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<document id="8C6DD30CC956EAF1FD72975AE295560E" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.2" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5412924" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1630355577248" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Long, Feng-Yao, Qin, Li-Wu, Xiao, Yuan-Pin, Hyde, Kevin D., Wang, Shao-Xian &amp; Wen, Ting-Chi" docDate="2021" docId="039D87C3BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFEECBC9B" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.478.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 478 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Ophiocordyceps vespulae F. Y. Long, Y. P. Xiao &amp; T. C. Wen 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FFA4FFBBBA12FFA4FC76A219FFD1BA4D" masterDocTitle="Multigene phylogeny and morphology reveal a new species, Ophiocordyceps vespulae, from Jilin Province, China" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1731345863498" updateUser="guilherme" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2E90652C77DBB31F57F19617F2693D89">
<mods:title id="88C6EFA2E7BFA1D72D4252D2F77C0A0C">Multigene phylogeny and morphology reveal a new species, Ophiocordyceps vespulae, from Jilin Province, China</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B1BF8D6027FBF0E35AB2C8CB1F086488" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="76E9E4F81803EF6FF8F9A8491412DF75">Long, Feng-Yao</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8C8668FABB3C63362539B575CAF7CDCD" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5818-694X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="BB8A3BCEFF8D02B61614D6CEB27B1675">School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China. &amp; The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="534146FCA4FE1094A5B71A836B803E20" type="email">282512635@qq.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="397F7FA3B956F7F389FE13BA8BE683D0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D79A9883587D65FC2819680550780022">Qin, Li-Wu</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5C56149B82138EAE3914E2E9F4D942E4" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5586-2885</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6625849E42B2264A644B4A8EBC2F9269">Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountains Biocoenosis &amp; Biodiversity, Erdaobaihe 133613, Jilin, China.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="26B9A3F90342BFC08523327BC916A6A6" type="email">278778656@qq.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="15C2AF4C680C912ADAED5EA5B3711A28" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DE29615D6268ACC9D8D53C5E9E057894">Xiao, Yuan-Pin</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="836F77F51E6B3E63A00D166ADE528CE1" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1730-3545</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6361C62266BEDA39D16293F527E93C1A">The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China. &amp; Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4B2309D0EB60C1BFF1F99EF8AB13B806" type="email">emmaypx@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="FC5F58C4A324E6DE4B21AFF111AE866A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="15D960903F3EE2D75DCE4B90BF313D4C">Hyde, Kevin D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="01165B0A3AEA58883415BE80316F1AD3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2191-0762</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F89BAA400C1221F8DF97F327507D7A9F">Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A6B1DD0CC506D1B9BFC6AE59D744DD61" type="email">kdhyde3@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6311387E272F8604F8707772AE7CA018" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CEA0BC8805031541CAF5E6DEF39AF0C7">
<mods:roleTerm id="E6FAE78E17C552118616FE47477A378E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="61DF95B1ADED00509A629AE604A07A1F">Wang, Shao-Xian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5EAF59F29F3717B243C7E7A7495636E3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0921-1790</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4282987EC3C31BE922C8F22B560BD447">Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountains Biocoenosis &amp; Biodiversity, Erdaobaihe 133613, Jilin, China.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E1A17AC8C3C5A581124F2AD09CAD081B" type="email">32436012@qq.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="86C7411A8BA7733C404B02BD5A90D2BC">Wen, Ting-Chi</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="35C02F59B443B4A26B2847DBACAC5465" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1744-5869</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="0C8E188583D365D9C7EE3D15E3BB6C4A">School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China. &amp; The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China. &amp; Mushroom Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6FBCE3A0F17089332F3D0105F0B079DC" type="email">10740826@qq.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="492982BDD60921CCF819C3147190A594">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="6D1E587A3D4939410E03537372114F00" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="580BC20FFC96688030275133ADDD076E">
<mods:title id="D47FAC41805FE2991F62A85DB7FBDCCD">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C70DCAD8B86033BAD2F49756A6FEDF7C">
<mods:date id="9432A36CCBAA41B625FC60026A059D1C">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="52661DAEC5739ED7D2291E63B69EC1B3" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="40F4B47ABC19EACDF644FBAD941E2F98">2021-01-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="CA43B4550BD0D0F6D9631A01E505A60B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="AEAE2D341EE12E5B1600225BF3747D6A">478</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="D3065E90E5810D1BDA41535CF1DF1764" type="issue">
<mods:number id="946E6E478F956E1D75234CED9566609D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4C767A300902E780611B26EF5176242E">33</mods:start>
<mods:end id="91BDBE4F369B0D72241767E67E2024FD">48</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="00A5A612F0BF2BA5BB64A542625F307B">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.2</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="D9E7EE39EDCD24127CDD717FC985828A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="7D4F1E4AF4B401D13758B9D496F94DB1" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F28D9D2CBD475ACD2DB1419CDF04A6A3" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DF36CCA6303A1EBFA1B657FD4BBC7DA7" type="Zenodo-Dep">5412924</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039D87C3BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFEECBC9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D87C3BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFEECBC9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87C3BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFEECBC9B" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection id="C32E655EBA10FFA6FCFEA62DFC0FBE03" box="[136,990,1076,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFC0FBE03" blockId="2.[136,990,1076,1139]" box="[136,990,1076,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D56BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFCF0BE02" ID-CoL="CBLCC" authority="F.Y. Long, Y.P. Xiao &amp; T.C. Wen" authorityName="F. Y. Long, Y. P. Xiao &amp; T. C. Wen" authorityYear="2021" box="[136,801,1076,1103]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ophiocordycipitaceae" genus="Ophiocordyceps" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="vespulae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFE79BE03" box="[136,424,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Ophiocordyceps vespulae</emphasis>
F.Y. Long, Y.P. Xiao &amp; T.C. Wen
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357BCBA10FFA6FF5AA62CFC53BE02" box="[812,898,1077,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FF5AA62CFCAABE03" box="[812,891,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A50BA10FFA6FFE4A62DFC04BE03" box="[914,981,1076,1102]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[458,1129,857,1883]" captionTargetId="figure-344@4.[458,1129,857,1883]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. a. Overview of the stromata and the host. b. Fertile head. c. Longitudinal section showing the complete immersed perithecia. d. Ascomata. e–f. Part asci with apical cap. g–i. Part of ascospores. j, k. Secondary ascospores. l. Upper side of PDA culture. m. Hyphae in PDA culture. Scale bars a = 1 cm, b, c, l = 2 mm, d = 1 mm, e = 100 µm, f, m = 50 µm, g–i = 20 µm, j–k =10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5412928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5412928/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E655EBA10FFA6FCFEA641FC73BE3F" box="[136,930,1112,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCFEA641FC73BE3F" blockId="2.[136,990,1076,1139]" box="[136,930,1112,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCFEA641FE71BE3F" box="[136,416,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Index Fungorum number</emphasis>
: IF556626;
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FE5CA641FCCBBE3F" box="[554,794,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Facesoffungi number</emphasis>
: FoF 06237
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E655EBA10FFA6FCFEA6BDFCA0BEF4" box="[136,881,1188,1210]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCFEA6BDFCA0BEF4" blockId="2.[136,881,1188,1245]" box="[136,881,1188,1210]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCFEA6BDFEC6BEF4" bold="true" box="[136,279,1188,1209]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
Etymology:
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FC89A6BDFEC6BEF4" bold="true" box="[255,279,1188,1209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">—</emphasis>
</emphasis>
The specific epithet refers to the host (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D56BA10FFA6FEFFA6BDFD05BEF4" box="[649,724,1188,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FEFFA6BDFD05BEF4" box="[649,724,1188,1209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Vespula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D56BA10FFA6FEA9A6BDFCB7BEF4" box="[735,870,1188,1209]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E655EBA10FFA6FCFEA6D1FE48BE90" box="[136,409,1224,1245]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCFEA6D1FE48BE90" blockId="2.[136,881,1188,1245]" box="[136,409,1224,1245]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCFEA6D1FED4BE90" bold="true" box="[136,261,1224,1245]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus id="548F8877BA10FFA6FCFEA6D1FF38BE90" box="[136,233,1224,1245]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FC9BA6D1FED4BE90" bold="true" box="[237,261,1224,1245]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">—</emphasis>
</emphasis>
GACP2017079
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E655EBA10FFA6FCFEA715FC0CBC27" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCFEA715FBA3BC6F" blockId="2.[136,1452,1292,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCFEA715FE84BF6B" bold="true" box="[136,341,1292,1318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
Sexual morph:
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FD4FA715FE84BF6B" box="[313,341,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">—</emphasis>
</emphasis>
Host 1.5–2 ×
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6FD98A715FD88BF6A" box="[494,601,1292,1319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 cm</quantity>
, brown.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FECDA715FCF0BF6B" box="[699,801,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Stromata</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6FF5EA715FCAABF6A" box="[808,891,1292,1319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3–7 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6FFB4A715FBE5BF6A" box="[962,1076,1292,1319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.3">0.3–1 mm</quantity>
diam., single or double, stipitate, unbranched or branched into 2 fertile heads, arising from the head and thorax of insect.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6F811A729FB4EBF07" box="[1127,1183,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Stipe</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6F8D1A729FADEBF06" box="[1191,1295,1328,1355]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="4.25" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="2.0">2–6.5 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6F921A729FF65BF22" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
diam., yellow, fibrous, cylindrical, often flexuous, with a fertile apex.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FF9FA74DFBA4BF23" box="[1001,1141,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Fertile head</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6F8F6A74DFB3BBF22" box="[1152,1258,1364,1391]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6F941A74DFA7DBF22" box="[1335,1452,1364,1391]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
diam., single, cylindrical or elliptical, pale yellow.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FEBDA761FCE8BFDF" box="[715,825,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Ascomata</emphasis>
520–720 × 200–380 μm (= 596 × 260 µm, n = 30), immersed, pale to yellowish, elongated flask-shaped.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FEA9A785FCDEBFFB" box="[735,783,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Asci</emphasis>
320–570 × 5.3–7.5 μm (= 454 × 5.8 µm, n = 60), narrow cylindrical, apex thickened, hyaline; apical cap 6.2–7.9 × 3.4–5.4 μm (= 7.0 × 4.0 µm, n = 60), hyaline.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6F95BA7D9FA7DBF97" box="[1325,1452,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Ascospores</emphasis>
almost as long as asci, filiform, hyaline, easily breaking into part-spores.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FFB6A7FDFB68BFB3" box="[960,1209,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Secondary ascospores</emphasis>
7.5–11.5 × 1.5–3 μm (= 9.1 × 2.1 µm, n = 90), fusiform, hyaline, smooth.
