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<document id="588B1E1A29E307781786DFC7ACE764D2" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2361963" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219667" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1722843164350" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kouser, Farzana, Liao, Lijian &amp; Hu, Xiaozhong" docDate="2024" docId="03ED879475764C7DFF2CFAFDB698831F" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.21-24.688-701.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (21 - 24)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2361963" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Rubrioxytricha Berger 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="694" masterDocId="FFD4FFEC75704C75FF8CFFA0B21C8060" masterDocTitle="Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis Kumar et al., 2018 (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia)" masterLastPageNumber="701" masterPageNumber="688" pageNumber="694" updateTime="1741798470394" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BAFDAED3EE0C3E45964CF17C04ACB2A7">Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a Chinese population of Rubrioxytricha guamensis Kumar et al., 2018 (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F8D3AC62561B2E585F2796C7BDB93CF">Kouser, Farzana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0C26E6544D9469A013BF5F76B830600D">College of Fisheries, &amp; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; &amp; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="04CE703CD5230B96ADBC61BE47A35805">Liao, Lijian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4193A2B1B982638B5E4927473D8ED066">College of Fisheries, &amp; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; &amp; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C19BCF5036726CA85213796B41216BF9">Hu, Xiaozhong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9D3A2E1B7673A047E55614D28A342D4E">College of Fisheries, &amp; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; &amp; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="7E04BB7BEC864EA2ECF8C47BDC249E2A">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="619D0A78BEAB0EC10CBA76170B53E1C7">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B1BEAE0259BEA7502C4DAECFC2D8C439">21 - 24</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03ED879475764C7DFF2CFAFDB698831F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED879475764C7DFF2CFAFDB698831F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED879475764C7DFF2CFAFDB698831F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="694" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">
<subSubSection id="C35E650975764C73FF2CFAFDB0C98517" box="[160,725,1373,1399]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275764C73FF2CFAFDB0C98517" blockId="6.[160,725,1373,1399]" box="[160,725,1373,1399]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">
<heading id="D0B381EE75764C73FF2CFAFDB0C98517" bold="true" box="[160,725,1373,1399]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FF2CFAFDB0C98517" bold="true" box="[160,725,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">
Phylogenetic position of genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FDADFAFDB0C98517" ID-CoL="63RHS" ID-ENA="1508636" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[545,725,1373,1399]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Rubrioxytricha</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C35E650975764C7DFF2CFA32B698831F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="696" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFB368275764C7DFF2CFA32B698831F" blockId="6.[160,1156,1426,1728]" lastBlockId="8.[160,1156,142,895]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="696" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">
With the newly sequenced
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FE42FA32B0C285CB" box="[462,734,1426,1451]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FE42FA32B0C285CB" box="[462,734,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha guamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included in the phylogenetic analysis, the monophyly of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FD8CFA15B08785AE" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[512,667,1461,1486]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FD8CFA15B08785AE" box="[512,667,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is corroborated, which is consistent with previous studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FEEFFA77B0028590" author="Chen W &amp; Chen X &amp; Li L &amp; Warren A &amp; Lin X" box="[355,542,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" pagination="309 - 320" refId="ref5385" refString="Chen W, Chen X, Li L, Warren A, Lin X. 2015. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer &amp; Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (Pt 1): 309 - 320. doi: 10.1099 / ijs. 0.067801 - 0." type="journal article" year="2015">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FE24FA77B3C68590" box="[424,474,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FDA1FA77B07F8590" author="Chen L &amp; Zhao X &amp; Shao C &amp; Miao M &amp; Clamp JC" box="[557,611,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref5529" refString="Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. 2017. Morphology and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp. nov. and Rubrioxytricha tsinlingensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from north-west China. Syst Biodivers. 15 (2): 131 - 142. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2016. 1219426." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FDFDFA77B1598590" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[625,837,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FD4EFA77B0E88590" box="[706,756,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375764C73FC40FA77B6988590" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[972,1156,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FC72FA77B62C8590" box="[1022,1072,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">et al</emphasis>
. (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
argued for the paraphyly of the genus because of the nesting of
