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<document id="532B797445CB7689716E518C785E55BA" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2361963" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219667" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1722843164350" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kouser, Farzana, Liao, Lijian &amp; Hu, Xiaozhong" docDate="2024" docId="03ED879475734C73FF2CFF62B1D4856E" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.21-24.688-701.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (21 - 24)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2361963" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Rubrioxytricha guamensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="696" masterDocId="FFD4FFEC75704C75FF8CFFA0B21C8060" masterDocTitle="Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis Kumar et al., 2018 (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia)" masterLastPageNumber="701" masterPageNumber="688" pageNumber="691" updateTime="1741798470394" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="28700348FBD91604B84C10822B49A9CF">Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis Kumar et al., 2018 (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia)</mods:title>
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Morphology of Chinese population of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175734C76FD0FFF62B1DE80BC" box="[643,962,194,220]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075734C76FD0FFF62B1DE80BC" bold="true" box="[643,962,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BFB368275734C76FF2CFF57B0CD833E" blockId="3.[160,1156,247,1000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
Body size highly variable in long-term cultures, 60–125 × 20–35 μm (n = 15) in vivo and 61–186 × 20–63 μm (n = 48) after protargol staining, on average 109 × 32 μm (
<tableCitation id="C6C6033975734C76FBA8FEBAB66A8153" box="[1060,1142,282,307]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[160,216,1073,1096]" captionTargetBox="[171,1144,1138,1670]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characteristics of the Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis. Data based on protargol-stained specimens. Measurements in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" tableUuid="DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Body flexible and not contractile, generally long elliptical in outline, both anterior and posterior ends rounded and both margins slightly convex; ratio of length to width 2–5:1 and dorsoventrally flattened about 2:1 (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775734C76FDD6FE22B0F781FB" box="[602,747,386,411]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Figure 1A,K,L</figureCitation>
). Buccal field broad, about half body width; adoral zone occupying approximately 35% of body length in live cells with cilia of membranelles at apical part about 11 μm long (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775734C76FD52FE67B1B58180" box="[734,937,455,480]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Figure 1A,B,K,M,O</figureCitation>
). Cortical granules spherical, about 0.5 μm across, yellowish to greenish, arranged in lines or small groups and then in long lines on both ventral and dorsal sides (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775734C76FC8AFDADB1988246" box="[774,900,525,550]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Figure 1D,E</figureCitation>
). Cytoplasm colourless with numerous irregular granules 0.5 μm across and food vacuoles containing diatoms and bacteria, which render cells yellow-brown at low magnification. Single contractile vacuole located at the left margin of the body and near mid-body, 12 μm in diameter and the contraction circle is 20s (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775734C76FE66FD37B07B82D0" box="[490,615,663,688]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Figure 1A,J</figureCitation>
). Two macronuclear nodules, positioned in the middle portion of body and more or less left of midline, with the anterior one close to the buccal vertex, elongate ellipsoidal, on average 16 × 6 μm after protargol preparations (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775734C76FF24FD5FB3538378" box="[168,335,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Figure 1A,C,I,M</figureCitation>
). We did not recognize micronuclei in either live observation or protargol staining. Locomotion is by slowly crawling on the substrate or swimming forward by rotating around the longitudinal axis of the body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275734C70FF4CFCC7B33C816F" blockId="3.[160,1156,247,1000]" lastBlockId="5.[160,1155,142,410]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="693" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
Adoral zone composed of 23–35 membranelles (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775734C76FC91FCC7B61A83E0" box="[797,1030,871,896]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Figure 1A,B,F,K,M,O</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6C6033975734C76FB97FCC7B66A83E0" box="[1051,1142,871,896]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[160,216,1073,1096]" captionTargetBox="[171,1144,1138,1670]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characteristics of the Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis. Data based on protargol-stained specimens. Measurements in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" tableUuid="DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Undulating membranes in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175734C76FE5BFC2AB07183C3" authorityName="Blatterer &amp; Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[471,621,906,931]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Australocirrus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075734C76FE5BFC2AB07183C3" box="[471,621,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Australocirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pattern, at the midline of the body, distinctly curved, paroral membrane extending slightly anterior to endoral membrane and almost equal in length, the two membranes optically intersecting at middle of paroral, cilia about 5 μm long. Eighteen frontal-ventral-transverse (FVT) cirri: three slightly enlarged frontal cirri with the right one close to the distal end of the adoral zone of membranelle; four frontoventral cirri arranged in a V-shaped pattern; single buccal cirrus near the intersection of undulating membranes; five ventral cirri distributed in two groups: three postoral ventral cirri and two pretransverse ventral cirri; five slightly enlarged transverse cirri, about 20 μm long and protruding distinctly behind the rear end of the body in vivo, arranged in a hooked pattern (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775754C70FC93FF11B1C280AA" box="[799,990,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Figure 1B,M,O–Q</figureCitation>
). One left and one right marginal cirral row with 16–35 and 17–34 cirri, respectively; rows confluent posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405" ID-Table-UUID="DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B660A75734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" startId="3.[160,216,1073,1096]" targetBox="[171,1144,1138,1670]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275734C76FF2CFB91B0E38405" blockId="3.[160,1156,1073,1125]" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075734C76FF2CFB91B2EF8428" bold="true" box="[160,243,1073,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Table 1.</emphasis>
Morphological characteristics of the Chinese population of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175734C76FCDCFB91B65B8428" box="[848,1095,1073,1096]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075734C76FCDCFB91B65B8428" box="[848,1095,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Data based on protargol-stained specimens. Measurements in µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275734C76FF27FBD2B66486E6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<table id="F944C4227573B38AFF27FBD2B66486E6" box="[171,1144,1138,1670]" gridcols="8" gridrows="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FBD2B66484E6" box="[171,1144,1138,1158]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FBD2B3FD84E6" box="[171,481,1138,1158]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Character</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FBD2B02084E6" box="[541,572,1138,1158]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Min</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FBD2B08784E6" box="[633,667,1138,1158]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Max</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFBD2B11984E6" box="[727,773,1138,1158]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Mean</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFBD2B17C84E6" box="[833,864,1138,1158]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">M</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FBD2B1D584E6" box="[924,969,1138,1158]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">SD</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FBD2B63484E6" box="[1029,1064,1138,1158]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">CV</th>
