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<mods:title id="0012545E6FD1A75073877A804275194A">Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="14E5056A3074FFABFDF1FADFFD0C0C7F" bold="true" box="[518,755,1351,1378]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Africonus vulcanus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="14E5056A3074FFABFF4AFA3DFE880CA2" box="[189,375,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Conus vulcanus</emphasis>
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, pl. 1.
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<emphasis id="14E5056A3074FFABFF4AFA50FE170CFF" box="[189,488,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Africonus miguelfiadeiroi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4200A4893074FFABFE07FA50FC8F0CFF" author="Cossignani &amp; Fiadeiro" box="[496,880,1480,1507]" firstAuthor="Cossignani" page="3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="3 - 5" refId="ref42579" refString="Cossignani T. &amp; Fiadeiro R. 2015 c. Due Nuovi Coni da Capo Verde. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 88: 3 - 5." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="c">Cossignani &amp; Fiadeiro, 2015c: 3</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="14E5056A3074FFABFF4AF999FE550F06" bold="true" box="[189,426,1537,1563]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Material examined</emphasis>
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).
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<emphasis id="14E5056A3074FFABFF1DF90DFE590FB2" bold="true" box="[234,422,1685,1711]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Other material</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="262ED9783074FFABFF4AF920FDB60E9E" blockId="45.[189,1399,1685,1923]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<collectingCountry id="5E8699E83074FFABFF4AF920FE890FCE" box="[189,374,1720,1747]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">CABO VERDE</collectingCountry>
• 
<specimenCount id="309712F13074FFABFE7BF920FE200FCE" box="[396,479,1720,1747]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
; 
<collectingRegion id="E455179A3074FFABFE1DF921FD540FCF" box="[490,683,1720,1747]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Boa Vista Island</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="234E8FA33074FFABFD42F921FCA30FCF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53:234E8FA33074FFABFD42F921FCA30FCF" box="[693,860,1720,1747]" country="Cape Verde" latitude="16.129168" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-22.671389" name="Porto Ferreira" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Boa Vista Island">Porto Ferreira</location>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="43A5BFBF3074FFABFC91F92EFC180FCE" box="[870,999,1718,1747]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="7" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="45" value="16.129168">16º7ʹ45ʺ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="43A5BFBF3074FFABFC06F92EFB780FCE" box="[1009,1159,1718,1747]" degrees="22" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="17" value="-22.671389">22º40ʹ17ʺ W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<date id="522FFFB83074FFABFB65F920FAEB0FCF" box="[1170,1300,1720,1746]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2013-07-01">
<collectingDate id="426B06503074FFABFB65F920FAEB0FCF" box="[1170,1300,1720,1746]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2013-07-01">1 Jul. 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="408041BD3074FFABFAE9F920FA890FCF" box="[1310,1398,1720,1746]" country="Spain" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">MNCN</collectionCode>
exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: 
<accessionNumber id="39C2449B3074FFABFCFFF943FC710FEB" box="[776,910,1755,1782]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF491555" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MF491555</accessionNumber>
; 
<specimenCode id="763771033074FFABFC6DF943FB730FEB" box="[922,1164,1755,1782]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MNCN 15.05/80405</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="96F9D3253074FFABFB53F943FCF70E21" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2634681364" collectingDate="2013-04-06" collectionCode="MNCN" collectorName="Island &amp; Canto" country="Cape Verde" latitude="16.18611" location="Praia Canto" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-22.707779" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNCN 15.05/80404" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Boa Vista Island">
<specimenCount id="309712F13074FFABFB53F943FB060FEB" box="[1188,1273,1755,1782]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
; 
