<documentid="F4F318EBDC74E405335E6BE83C05E42B"ID-DOI="10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206"ID-Zenodo-Dep="14111022"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi"IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe"checkinTime="1634280027544"checkinUser="donat"docAuthor="Fawcett, Susan & Smith, Alan R."docDate="2021"docId="03B787F6FFDB9B7F621D7836FB04FC4C"docLanguage="en"docName="2021_ThelypteridaceaeFerns_OACopy3.pdf.imf"docOrigin="Fort Worth, Texas, USA: BRIT Press"docTitle="Cyclosorus sensu Copeland 1947"docType="treatment"docVersion="4"lastPageNumber="42"masterDocId="FF8EFF8EFFE99B4B602B7D49FFA7FFBB"masterDocTitle="A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae"pageNumber="40"updateTime="1731444927364"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
<taxonomicNameid="4C1E4D63FFDB9B79608A788CFE14FA6E"ID-CoL="32XDV"authority="(Willd.) H. Ito"box="[161,435,1477,1495]"class="Polypodiopsida"family="Thelypteridaceae"genus="Cyclosorus"kingdom="Plantae"order="Polypodiales"pageId="50"pageNumber="40"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="interruptus">
chartaceous to subcoriaceous (often somewhat leathery), drying greenish or reddish, pinnate-pinnatifid, with proximal pinnae not reduced or lowermost pair only slightly so, lacking auricles at acroscopic base; blade apices usually short, pinnatifid to subconform and pinna-like but usually much shorter than longest lateral pinnae; rachises generally hairy to glabrous or glabrescent, hairs if present 0.1–1.0 mm long, not scaly, lacking proliferous buds in axils of pinnae;
), usually alternate or becoming alternate distally, lacking auricles, bases rounded to truncate, adaxially with a groove that is not continuous with the rachis groove, shallowly lobed ca.
simple, 9–18(–30) pairs per segment, usually prominent on both sides, unbranched, basal pairs from adjacent segments united at an obtuse angle below the sinus, and forming an excurrent vein (usually
of stipes, rachises, costae, veins, and often laminar tissue between veins lacking or of hyaline acicular, spreading hairs, these 0.1–0.4 mm, blades lacking capitate hairs, often (on
) with orangish to reddish, sessile, spherical glands on costules, veins, and sometimes on laminar tissue between veins, also with scattered ovate, flat, pale brown scales on costae and sometimes on costules and veins in
medial to supramedial, circular, often absent from proximal 1 or 2 pairs of veins, not coalescent at maturity, indusiate, indusia sparingly hairy or glabrescent on margins and sometimes on surfaces, caducous with age;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7861347FABFE08FD4C"author="Holttum"box="[287,431,738,759]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Blumea"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="17 - 52"part="19"refId="ref109463"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52."title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World"type="journal article"year="1971">Holttum (1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78619C7FABFE40FD4C"author="Holttum"box="[439,487,738,759]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="334 - 560"part="1"refId="ref109955"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560."title="Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
) considered the essential characters of the genus to include the very long-creeping, nearly scale-less rhizomes, blades truncate at the base (without greatly reduced proximal pinnae), anastomosing veins (usually one pair), costae bearing persistent flat, ovate scales abaxially, the presence of long-stalked glands on the sporangial stalks and receptacle (illustrated by
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7862167E0BFD5FFCEC"author="Holttum"box="[573,760,834,855]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Blumea"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="195 - 215"part="43"refId="ref110127"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E., U. SEN, & D. MITTRA. 1970. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze. Blumea 43: 195 - 215."title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. II. A comparative study of the type-species of Thelypteris Schmidel, Cyclosorus Link, and Ampelopteris Kunze"type="journal article"year="1970">Holttum et al. 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78632A7E0BFCD7FCEC"author="Smith"box="[769,880,834,855]"firstAuthor="Smith"journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="1 - 143"part="59"refId="ref114165"refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143."title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus"type="journal article"year="1971">
, as defined here, includes only two or three species (
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78647B7ECBFB7AFC2C"author="Holttum"box="[1104,1245,898,919]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Blumea"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="17 - 52"part="19"refId="ref109463"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52."title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World"type="journal article"year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7860527EEBFF14FC0C"author="Holttum"box="[121,179,930,951]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="123 - 168"part="40"refId="ref109577"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168."title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands"type="journal article"year="1974"yearSuffix="a">1974a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7860907EEBFF4BFC0C"author="Holttum"box="[187,236,930,951]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="334 - 560"part="1"refId="ref109955"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560."title="Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
), plants of freshwater swamps and wetlands, in ponds, or along streams and rivers, tropics and subtropics, growing at generally low elevations, 0–1000(–1800) m. The
is pantropical, extremely polymorphic, and not recently studied over its broad range.