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FBD2B66484E6" box="[1124,1144,1138,1158]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075734C76FBE5FBD2B66F84E6" box="[1129,1139,1138,1158]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">n</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FB32B66484C6" box="[171,1144,1170,1190]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FB32B3FD84C6" box="[171,481,1170,1190]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Body length</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FB32B02084C6" box="[541,572,1170,1190]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">61</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FB32B08784C6" box="[633,667,1170,1190]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">186</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFB32B11984C6" box="[727,773,1170,1190]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">109.0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFB32B17C84C6" box="[833,864,1170,1190]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">105</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FB32B1D584C6" box="[924,969,1170,1190]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">30.75</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FB32B63484C6" box="[1029,1064,1170,1190]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">28.2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FB32B66484C6" box="[1124,1144,1170,1190]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FB0AB66484DE" box="[171,1144,1194,1214]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FB0AB3FD84DE" box="[171,481,1194,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Body width</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FB0AB02084DE" box="[541,572,1194,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">20</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FB0AB08784DE" box="[633,667,1194,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">63</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFB0AB11984DE" box="[727,773,1194,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">32.4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFB0AB17C84DE" box="[833,864,1194,1214]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">31</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FB0AB1D584DE" box="[924,969,1194,1214]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">9.94</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FB0AB63484DE" box="[1029,1064,1194,1214]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">30.7</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FB0AB66484DE" box="[1124,1144,1194,1214]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FB62B66484B6" box="[171,1144,1218,1238]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FB62B3FD84B6" box="[171,481,1218,1238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Adoral zone of membranelles, length</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FB62B02084B6" box="[541,572,1218,1238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">20</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FB62B08784B6" box="[633,667,1218,1238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">58</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFB62B11984B6" box="[727,773,1218,1238]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">36.3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFB62B17C84B6" box="[833,864,1218,1238]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">35</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FB62B1D584B6" box="[924,969,1218,1238]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">7.60</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FB62B63484B6" box="[1029,1064,1218,1238]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">21.0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FB62B66484B6" box="[1124,1144,1218,1238]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FB7AB664848E" box="[171,1144,1242,1262]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FB7AB3FD848E" box="[171,481,1242,1262]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Adoral membranelles, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FB7AB020848E" box="[541,572,1242,1262]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">23</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FB7AB087848E" box="[633,667,1242,1262]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">35</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFB7AB119848E" box="[727,773,1242,1262]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">28.7</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFB7AB17C848E" box="[833,864,1242,1262]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">29</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FB7AB1D5848E" box="[924,969,1242,1262]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2.8</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FB7AB634848E" box="[1029,1064,1242,1262]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">9.9</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FB7AB664848E" box="[1124,1144,1242,1262]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FB52B6648566" box="[171,1144,1266,1286]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FB52B3FD8566" box="[171,481,1266,1286]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Buccal cirrus, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FB52B0208566" box="[541,572,1266,1286]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FB52B0878566" box="[633,667,1266,1286]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFB52B1198566" box="[727,773,1266,1286]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFB52B17C8566" box="[833,864,1266,1286]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FB52B1D58566" box="[924,969,1266,1286]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FB52B6348566" box="[1029,1064,1266,1286]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FB52B6648566" box="[1124,1144,1266,1286]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FAAAB664857E" box="[171,1144,1290,1310]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FAAAB3FD857E" box="[171,481,1290,1310]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Frontal cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FAAAB020857E" box="[541,572,1290,1310]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FAAAB087857E" box="[633,667,1290,1310]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFAAAB119857E" box="[727,773,1290,1310]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFAAAB17C857E" box="[833,864,1290,1310]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FAAAB1D5857E" box="[924,969,1290,1310]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FAAAB634857E" box="[1029,1064,1290,1310]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FAAAB664857E" box="[1124,1144,1290,1310]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA82B6648556" box="[171,1144,1314,1334]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA82B3FD8556" box="[171,481,1314,1334]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Frontoventral cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA82B0208556" box="[541,572,1314,1334]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA82B0878556" box="[633,667,1314,1334]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA82B1198556" box="[727,773,1314,1334]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA82B17C8556" box="[833,864,1314,1334]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA82B1D58556" box="[924,969,1314,1334]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA82B6348556" box="[1029,1064,1314,1334]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA82B6648556" box="[1124,1144,1314,1334]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA9AB664852E" box="[171,1144,1338,1358]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA9AB3FD852E" box="[171,481,1338,1358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Postoral ventral cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA9AB020852E" box="[541,572,1338,1358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA9AB087852E" box="[633,667,1338,1358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA9AB119852E" box="[727,773,1338,1358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA9AB17C852E" box="[833,864,1338,1358]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA9AB1D5852E" box="[924,969,1338,1358]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA9AB634852E" box="[1029,1064,1338,1358]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA9AB664852E" box="[1124,1144,1338,1358]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FAF2B6648506" box="[171,1144,1362,1382]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FAF2B3FD8506" box="[171,481,1362,1382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Pretransverse ventral cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FAF2B0208506" box="[541,572,1362,1382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FAF2B0878506" box="[633,667,1362,1382]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFAF2B1198506" box="[727,773,1362,1382]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFAF2B17C8506" box="[833,864,1362,1382]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FAF2B1D58506" box="[924,969,1362,1382]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FAF2B6348506" box="[1029,1064,1362,1382]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FAF2B6648506" box="[1124,1144,1362,1382]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FACAB664851E" box="[171,1144,1386,1406]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FACAB3FD851E" box="[171,481,1386,1406]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Transverse cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FACAB020851E" box="[541,572,1386,1406]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">5</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FACAB087851E" box="[633,667,1386,1406]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">5</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFACAB119851E" box="[727,773,1386,1406]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">5</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFACAB17C851E" box="[833,864,1386,1406]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">5</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FACAB1D5851E" box="[924,969,1386,1406]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FACAB634851E" box="[1029,1064,1386,1406]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FACAB664851E" box="[1124,1144,1386,1406]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA22B66485F6" box="[171,1144,1410,1430]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA22B3FD85F6" box="[171,481,1410,1430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Caudal