Fig. S 4) collected in this mountain range or at its foothills (Doi Kaeo, Nam Tok Tha Phae, and Ban Tha Phae, at Lan Saka and Chawang districts) have a hybrid pelage (red infusion in mid-line but also in the sides, particularly on the neck, and groin area, or + +C. concolor + +venter with + +C. caniceps + +dorsum coloration). However, specimens from Ban Nam Tok, Ban Na and Thafa, unknown localities also at Chawang district ( +USNM +535159, 535163–8), have + +C. caniceps + +pelage. Just at +30 km +from the potential hybrid population of Nam Tok Tha Phae, and at the east side of NSTR, there is Ban Ta Yai ( +8.38, 99.87 +) which has + +C. concolor + +pelage. Craniodental data is quite consistent with pelage since localities from +Nakhon Si Thammarat +and +Trang +are intermingled with those of N and S groups in the +PCA +of +Hayashida et al. (2007) +. However, localities from +Prachuap Khiri Khan +, +Chumphon +, +Krabi +and some from Mergui archipelago were also in between the morphospace of + +C. caniceps + +and + +C. concolor + +, but this study and / or +Hinckley et al. (2023 a +) craniodental, pelage and / or molecular evidence show these populations represent + +C. caniceps +(Hayashida et al. 2006) + +. The addition of the diagnostic postorbital process length variable might have contributed to a better resolution in this study. Similarly, +Hayashida et al. (2007) +considered specimens with completed molar eruption as adults while this study was more conservative, considering specimens with deciduous or partially erupted premolars as subadults. According to molecular data, the southern limit of + +C. caniceps + +is between 6.5– +8 ° N +, specimens sequenced further south in +Hinckley et al. (2023 a +) are from +Phuket +at east coast and Ko Tao at west coast, but sampling at +Trang +and +Nakhon Si Thammarat +provinces is lacking. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/D7/5D/BB/D75DBB502EBF5092904C9265681FDE62.xml b/data/D7/5D/BB/D75DBB502EBF5092904C9265681FDE62.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ae6a8b5c164 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/D7/5D/BB/D75DBB502EBF5092904C9265681FDE62.xml @@ -0,0 +1,708 @@ + + + +Lost in synonymy: Integrative species delimitation reveals two unrecognized species of Southern Asian tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Callosciurinae) + + + +Author + +Hinckley, Arlo +0000-0002-2412-4003 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain & Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States & Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Maldonado, Jesús E. +0000-0002-4282-1072 +Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genomics, Washington DC, United States + + + +Author + +Tamura, Noriko +0000-0001-8142-0733 +Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Todori 1833, Hachioji, Tokyo 193 - 0843, Japan + + + +Author + +Leonard, Jennifer A. +0000-0003-0291-7819 +Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain + + + +Author + +Hawkins, Melissa T. R. +0000-0001-8929-1593 +Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States + +text + + +Vertebrate Zoology + + +2024 + +2024-10-28 + + +74 + + +683 +707 + + + +journal article +10.3897/vz.74.e133467 +CCCE8F90-E07A-4F06-A8D7-04AD7A6D7005 + + + + + +Callosciurus caniceps +( +Gray, 1842 +) + + + + + + + + +Sciurus caniceps +Gray, 1842 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 1) 10: 263. + + + + + + +Sciurus chrysonotus +Blyth, 1847 + + +, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 16: 873. + + + + + + +Sciurus bimaculatus +Temminck, 1853 + + +, Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de +Guiné +, Mammifères: 251. + + + + + + +Sciurus epomophorus +Bonhote, 1901 + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) 7: 272. + + + + + + + +Sciurus davisoni +Bonhote, 1901 + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) 7: 273. + + + + + + + +Sciurus sullivanus +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 17. + + + + + + + +Sciurus domelicus +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 18. + + + + + + + +Sciurus bentincanus +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 19. + + + + + + + +Sciurus matthaeus +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 19. + + + + + + + +Sciurus casensis +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 19. + + + + + + + +Sciurus lucas +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 20. + + + + + + + +Sciurus altinsularis +Miller, 1903 a + +, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 45: 21. + + + + + + + +Sciurus epomophorus milleri +Robinson & Wroughton, 1911 + + +, Journal of the +Federated Malay States +Museum 4: 233. + + + + + + +Sciurus concolor fallax +Robinson & Kloss, 1914 