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FE82A411FC01BC6F" bold="true" box="[756,976,1544,1570]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
Asexual morph:
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FFC2A411FC01BC6F" bold="true" box="[948,976,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">—</emphasis>
</emphasis>
undetermined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCCBA435FC0CBC27" blockId="2.[136,1452,1292,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCCBA435FE22BC0B" bold="true" box="[189,499,1580,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Culture characteristics:—</emphasis>
on PDA reaching
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6FEC1A435FD3CBC0A" box="[695,749,1580,1607]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
diam. after 6 weeks at 25 °C, superficial cottony, white, reverse yellow; after 10 weeks at 25 °C, reaching
<quantity id="4CCC9B30BA10FFA6FE29A449FD71BC26" box="[607,672,1616,1643]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
diam., no conidia observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E655EBA10FFA6FCCBA46DFEECBC9B" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8B36D5BA10FFA6FCCBA46DFEECBC9B" blockId="2.[136,1452,1292,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6FCCBA46DFE10BCC3" bold="true" box="[189,449,1652,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Material examined:—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3C88BA10FFA6FDB7A46DFEE9BC9B" collectedFrom="collected from the underside of leaf litter" collectingDate="2013-07-30" collectionCode="GACP" collectorName="Fan YG" country="China" location="Changbai Mountain" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" specimenCode="GACP2017079" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Jilin Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="F3237645BA10FFA6FDB7A46DFDCCBCC3" box="[449,541,1652,1678]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">CHINA</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="49F0F837BA10FFA6FE52A46DFD11BCC3" box="[548,704,1652,1678]" country="China" name="Jilin" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Jilin Province</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="8EEB600EBA10FFA6FEB0A46DFC74BCC3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D87C3BA10FFA6FCFEA62DFEECBC9B:8EEB600EBA10FFA6FEB0A46DFC74BCC3" box="[710,933,1652,1678]" country="China" name="Changbai Mountain" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" stateProvince="Jilin Province">Changbai Mountain</location>
, parasitic on wasps (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D56BA10FFA6F808A46DFB29BCC3" box="[1150,1272,1652,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B940EAC7BA10FFA6F808A46DFB04BCC3" box="[1150,1237,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Vespula</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D56BA10FFA6F975A46CFA71BCC2" box="[1283,1440,1653,1679]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
),
<collectedFrom id="38287528BA10FFA6FCFEA481FDB1BCFF" box="[136,608,1688,1714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">collected from the underside of leaf litter</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FF8A1015BA10FFA6FE1BA481FCD5BCFF" box="[621,772,1688,1714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2013-07-30">
<collectingDate id="EFCEE9FDBA10FFA6FE1BA481FCD5BCFF" box="[621,772,1688,1714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2013-07-30">30 July 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26C15303BA10FFA6FF67A480FCBABCFF" box="[785,875,1688,1715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Fan YG</collectorName>
(
<specimenCode id="DB929EAEBA10FFA6FF0AA481FBFFBCFF" box="[892,1070,1688,1714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">GACP2017079</specimenCode>
,
<typeStatus id="548F8877BA10FFA6F84CA481FB70BCFE" box="[1082,1185,1688,1715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
); ex-type living culture
<collectionCode id="ED25AE10BA10FFA6FCFEA4A5FF05BC9B" box="[136,212,1724,1750]" collectionName="GACP" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">GACP</collectionCode>
2017064
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

464
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<mods:title id="EC8736A1DDBB4EE4CA141769C399A6D7">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" box="[556,813,255,281]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" blockId="97.[121,1191,255,317]" box="[556,813,255,281]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<heading id="D0E9818CFF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[556,813,255,281]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" ID-CoL="8RTWY" box="[556,813,255,281]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62077DB6FC8AFEA2" bold="true" box="[556,813,255,281]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">STROPHOCAULON</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60527C61FDE3FE87" box="[121,580,295,317]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60527C61FDE3FE87" blockId="97.[121,1191,255,317]" box="[121,580,295,317]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60527C61FE41FE86" authority="S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." box="[121,486,295,317]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60527C61FEA9FE86" bold="true" box="[121,270,296,317]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A61C67C6EFDE3FE87" box="[493,580,295,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A626F7C62FB00FE87" box="[580,1191,298,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A626F7C62FB00FE87" blockId="97.[121,1191,255,317]" box="[580,1191,298,316]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
—
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A627D7C62FDD2FE80" box="[598,629,299,315]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62557C63FC86FE80" box="[638,801,298,315]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62557C63FC86FE80" box="[638,801,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.)
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A636F7C62FCE9FE87" box="[836,846,299,316]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A637A7C62FCF8FE87" box="[849,863,299,316]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
. Fawc.&amp;
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A63837C62FC11FE87" box="[936,950,299,316]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF889B2A63927C62FC61FE87" box="[953,966,299,316]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">R</collectionCode>
.Sm. [=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63D47C63FB29FE80" box="[1023,1166,298,315]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63D47C63FB29FE80" box="[1023,1166,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Polypodium unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60B27C19FD62FEDA" box="[153,709,336,353]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60B27C19FD62FEDA" blockId="97.[153,709,336,353]" box="[153,709,336,353]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
For additional species synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A61987C19FD8CFEDA" author="Holttum" box="[435,555,336,353]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A621A7C19FDC5FEDA" author="Holttum" box="[561,610,336,353]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
, 1978,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A62BF7C19FD1CFEDA" author="Holttum" box="[660,699,336,353]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60527C3EFD63FE17" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60527C3EFD63FE17" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60527C3EFF5EFE37" box="[121,249,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61347C3EFECBFE37" box="[287,364,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">strophos</emphasis>
, twisted cord +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62277C3EFDEEFE37" box="[524,585,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">caulon</emphasis>
, stem, in reference to the tortuous, long-creeping subterranean rhizomes (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A60E87CD1FEB5FE16" box="[195,274,408,429]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60E87CD1FEB5FE16" bold="true" box="[195,274,408,429]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), which distinguish it from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62307CDEFD18FE17" box="[539,703,407,428]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62307CDEFD18FE17" box="[539,703,407,428]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60837CF1FCC9FBB6" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60837CF1FCC9FBB6" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
Plants terrestrial, forming colonies in open sites, medium to large, to&gt; 1.2 m tall;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A639B7CF1FBA9FE76" bold="true" box="[944,1038,440,461]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">rhizomes</emphasis>
thick (5+ mm), black, long-creeping, and subterranean, with internodes to 7+ cm long (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A62C27C91FC9EFE56" box="[745,825,472,493]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C27C91FC9EFE56" bold="true" box="[745,825,472,493]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), bearing stramineous to brown, lanceolate, sometimes tortuous scales with setose margins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A626F7CB1FD20FDB6" bold="true" box="[580,647,504,525]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">fronds</emphasis>
arching to erect, monomorphic, pinnate-pinnatifid;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64517CB1FB12FDB6" bold="true" box="[1146,1205,504,525]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">stipes</emphasis>
dull brown to dull stramineous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61AE7F51FE5EFD97" bold="true" box="[389,505,535,557]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">stipe scales</emphasis>
lanceolate, stramineous, sometimes tortuous, bearing marginal setae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64B47F5EFB46FD97" bold="true" box="[1183,1249,535,556]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous to coriaceous, often bicolorous (drying paler below), often drying reddish-black adaxially, frond apex attenuate (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60857F1EFEADFDD7" box="[174,266,599,620]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60857F1EFEADFDD7" box="[174,266,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. invisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or conform (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61A57F1EFE43FDD7" box="[398,484,599,620]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61A57F1EFE43FDD7" box="[398,484,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A61C57F11FD98FDD6" box="[494,575,600,621]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61C57F11FD98FDD6" bold="true" box="[494,575,600,621]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10C</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), frond base with pinnae abruptly reduced (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63F47F1EFB93FDD7" box="[991,1076,599,620]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63F47F1EFB93FDD7" box="[991,1076,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with many pairs of pinnae reduced to auricles (sometimes only a few mm long), each subtended by an aerophore (auricles rarely lacking;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A60527FD1FF5AFD16" author="Hayashi" box="[121,253,664,685]" firstAuthor="Hayashi" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="287 - 292" part="346" refId="ref109211" refString="HAYASHI, T., M. SULEIMAN, H. OKADA, &amp; H. TSUKAYA. 2018. A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae). Phytotaxa 346: 287 - 292." title="A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2018">Hayashi 2018</bibRefCitation>
), or blades truncate (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61ED7FDEFD84FD17" box="[454,547,663,684]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61ED7FDEFD84FD17" box="[454,547,663,684]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. invisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), proliferous buds absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A630A7FD1FCC0FD16" bold="true" box="[801,871,664,685]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">pinnae</emphasis>
sessile to short-petiolulate, pinna bases truncate or broadly cuneate, sometimes slightly dilated; margins sharply dentate to incised to 1/3 towards costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64877FF1FB46FD76" bold="true" box="[1196,1249,696,717]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">veins</emphasis>
with at least one pair anastomosing at an angle &lt;90 degrees, with an excurrent veinlet running to the sinus, with several pairs of veins forming areoles, running along a deep, narrow sinus membrane, lowest veins sometimes arising from costae, not from costules (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A61527E51FE6DFC96" box="[377,458,792,813]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61527E51FE6DFC96" bold="true" box="[377,458,792,813]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10A</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61F47E5EFDF7FC97" bold="true" box="[479,592,791,812]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">aerophores</emphasis>