cirrus, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA22B02085F6" box="[541,572,1410,1430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA22B08785F6" box="[633,667,1410,1430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA22B11985F6" box="[727,773,1410,1430]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA22B17C85F6" box="[833,864,1410,1430]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA22B1D585F6" box="[924,969,1410,1430]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA22B63485F6" box="[1029,1064,1410,1430]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA22B66485F6" box="[1124,1144,1410,1430]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA3AB66485CE" box="[171,1144,1434,1454]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA3AB3FD85CE" box="[171,481,1434,1454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Left marginal cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA3AB02085CE" box="[541,572,1434,1454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">16</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA3AB08785CE" box="[633,667,1434,1454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">35</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA3AB11985CE" box="[727,773,1434,1454]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">27.0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA3AB17C85CE" box="[833,864,1434,1454]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">28</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA3AB1D585CE" box="[924,969,1434,1454]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3.87</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA3AB63485CE" box="[1029,1064,1434,1454]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">14.4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA3AB66485CE" box="[1124,1144,1434,1454]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA12B66485A6" box="[171,1144,1458,1478]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA12B3FD85A6" box="[171,481,1458,1478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Right marginal cirri, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA12B02085A6" box="[541,572,1458,1478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">17</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA12B08785A6" box="[633,667,1458,1478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">34</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA12B11985A6" box="[727,773,1458,1478]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">25</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA12B17C85A6" box="[833,864,1458,1478]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">25</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA12B1D585A6" box="[924,969,1458,1478]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4.17</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA12B63485A6" box="[1029,1064,1458,1478]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">16.7</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA12B66485A6" box="[1124,1144,1458,1478]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA6AB66485BE" box="[171,1144,1482,1502]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA6AB3FD85BE" box="[171,481,1482,1502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Dorsal kineties, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA6AB02085BE" box="[541,572,1482,1502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA6AB08785BE" box="[633,667,1482,1502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA6AB11985BE" box="[727,773,1482,1502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA6AB17C85BE" box="[833,864,1482,1502]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA6AB1D585BE" box="[924,969,1482,1502]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA6AB63485BE" box="[1029,1064,1482,1502]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA6AB66485BE" box="[1124,1144,1482,1502]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA42B6648596" box="[171,1144,1506,1526]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA42B3FD8596" box="[171,481,1506,1526]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Dikinetids in DK1, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA42B0208596" box="[541,572,1506,1526]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">8</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA42B0878596" box="[633,667,1506,1526]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">20</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA42B1198596" box="[727,773,1506,1526]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">13.6</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA42B17C8596" box="[833,864,1506,1526]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">14</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA42B1D58596" box="[924,969,1506,1526]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2.65</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA42B6348596" box="[1029,1064,1506,1526]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">19.5</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA42B6648596" box="[1124,1144,1506,1526]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27FA5AB664866E" box="[171,1144,1530,1550]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27FA5AB3FD866E" box="[171,481,1530,1550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Dikinetids in DK2, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91FA5AB020866E" box="[541,572,1530,1550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">8</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5FA5AB087866E" box="[633,667,1530,1550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">24</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BFA5AB119866E" box="[727,773,1530,1550]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">14.0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDFA5AB17C866E" box="[833,864,1530,1550]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">15</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10FA5AB1D5866E" box="[924,969,1530,1550]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3.20</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89FA5AB634866E" box="[1029,1064,1530,1550]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">22.9</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8FA5AB664866E" box="[1124,1144,1530,1550]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27F9B2B6648646" box="[171,1144,1554,1574]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27F9B2B3FD8646" box="[171,481,1554,1574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Dikinetids in DK3, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91F9B2B0208646" box="[541,572,1554,1574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">8</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5F9B2B0878646" box="[633,667,1554,1574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">21</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BF9B2B1198646" box="[727,773,1554,1574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">12.9</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDF9B2B17C8646" box="[833,864,1554,1574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">13</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10F9B2B1D58646" box="[924,969,1554,1574]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2.98</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89F9B2B6348646" box="[1029,1064,1554,1574]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">23.1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8F9B2B6648646" box="[1124,1144,1554,1574]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27F98AB664865E" box="[171,1144,1578,1598]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27F98AB3FD865E" box="[171,481,1578,1598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Dikinetids in DK4, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91F98AB020865E" box="[541,572,1578,1598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">7</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5F98AB087865E" box="[633,667,1578,1598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">20</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BF98AB119865E" box="[727,773,1578,1598]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">12.8</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDF98AB17C865E" box="[833,864,1578,1598]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">13</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10F98AB1D5865E" box="[924,969,1578,1598]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">3.22</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89F98AB634865E" box="[1029,1064,1578,1598]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">25.2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8F98AB664865E" box="[1124,1144,1578,1598]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27F9E2B6648636" box="[171,1144,1602,1622]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27F9E2B3FD8636" box="[171,481,1602,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Macronuclear nodules, number</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91F9E2B0208636" box="[541,572,1602,1622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5F9E2B0878636" box="[633,667,1602,1622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BF9E2B1198636" box="[727,773,1602,1622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDF9E2B17C8636" box="[833,864,1602,1622]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">2</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10F9E2B1D58636" box="[924,969,1602,1622]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89F9E2B6348636" box="[1029,1064,1602,1622]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8F9E2B6648636" box="[1124,1144,1602,1622]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27F9FAB664860E" box="[171,1144,1626,1646]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27F9FAB3FD860E" box="[171,481,1626,1646]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Macronuclear