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FCD7FA5AB64F8673" box="[859,1107,1530,1555]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FCD7FA5AB64F8673" box="[859,1107,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Pseudogastrostyla flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FF2CF9BDB38C8656" box="[160,400,1565,1590]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Polystichotrix" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="monilata">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FF2CF9BDB38C8656" box="[160,400,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Polystichotrix monilata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it was not statistically supported by the ML (59) analysis. In the current study, the sister relationship between these two species and the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FF2CF9C2B32B861B" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[160,311,1634,1659]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FF2CF9C2B32B861B" box="[160,311,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is fully supported (ML/BI, 100%/1.00). It can be explained by the high level of morphological similarity among them: they all have a flexible body, one marginal row on each side of the body, and brightly coloured cortical granules. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175764C73FC60F907B69F86A0" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[1004,1155,1703,1728]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="694" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075764C73FC60F907B69F86A0" box="[1004,1155,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="694">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs significantly from
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE21FF2EB05980C7" box="[429,581,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Polystichothrix</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFDF1FF2EB12780C7" box="[637,827,142,167]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDF1FF2EB12780C7" box="[637,827,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudogastrostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a typical oxytrichid pattern of 18 FVT cirri (vs more than 18 FVT cirri in short lines) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFCE5FF11B61380AA" author="Fan Y &amp; Zhao X &amp; Hu X &amp; Miao M &amp; Warren A &amp; Song W" box="[873,1039,177,202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="374 - 385" refId="ref5754" refString="Fan Y, Zhao X, Hu X, Miao M, Warren A, Song W. 2015. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two novel ciliates, with establishment of a new genus, Pseudogastrostyla n. g. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol. 51 (51): 374 - 385. doi: 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2015.06.007." type="journal article" year="2015">
Fan
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC17FF11B1D780AA" box="[923,971,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFB90FF11B2CA808D" author="Luo X &amp; Gao F &amp; Yi Z &amp; Pan Y &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Warren A" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="475 - 491" refId="ref7364" refString="Luo X, Gao F, Yi Z, Pan Y, Al-Farraj SA, Warren A. 2017. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two new brackish hypotrichous ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea). Zool J Linn Soc. 179: 475 - 491." type="journal article" year="2017">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFBC1FF11B66280AA" box="[1101,1150,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFF6AFF74B300808D" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[230,284,212,237]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, in terms of dorsal ciliature, the
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCB6FF74B342816F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCB6FF74B1D3808D" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[826,975,212,237]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Rubrioxytricha</taxonomicName>
–Polystichothrix–
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFF56B342816F" box="[160,350,246,271]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Pseudogastrostyla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade demonstrates great variation: (1)
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC96FF56B1C4816F" box="[794,984,246,271]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC96FF56B1C4816F" box="[794,984,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudogastrostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares four DK with
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF54FEB9B0278152" box="[216,571,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF54FEB9B37A8152" box="[216,358,281,306]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">R. guamensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFEFEFEB9B0278152" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Blatterer and Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[370,571,281,306]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">R. haematoplasma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFDF9FEB9B1208152" box="[629,828,281,306]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDF9FEB9B1208152" box="[629,828,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2)
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCE1FEB9B6198152" box="[877,1029,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Polystichothrix</emphasis>
shares five DK with
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE9DFE9CB3BF8135" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Stein" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[273,419,316,341]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE9DFE9CB3BF8135" box="[273,419,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE61FE9CB04E8135" box="[493,594,316,341]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE61FE9CB04E8135" box="[493,594,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (3) six DK are present in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC27FE9CB64D8135" box="[939,1105,316,341]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC27FE9CB64D8135" box="[939,1105,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (4)
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFEFEB3428117" box="[160,350,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFEFEB3428117" box="[160,350,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudogastrostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares one caudal cirrus with