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78628C7EABFC8FFC4C"author="Smith"box="[679,808,994,1015]"firstAuthor="Smith"journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="1 - 143"part="59"refId="ref114165"refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143."title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus"type="journal article"year="1971">Smith (1971)</bibRefCitation>
tentatively recognized three varieties in the American tropics, from Florida, Antilles, southern
, is restricted to tropical Africa and is clearly related, based on both morphology and nucleotide sequence data.
<collectionCodeid="ED0FAE25FFDA9B786231792BFD8DFBCC"box="[538,554,1122,1143]"country="USA"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406"name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
late Miocene fossil described by
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78634D792BFB8BFBCC"author="Robledo"box="[870,1068,1122,1143]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Robledo"journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasil. Paleontol."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="225 - 238"part="18"refId="ref113487"refString="ROBLEDO, J. M., L. C. SARZETTI, & L. M. ANZOTEGUI. 2015. Phytophagy on fossil ferns from Argentina (Palo Pintado Formation, late Miocene): a review of their fossil record and ichnotaxonomy. Revista Brasil. Paleontol. 18: 225 - 238."title="Phytophagy on fossil ferns from Argentina (Palo Pintado Formation, late Miocene): a review of their fossil record and ichnotaxonomy"type="journal article"year="2015">Robledo et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
<emphasisid="B96AEAF2FFDA9B78608279EBFDA6FB0D"box="[169,513,1185,1207]"italics="true"pageId="51"pageNumber="41">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78623579EBFD1DFB0C"author="Holttum"box="[542,698,1186,1207]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Blumea"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="17 - 52"part="19"refId="ref109463"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52."title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World"type="journal article"year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
provided a general characterization of the genus in its restricted sense and later (1974a, 1977b, 1982) offered treatments of
. In the same paper he also acknowledged that species intermediates existed. Because the elements and intricate interrelationships within this complex have been inadequately studied over their entire range, we prefer, in this work, to subsume
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B786202788BFD69FA6C"author="Copeland"box="[553,718,1474,1495]"firstAuthor="Copeland"journalOrPublisher="Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="1 - 247"part="5"refId="ref107963"refString="COPELAND, E. B. 1947. Genera filicum, the genera of ferns. Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5: 1 - 247."title="Genera filicum, the genera of ferns"type="journal article"year="1947">Copeland (1947)</bibRefCitation>
and followed by many subsequent authors. Even after Holttum’s studies,
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B78610778ABFE62FA4C"author="Lin"box="[300,453,1505,1527]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Lin"journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="319 - 396"refId="ref111240"refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, & A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396."title="Thelypteridaceae"type="book chapter"volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong"year="2013">Lin et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7861DE78ABFDE9FA4C"author="Li"box="[501,590,1506,1527]"firstAuthor="Li"journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="609 - 638"part="51"refId="ref111155"refString="LI, Z. Y., H. E. ZHAO- RONG, & X. C. ZHANG. 2013. A taxonomic revision of Cyclosorus subgenus Cyclosoriopsis (Thelypteridaceae) from China. J. Syst. Evol. 51: 609 - 638."title="A taxonomic revision of Cyclosorus subgenus Cyclosoriopsis (Thelypteridaceae) from China"type="journal article"year="2013">Li (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, working primarily with Chinese species, included
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7862A97BCBFCA7F92C"author="Smith"box="[642,768,1666,1687]"editor="Kubitzki, K."firstAuthor="Smith"journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer & P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp"pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="263 - 272"refId="ref114359"refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer & P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272."title="Thelypteridaceae"type="book chapter"volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol"year="1990">
). An even more extreme taxonomic view was taken by Christenhusz and Chase (2014), who included all thelypteroid genera—about 1200 species—in the single genus
. As a consequence of recent phylogenetic insight (especially
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7863787BA8FBAAF94C"author="He & Zhang"box="[851,1037,1761,1783]"firstAuthor="He"journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="757 - 764"part="65"refId="ref109255"refString="HE, L. J. & X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764."title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="2012">He & Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDA9B7864337BABFB79F94C"author="ALMEIDA, T. E & S. HENNEQUIN & H. SCHNEIDER & A. R. SMITH & J. A. N. BATISTA & A. J. RAMALHO & K. PROITE & K. & A. SALINO"box="[1048,1246,1761,1783]"journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol."pageId="51"pageNumber="41"pagination="688 - 700"part="94"refId="ref106225"refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, & K. & A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700."title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera"type="journal article"year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; and Fawcett et al. in press), reconsideration of morphological characters, and a judgment that a more finely constructed taxonomy facilitates further evolutionary studies, we here choose to recognize
<figureCitationid="13252A65FFDD9B7F63F07C6BFBB4FE8C"box="[987,1043,290,311]"captionStart="FIG"captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]"captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]"captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111042"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111042/files/figure.png"pageId="52"pageNumber="42">