inconspicuous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C57E51FC1FFC96" bold="true" box="[750,952,792,813]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline, spreading, acicular hairs, these restricted to axes, or also present on laminar tissue;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62E47E71FC33FCF6" bold="true" box="[719,916,824,845]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">indument abaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline acicular hairs present on all axes (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF889B2A60E67E11FEBAFCD6" box="[205,285,856,877]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="29.[121,129,1704,1724]" captionTargetBox="[118,1248,161,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-8@29.[115,1248,154,1660]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIG. 10.Strophocaulon unitum, Fawcett 641 (VT),A.pinna lobes,abaxial view.B. rhizome.C.laminar apex." pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60E67E11FEBAFCD6" bold="true" box="[205,285,856,877]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fig. 10A</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), frequently abundant on laminar tissue, often forming a tangled mat of whitish hairs along rachises, spherical yellow or brown glands present on laminar surface, restricted to veins, or glands absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A643C7E3EFBC9FC37" bold="true" box="[1047,1134,887,908]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64927E31FB46FC36" bold="true" box="[1209,1249,888,909]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">sori</emphasis>
round, discrete or somewhat coalescent with age, supramedial to costular, indusia stramineous to dark brown, persistent, bearing superficial hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A619C7EF1FDBBFC76" bold="true" box="[439,540,952,973]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">sporangia</emphasis>
bearing spherical yellow glands (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63757EFEFC13FC77" box="[862,948,951,972]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63757EFEFC13FC77" box="[862,948,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or setulae (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A64067EFEFB2DFC77" box="[1069,1162,951,972]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64067EFEFB2DFC77" box="[1069,1162,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. invisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) on capsules;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60997E9EFF53FC57" bold="true" box="[178,244,983,1004]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">spores</emphasis>
brown, perine of low knobby ridges (Patel et. al. 2019a);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A632D7E9EFCB6FC57" box="[774,785,983,1004]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">x</emphasis>
= 36, only diploids known based on eight counts, representing both species. No intra- or intergeneric hybrids have been reported.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A6082795EFCD1F9F7" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A6082795EFCD1F9F7" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6082795EFEA4FB97" box="[169,259,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—Although Holttum (1978) treated the two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A633A795FFC32FB90" box="[785,917,1046,1067]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A633A795FFC32FB90" box="[785,917,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6398795FFBF0FB90" box="[947,1111,1046,1067]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6398795FFBF0FB90" box="[947,1111,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he noted that they were unique in three respects. Unlike most
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A627D797FFCEFFBF6" box="[598,840,1078,1101]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A627D797FFD5CFBF0" box="[598,763,1078,1099]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, which are narrowly restricted, both have broad geographic ranges, occur in open habitats (vs. forested habitats), and have long-creeping rhizomes (vs. generally short-creeping, suberect, or erect rhizomes). This last character is the most reliable for distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6477793FFB46FB30" box="[1116,1249,1142,1163]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6477793FFB46FB30" box="[1116,1249,1142,1163]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A608579DFFEF5FB10" box="[174,338,1174,1195]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A608579DFFEF5FB10" box="[174,338,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although at least three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A628E79DFFCEEFB10" box="[677,841,1174,1195]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A628E79DFFCEEFB10" box="[677,841,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A637E79DEFBBDFB16" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[853,1050,1174,1197]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A637E79DEFC67FB10" box="[853,960,1174,1196]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. scandens</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A640F79DEFF6AFB76" authority="(Brause) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brause" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austerus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A640F79DEFB2DFB17" box="[1060,1162,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. austerus</emphasis>
(Brause) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60D779FEFDB0FB76" authority="(Rosenst.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[252,535,1206,1229]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mundus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60D779FEFEFDFB70" box="[252,346,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S.mundus</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, may have long internodes, they have scandent, not subterranean rhizomes. As noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A60C57991FE37FB56" author="Holttum" box="[238,400,1240,1261]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
, three other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A624C7991FCABFB56" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[615,780,1240,1261]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
share the coarse, long-creeping rhizomes, preference for open habitats, and tendency to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61D279BEFDFAFAB7" box="[505,605,1271,1292]" form="large" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" rank="form">form large</taxonomicName>
colonies. These species have often been confused, because of their similar habit, widespread overlapping distributions, and problematic nomenclatural history. Among these,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6455785FFF46FAF7" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6455785FFF46FAF7" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Cyclosorus interruptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by scales on the abaxial costae of laminae, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A635E787FFB10FAF7" authority="(D. Don) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="D. Don" box="[885,1207,1334,1356]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arida">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A635E787FFBA1FAF0" box="[885,1030,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Christella arida</emphasis>
(D. Don) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6052781FFE1EFAD7" authority="(Mett.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Mett." box="[121,441,1366,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6052781FFEBAFAD0" box="[121,285,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Christella harveyi</emphasis>
(Mett.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
both bear elongate or pear-shaped (vs. spherical) glands on abaxial laminae and often on sporangial stalks (characteristic of many species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62A9783FFD7BFA30" box="[642,732,1398,1419]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62A9783FFD7BFA30" box="[642,732,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A62C9783EFD5BFA37" box="[738,764,1399,1420]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C9783EFD50FA37" box="[738,759,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
), and sporangial capsules lacking both glands and setulae (vs. glands present in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61B578DFFDC9FA17" box="[414,622,1430,1452]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61B578DFFDC9FA17" box="[414,622,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and setulae present in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A637078DFFB97FA17" box="[859,1072,1430,1452]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A637078DFFB97FA17" box="[859,1072,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon invisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A64AB78DEFB7CFA17" box="[1152,1243,1431,1452]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A64AB78DEFB7CFA17" box="[1152,1243,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, bicolorous laminae abruptly reduced to many pairs of auriculate pinnae is a characteristic shared by species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A6052789EFEACFA57" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[121,267,1495,1516]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A6052789EFEACFA57" box="[121,267,1495,1516]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A613A789EFE8CFA57" box="[273,299,1495,1516]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A613A789EFE81FA57" box="[273,294,1495,1516]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but these species frequently have pustulate laminae, always bear peg-like aerophores, and, when glands are present, they are colorless, not yellow or brown. Both yellowish glands and abruptly reduced, auriculate pinnae are commonly shared by
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61BB7B5FFD93F990" box="[400,564,1558,1579]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61BB7B5FFD93F990" box="[400,564,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF889B2A62127B5EFDF3F997" box="[569,596,1559,1580]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62127B5EFDE8F997" box="[569,591,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but the rhizome morphology remains the most reliable character to distinguish them, illustrating the importance of complete herbarium specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF889B2A60827B1FFB73F8B7" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF889B2A60827B1FFB73F8B7" blockId="97.[121,1251,375,1804]" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60827B1FFE31F9D0" box="[169,406,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Biogeography and ecology</emphasis>
.—Both species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62607B1FFD68F9D0" box="[587,719,1622,1643]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62607B1FFD68F9D0" box="[587,719,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are widespread in the Paleotropics, and often occur in wet open areas, in partial sun, at low elevations; they frequently
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62F97B3EFCC7F937" box="[722,864,1655,1676]" form="extensive" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" rank="form">form extensive</taxonomicName>
colonies near rivers or in disturbed sites, although
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A60FF7BDEFE8BF917" box="[212,300,1687,1708]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A60FF7BDEFE8BF917" box="[212,300,1687,1708]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reaches elevations of
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF889B2A61D67BDEFDEFF917" box="[509,584,1687,1708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
in New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A62B37BDEFD46F917" box="[664,737,1687,1708]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A62C17BDFFC12F917" box="[746,949,1686,1708]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A62C17BDFFC12F917" box="[746,949,1686,1708]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon unitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in East Africa, in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A60527BFEFF09F977" box="[121,174,1719,1740]" name="India" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">India</collectingCountry>
, throughout
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A61007BFEFED0F977" box="[299,375,1719,1740]" name="Malaysia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, and into the Pacific, including the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A62E57BFEFCCBF977" box="[718,876,1719,1740]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A63B07BFEFB9AF977" box="[923,1085,1719,1740]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A646D7BFEFB79F977" box="[1094,1246,1719,1740]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A60527B9EFF3BF957" box="[121,156,1751,1772]" name="Fiji" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Fiji</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A60FA7B9EFEB2F957" box="[209,277,1751,1772]" name="Samoa" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Samoa</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61357B9FFE52F957" box="[286,501,1750,1772]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61357B9FFE52F957" box="[286,501,1750,1772]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Strophocaulon invisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a partially overlapping distribution. It is widespread in the Pacific, and reaches its western range limit in Sulawesi, extending southward into New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF889B2A63697BBEFC2FF8B7" box="[834,904,1783,1804]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and Queensland (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF889B2A641F7BBEFB6EF8B7" author="Holttum" box="[1076,1225,1783,1804]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum 1977b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B2960BA7DEBFCC7FDCC" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960BA7DEBFE7EFECC" blockId="98.[97,1226,161,631]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960BA7DEBFE4EFF0D" box="[145,489,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—Both species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29628C7DE8FC97FF0D" box="[679,816,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29628C7DE8FC97FF0D" box="[679,816,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recognized in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2963D47DE8FB0DFF0D" box="[1023,1194,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963D47DE8FB0DFF0D" box="[1023,1194,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B29604A7D8BFF5BFF6C" author="Holttum" box="[97,252,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B29612E7D8BFEE5FF6C" author="Holttum" box="[261,322,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