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) 13: 225. + + + + + + +Sciurus concolor samuiensis +Robinson & Kloss, 1914 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) 13: 226. + + + + + + +Sciurus epomophorus inexpectatus +Kloss, 1916 + + +, Journal of the Natural History Society of +Siam +2: 178. + + + + + + +Sciurus helgei +Gyldenstolpe, 1917 + + +, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 57: 34. + + + + + + +Callosciurus epomophorus nakanus +Thomas & Robinson, 1921 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 120. + + + + + + +Callosciurus epomophorus mapravis +Thomas & Robinson, 1921 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 120. + + + + + + +Callosciurus epomophorus panjius +Thomas & Robinson, 1921 + + +, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) 7: 119. + + + + + + +Sciurus caniceps helvus +Shamel, 1930 + + +, Journal of Mammalogy 11: 72. + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + +Not specified in species description. +Robinson and Kloss (1918) +substitute the erroneous +Bhutan +type locality by North Tenasserim, and mention the “ type ” is at the “ British Museum ” ( +NHMUK +) but do not specify its catalog number. +Moore and Tate (1965) +and NHMUK staff suggest the following +lectotype +: NHMUK 41.1817, field number 213 a, an adult male prepared as a mounted skin with a damaged tail & cleaned damaged skull (Fig. +6 A +). + + + + + + +Dorsal and ventral views of the skins of ( +A +) + +Callosciurus caniceps + +(NHMUK 41.1817, lectotype); live images of ( +B +) + +C. caniceps caniceps + +taken by Natthaphat Chotjuckdikul (Te’) in Bangkok, Thailand; ( +C +) + +C. caniceps bimaculatus + +taken by Pattaraporn Vangtal in Railay Bay Beach, Krabi, Thailand; and ( +D +) + +C. concolor + +taken by Cheong Weng Chun in Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia. + + + + + +Type locality. + + +N Tenasserim, +Burma +[= +Tanintharyi province +, +Myanmar +]. + + + + +Emended diagnosis. + + +A relatively large-sized + +Callosciurus + +(average +HB += +228.6 mm +, + +PL + += +52.6 mm +; Table S 6) distinguishable from all other relatives by a sharply marked black tail tip along with two alternative pelage combinations corresponding to its subspecies. In the northern part of its distribution, it displays a bright ochraceous / rufus orange on the flanks and dorsum during the dry season and agouti gray in the wet season. The bright orange fades into agouti gray as it approaches the venter, crown, and proximal one-tenth of the tail. The ears are agouti gray, generally with white hairs along the rim, occasionally resembling a tuft ( + +C. +c. caniceps + +; +Moore and Tate 1965 +). In the southern part of its distribution, “ the upper parts of the head, neck, all the back and the tail as far as the tip bear a … pelage regularly ringed with ashy and black … ” ( +Temminck 1853 +), with a rusty reddish suffusion in the side of the neck, and frequently, in the flanks and upper part of the legs; venter coloration is whitish gray, with a red suffusion in the groin area in adult specimens ( + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +and +C. c. helvus +). Its baculum consists of a shaft and blade; shaft lacks a dorso-lateral expansion at its proximal end; blade base has a reduced lateral expansion at its posterior half, giving it a straight appearance from a lateral view, and a relatively triangular shaped appearance from a dorsal view (Fig. +7 +); mating call characterized by an average of 8.1 pulses, mean pulse interval of 0.195 seconds, and average frequency modulation of 493 Hz. + + + + + + +Baculum comparison between + +Callosciurus caniceps + +and + +C. concolor + +. +A +Lateral view of + +C. caniceps + +(USNM 296998). +B +Dorsal view of + +C. caniceps + +(USNM 296998). +C +Lateral view of + +C. concolor + +(USNM 283481). +D +Dorsal view of + +C. concolor + +(USNM 283481). + + + + + +Comparisons. + + +A detailed comparison with its closest relative, + +C. concolor + +, has been included in the following account. + +Callosciurus caniceps + +can be distinguished from all parapatric / sympatric squirrels, including + +C. concolor + +, by the combination of gray ventral pelage, lack of a black band in the flank, presence of an abruptly marked black tail tip, and during the dry season, bright ochraceous / rufus orange in flanks and dorsum or rusty reddish suffusion on the side of the neck and groin. + + + + +Distribution, habitat, and natural history. + + +Distributed across mainland +Thailand +west to the Mekong and up to ca. 19 ºN latitude, covering the northern two thirds of peninsular +Thailand +, and southern +Myanmar +(Figs +1 +, S 3; south of the Salween River; +Moore and Tate 1965 +). Pelage and craniodental variation suggest its southern