<collectingRegion id="E455179A3074FFABFAF2F944FEF70E05" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Boa Vista Island</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="234E8FA33074FFABFEE3F966FE5C0E04" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53:234E8FA33074FFABFEE3F966FE5C0E04" box="[276,419,1790,1817]" country="Cape Verde" latitude="16.18611" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-22.707779" name="Praia Canto" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Boa Vista Island">Praia Canto</location>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="43A5BFBF3074FFABFE58F965FDBF0E04" box="[431,576,1789,1817]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="11" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="10" value="16.18611">16º11ʹ10ʺ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="43A5BFBF3074FFABFDBAF965FD1A0E04" box="[589,741,1789,1817]" degrees="22" direction="west" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-22.707779">22º42ʹ28ʺ W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<date id="522FFFB83074FFABFD05F966FC7F0E04" box="[754,896,1790,1817]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2013-04-06">
<collectingDate id="426B06503074FFABFD05F966FC7F0E04" box="[754,896,1790,1817]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2013-04-06">6 Apr. 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="408041BD3074FFABFC7AF967FC1A0E04" box="[909,997,1791,1817]" collectionName="MNCN" country="Spain" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">MNCN</collectionCode>
exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: 
<accessionNumber id="39C2449B3074FFABFE77F8B9FDF90E21" box="[384,518,1825,1852]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF491554" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MF491554</accessionNumber>
; 
<specimenCode id="763771033074FFABFDE4F8BAFCF70E21" box="[531,776,1825,1852]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MNCN 15.05/80404</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="96F9D3253074FFABFCD2F8BAFDB90E9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2634681448" collectingDate="2013-04-06" collectionCode="MNCN" country="Cape Verde" latitude="16.202501" location="Jorrita" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-22.706112" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNCN 15.05/80398" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Boa Vista Island">
<specimenCount id="309712F13074FFABFCD2F8BAFC830E21" box="[805,892,1826,1852]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
; 
<collectingRegion id="E455179A3074FFABFC7DF8BAFBAC0E21" box="[906,1107,1826,1852]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Boa Vista Island</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="234E8FA33074FFABFB97F8BAFB510E21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53:234E8FA33074FFABFB97F8BAFB510E21" box="[1120,1198,1826,1852]" country="Cape Verde" latitude="16.202501" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-22.706112" name="Jorrita" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Boa Vista Island">Jorrita</location>
, 
<location id="234E8FA33074FFABFB4BF8BAFA8E0E21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53:234E8FA33074FFABFB4BF8BAFA8E0E21" box="[1212,1393,1826,1852]" country="Cape Verde" latitude="16.202501" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-22.706112" name="Baia das Gatas" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Boa Vista Island">Baía das Gatas</location>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="43A5BFBF3074FFABFF4AF8DBFEB90E42" box="[189,326,1859,1887]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="9" value="16.202501">16º12ʹ9ʺ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="43A5BFBF3074FFABFEAFF8DBFE0A0E42" box="[344,501,1859,1887]" degrees="22" direction="west" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="22" value="-22.706112">22º42ʹ22ʺ W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<date id="522FFFB83074FFABFDF0F8DDFD5E0E42" box="[519,673,1861,1887]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2013-04-06">
<collectingDate id="426B06503074FFABFDF0F8DDFD5E0E42" box="[519,673,1861,1887]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2013-04-06">6 Apr. 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="408041BD3074FFABFD44F8DDFCF40E42" box="[691,779,1861,1887]" collectionName="MNCN" country="Spain" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">MNCN</collectionCode>
exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: 
<accessionNumber id="39C2449B3074FFABFF4AF8F0FEBB0E9E" box="[189,324,1896,1923]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF491548" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MF491548</accessionNumber>
; 
<specimenCode id="763771033074FFABFEB8F8F0FDB90E9E" box="[335,582,1896,1923]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MNCN 15.05/80398</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6E8B8AF33077FFA8FF4AFE93FBFD084E" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="262ED9783077FFA8FF4AFE93FDFD0838" blockId="46.[189,514,267,293]" box="[189,514,267,293]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="7D666E143077FFA8FF4AFE93FDFD0838" bold="true" box="[189,514,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FF4AFE93FDFD0838" bold="true" box="[189,514,267,293]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="262ED9783077FFA8FF4AFEA2FBFD084E" blockId="46.[189,1026,313,340]" box="[189,1026,313,340]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
East and northeast coasts of 
<collectingRegion id="E455179A3077FFA8FDFDFEA2FD83084E" box="[522,636,313,340]" country="Cape Verde" name="Boa Vista" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Boa Vista</collectingRegion>
Island, 