, 1978,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2961AC7D8BFE1FFF6C" author="Holttum" box="[391,440,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
), a genus with which they share several morphological features. Based on recent molecular analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2961097DABFE63FF4C" author="Patel" box="[290,452,226,247]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962827DA8FC8AFF4D" box="[681,813,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962827DA8FC8AFF4D" box="[681,813,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distantly related to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963D47DA8FB64FF4C" box="[1023,1219,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2963D47DA8FB04FF4D" box="[1023,1187,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Sphaerostephanos</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B2964837DABFB64FF4C" box="[1192,1219,226,247]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, but has no close relatives; its two constituent species are on a long branch, with their position unresolved within the large christelloid clade. This clade includes
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962277C68FD30FE8D" box="[524,663,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962277C68FD34FE8D" box="[524,659,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Strophocaulon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
plus two subclades, the pseudocyclosoroids (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29647E7C68FB65FE8D" box="[1109,1218,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29647E7C68FB65FE8D" box="[1109,1218,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Abacopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29604A7C08FF4BFEED" box="[97,236,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7C08FF4BFEED" box="[97,236,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B2960D97C0BFEABFEEC" box="[242,268,322,343]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960D97C0BFEA0FEEC" box="[242,263,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961337C08FED5FEED" box="[280,370,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961337C08FED5FEED" box="[280,370,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B2961527C0BFE34FEEC" box="[377,403,322,343]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961527C0BFE29FEEC" box="[377,398,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961E27C08FDC0FEED" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[457,615,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961E27C08FDC0FEED" box="[457,615,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the sphaerostephanoids (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2963B97C08FBACFEED" authorityName="sensu Holttum. These" authorityYear="1982" box="[914,1035,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963B97C08FBACFEED" box="[914,1035,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Pronephrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B29643A7C0BFB8CFEEC" box="[1041,1067,322,343]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29643A7C0BFB81FEEC" box="[1041,1062,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29641C7C0BFB6FFEEC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[1079,1224,322,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29641C7C0BFB6FFEEC" box="[1079,1224,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8B9B29604A7C2BFFDBFECC" box="[97,124,354,375]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7C2BFFD1FECC" box="[97,118,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2960AD7C28FF51FECD" box="[134,246,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960AD7C28FF51FECD" box="[134,246,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Reholttumia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961027C28FE6CFECD" box="[297,459,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961027C28FE6CFECD" box="[297,459,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960BA7CCBFCC7FDCC" blockId="98.[97,1226,161,631]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960BA7CCBFF63FE2C" box="[145,196,386,407]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Notes</emphasis>
.—Four varieties of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961A97CC8FDC2FE2C" box="[386,613,385,407]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961A97CC8FDC2FE2C" box="[386,613,385,407]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos unitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been described, but we make no combinations for them in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29604A7CE8FF42FE0D" box="[97,229,417,438]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7CE8FF42FE0D" box="[97,229,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pending more detailed study of the variation among these plants throughout their wide range. These include the unlocalized
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF8B9B2961787C8BFE26FE6C" box="[339,385,450,471]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">type</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961A77C8BFE56FE6C" box="[396,497,450,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="unitus" variety="unitus">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29619C7C8BFE56FE6C" box="[439,497,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">unitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which exhibits brownish glands on and between veins,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2964057C8BFEA1FE4C" authority="(Christ) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Christ" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="unitus" variety="mucronatus">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2964727C8BFB6EFE6C" box="[1113,1225,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">mucronatus</emphasis>
(Christ) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, which exhibits yellow glands restricted to veins,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962F77CABFC63FE4C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[732,964,481,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="unitus" variety="papilliferus">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29632F7CA8FCCBFE4D" box="[772,876,481,502]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">papilliferus</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, which has no glands, but a papillose lamina, and is restricted to higher elevations of New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8B9B29629B7F4BFD5EFDAC" box="[688,761,514,535]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, and lastly,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29634E7F4BFB62FDAC" authority="T. Hayashi et al." authorityName="T. Hayashi" box="[869,1221,513,535]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" rank="variety" variety="dimorphophyllus">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963A67F48FB8FFDAD" box="[909,1064,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">dimorphophyllus</emphasis>
T. Hayashi et al.
</taxonomicName>
, which includes plants with fertile fronds bearing peg-like (non-laminar) aerophores, known from a single location in Borneo (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2960997F0BFECAFDEC" author="Hayashi" box="[178,365,578,599]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hayashi" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="287 - 292" part="346" refId="ref109211" refString="HAYASHI, T., M. SULEIMAN, H. OKADA, &amp; H. TSUKAYA. 2018. A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae). Phytotaxa 346: 287 - 292." title="A new variety of fern from Borneo, Sphaerostephanos unitus var. dimorphophylla (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2018">Hayashi et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). An unusual specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8B9B2962A17F0BFD4CFDEC" box="[650,747,578,599]" name="Singapore" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Singapore</collectingCountry>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962DF7F0BFC22FDED" box="[756,901,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8B9B2962DF7F0BFCACFDEC" box="[756,779,578,599]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
. Tan 2011174
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8B9B2963BA7F0BFC14FDEC" box="[913,947,578,599]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15545" name="University of Vermont" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="Herbarium">VT</collectionCode>
), has a subconform terminal pinna, pinnae incised 2/5, large indusia, and ruby red glands on abaxial laminae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B604A793BFDCDFB3C" ID-CoL="4ZPY8" authority="(A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." authorityName="A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." box="[97,618,1137,1159]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setulosa" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B604A793BFE97FB3D" bold="true" box="[97,304,1137,1159]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Steiropteris setulosa</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B625B7938FD7DFB3D" bold="true" box="[624,730,1137,1158]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF899B2B625B7938FD7DFB3D" box="[624,730,1137,1158]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF899B2B62F1793CFB6DFB3C" box="[730,1226,1141,1159]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF899B2B62F1793CFB6DFB3C" blockId="96.[97,1226,1100,1159]" box="[730,1226,1141,1159]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FF899B2B62C6793CFB61FB3C" author="" box="[749,1222,1141,1159]" journal="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." page="30" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" score="66.63618723694691" volume="76" year="1980">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B62C6793CFBCBFB3E" ID-CoL="7BVJ9" authority="A. R. Sm., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." box="[749,1132,1141,1159]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62C6793CFCD8FB3D" box="[749,895,1141,1158]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Thelypteris setulosa</emphasis>
A.R.Sm.,Univ.Calif.Publ.Bot.
</taxonomicName>
76:30.1980
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF899B2B604A79D5FE20F9C9" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF899B2B604A79D5FE20F9C9" blockId="96.[97,1229,1180,1810]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B604A79D5FE70FB09" box="[97,471,1180,1202]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Constituent species and infraspecific taxa</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61DE79D5FCFDFB09" ID-CoL="4ZPXC" authority="Salino &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="Salino &amp; A. R. Sm." box="[501,858,1180,1202]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alstonii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61DE79D5FD01FB0A" box="[501,678,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Steiropteris alstonii</emphasis>
Salino &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B634779D5FF12FB69" ID-CoL="4ZPXD" authority="(A. R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="buchtienii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B634779D5FC7AFB0A" box="[876,989,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. buchtienii</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B60E279F5FE58FB69" ID-CoL="6ZGXT" authority="(Desv.) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Desv." box="[201,511,1212,1234]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clypeolutata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60E279F5FEF7FB6A" box="[201,336,1212,1233]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. clypeolutata</emphasis>
(Desv.) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B622379F5FB97FB69" ID-CoL="5RN3T" authority="(Baker) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[520,1072,1212,1234]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="clypeolutata" variety="holmei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B622379F5FD28FB6A" box="[520,655,1212,1233]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. clypeolutata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B629479F5FD59FB6A" box="[703,766,1212,1233]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">holmei</emphasis>
(Baker) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B641279F5FE2AFB49" ID-CoL="4ZPXF" authority="(C. V. Morton) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="C. V. Morton" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B641279F5FB32FB69" box="[1081,1173,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. comosa</emphasis>
(C.V. Morton) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61B57995FDABFB4A" ID-CoL="4ZPXH" box="[414,524,1244,1265]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decussata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61B57995FDABFB4A" box="[414,524,1244,1265]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. decussata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.)