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD39FEFEB69F8117" box="[693,1155,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFD39FEFEB15F8117" box="[693,835,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guamensis">R. guamensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCDCFEFEB6068117" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Blatterer and Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[848,1050,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="haematoplasma">R. haematoplasma</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFBABFEFEB69F8117" box="[1063,1155,350,375]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="indica">R. indica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF43FE21B38F81FA" box="[207,403,385,410]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="guangzhouensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF43FE21B38F81FA" box="[207,403,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. guangzhouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (5) one or two caudal cirri occur in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC98FE21B18481FA" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Stein" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[788,920,385,410]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Oxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFC98FE21B18481FA" box="[788,920,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and three caudal cirri are present in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFECEFE04B3C081DD" box="[322,476,420,445]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="tsinlingensis">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFECEFE04B3C081DD" box="[322,476,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">R. tsinlingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (6)
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD82FE04B0BA81DD" box="[526,678,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Polystichothrix</emphasis>
lacks caudal cirri (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFCFEFE04B1E581DD" author="Berger H" box="[882,1017,420,445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="1 - 1080" refId="ref5120" refString="Berger H. 1999. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monogr Biol. 78: 1 - 1080." type="journal article" year="1999">Berger 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFB8AFE04B2CA81BF" author="Naqvi I &amp; Gupta R &amp; Borgohain P &amp; Sapra GR" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref7800" refString="Naqvi I, Gupta R, Borgohain P, Sapra GR. 2006. Morphology and morphogenesis of Rubrioxytricha indica n. sp. (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida). Acta Protozool. 45: 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="2006">
Naqvi
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFBC2FE04B66281DD" box="[1102,1150,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFF68FE66B38281BF" author="Chen W &amp; Chen X &amp; Li L &amp; Warren A &amp; Lin X" box="[228,414,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="309 - 320" refId="ref5385" refString="Chen W, Chen X, Li L, Warren A, Lin X. 2015. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer &amp; Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (Pt 1): 309 - 320. doi: 10.1099 / ijs. 0.067801 - 0." type="journal article" year="2015">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFEABFE66B34581BF" box="[295,345,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE20FE66B04881BF" author="Fan Y &amp; Zhao X &amp; Hu X &amp; Miao M &amp; Warren A &amp; Song W" box="[428,596,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="374 - 385" refId="ref5754" refString="Fan Y, Zhao X, Hu X, Miao M, Warren A, Song W. 2015. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two novel ciliates, with establishment of a new genus, Pseudogastrostyla n. g. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol. 51 (51): 374 - 385. doi: 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2015.06.007." type="journal article" year="2015">
Fan
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE52FE66B00C81BF" box="[478,528,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFDEFFE66B11081BF" author="Luo X &amp; Gao F &amp; Yi Z &amp; Pan Y &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Warren A" box="[611,780,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="475 - 491" refId="ref7364" refString="Luo X, Gao F, Yi Z, Pan Y, Al-Farraj SA, Warren A. 2017. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two new brackish hypotrichous ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea). Zool J Linn Soc. 179: 475 - 491." type="journal article" year="2017">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD19FE66B0DB81BF" box="[661,711,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFC96FE66B1F281BF" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[794,1006,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCE0FE66B18181BF" box="[876,925,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
). The branch consisting of species within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFDC3FE49B0FA8262" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[591,742,489,514]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFDC3FE49B0FA8262" box="[591,742,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCACFE49B69F8262" box="[800,1155,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">
Polystichothrix–
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFC49FE49B69F8262" box="[965,1155,489,514]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Kahliellidae" genus="Pseudogastrostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Pseudogastrostyla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFE0CFDACB0988245" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Dragesco &amp; Dragesco-Kerneis" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[384,644,524,549]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Ponturostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="enigmatica">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE0CFDACB0988245" box="[384,644,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Ponturostyla enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFD33FDACB1EF8245" authorityName="Jung, Park &amp; Min" authorityYear="2015" box="[703,1011,524,549]" genus="Pseudocyrtohymena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD33FDACB1EF8245" box="[703,1011,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudocyrtohymena koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as shown in the previous reports (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE05FD8EB0268227" author="Chen L &amp; Zhao X &amp; Shao C &amp; Miao M &amp; Clamp JC" box="[393,570,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref5529" refString="Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. 2017. Morphology and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp. nov. and Rubrioxytricha tsinlingensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from north-west China. Syst Biodivers. 15 (2): 131 - 142. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2016. 1219426." type="journal article" year="2017">