nodule, length</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91F9FAB020860E" box="[541,572,1626,1646]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">9</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5F9FAB087860E" box="[633,667,1626,1646]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">29</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BF9FAB119860E" box="[727,773,1626,1646]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">16.1</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDF9FAB17C860E" box="[833,864,1626,1646]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">15</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10F9FAB1D5860E" box="[924,969,1626,1646]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4.98</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89F9FAB634860E" box="[1029,1064,1626,1646]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">31.0</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8F9FAB664860E" box="[1124,1144,1626,1646]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357434C07573B38AFF27F9D2B66486E6" box="[171,1144,1650,1670]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<th id="76A55DBC7573B38AFF27F9D2B3FD86E6" box="[171,481,1650,1670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">Macronuclear nodule, width</th>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD91F9D2B02086E6" box="[541,572,1650,1670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFDF5F9D2B08786E6" box="[633,667,1650,1670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">9</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFD5BF9D2B11986E6" box="[727,773,1650,1670]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">6.4</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFCCDF9D2B17C86E6" box="[833,864,1650,1670]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">6</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFC10F9D2B1D586E6" box="[924,969,1650,1670]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">1.44</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFB89F9D2B63486E6" box="[1029,1064,1650,1670]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">22.7</td>
<td id="76A55DBC7573B38AFBE8F9D2B66486E6" box="[1124,1144,1650,1670]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">48</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275734C76FF2CF933B07786DF" blockId="3.[160,1157,1683,1727]" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">
<tableNote id="76A2370C75734C76FF2CF933B07786DF" pageId="3" pageNumber="691" targetBox="[171,1144,1138,1670]" targetPageId="3">
Abbreviations:CV,coefficient of variation in %; DK, dorsal kinety; Max,maximum; Mean, arithmetic mean; Min, minimum;
<emphasis id="B930EA9075734C76FF3CF90BB2A686DF" box="[176,186,1707,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="691">n</emphasis>
, number of cells measured; SD, standard deviation.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3B660A75744C71FF2CFBB1B0308580" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="692" startId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" targetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275744C71FF2CFBB1B0308580" blockId="4.[160,1157,1041,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="692">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075744C71FF2CFBB1B2E58448" bold="true" box="[160,249,1041,1064]" pageId="4" pageNumber="692">Figure 1.</emphasis>
(A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175744C71FD23FBB1B1B08448" box="[687,940,1041,1064]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="692" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</taxonomicName>
from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules. (J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275754C70FF4CFEB9B06881FA" blockId="5.[160,1155,142,410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
Invariably, four DK with bristles about 4 μm long in protargol preparations. Kineties almost bipolar with about 14 dikinetids in DK 1 and 2; 13 dikineties in DK 3 and dorsomarginal kinety 4. Single caudal cirrus located at posterior end of DK 3, about 6 μm long in stained cells (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775754C70FE5DFE21B07B81FA" box="[465,615,385,410]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1041,1064]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,144,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-67@4.[163,1153,142,1009]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. (A–R) Morphology of Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis from life (A, D–L) and after protargol staining (B, C, M–R). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead shows buccal cirrus. (D) Distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads). (E) Shows flexibility of the body; arrowheads represent the spherical yellow cortical granules at the body margin. (F) Ventral view of anterior cell part. (G) Posterior cell part, arrow shows the slightly enlarged transverse cirri. (H) Various cytoplasmic inclusions, ie crystals, lipid droplets. (I) Mid-portion of a slightly squeezed cell, arrows show two macronuclear nodules.(J) Arrow marks the contractile vacuole. (K, L) Ventral views of different cells, showing body shape. (M, N) Ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (O) Ventral view of the anterior end of body. (P) Ventral view of the mid-portion of body, showing left and right marginal rows and postoral ventral cirri. (Q) Ventral view of the posterior portion of cell. (R) Dorsal view of the posterior end of cell, showing caudal cirrus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirrus; E, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; 1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4. Scale bars = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219669/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Figure 1C,N,R</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275754C70FF2CFE40B166819A" blockId="5.[160,890,480,506]" box="[160,890,480,506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF2CFE40B166819A" bold="true" box="[160,890,480,506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
18S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses (
<figureCitation id="137F2A0775754C70FCA1FE40B16D819A" box="[813,881,480,506]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,971,994]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,143,938]" captionTargetId="figure-189@6.[163,1153,142,940]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from the 18S rRNA gene sequences. Numbers near nodes represent the ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. For both trees, the scale bar corresponds to 0.01 expected substitutions per site. The red box (arrow) indicates the clade of genus Rubrioxytricha." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219671/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275754C70FF2CFDB5B6428473" blockId="5.[160,1156,533,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
The 18S rRNA gene sequence of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FD96FDB5B12F824E" box="[538,819,533,558]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD96FDB5B12F824E" box="[538,819,533,558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(excluding both primers) has been deposited in GenBank with accession number PP893155. It has a length of 1657 bp and a G + C content of 45.44%. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the SSU rDNA sequences using BI and ML share similar topologies; therefore, only the ML tree is shown here. All the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FE92FD3FB3A682D8" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[286,442,671,696]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FE92FD3FB3A682D8" box="[286,442,671,696]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with data available cluster together within a clade that also includes
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FE89FD62B3E382BB" box="[261,511,706,731]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Polystichotrix" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="monilata">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FE89FD62B3E382BB" box="[261,511,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Polystichotrix monilata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KT192639) and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FD4CFD62B1DD82BB" box="[704,961,706,731]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD4CFD62B1DD82BB" box="[704,961,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Pseudogastrostyla flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KP266627). Five species of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FE98FD45B3AC829E" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[276,432,741,766]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FE98FD45B3AC829E" box="[276,432,741,766]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with data available fall within a well-supported assemblage (ML/ BI, 100%/1.00). The new sequence of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FDDBFCA7B0F58340" box="[599,745,775,800]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FDDBFCA7B0F58340" box="[599,745,775,800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PP893155) clusters with that of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FBFCFCA7B3088323" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FBFCFCA7B3088323" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KY947508) with high support (ML/BI, 99%/0.86), which is closely related to a cluster including three congeners,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FDDEFCEDB1378306" authorityName="Blatterer and Foissner" authorityYear="1990" box="[594,811,845,870]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FDDEFCEDB1378306" box="[594,811,845,870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. haematoplasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MT364898),
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FC54FCEDB69F8306" box="[984,1155,845,870]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FC54FCEDB69F8306" box="[984,1155,845,870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KR817675) and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FED9FCCFB3C283E8" authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1859" box="[341,478,879,904]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FED9FCCFB3C283E8" box="[341,478,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AF370027).