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF899B2B62137994FDEDFB49" box="[568,586,1245,1266]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF899B2B62667994FDF9FB49" box="[589,606,1245,1266]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">R</collectionCode>
. Sm.;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B62B97995FB61FB49" ID-CoL="7N36B" authority="(C. Chr.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[658,1222,1244,1266]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="decussata" variety="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62B97995FCA7FB4A" box="[658,768,1244,1265]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. decussata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63077995FC34FB4A" box="[812,915,1244,1265]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">brasiliensis</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B604A79B5FD19FAA9" ID-CoL="5RN3V" authority="(A. R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." box="[97,702,1276,1298]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="decussata" variety="costaricensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B604A79B5FF77FAAA" box="[97,208,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. decussata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60D479B4FED3FAA9" box="[255,372,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">costaricensis</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62EC79B5FC99FAAA" box="[711,830,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF899B2B62EC79B5FD72FAAA" box="[711,725,1276,1297]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. decusssata
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B636E79B5FF13FA89" authority="(Rosenst.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." pageId="96" pageNumber="86" rank="variety" variety="mapiriensis">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B634579B4FC7DFAA9" box="[878,986,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">mapiriensis</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B60907855FD6DFA89" ID-CoL="5RN3X" authority="(Sodiro) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Sodiro" box="[187,714,1308,1330]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="decussata" variety="velutina">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60907855FE8EFA8A" box="[187,297,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S.decussata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B617F7855FE3AFA8A" box="[340,413,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">velutina</emphasis>
(Sodiro) Salino &amp; T.E.Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B62F77855FC70FA89" ID-CoL="3SHB2" authority="(Sw.) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Sw." box="[732,983,1308,1330]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deltoidea">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62F77855FCE3FA8A" box="[732,836,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. deltoidea</emphasis>
(Sw.) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF899B2B63C97854FBF1FA89" box="[994,1110,1309,1330]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[97,105,1748,1768]" captionTargetBox="[93,1223,156,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-8@28.[92,1230,156,1705]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 9.Steiropteris deltoidea,Fawcett 464 (VT) A. habit.B. pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Mesophlebion sp., Karger 1796 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view." pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63C97854FBF1FA89" bold="true" box="[994,1110,1309,1330]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Figs. 9A, 9B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
);*
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B64467855FE9DFAE9" ID-CoL="4ZPXM" authority="(D. C. Eaton) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="D. C. Eaton" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fendleri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B64467855FB6EFA8A" box="[1133,1225,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. fendleri</emphasis>
(D.C.Eaton) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61607875FDDBFAE9" ID-CoL="4ZPXP" authority="(Baker) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[331,636,1340,1362]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneriana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61607875FE77FAEA" box="[331,464,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. gardneriana</emphasis>
(Baker) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B62A87875FD74FAEA" ID-CoL="6W3D8" box="[643,723,1340,1361]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62A87875FD74FAEA" box="[643,723,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S.glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF899B2B62F67874FD57FAE9" box="[733,752,1341,1362]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF899B2B62D87874FCA2FAE9" box="[755,773,1341,1362]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">R</collectionCode>
. Sm. &amp; Kessler; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B638E7875FB61FAE9" ID-CoL="8R6L5" authority="(Desv.) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Desv." box="[933,1222,1340,1362]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B638E7875FBBAFAEA" box="[933,1053,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. glandulosa</emphasis>
(Desv.) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B60407815FD12FAC9" authority="(Kunze) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" box="[107,693,1372,1394]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="glandulosa" variety="brachyodus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60407815FF42FACA" box="[107,229,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. glandulosa</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B613E7815FEDAFACA" box="[277,381,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">brachyodus</emphasis>
(Kunze) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B62E27815FF12FA29" authority="(A. R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="glandulosa" variety="longipilosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62E27815FCE4FACA" box="[713,835,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. glandulosa</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63587815FC71FACA" box="[883,982,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">longipilosa</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B60E17835FD00FA29" ID-CoL="4ZPXS" authority="(A. R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." box="[202,679,1404,1426]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hatschbachii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60E17835FEF2FA2A" box="[202,341,1404,1425]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. hatschbachii</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B629A7835FBC7FA29" ID-CoL="4ZPXT" authority="(C. Chr.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[689,1120,1404,1426]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hottensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B629A7835FCBBFA2A" box="[689,796,1404,1425]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. hottensis</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B64417835FEB7FA09" ID-CoL="8R6WF" authority="(Hook.) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Hook." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B64417835FB6EFA29" box="[1130,1225,1404,1426]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. insignis</emphasis>
(Hook.) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B613378D5FD9DFA09" ID-CoL="4ZPXW" authority="(Hook.) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Hook." box="[280,570,1436,1458]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leprieurii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B613378D5FE22FA0A" box="[280,389,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. leprieurii</emphasis>
(Hook.) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B626978D5FC6FFA09" ID-CoL="5RN42" authority="(Baker) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[578,968,1436,1458]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="leprieurii" variety="costalis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B626978D5FD08FA0A" box="[578,687,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. leprieurii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B62F678D5FC87FA0A" box="[733,800,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">costalis</emphasis>
(Baker) A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63FA78D5FEBDFA69" ID-CoL="5RN43" authority="(A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="leprieurii" variety="glandifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63FA78D5FB99FA0A" box="[977,1086,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. leprieurii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B644678D5FB6EFA0A" box="[1133,1225,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">glandifera</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B610A78F5FD38FA69" ID-CoL="5RN44" authority="(Christ) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Christ" box="[289,671,1468,1490]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="leprieurii" variety="incana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B610A78F5FE2AFA6A" box="[289,397,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. leprieurii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B619378F4FE51FA69" box="[440,502,1469,1490]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">incana</emphasis>
(Christ) A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B629A78F5FBCFFA69" ID-CoL="8SCY3" authority="(A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." box="[689,1128,1468,1490]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="leprieurii" variety="subcostalis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B629A78F5FCBAFA6A" box="[689,797,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. leprieurii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B636378F5FC0CFA6A" box="[840,939,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">subcostalis</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B644478F5FEFBFA49" ID-CoL="4ZPXX" authority="(D. C. Eaton) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="D. C. Eaton" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lonchodes">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B644478F5FFD8FA4A" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. lonchodes</emphasis>
(D.C. Eaton) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61467895FCF1FA49" ID-CoL="4ZPXY" authority="(C. Chr. ex Copel.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[365,854,1500,1522]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexiae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61467895FE62FA49" box="[365,453,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. mexiae</emphasis>
(C. Chr. ex Copel.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63767895FF78F9A9" ID-CoL="4ZPY2" authority="(A. R. Sm. &amp; Kessler) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm. &amp; Kessler" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63767895FC00FA49" box="[861,935,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S.parva</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm. &amp; Kessler) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B60DA78B5FD30F9A9" ID-CoL="4ZPY3" authority="(A. R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." box="[241,663,1532,1554]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennellii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60DA78B5FEF3F9AA" box="[241,340,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. pennellii</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B628378B5FBFBF9A9" ID-CoL="4ZPY4" authority="(C. Chr.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[680,1116,1532,1554]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyphlebia">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B628378B5FC8FF9AA" box="[680,808,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. polyphlebia</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B644578B5FE6AF989" ID-CoL="4FXZ9" authority="(Raddi) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Raddi" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polypodioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B644578B5FF06F98A" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. polypodioides</emphasis>
(Raddi) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61FE7B55FCA6F989" ID-CoL="4ZPY6" authority="(Kuhn) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Kuhn" box="[469,769,1564,1586]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praetervisa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61FE7B55FDF5F98A" box="[469,594,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. praetervisa</emphasis>
(Kuhn) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63387B55FB17F989" ID-CoL="YSPT" authority="(J. Sm.) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="J. Sm." box="[787,1200,1564,1586]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seemannii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63387B55FC23F98A" box="[787,900,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. seemannii</emphasis>
(J. Sm.) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B649C7B55FE4BF9EA" ID-CoL="7BVJ9" authority="(A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." authorityName="A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." baseAuthorityName="A. R. Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B649C7B55FF0DF9EA" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. setulosa</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61D57B75FC8EF9E9" ID-CoL="4ZPY9" authority="(Baker) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[510,809,1596,1618]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="valdepilosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61D57B75FDDCF9EA" box="[510,635,1596,1617]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. valdepilosa</emphasis>
(Baker) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63177B75FB17F9E9" ID-CoL="6KGZY" authority="(Link) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Link" box="[828,1200,1596,1618]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Glaphyropteridopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63177B75FC2AF9EA" box="[828,909,1596,1617]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. villosa</emphasis>
(Link) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B649C7B75FE20F9C9" ID-CoL="4ZPYB" authority="(D. C. Eaton) Pic. Serm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wrightii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B649C7B75FF0DF9CA" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">S. wrightii</emphasis>