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F640C7C6BFB61FE8C"author="Holttum"box="[1063,1222,290,311]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Allertonia"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="169 - 234"part="1"refId="ref109882"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234."title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia"type="journal article"year="1977"yearSuffix="b">Holttum (1977b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F604A7C0BFF36FEEC"author="Holttum"box="[97,145,322,343]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="334 - 560"part="1"refId="ref109955"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560."title="Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F64B97C2BFF71FE2C"author="He & Zhang"firstAuthor="He"journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol."pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="757 - 764"part="65"refId="ref109255"refString="HE, L. J. & X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764."title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="2012">He & Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F60F57CCBFE3EFE2C"author="ALMEIDA, T. E & S. HENNEQUIN & H. SCHNEIDER & A. R. SMITH & J. A. N. BATISTA & A. J. RAMALHO & K. PROITE & K. & A. SALINO"box="[222,409,386,407]"journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol."pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="688 - 700"part="94"refId="ref106225"refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, & K. & A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700."title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera"type="journal article"year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F618A7CCBFDE3FE2C"author="Patel"box="[417,580,386,407]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Patel"journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci."pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="1016 - 1035"part="180"refId="ref112729"refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, & J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035."title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="2019"yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press). Possibly, the similar habitat—marshes and swamps—influenced Holttum to think the two genera were related.
were described as having “cavate folds with echinate elements” and “short, perforate ridges” by Tryon and Lugardon (1991), and spores of their Panamanian accession of
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63357F4BFC64FDAC"author="Patel"box="[798,963,514,535]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Patel"journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci."pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="1016 - 1035"part="180"refId="ref112729"refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, & J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035."title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae"type="journal article"year="2019"yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
), but differ from the spores observed in material from
, which have few broad crests and little secondary sculpturing (Dai et. al. 2002;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F64BB7F6BFF73FDEC"author="Wang & Dai"firstAuthor="Wang"journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"refId="ref115680"refString="WANG Q. X. & X. L. DAI. 2010. Spores of Polypodiales (Filicales) from China. Science Press, Beijing, China."title="Spores of Polypodiales (Filicales) from China"type="book"year="2010">Wang & Dai 2010</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F62B77F0BFC2CFDEC"author="Tryon & Lugardon"box="[668,907,578,599]"firstAuthor="Tryon"journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"refId="ref115218"refString="TRYON, A. F. & B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A."title="Spores of Pteridophyta"type="book"year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 153.4) are virtually indistinguishable from the
also have broadly winged spores with little secondary sculpturing (
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F62197FCBFCBAFD2C"author="Tryon & Lugardon"box="[562,797,642,663]"firstAuthor="Tryon"journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"refId="ref115218"refString="TRYON, A. F. & B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A."title="Spores of Pteridophyta"type="book"year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C1E4D63FFDD9B7F614E7E28FD65FCCC"authority="(Willd.) H. Ito"authorityName="H. Ito"baseAuthorityName="Willd."box="[357,706,865,887]"class="Polypodiopsida"family="Thelypteridaceae"genus="Cyclosorus"kingdom="Plantae"order="Polypodiales"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"phylum="Tracheophyta"rank="species"species="interruptus">
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63827ECBFF35FC0C"author="Mazumdar & Mukhopadhyay"firstAuthor="Mazumdar"journalOrPublisher="Bionature"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="13 - 34"part="33"refId="ref111962"refString="MAZUMDAR, J. & R. MUKHOPADHYAY. 2013. Nomenclatural notes on some members of Thelypteridaceae. II. Bionature 33: 13 - 34."title="Nomenclatural notes on some members of Thelypteridaceae. II"type="journal article"year="2013">Mazumdar & Mukhopadhyay 2013</bibRefCitation>
), but only two species are included in our concept, which follows
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63377EEBFC14FC0C"author="Holttum"box="[796,947,930,951]"firstAuthor="Holttum"journalOrPublisher="Blumea"pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="17 - 52"part="19"refId="ref109463"refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52."title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World"type="journal article"year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitationid="EF8F4B11FFDD9B7F63CF7EEBFBC3FC0C"author="PPG I"box="[996,1124,930,951]"firstAuthor="PPG I"journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol."pageId="52"pageNumber="42"pagination="563 - 603"part="54"refId="ref112966"refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603."title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"type="journal article"year="2016">PPG I (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Excluded species belong to many different genera in our treatment, especially,