<collectingCountry id="5E8699E83077FFA8FD2DFEA1FC9C084E" box="[730,867,313,339]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
Archipelago.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6E8B8AF33077FFA8FF4AFEE3FE9608D9" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="262ED9783077FFA8FF4AFEE3FD650888" blockId="46.[189,666,379,405]" box="[189,666,379,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="7D666E143077FFA8FF4AFEE3FD650888" bold="true" box="[189,666,379,405]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FF4AFEE3FD650888" bold="true" box="[189,666,379,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Conservation status in IUCN Red List</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="262ED9783077FFA8FF4AFE32FE9608D9" blockId="46.[189,361,426,452]" box="[189,361,426,452]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Least concern.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6E8B8AF33077FFA8FF4AFE73FEB40A53" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="262ED9783077FFA8FF4AFE73FED00B18" blockId="46.[189,303,491,517]" box="[189,303,491,517]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="7D666E143077FFA8FF4AFE73FED00B18" bold="true" box="[189,303,491,517]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FF4AFE73FED00B18" bold="true" box="[189,303,491,517]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="262ED9783077FFA8FF4AFD81FEB40A53" blockId="46.[189,1399,537,846]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
There are at least three distinctive populations of this taxon distributed along the east and northeast coasts of 
<collectingRegion id="E455179A3077FFA8FED8FDA5FE5D0B4B" box="[303,418,572,599]" country="Cape Verde" name="Boa Vista" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Boa Vista</collectingRegion>
Island. One of them from 
<collectingRegion id="E455179A3077FFA8FD13FDA4FCDF0B4B" box="[740,800,572,598]" country="Cape Verde" name="Praia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Praia</collectingRegion>
Canto was introduced as a distinct species named 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FF4AFDF8FE120B67" authorityName="Cossignani &amp; Fiadeiro" authorityYear="2015" box="[189,493,608,634]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Africonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="miguelfiadeiroi">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FF4AFDF8FE120B67" box="[189,493,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Africonus miguelfiadeiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but upon comparison of its mitogenome sequence, as well as its radular anatomy, we conclude that it is conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FCD3FD1BFC4C0B80" authorityName="Tenorio &amp; Afonso" authorityYear="2004" box="[804,947,643,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vulcanus">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FCD3FD1BFC4C0B80" box="[804,947,643,669]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. vulcanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, representing a mere color form. In analogous fashion, the mitogenomic analysis of an individual from Jorrita, in Baía das Gatas belonging to a yet unnamed population often confused with 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FCFAFD52FC860BFE" box="[781,889,714,740]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="evorai">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FCFAFD52FC860BFE" box="[781,889,714,740]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. evorai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a morph of 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FBEFFD52FB6C0BFE" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1849" box="[1048,1171,713,740]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crotchii">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FBEFFD52FB6C0BFE" box="[1048,1171,713,740]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. crotchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), indicates that the individuals of this population are also conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FCA1FD75FC1F0A1A" authorityName="Tenorio &amp; Afonso" authorityYear="2004" box="[854,992,749,775]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vulcanus">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FCA1FD75FC1F0A1A" box="[854,992,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. vulcanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus expanding the known range of this species to the north. 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FDF5FC88FD740A37" authorityName="Tenorio &amp; Afonso" authorityYear="2004" box="[514,651,784,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vulcanus">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FDF5FC88FD740A37" box="[514,651,784,810]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. vulcanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is phylogenetically very close to its sister species 
<taxonomicName id="E191A2FB3077FFA8FB2AFC88FA880A37" box="[1245,1399,784,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="delanoyae">
<emphasis id="14E5056A3077FFA8FB2AFC88FA880A37" box="[1245,1399,784,810]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. delanoyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>