(D.C. Eaton) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF899B2A60BA7B35FD70FF6C" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF899B2B60BA7B35FEF6F969" blockId="96.[97,1229,1180,1810]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B60BA7B35FE8AF92A" box="[145,301,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Excluded Species</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61617B35FCF5F929" authority="(C. Chr. &amp; Maxon) Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." baseAuthorityName="C. Chr. &amp; Maxon" box="[330,850,1660,1682]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassiuscula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61617B35FD8DF92A" box="[330,554,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Steiropteris crassiuscula</emphasis>
(C. Chr. &amp; Maxon) Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63417B35FE2FF909" authority="(C. Chr. &amp; Maxon) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr. &amp; Maxon" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassiuscula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63417B35FBF0F92A" box="[874,1111,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Amauropelta crassiuscula</emphasis>
(C. Chr. &amp; Maxon) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61A47BD5FC09F909" authority="(Mett. ex Kuhn) Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" authorityName="Salino &amp; T. E. Almeida" baseAuthorityName="Kuhn" box="[399,942,1692,1714]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraseri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61A47BD5FD9EF90A" box="[399,569,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Steiropteris fraseri</emphasis>
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Salino &amp; T.E. Almeida
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63E97BD5FEF6F969" authority="(Mett. ex Kuhn) Salino &amp; A.R. Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraseri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B63E97BD5FBC8F90A" box="[962,1135,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Goniopteris fraseri</emphasis>
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Salino &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF899B2A60BA7B94FD70FF6C" blockId="96.[97,1229,1180,1810]" lastBlockId="97.[121,1249,161,215]" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF899B2B60BA7B94FF06F949" box="[145,161,1757,1778]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B610D7B95FDBCF949" authority="A. Rojas" authorityName="A. Rojas" box="[294,539,1756,1778]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B610D7B95FE64F94A" box="[294,451,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Thelypteris nana</emphasis>
A. Rojas
</taxonomicName>
, was recently described as endemic to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B63BF7B94FC77F949" box="[916,976,1757,1778]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cocos">Cocos</taxonomicName>
Island,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF899B2B64357B94FB21F949" box="[1054,1158,1757,1778]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF899B2B64B97B94FF36F8A9" author="Rojas" firstAuthor="Rojas" journalOrPublisher="Brenesia" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" pagination="7 - 15" part="75" refId="ref113544" refString="ROJAS, A. F. 2011. New species and new records (Pteridophyta: Polypodiales) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Brenesia 75: 7 - 15." title="New species and new records (Pteridophyta: Polypodiales) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica" type="journal article" year="2011">Rojas 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Although this taxon is likely a
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF899B2B61E77BB5FD92F8AA" box="[460,565,1788,1809]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="96" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF899B2B61E77BB5FD92F8AA" box="[460,565,1788,1809]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">Steiropteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we have not seen the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF899B2B633A7BB5FC9BF8AA" box="[785,828,1788,1809]" pageId="96" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
and are unable to evaluate its taxonomic status based on the description and illustration. It may be a diminutive specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A63A47DEBFBCAFF0D" box="[911,1133,161,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneriana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A63A47DEBFBCAFF0D" box="[911,1133,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">Steiropteris gardneriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; most likely it is not very close to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF889B2A61147D8BFE0DFF6D" box="[319,426,193,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leprieurii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF889B2A61147D8BFE0DFF6D" box="[319,426,193,215]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="87">S. leprieurii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which Rojas compared it.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

554
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<mods:title id="0104AA1D247B3CF62D8EB8AD419A548D">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2EF0245CE2445331F89A4880CDD154E3">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FF8A9B2E62127B36FB62FCAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FF8A9B2E62127B36FB62FCAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FF8A9B2E62127B36FB62FCAC" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2862127B36FC87F922" blockId="99.[121,1249,1663,1777]" box="[569,800,1663,1689]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<heading id="D0E9818CFF8A9B2862127B36FC87F922" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[569,800,1663,1689]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862127B36FC87F922" ID-CoL="823C" box="[569,800,1663,1689]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862127B36FC87F922" bold="true" box="[569,800,1663,1689]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">TRIGONOSPORA</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8A9B2860527BE1FD87F906" box="[121,544,1704,1725]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2860527BE1FD87F906" blockId="99.[121,1249,1663,1777]" box="[121,544,1704,1725]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FF8A9B2860527BE1FDBBF906" author="Trigonospora Holttum" box="[121,540,1704,1725]" journal="Blumea" page="29" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" score="3.24319811522761" volume="19" year="1971">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860527BE1FE0DF906" ID-CoL="823C" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[121,426,1704,1725]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860527BE1FEA6F906" bold="true" box="[121,257,1704,1725]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Trigonospora</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
</taxonomicName>
19:29. 1971
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8A9B2862347BE2FECFF94A" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2862347BE2FECFF94A" blockId="99.[121,1249,1663,1777]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF8A9B28621A7BE2FDF7F900" box="[561,592,1707,1723]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8A9B28621A7BE2FDF7F900" box="[561,592,1707,1723]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862727BE2FC11F907" ID-CoL="3SH9R" authority="(Wall. ex Benth.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Benth." box="[601,950,1706,1724]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862727BE2FD49F900" box="[601,750,1706,1723]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Trigonospora ciliata</emphasis>
(Wall. ex Benth.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863E67BE3FB6FF900" ID-CoL="HFPX" authority="Wall. ex Benth." authorityName="Benth." box="[973,1224,1706,1724]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863E67BE3FBF5F900" box="[973,1106,1706,1723]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Aspidium ciliatum</emphasis>
Wall. ex Benth.
</taxonomicName>
]—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860927B8CFD98F96C" authority="(Holttum) Panigrahi" authorityName="Panigrahi" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[185,575,1733,1751]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Trigonospora">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860927B8CFEABF96D" box="[185,268,1733,1750]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861177B8CFE07F96E" box="[316,416,1733,1749]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Trigonospora</emphasis>
(Holttum) Panigrahi
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862787B8CFC49F96C" authority="(Holttum) Fraser-Jenk." authorityName="Fraser-Jenk." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[595,1006,1733,1751]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Trigonospora">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862787B8CFD01F96D" box="[595,678,1733,1750]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862FC7B8CFC9CF96E" box="[727,827,1733,1749]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Trigonospora</emphasis>
(Holttum) Fraser-Jenk.
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863D47B8CFB46F96E" box="[1023,1249,1733,1750]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Trigonospora">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863D47B8CFBF5F96D" box="[1023,1106,1733,1750]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864567B8CFB46F96E" box="[1149,1249,1733,1749]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Holttum) Fraser-Jenk.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8D9B2F604A7DE8FE0BFF6C" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8D9B2F604A7DE8FE0BFF6C" blockId="100.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F604A7DE8FF47FF0D" box="[97,224,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Latin
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61327DEBFEFCFF0C" box="[281,347,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">trigona</emphasis>
, three-angled +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61D37DEBFD8DFF0C" box="[504,554,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">spora</emphasis>
, spore; the genus is unusual among eupolypod ferns in having trilete tetrahedral spores (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F61337D8BFE07FF6C" author="Holttum" box="[280,416,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8D9B2F60B97DABFDACFC8C" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8D9B2F60B97DABFDACFC8C" blockId="100.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
Plants terrestrial, small to medium-sized (typically
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF8D9B2F62A67DABFD6BFF4C" box="[653,716,226,247]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
–1+ m), rheophytes of rocky streambeds or of forest understories;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60C97C4BFEE7FEAC" bold="true" box="[226,320,258,279]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">rhizomes</emphasis>
short, caudices erect, frequently with a tangle of thick roots that may serve as a ‘holdfast’;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F64AD7C4BFB6EFEAC" bold="true" box="[1158,1225,258,279]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">fronds</emphasis>
dimorphic, fertile fronds with longer stipes and more deeply lobed pinnae, or monomorphic, pinnate-pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatisect, arching to erect;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61867C0BFE4EFEEC" bold="true" box="[429,489,322,343]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">stipes</emphasis>
dull stramineous to brown;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F62D47C0BFCD4FEED" bold="true" box="[767,883,321,343]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">stipe scales</emphasis>
brown, caducous, often appressed, glabrous or with marginal hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61B37C28FE7DFECD" bold="true" box="[408,474,353,374]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous, drying green to black, proximal pinnae gradually reduced (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F649C7C2BFF12FE2D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F649C7C2BFF12FE2D" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or only slightly reduced and reflexed (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F621A7CCBFD27FE2D" box="[561,640,385,407]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F621A7CCBFD27FE2D" box="[561,640,385,407]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), never abruptly reduced to a series of hastate auricles; blade apex gradually reduced; proliferous buds absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F626F7CEBFD2CFE0C" bold="true" box="[580,651,418,439]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">pinnae</emphasis>
nearly symmetrical to asymmetrical and strongly oblique; margins subentire with dentate margins (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61DB7C8BFD52FE6D" box="[496,757,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61DB7C8BFD26FE6D" box="[496,641,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="khamptorum">T. khamptorum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F62A27C8BFD52FE6D" box="[649,757,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanica">T. zeylanica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) to deeply pinnatisect (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63F27C8BFBE3FE6D" box="[985,1092,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63F27C8BFBE3FE6D" box="[985,1092,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pinna bases sessile to short-petiolulate, truncate to narrowly cuneate, acroscopic segment sometimes slightly enlarged or auriculate, in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F60537F4BFEA7FDAD" box="[120,256,513,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifrons">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60537F4BFEA7FDAD" box="[120,256,513,535]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. angustifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
basal segment free and enlarged, overlapping rachis;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F62D97F4BFC80FDAC" bold="true" box="[754,807,514,535]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">veins</emphasis>
free, simple, ending at sinus, or with a single pair anastomosing and an excurrent vein running to shallow sinus (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F62C37F6BFC4EFD8D" box="[744,1001,545,567]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8D9B2F62C37F6BFD50FD8C" box="[744,759,546,567]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T</collectionCode>
. khamptora,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63467F6BFC42FD8D" box="[877,997,545,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusiloba">T. obtusiloba</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F643D7F6BFB37FD8D" box="[1046,1168,545,567]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F643D7F6BFB23FD8D" box="[1046,1156,545,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanica">T. zeylanica</taxonomicName>
);
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F64BF7F68FF01FDED" bold="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">aerophores</emphasis>
inconspicuous or absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61887F0BFDCCFDEC" bold="true" box="[419,619,578,599]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">indument abaxially</emphasis>