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FDE2FCCFB1DC83E8" box="[622,960,879,904]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FDE2FCCFB1DC83E8" box="[622,960,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KJ645977) occupies a basal position within the genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FD25FC32B1A983CB" box="[681,949,914,939]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Polystichotrix" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="monilata">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD25FC32B1A983CB" box="[681,949,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Polystichotrix monilata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KT192639) and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FF2CFC15B3BD83AE" box="[160,417,949,974]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF2CFC15B3BD83AE" box="[160,417,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Pseudogastrostyla flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KP266627) cluster together with full support (ML/BI, 100%/1.00), which is sister to the
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FE28FC77B05C8390" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[420,576,983,1008]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FE28FC77B05C8390" box="[420,576,983,1008]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (ML/BI, 100%/1.00). These two clades then cluster with
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FEA7FC5AB0298473" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Dragesco &amp; Dragesco-Kerneis" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[299,565,1018,1043]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Ponturostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="enigmatica">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FEA7FC5AB0298473" box="[299,565,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Ponturostyla enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KC896649) with full support (ML/BI, 100%/1.00).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E650975754C73FF2CFBF8B1D4856E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="694" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275754C70FF2CFBF8B3378413" blockId="5.[160,299,1112,1139]" box="[160,299,1112,1139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
<heading id="D0B381EE75754C70FF2CFBF8B3378413" box="[160,299,1112,1139]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF2CFBF8B3378413" bold="true" box="[160,299,1112,1139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275754C70FF2CFB2DB14E84C7" blockId="5.[160,850,1165,1191]" box="[160,850,1165,1191]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF2CFB2DB14E84C7" bold="true" box="[160,850,1165,1191]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
Identification of the Chinese population of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FD3CFB2DB14E84C7" box="[688,850,1165,1191]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">R. guamensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB368275754C73FF2CFB62B1D4856E" blockId="5.[160,1156,1218,1728]" lastBlockId="6.[160,1156,1165,1294]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="694" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FEA7FB62B3D184BB" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[299,461,1218,1243]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FEA7FB62B3D184BB" box="[299,461,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises six morphospecies, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FC20FB62B088849E" authority="(Blatterer and Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Blatterer and Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FC20FB62B69F84BB" box="[940,1155,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. haematoplasma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FF2AFB45B3F3849E" author="Blatterer H &amp; Foissner W" box="[166,495,1253,1278]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" refId="ref5329" refString="Blatterer H, Foissner W. 1990. Beitrage zur Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa: Ciliophora) der Amper (Bayern, Bundesrepublik Deutschland). Arch Protistenkd. 138 (2): 93 - 115 (in German). doi: 10.1016 / S 0003 - 9365 (11) 80148 - X." type="journal volume" year="1990">Blatterer and Foissner, 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FD8EFB45B088849E" author="Berger H" box="[514,660,1253,1278]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 1080" refId="ref5120" refString="Berger H. 1999. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monogr Biol. 78: 1 - 1080." type="journal article" year="1999">Berger, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54FF882075754C70FD2AFB45B0C6849E" box="[678,730,1253,1278]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">type</typeStatus>
species),
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FCDCFB45B2F88540" authority="Kumar et al., 2018 a" authorityName="Kumar" authorityYear="2018" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FCDCFB45B1FF849E" box="[848,995,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. guamensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FC63FB45B2F88540" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FBC8FB45B664849E" box="[1092,1144,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
., 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FF63FAA7B0868540" authority="(Stein, 1859) Berger, 1999" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Stein" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[239,666,1287,1312]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF63FAA7B3648540" box="[239,376,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FE08FAA7B01D8540" author="Stein F" box="[388,513,1287,1312]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" refId="ref8517" refString="Stein F. 1859. Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. I. Abtheilung. Allgemeiner Theil und Naturgeschichte der hypotrichen Infusionsthiere. Leipzig: W. Engelmann." type="book" year="1859">Stein, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FD82FAA7B0868540" author="Berger H" box="[526,666,1287,1312]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 1080" refId="ref5120" refString="Berger H. 1999. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monogr Biol. 78: 1 - 1080." type="journal article" year="1999">Berger, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FD2AFAA7B6008540" authority="Luo et al., 2021" authorityName="Luo" authorityYear="2021" box="[678,1052,1287,1312]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD2AFAA7B16C8540" box="[678,880,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. guangzhouensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FCF9FAA7B6008540" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[885,1052,1287,1312]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FC2AFAA7B1C88540" box="[934,980,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FBA4FAA7B37E8523" authority="Naqvi et al., 2006" authorityName="Naqvi" authorityYear="2006" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FBA4FAA7B6988540" box="[1064,1156,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FF2CFA8AB37E8523" author="Naqvi I &amp; Gupta R &amp; Borgohain P &amp; Sapra GR" box="[160,354,1322,1347]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref7800" refString="Naqvi I, Gupta R, Borgohain P, Sapra GR. 2006. Morphology and morphogenesis of Rubrioxytricha indica n. sp. (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida). Acta Protozool. 45: 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="2006">
Naqvi
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF64FA8AB3048523" box="[232,280,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FE2DFA8AB11F8523" authority="Chen et al., 2017" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="2017" box="[417,771,1322,1347]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FE2DFA8AB0238523" box="[417,575,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FDCBFA8AB11F8523" author="Chen L &amp; Zhao X &amp; Shao C &amp; Miao M &amp; Clamp JC" box="[583,771,1322,1347]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref5529" refString="Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. 2017. Morphology and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp. nov. and Rubrioxytricha tsinlingensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from north-west China. Syst Biodivers. 15 (2): 131 - 142. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2016. 1219426." type="journal article" year="2017">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD05FA8AB0A58523" box="[649,697,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
., 2017
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which have all been described in detail (for details, see
<tableCitation id="C6C6033975754C70FE19FAEDB3FB8506" box="[405,487,1357,1382]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[133,189,583,606]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and morphometric comparison of Rubrioxytricha species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B660A75774C72FF09FDE7B1BA823E" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" tableUuid="DF3B660A75774C72FF09FDE7B1BA823E">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Among them,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FD11FAEDB1378506" box="[669,811,1357,1382]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD11FAEDB1378506" box="[669,811,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished by the colourless cytoplasm and yellowish cortical granules arranged in short rows and in small groups (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FEB2FA32B00E85CB" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[318,530,1426,1451]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FE1DFA32B3DD85CB" box="[401,449,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). Our population, collected from Qingdao, corresponds well with the
<collectingCountry id="F353761275754C70FEB1FA15B39C85AE" box="[317,384,1461,1486]" name="Guam" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Guam</collectingCountry>
population of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175754C70FDA7FA15B0A785AE" box="[555,699,1461,1486]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FDA7FA15B0A785AE" box="[555,699,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">R. guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in terms of ciliature and the colour and arrangement of cortical granules. Nevertheless, the Qingdao population has a relatively larger body length range both in vivo and after protargol staining when compared with the
<typeStatus id="54FF882075754C70FF41F9BDB2E38656" box="[205,255,1565,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">type</typeStatus>
population. We think that geographical variation could account for the abovementioned deviations in body size between the two populations.