Chen
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFE46FD8EB3E58227" box="[458,505,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFDC9FD8EB1138227" author="Kumar S &amp; Bharti D &amp; Kabir AS &amp; Hong JS &amp; Shin MK" box="[581,783,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref6777" refString="Kumar S, Bharti D, Kabir AS, Hong JS, Shin MK. 2018 a. Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 65 (3): 392 - 399. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12484." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD18FD8EB0DE8227" box="[660,706,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFC97FD8EB1A78227" author="Luo X &amp; Huang J &amp; Bourland WA &amp; El-Serehy HA &amp; Al-Farraj SA &amp; Chen X &amp; Song W" box="[795,955,558,583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" refId="ref7419" refString="Luo X, Huang J, Bourland WA, El-Serehy HA, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Song W. 2021. Taxonomy of three oxytrichids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of the new species Rubrioxytricha guangzhouensis spec. nov. Front Mar Sci. 7: 623436. doi: 10.3389 / fmars. 2020. 623436." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Luo
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCC7FD8EB1668227" box="[843,890,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Morphologically,
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFDF1B33B820A" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1989" box="[160,295,593,618]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Ponturostyla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFDF1B33B820A" box="[160,295,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Ponturostyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs significantly from the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFD54FDF1B16F820A" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[728,883,593,618]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD54FDF1B16F820A" box="[728,883,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in: (1) having multiple fragmentations (vs absence) of DK 3; (2) more than one (vs one) left and right marginal rows; and (3) absence (vs presence) of caudal cirri (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFD5AFD36B15282CF" author="Song W" box="[726,846,662,687]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="181 - 197" refId="ref8300" refString="Song W. 2001. Morphology and morphogenesis of the marine ciliate Ponturostyla enigmatica (Dragesco &amp; Dragesco-Kerneis, 1986) Jankowski, 1989 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol. 37 (2): 181 - 197. doi: 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00806." type="journal article" year="2001">Song 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFCEEFD36B62B82CF" authorityName="Jung, Park &amp; Min" authorityYear="2015" box="[866,1079,662,687]" genus="Pseudocyrtohymena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFCEEFD36B62B82CF" box="[866,1079,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Pseudocyrtohymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFED5FD19B3EC82B2" authorityName="Berger" authorityYear="1999" box="[345,496,697,722]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Rubrioxytricha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFED5FD19B3EC82B2" box="[345,496,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Rubrioxytricha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in: (1) the arrangement of the undulating membranes (in
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFF2CFD7CB3318295" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1989" box="[160,301,732,757]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Cyrtohymena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFF2CFD7CB3318295" box="[160,301,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Cyrtohymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="4C444D0175784C7DFED8FD7CB3FF8295" authorityName="Blatterer &amp; Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[340,483,732,757]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Australocirrus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFED8FD7CB3FF8295" box="[340,483,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">Australocirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pattern); and (2) the slightly higher number of adoral membranelles (38–53 vs 21–48) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B7375784C7DFE52FD5EB0848377" author="Jung JH &amp; Park KM &amp; Min GS" box="[478,664,766,791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="696" pagination="280 - 297" refId="ref6480" refString="Jung JH, Park KM, Min GS. 2015. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymena koreana n. g. n. sp. and Antarctic Neokeronopsis asiatica Foissner et al. 2010 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida), with a brief discussion of the Cyrtohymena undulating membranes pattern. J Eukaryotic Microbiol. 62 (3): 280 - 297. doi: 10.1111 / jeu. 12179." type="journal article" year="2015">
Jung
<emphasis id="B930EA9075784C7DFD93FD5EB04E8377" box="[543,594,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="696">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the close grouping in phylogenetic analyses might be attributed to the lack of molecular sequences of related species. A detailed investigation of the morphology and the gene sequences of related and yet-tobe-discovered species will clarify further the phylogenetic positions of this group of ciliates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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