nearly absent or with hyaline acicular hairs restricted to axes;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F604A7F2BFE8EFDCC" bold="true" box="[97,297,610,631]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline acicular hairs most frequently along costae;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F636A7F2BFC1BFDCD" box="[833,956,609,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F636A7F2BFC1BFDCD" box="[833,956,609,631]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. glandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with pale yellow subsessile glands;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60817FC8FEA6FD2D" bold="true" box="[170,257,641,662]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61667FCBFED2FD2C" bold="true" box="[333,373,642,663]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">sori</emphasis>
typically round and discrete, medial or inframedial, indusia large and persistent, glabrous to copiously hairy, rarely with glands (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61F27FEBFDF4FD0D" box="[473,595,673,695]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61F27FEBFDF4FD0D" box="[473,595,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. glandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F624C7FEBFD6BFD0C" bold="true" box="[615,716,674,695]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">sporangia</emphasis>
glabrous, or each with a stipitate gland arising from stalk;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60B17F88FF7BFD6D" bold="true" box="[154,220,705,726]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">spores</emphasis>
tan, trilete and tetrahedral, globose or bilateral, with echinulate or minutely papillose perine;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F644A7F8BFBCBFD6C" box="[1121,1132,706,727]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">x</emphasis>
= 36, five species counted, both diploids and triploids known.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F627F7FABFD74FD4C" author="Sledge" box="[596,723,738,759]" firstAuthor="Sledge" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 54" part="8" refId="ref114131" refString="SLEDGE, W. A. 1981. The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8: 1 - 54." title="The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon" type="journal article" year="1981">Sledge (1981)</bibRefCitation>
suggested some of the taxonomic confusion of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F649C7FABFF11FCAD" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F649C7FABFF11FCAD" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group may be the result of infrageneric hybridization, and also suggested a potential intergeneric hybrid with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F604A7E68FEBDFC8C" box="[97,282,801,823]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F604A7E68FEBDFC8C" box="[97,282,801,823]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Christella parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F610E7E6BFE3FFC8C" author="Sledge" box="[293,408,802,823]" firstAuthor="Sledge" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 54" part="8" refId="ref114131" refString="SLEDGE, W. A. 1981. The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8: 1 - 54." title="The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon" type="journal article" year="1981">Sledge 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F618B7E68FE59FC8D" box="[416,510,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Sledge 752</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8D9B2F60BA7E0BFE49FBEC" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8D9B2F60BA7E0BFE49FBEC" blockId="100.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60BA7E0BFED8FCEC" box="[145,383,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
Diagnosis.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F612C7E0BFED8FCEC" box="[263,383,834,855]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trigonospora</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is unique within the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F62617E0BFD48FCEC" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[586,751,834,855]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
in having trilete spores. However, it can also usually be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61417E28FDABFCCD" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[362,524,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61417E28FDABFCCD" box="[362,524,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having an erect rhizome (vs. often creeping); proximal pinnae little reduced or gradually reduced (vs. never reduced to auricles along stipes); and aerophores at pinna bases lacking or inconspicuous (vs. swollen). There is limited overlap in range or habitat with other free-veined
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63D97EEBFB30FC0C" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[1010,1175,930,951]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
with persistent indusia, but
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61107E88FE17FC6D" box="[315,432,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61107E88FE17FC6D" box="[315,432,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is most diverse in Papuasia, extends into western
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8D9B2F63FE7E8BFB85FC6C" box="[981,1058,962,983]" name="Malaysia" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Malesia</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F64017E8BFB05FC6C" box="[1066,1186,962,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F64017E8BFB05FC6C" box="[1066,1186,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F60917EA8FE88FC4D" box="[186,303,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60917EA8FE88FC4D" box="[186,303,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by fronds usually drying dark (vs. dull green or pale); pinna bases sometimes auricled (vs. usually rounded or cuneate); and stipe scales thin and deciduous (vs. thick and persistent). The amauropeltoid genera (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60427968FEDAFB8D" box="[105,381,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F60427968FF45FB8D" box="[105,226,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amauropelta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F60C67968FEDAFB8D" box="[237,381,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Metathelypteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61987968FD91FB8D" box="[435,566,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61987968FD91FB8D" box="[435,566,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) usually occur at higher elevations or more northern latitudes, and tend to have much more delicate laminae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8D9B2F60BA7928FBA9FAAC" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8D9B2F60BA7928FBA9FAAC" blockId="100.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60BA7928FE23FBCD" box="[145,388,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Biogeography and ecology.</emphasis>
—The 12 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F626E792BFD1AFBCC" box="[581,701,1122,1143]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F626E792BFD1AFBCC" box="[581,701,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are restricted to southeast Asia, and the genus is most diverse in south
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8D9B2F60D079CBFE89FB2C" box="[251,302,1154,1175]" name="India" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">India</collectingCountry>
and the island of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8D9B2F61F979CBFD88FB2C" box="[466,559,1154,1175]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, where seven species occur, four of which are endemic. The Sri Lankan species are morphologically distinctive and occur at different elevational ranges, from low country to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF8D9B2F641F79EBFBD9FB0D" box="[1076,1150,1185,1207]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F64A179EBFF34FB6C" author="Sledge" firstAuthor="Sledge" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 54" part="8" refId="ref114131" refString="SLEDGE, W. A. 1981. The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8: 1 - 54." title="The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon" type="journal article" year="1981">Sledge 1981</bibRefCitation>
). The genus extends through the Pan-Himalayan region into southern continental Asia, Java,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8D9B2F6414798BFB3DFB6C" box="[1087,1178,1218,1239]" name="Malaysia" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, and Sumatra, and possibly into Sulawesi (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61EC79ABFD9DFB4D" box="[455,570,1249,1271]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koordersii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61EC79ABFD9DFB4D" box="[455,570,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. koordersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F626E79ABFD71FB4C" author="Holttum" box="[581,726,1250,1271]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Reinwardtia" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="503 - 507" part="8" refId="ref109633" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 c. The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 8: 503 - 507." title="The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="c">Holttum 1974c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F62F579ABFCB7FB4C" author="Holttum" box="[734,784,1250,1271]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8D9B2F631279ABFCD2FB4C" box="[825,885,1250,1271]" name="China" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">China</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F635179ABFC6CFB4D" box="[890,971,1249,1271]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F635179ABFC6CFB4D" box="[890,971,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extends north to
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FF8D9B2F645E79ABFB6DFB4C" box="[1141,1226,1250,1271]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FF8D9B2F60A2784BFF5BFAAC" box="[137,252,1282,1303]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
. Throughout their range they frequently occur in rocky riverbeds and streamsides.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8D9B2E60BA786BFDB3FE2C" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8D9B2F60BA786BFC63F92C" blockId="100.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60BA786BFE7BFA8D" box="[145,476,1313,1335]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
—Initially included within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F62CB7868FC27FA8D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[736,896,1313,1334]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F62CB7868FC27FA8D" box="[736,896,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F638B786BFBB8FA8C" author="Ching" box="[928,1055,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F640C786BFB38FA8C" box="[1063,1183,1314,1335]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F640C786BFB38FA8C" box="[1063,1183,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F60C7780BFE27FAEC" author="Holttum" box="[236,384,1346,1367]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
as a distinct genus on the basis of its trilete spores. As noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F63F37808FBC1FAEC" author="Wagner" box="[984,1126,1345,1367]" firstAuthor="Wagner" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="332 - 353" part="61" refId="ref115563" refString="WAGNER JR., W. H. 1974. Structure of spores in relation to fern phylogeny. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 332 - 353." title="Structure of spores in relation to fern phylogeny" type="journal article" year="1974">Wagner (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, this characteristic is unusual within what we now classify as eupolypod ferns. Although trilete spores have also been observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F604A78C8FE59FA2C" authority="(Chandra 1973)" baseAuthorityName="Chandra" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[97,510,1409,1431]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torresiana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F604A78C8FEC7FA2C" box="[97,352,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Macrothelypteris torresiana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F614778CBFE50FA2C" author="Chandra" box="[364,503,1410,1431]" firstAuthor="Chandra" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="9 - 11" part="63" refId="ref107122" refString="CHANDRA, P. 1973. Tetrahedral spores in another species of Lastrea. Amer. Fern J. 63: 9 - 11." title="Tetrahedral spores in another species of Lastrea" type="journal article" year="1973">Chandra 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and species of grammitids (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F631178C8FC37FA2D" box="[826,912,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Alansmia</emphasis>
) in Polypodiaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F646578CBFF36FA0C" author="Kessler" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kessler" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="233 - 244" part="63" refId="ref110679" refString="KESSLER, M., A. L. M. VELAZQUEZ, M. SUNDUE, &amp; P. H. LABIAK. 2011. Alansmia, a new genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from Terpsichore. Brittonia 63: 233 - 244." title="Alansmia, a new genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from Terpsichore" type="journal article" year="2011">Kessler et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
), these may be spherical and/or with asymmetrical laesurae, and are unlike typical tetrahedral trilete spores. The same is sometimes true of spores in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F6199788BFD8DFA6C" box="[434,554,1474,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F6199788BFD8DFA6C" box="[434,554,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which may be round or bilateral, occasionally occurring together with monolete spores (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F612D78ABFE4CFA4C" author="Nayar &amp; Chandra" box="[262,491,1506,1527]" firstAuthor="Nayar" journalOrPublisher="Palynol. Bull." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="92 - 95" part="2" refId="ref112481" refString="NAYAR, B. K. &amp; P. CHANDRA. 1966. The occurrence of tetrahedral spores in a species of Lastrea (Thelypteridaceae). Palynol. Bull. 2: 92 - 95." title="The occurrence of tetrahedral spores in a species of Lastrea (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="1966">Nayar &amp; Chandra 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Based on our understanding of its phylogenetic position, the spore morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F60887B4BFEBCF9AC" box="[163,283,1538,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F60887B4BFEBCF9AC" box="[163,283,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be interpreted as a reversal (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F62507B4BFC85F9AC" author="Patel" box="[635,802,1537,1559]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