<collectingCountry id="F353761275754C70FC28F99FB1FB8638" box="[932,999,1599,1624]" name="Guam" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">Guam</collectingCountry>
is at a lower latitude than Qingdao and has a higher average annual temperature (
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Guo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FC50F9C2B617861B" box="[988,1035,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FBD5F9C2B30986FE" author="Yeo MH &amp; Patil UD &amp; Chang A &amp; King R" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" refId="ref8761" refString="Yeo MH, Patil UD, Chang A, King R. 2023. Changing trends in temperatures and rainfalls in the western Pacific: guam. Climate. 11 (4): 81. doi: 10.3390 / cli 11040081." type="journal volume" year="2023">
Yeo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FF2CF925B2CC86FE" box="[160,208,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
), and temperature is likely to cause differences in body size between populations of the same species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375754C70FE4EF907B08C86A0" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[450,656,1703,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="693" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075754C70FD9EF907B05D86A0" box="[530,577,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). The Qingdao population invariably has one caudal cirrus at the end of DK 3, while the
<collectingCountry id="F353761275764C73FD03FB2DB0CE84C6" box="[655,722,1165,1190]" name="Guam" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Guam</collectingCountry>
population sometimes possesses two caudal cirri. Additionally, the
<collectingCountry id="F353761275764C73FE64FB10B03784A9" box="[488,555,1200,1225]" name="Guam" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Guam</collectingCountry>
population was collected from fresh water, while the Qingdao population was isolated from a limnetic biotope with a salinity of about 2‰. However, these divergences could be considered intraspecific variation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E650975784C7DFF2CFC74B653838E" box="[160,1103,980,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275784C7DFF2CFC74B653838E" blockId="8.[160,1103,980,1006]" box="[160,1103,980,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<heading id="D0B381EE75784C7DFF2CFC74B653838E" bold="true" box="[160,1103,980,1006]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFC74B653838E" bold="true" box="[160,1103,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
Sequence divergence and phylogenetic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC9CFC74B653838E" box="[784,1103,980,1006]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E650975784C7DFF2CFBA9B66E8585" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275784C7DFF2CFBA9B66E8585" blockId="8.[160,1156,1033,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
There are only two nucleotide differences in the 18S rRNA gene between the Qingdao population and the
<collectingCountry id="F353761275784C7DFE04FB8CB3D78425" box="[392,459,1068,1093]" name="Guam" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Guam</collectingCountry>
population, which corresponds to 99.9% similarity and supports the conspecificity of the two populations. Within the genus, phylogenetic grouping and morphological classification of species are consistent.
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCA4FBD1B62584EA" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Stein" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[808,1081,1137,1162]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCA4FBD1B62584EA" box="[808,1081,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFBFCFBD1B33F84CD" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFBFCFBD1B33F84CD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clustered into a branch, which then grouped with
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCFFFB34B2EC84AF" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Blatterer &amp; Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCFFFB34B2EC84AF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at full confidence level. This can perhaps be explained by the colour of the cytoplasm: all three species have a brown to orange cytoplasm (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFCF4FB79B6628492" author="Song W &amp; Wilbert N" box="[888,1150,1241,1266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="2 - 221" refId="ref8486" refString="Song W, Wilbert N. 1989. Taxonomische untersuchungen an aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im poppelsdorfer weiher, bonn. Lauterbornia. 3: 2 - 221." type="journal article" year="1989">Song and Wilbert 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFF2CFB5CB3C88575" author="Blatterer H &amp; Foissner W" box="[160,468,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" refId="ref5329" refString="Blatterer H, Foissner W. 1990. Beitrage zur Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa: Ciliophora) der Amper (Bayern, Bundesrepublik Deutschland). Arch Protistenkd. 138 (2): 93 - 115 (in German). doi: 10.1016 / S 0003 - 9365 (11) 80148 - X." type="journal volume" year="1990">Blatterer and Foissner 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE6DFB5CB0AA8575" author="Shin MK &amp; Kim W" box="[481,694,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="223 - 230" refId="ref8260" refString="Shin MK, Kim W. 1993. New records of three oxytrichid hypotrichs (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida: Oxytrichidae) from the Han river in Seoul. Korea. Korean J Zool. 36: 223 - 230." type="journal article" year="1993">Shin and Kim 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFD4FFB5CB1578575" author="Berger H" box="[707,843,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="1 - 1080" refId="ref5120" refString="Berger H. 1999. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monogr Biol. 78: 1 - 1080." type="journal article" year="1999">Berger 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFCD4FB5CB6138575" author="Chen L &amp; Zhao X &amp; Shao C &amp; Miao M &amp; Clamp JC" box="[856,1039,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref5529" refString="Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. 2017. Morphology and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp. nov. and Rubrioxytricha tsinlingensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from north-west China. Syst Biodivers. 15 (2): 131 - 142. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2016. 1219426." type="journal article" year="2017">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC16FB5CB1D68575" box="[922,970,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFB90FB5CB2CB8557" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFBC1FB5CB6628575" box="[1101,1150,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). The branch of these three species grouped together with the branch consisting of two populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE0BFAE1B0BE853A" box="[391,674,1345,1370]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE0BFAE1B0BE853A" box="[391,674,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which may be due to their yellowish to greenish cortical granules (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE43FAC4B0BE851D" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[463,674,1380,1405]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDADFAC4B04D851D" box="[545,593,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). Independent branching of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC6BFAC4B34C85FF" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC6BFAC4B34C85FF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds to its reddish-brown granules. We hypothesise that this may be related to the fact that
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE6BFA09B15F85A2" box="[487,835,1449,1474]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE6BFA09B15F85A2" box="[487,835,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is isolated from marine or brackish water and only
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE39FA6CB1158585" box="[437,777,1484,1509]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE39FA6CB1158585" box="[437,777,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has mitochondria-like granules.