distribution limits are in Trang, Surat Thani, and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces (Fig. S 3). However, these provinces were not included in the genetic sampling of +Hinckley et al. (2023 a +), which only included specimens north of 7.99 and south of 7.15 latitude. For a more detailed description of this species’ southern distribution extent, see the account and discussion for + +C. concolor + +. + + +Generalist species found in dry deciduous forest and dry evergreen forest, bamboo forest, secondary forest, parks, gardens, and coconut plantations ( +Moore and Tate 1965 +; +Kobayashi et al. 2020 +). In northern +Thailand +it is only common in bamboo-forests at rather high altitudes ( +Gyldenstolpe 1914 +). In Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in northeastern +Thailand +, + +C. caniceps + +frequently used the ground (34.7 %; +Kobayashi et al. 2018 +), which contrasts with little ground use by its sister species’ (ca. 2 %; +Abdullah et al. 2001 +; +Tamura 1995 +). In support of this observation, there are 29 records of + +C. caniceps + +on the ground from iNaturalist, compared to just two for + +C. concolor + +. Further research is required to determine if these behavioral differences are consistent across both species’ ranges. + +Callosciurus caniceps + +is frequently found in sympatry with + +C. finlaysonii + +, with which it minimizes competition through diet preferences and / or vertical zonation segregation ( +Kobayashi et al. 2018 +). + + +This species has been observed feeding on fruits of + +Terminalia catappa + +and + +Tamarindus indica + +, and flowers of + +Triplaris americana + +in +Bangkok +parks, and on ten species of plants including + +Ficus + +fruits, + +Sterculia pexa + +and +Acasia +seeds, or + +Mucuna macrocarpa + +nectar in Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, and + +Musa acuminata + +in +Kanchanaburi +( +Marod et al. 2010 +; +Sommung and Hawkesgood 2016 +; +Kobayashi et al. 2018 +, +2019 +, +2020 +). Fruits and seeds accounted for 71.4 % of observed food items in a human-disturbed area of Sakaerat, while bark was the most common food item (ca. 33 %) in adjacent undisturbed forests, suggesting a flexible diet ( +Kobayashi et al. 2018 +, +2020 +). + + +Reproductive information is scarce. A female collected on + +11 March +1900 in + +the Mergui archipelago had two embryos (W. L. Abbott field notes, USNM Mammal Division Archives). No other reproductive information was easily obtained. + + + + +Conservation. + + +Recorded in several protected areas, including Doi Pha Hom Pok, Khao Yai, Kaeng Krachan, Erawan, Nam Tok Tham Sadet, Sirinat, Mu Ko Lanta, Khao Luang, and Hat Chao Mai National Parks, Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, and Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary (iNaturalist; Table S 1). Despite these records, the frequency of detection of + +C. caniceps + +was lower in areas with human activity compared to adjacent forests even when human activity and fragmentation impacts were minimal ( +Kobayashi et al. 2020 +). This species (sensu lato) is currently considered of least concern. However little is known about its population density, and one study found it to be far less common than a congeneric species, + +Callosciurus finlaysonii +( +Kobayashi et al. 2020 +) + +. + + + + +Comments. + + +The subspecies + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +and + +C. +c. caniceps + +represent two distinct but recently diverged mitochondrial clades, exhibiting limited nuclear differentiation ( +Hinckley et al. 2023 a +). Interestingly, both subspecies seem to be present in Koh Tao island. A single Koh Tao “ +caniceps +” could be included in the craniodental +PCA +and this was clustered with the mainland populations while the +two specimens +resembling + +“ +bimaculatus + +” ( +USNM +253434, 253438), actually representing the form “ +helvus +”, showed a distinct morphospace due to their dwarf nature. Unfortunately, the only Koh Tao individuals sequenced in +Hinckley et al. (2023 a +) belonged to the “ +caniceps +” form. Thus, given its distinct morphospace (Fig. +3 +) and pending molecular evidence, we here consider the pygmy Koh Tao population a valid subspecies: + +C. caniceps helvus + +. This subspecies was wrongly synonymized with nominotypical + +C. caniceps + +in +Moore and Tate (1965) +given that the +holotype +pelage resembles that of + +C. c. +bimaculatus + +. Previously recognized island subspecies are here synonymized since these generally resemble the closest mainland populations but with slight variations such as a pale tail underside ( + +casensis + +, and +fallax +) or a darker ( + +domelicus + +, +fallax +) or paler ( + +altinsularis + +) dorsum. + + + + \ No newline at end of file