</paragraph>
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Phylogenetic position of genus
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With the newly sequenced
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<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FE42FA32B0C285CB" box="[462,734,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</emphasis>
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included in the phylogenetic analysis, the monophyly of the genus
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<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FD8CFA15B08785AE" box="[512,667,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is corroborated, which is consistent with previous studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FEEFFA77B0028590" author="Chen W &amp; Chen X &amp; Li L &amp; Warren A &amp; Lin X" box="[355,542,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" pagination="309 - 320" refId="ref5385" refString="Chen W, Chen X, Li L, Warren A, Lin X. 2015. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer &amp; Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (Pt 1): 309 - 320. doi: 10.1099 / ijs. 0.067801 - 0." type="journal article" year="2015">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FE24FA77B3C68590" box="[424,474,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FDA1FA77B07F8590" author="Chen L &amp; Zhao X &amp; Shao C &amp; Miao M &amp; Clamp JC" box="[557,611,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref5529" refString="Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. 2017. Morphology and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp. nov. and Rubrioxytricha tsinlingensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from north-west China. Syst Biodivers. 15 (2): 131 - 142. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2016. 1219426." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FDFDFA77B1598590" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[625,837,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FD4EFA77B0E88590" box="[706,756,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FC40FA77B6988590" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[972,1156,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FC72FA77B62C8590" box="[1022,1072,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">et al</emphasis>
. (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
argued for the paraphyly of the genus because of the nesting of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FCD7FA5AB64F8673" box="[859,1107,1530,1555]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FCD7FA5AB64F8673" box="[859,1107,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Pseudogastrostyla flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FF2CF9BDB38C8656" box="[160,400,1565,1590]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Polystichotrix" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="monilata">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FF2CF9BDB38C8656" box="[160,400,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Polystichotrix monilata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it was not statistically supported by the ML (59) analysis. In the current study, the sister relationship between these two species and the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FF2CF9C2B32B861B" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[160,311,1634,1659]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FF2CF9C2B32B861B" box="[160,311,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is fully supported (ML/BI, 100%/1.00). It can be explained by the high level of morphological similarity among them: they all have a flexible body, one marginal row on each side of the body, and brightly coloured cortical granules. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FC60F907B69F86A0" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[1004,1155,1703,1728]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FC60F907B69F86A0" box="[1004,1155,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs significantly from
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE21FF2EB05980C7" box="[429,581,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Polystichothrix</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFDF1FF2EB12780C7" box="[637,827,142,167]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDF1FF2EB12780C7" box="[637,827,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudogastrostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a typical oxytrichid pattern of 18 FVT cirri (vs more than 18 FVT cirri in short lines) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFCE5FF11B61380AA" author="Fan Y &amp; Zhao X &amp; Hu X &amp; Miao M &amp; Warren A &amp; Song W" box="[873,1039,177,202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="374 - 385" refId="ref5754" refString="Fan Y, Zhao X, Hu X, Miao M, Warren A, Song W. 2015. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two novel ciliates, with establishment of a new genus, Pseudogastrostyla n. g. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol. 51 (51): 374 - 385. doi: 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2015.06.007." type="journal article" year="2015">
Fan
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC17FF11B1D780AA" box="[923,971,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFB90FF11B2CA808D" author="Luo X &amp; Gao F &amp; Yi Z &amp; Pan Y &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Warren A" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="475 - 491" refId="ref7364" refString="Luo X, Gao F, Yi Z, Pan Y, Al-Farraj SA, Warren A. 2017. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two new brackish hypotrichous ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea). Zool J Linn Soc. 179: 475 - 491." type="journal article" year="2017">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFBC1FF11B66280AA" box="[1101,1150,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFF6AFF74B300808D" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[230,284,212,237]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, in terms of dorsal ciliature, the
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCB6FF74B342816F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCB6FF74B1D3808D" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[826,975,212,237]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Rubrioxytricha</taxonomicName>
–Polystichothrix–
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFF56B342816F" box="[160,350,246,271]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Pseudogastrostyla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade demonstrates great variation: (1)
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC96FF56B1C4816F" box="[794,984,246,271]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC96FF56B1C4816F" box="[794,984,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudogastrostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares four DK with
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF54FEB9B0278152" box="[216,571,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF54FEB9B37A8152" box="[216,358,281,306]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">R. guamensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFEFEFEB9B0278152" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Blatterer and Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[370,571,281,306]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">R. haematoplasma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFDF9FEB9B1208152" box="[629,828,281,306]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDF9FEB9B1208152" box="[629,828,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2)
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCE1FEB9B6198152" box="[877,1029,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Polystichothrix</emphasis>
shares five DK with
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE9DFE9CB3BF8135" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Stein" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[273,419,316,341]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE9DFE9CB3BF8135" box="[273,419,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE61FE9CB04E8135" box="[493,594,316,341]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE61FE9CB04E8135" box="[493,594,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (3) six DK are present in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC27FE9CB64D8135" box="[939,1105,316,341]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC27FE9CB64D8135" box="[939,1105,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (4)
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFEFEB3428117" box="[160,350,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFEFEB3428117" box="[160,350,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudogastrostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares one caudal cirrus with
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD39FEFEB69F8117" box="[693,1155,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFD39FEFEB15F8117" box="[693,835,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">R. guamensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCDCFEFEB6068117" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Blatterer and Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[848,1050,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">R. haematoplasma</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFBABFEFEB69F8117" box="[1063,1155,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="indica">R. indica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF43FE21B38F81FA" box="[207,403,385,410]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF43FE21B38F81FA" box="[207,403,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (5) one or two caudal cirri occur in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC98FE21B18481FA" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Stein" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[788,920,385,410]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC98FE21B18481FA" box="[788,920,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and three caudal cirri are present in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFECEFE04B3C081DD" box="[322,476,420,445]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFECEFE04B3C081DD" box="[322,476,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (6)
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD82FE04B0BA81DD" box="[526,678,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Polystichothrix</emphasis>
lacks caudal cirri (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFCFEFE04B1E581DD" author="Berger H" box="[882,1017,420,445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="1 - 1080" refId="ref5120" refString="Berger H. 1999. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monogr Biol. 78: 1 - 1080." type="journal article" year="1999">Berger 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFB8AFE04B2CA81BF" author="Naqvi I &amp; Gupta R &amp; Borgohain P &amp; Sapra GR" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref7800" refString="Naqvi I, Gupta R, Borgohain P, Sapra GR. 2006. Morphology and morphogenesis of Rubrioxytricha indica n. sp. (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida). Acta Protozool. 45: 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="2006">
Naqvi
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFBC2FE04B66281DD" box="[1102,1150,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFF68FE66B38281BF" author="Chen W &amp; Chen X &amp; Li L &amp; Warren A &amp; Lin X" box="[228,414,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="309 - 320" refId="ref5385" refString="Chen W, Chen X, Li L, Warren A, Lin X. 2015. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer &amp; Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (Pt 1): 309 - 320. doi: 10.1099 / ijs. 0.067801 - 0." type="journal article" year="2015">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFEABFE66B34581BF" box="[295,345,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE20FE66B04881BF" author="Fan Y &amp; Zhao X &amp; Hu X &amp; Miao M &amp; Warren A &amp; Song W" box="[428,596,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="374 - 385" refId="ref5754" refString="Fan Y, Zhao X, Hu X, Miao M, Warren A, Song W. 2015. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two novel ciliates, with establishment of a new genus, Pseudogastrostyla n. g. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol. 51 (51): 374 - 385. doi: 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2015.06.007." type="journal article" year="2015">
Fan
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE52FE66B00C81BF" box="[478,528,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFDEFFE66B11081BF" author="Luo X &amp; Gao F &amp; Yi Z &amp; Pan Y &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Warren A" box="[611,780,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="475 - 491" refId="ref7364" refString="Luo X, Gao F, Yi Z, Pan Y, Al-Farraj SA, Warren A. 2017. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two new brackish hypotrichous ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea). Zool J Linn Soc. 179: 475 - 491." type="journal article" year="2017">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD19FE66B0DB81BF" box="[661,711,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFC96FE66B1F281BF" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[794,1006,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCE0FE66B18181BF" box="[876,925,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). The branch consisting of species within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFDC3FE49B0FA8262" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[591,742,489,514]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDC3FE49B0FA8262" box="[591,742,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCACFE49B69F8262" box="[800,1155,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
Polystichothrix–
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC49FE49B69F8262" box="[965,1155,489,514]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Pseudogastrostyla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE0CFDACB0988245" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Dragesco &amp; Dragesco-Kerneis" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[384,644,524,549]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Ponturostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="enigmatica">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE0CFDACB0988245" box="[384,644,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Ponturostyla enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFD33FDACB1EF8245" authorityName="Jung, Park &amp; Min" authorityYear="2015" box="[703,1011,524,549]" genus="Pseudocyrtohymena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD33FDACB1EF8245" box="[703,1011,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudocyrtohymena koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as shown in the previous reports (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE05FD8EB0268227" author="Chen L &amp; Zhao X &amp; Shao C &amp; Miao M &amp; Clamp JC" box="[393,570,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref5529" refString="Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. 2017. Morphology and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp. nov. and Rubrioxytricha tsinlingensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from north-west China. Syst Biodivers. 15 (2): 131 - 142. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2016. 1219426." type="journal article" year="2017">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE46FD8EB3E58227" box="[458,505,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFDC9FD8EB1138227" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[581,783,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD18FD8EB0DE8227" box="[660,706,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
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;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFC97FD8EB1A78227" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[795,955,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCC7FD8EB1668227" box="[843,890,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Morphologically,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFDF1B33B820A" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1989" box="[160,295,593,618]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Ponturostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFDF1B33B820A" box="[160,295,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Ponturostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs significantly from the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFD54FDF1B16F820A" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[728,883,593,618]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD54FDF1B16F820A" box="[728,883,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in: (1) having multiple fragmentations (vs absence) of DK 3; (2) more than one (vs one) left and right marginal rows; and (3) absence (vs presence) of caudal cirri (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFD5AFD36B15282CF" author="Song W" box="[726,846,662,687]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="181 - 197" refId="ref8300" refString="Song W. 2001. Morphology and morphogenesis of the marine ciliate Ponturostyla enigmatica (Dragesco &amp; Dragesco-Kerneis, 1986) Jankowski, 1989 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol. 37 (2): 181 - 197. doi: 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00806." type="journal article" year="2001">Song 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCEEFD36B62B82CF" authorityName="Jung, Park &amp; Min" authorityYear="2015" box="[866,1079,662,687]" genus="Pseudocyrtohymena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCEEFD36B62B82CF" box="[866,1079,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudocyrtohymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFED5FD19B3EC82B2" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[345,496,697,722]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFED5FD19B3EC82B2" box="[345,496,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in: (1) the arrangement of the undulating membranes (in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFD7CB3318295" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1989" box="[160,301,732,757]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFD7CB3318295" box="[160,301,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Cyrtohymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFED8FD7CB3FF8295" authorityName="Blatterer &amp; Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[340,483,732,757]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Australocirrus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFED8FD7CB3FF8295" box="[340,483,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Australocirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pattern); and (2) the slightly higher number of adoral membranelles (38–53 vs 21–48) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE52FD5EB0848377" author="Jung JH &amp; Park KM &amp; Min GS" box="[478,664,766,791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="280 - 297" refId="ref6480" refString="Jung JH, Park KM, Min GS. 2015. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymena koreana n. g. n. sp. and Antarctic Neokeronopsis asiatica Foissner et al. 2010 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida), with a brief discussion of the Cyrtohymena undulating membranes pattern. J Eukaryotic Microbiol. 62 (3): 280 - 297. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12179." type="journal article" year="2015">
Jung
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD93FD5EB04E8377" box="[543,594,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the close grouping in phylogenetic analyses might be attributed to the lack of molecular sequences of related species. A detailed investigation of the morphology and the gene sequences of related and yet-tobe-discovered species will clarify further the phylogenetic positions of this group of ciliates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>