), not as indication of a close relationship to other lineages with trilete spores, like Cyatheaceae,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F627E7B68FD58F98C" author="as Holttum" box="[597,767,1569,1591]" firstAuthor="as Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="105 - 126" part="20" refId="ref109495" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1972. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae IV. The genus Pronephrium Presl. Blumea 20: 105 - 126." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae IV. The genus Pronephrium Presl" type="journal article" year="1971">as Holttum (1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F63237B6BFCE6F98C" author="Holttum" box="[776,833,1570,1591]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Reinwardtia" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="503 - 507" part="8" refId="ref109633" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 c. The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 8: 503 - 507." title="The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="c">1974c</bibRefCitation>
) believed. Trilete spores are a diagnostic feature of the genus, however, and have been reported in several species, including
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63B67B0BFC56F9ED" box="[925,1009,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63B67B0BFC56F9ED" box="[925,1009,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63D57B0BFBD9F9ED" box="[1022,1150,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudipinna">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63D57B0BFBD9F9ED" box="[1022,1150,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. caudipinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F649C7B0BFF7EF9CD" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="khamptorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F649C7B0BFF7EF9CD" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. khamptorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F60C87B2BFE7BF9CC" author="Holttum &amp; Chandra" box="[227,476,1634,1655]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="79 - 82" part="26" refId="ref110026" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. &amp; P. CHANDRA. 1971. New species of Thelypteridaceae from India, Ceylon and Burma. Kew Bull. 26: 79 - 82." title="New species of Thelypteridaceae from India, Ceylon and Burma" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum &amp; Chandra 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F61CF7B2BFDCDF9CC" author="Lin" box="[484,618,1633,1655]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), and are verified here for
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63707B2BFBE1F9CD" box="[859,1094,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63707B2BFB87F9CD" authority=", Gardette" authorityName="Gardette" box="[859,1056,1633,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">T. calcarata, Gardette</taxonomicName>
559
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8D9B2F647B7B2BFBD2F9CC" box="[1104,1141,1634,1655]" country="USA" name="Upjohn Culture Collection" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">UC</collectionCode>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F64A87B2BFEB0F92D" authority=", Ballard 1393" authorityName=", Ballard" authorityYear="1393" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F64A87B2BFEB0F92D" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T.obtusifolia, Ballard 1393</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8D9B2F61097BCBFEE0F92C" box="[290,327,1666,1687]" country="USA" name="Upjohn Culture Collection" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">UC</collectionCode>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F617E7BCBFDE6F92D" authority=", Ballard 1522" authorityName="Ballard" authorityYear="1522" box="[341,577,1665,1687]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F617E7BCBFDE6F92D" box="[341,577,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. zeylanica, Ballard 1522</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8D9B2F62677BCBFDD7F92C" box="[588,624,1666,1687]" country="USA" name="Upjohn Culture Collection" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">UC</collectionCode>
); and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F62827BCBFCC2F92C" authority=", Mann" authorityName="Mann" box="[681,869,1665,1687]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudipinna">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F62827BCBFC82F92D" box="[681,805,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">T. caudipinna</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63047BCBFCC2F92C" box="[815,869,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Mann</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63427BCBFC24F92C" box="[873,899,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">s.n</emphasis>
. (
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8D9B2F63BF7BCBFC1EF92C" box="[916,953,1666,1687]" country="USA" name="Upjohn Culture Collection" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">UC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8D9B2E60B97BE8FDB3FE2C" blockId="100.[97,1228,161,1815]" lastBlockId="101.[121,1250,161,791]" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
He and Zhang (2012) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F61B77BEBFDF0F90C" author="Patel" box="[412,599,1697,1719]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
inferred a close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F63F77BEBFB3BF90D" box="[988,1180,1697,1719]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F63F77BEBFB3BF90D" box="[988,1180,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F604A7B88FEA0F96D" box="[97,263,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F604A7B88FEA4F96D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[97,259,1729,1750]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudocyclosorus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but with low support. The more densely sampled phylogeny of Fawcett et al. (in press.) recovers two Sri Lankan species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61137BABFE16F94C" box="[312,433,1762,1783]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61137BABFE16F94C" box="[312,433,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to two morphologically distinctive taxa we determine as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F641C7BABFECCF8AC" authority="(Holttum 1974 a)" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humbertii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F641C7BABFF19F8AD" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">Pneumatopteris humbertii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8D9B2F60E07A4BFEC3F8AC" author="Holttum" box="[203,356,1794,1815]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="100" pageNumber="90" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum 1974a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8D9B2F61B67A48FDFEF8AD" box="[413,601,1793,1814]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8D9B2F61B67A48FDBEF8AD" authorityName="sensu Holttum. These" authorityYear="1982" box="[413,537,1793,1814]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="100" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pronephrium</taxonomicName>
fidelei
</emphasis>
(Rakotondrainibe &amp; Jouy 2012), both once-pinnate species of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8C9B2E60527DEBFF49FF0C" box="[121,238,162,183]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. This clade is in turn sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62277DE8FD0BFF0D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[524,684,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62277DE8FD0BFF0D" box="[524,684,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF8C9B2E62927DEBFD49FF0C" box="[697,750,162,183]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="101" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62927DEBFD49FF0C" bold="true" box="[697,750,162,183]" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). As discussed in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E63EB7DEBFB87FF0C" box="[960,1056,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E63EB7DEBFB87FF0C" box="[960,1056,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
treatment, a combination of limited collections and geologically recent extinctions may have shaped our understanding of the Afro- Madagascan fern flora, sometimes leaving isolated lineages that are difficult to place taxonomically. In light of these difficulties, and our own limited sampling, we refrain from making new combinations for these non-
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E644E7C4BFB47FEAC" box="[1125,1248,258,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E644E7C4BFB47FEAC" box="[1125,1248,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pseudocyclosoroid taxa. Although our understanding of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62B37C6BFCB7FE8C" box="[664,784,290,311]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62B37C6BFCB7FE8C" box="[664,784,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has benefited from excellent floristic treatments (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E60817C0BFE9CFEEC" author="Holttum" box="[170,315,322,343]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Reinwardtia" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="503 - 507" part="8" refId="ref109633" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 c. The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 8: 503 - 507." title="The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="c">Holttum 1974c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E616F7C0BFED2FEEC" author="Holttum" box="[324,373,322,343]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E61557C0BFE57FEEC" author="Sledge" box="[382,496,322,343]" firstAuthor="Sledge" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot." pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 54" part="8" refId="ref114131" refString="SLEDGE, W. A. 1981. The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8: 1 - 54." title="The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon" type="journal article" year="1981">Sledge 1981</bibRefCitation>
), the genus has never been monographed throughout its range.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8C9B2E64647C0BFBF8FEEC" box="[1103,1119,322,343]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
critical study of widespread and morphologically variable species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62EA7C2BFCB4FECD" box="[705,787,353,375]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62EA7C2BFCB4FECD" box="[705,787,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E63687C2BFC17FECD" box="[835,944,353,375]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E63687C2BFC17FECD" box="[835,944,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be especially helpful for improving our understanding of the group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8C9B2E60827CEBFC0CFDAC" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8C9B2E60827CEBFC0CFDAC" blockId="101.[121,1250,161,791]" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E60827CEBFEC6FE0C" box="[169,353,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E61547CEBFD62FE0C" authority="Sledge" authorityName="Sledge" box="[383,709,417,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifrons">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E61547CEBFDDCFE0D" box="[383,635,417,439]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Trigonospora angustifrons</emphasis>
Sledge
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62FB7CEBFC5FFE0C" authority="(Blume) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[720,1016,417,439]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62FB7CEBFD7BFE0C" box="[720,732,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62C17CE8FCE4FE0D" box="[746,835,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">calcarata</emphasis>
(Blume) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E642E7CEBFF6AFE6C" authority="(Ching) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Ching" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudipinna">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E642E7CEBFB2DFE0D" box="[1029,1162,417,439]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. caudipinna</emphasis>
(Ching) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; **
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E60C17C8BFD96FE6C" authority="(Wall. ex Benth) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Benth" box="[234,561,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E60C17C8BFE9DFE6D" box="[234,314,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. ciliata</emphasis>
(Wall. ex Benth) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62137C8BFD52FE6C" authority="Sledge" authorityName="Sledge" box="[568,757,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62137C8BFD16FE6D" box="[568,689,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T.glandulosa</emphasis>
Sledge
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62D07C8BFB79FE6C" authority="(Holttum) Irudayaraj &amp; Manickam" authorityName="Irudayaraj &amp; Manickam" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[763,1246,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="khamptorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62D07C8BFC2EFE6D" box="[763,905,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T.khamptorum</emphasis>
(Holttum) Irudayaraj &amp; Manickam
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E60527CABFE10FE4C" authority="Panigrahi &amp; Sarn. Singh" authorityName="Panigrahi &amp; Sarn. Singh" box="[121,439,481,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="loyalii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E60527CABFF6FFE4D" box="[121,200,481,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T.loyalii</emphasis>
Panigrahi &amp; Sarn. Singh
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E61947CABFE6EFE4C" box="[447,457,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E61E27CABFD24FE4C" authority="Sledge" authorityName="Sledge" box="[457,643,481,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusiloba">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E61E27CABFD98FE4D" box="[457,575,481,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. obtusiloba</emphasis>
Sledge
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62A17CABFC42FE4C" authority="(J. Scott ex Bedd.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Bedd." box="[650,997,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62A17CABFD46FE4C" box="[650,737,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T.sericea</emphasis>
(J. Scott ex Bedd.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
in Nayar and Kaur;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E64887CABFE69FDAC" authority="Sarn. Singh &amp; Panigrahi" authorityName="Sarn. Singh &amp; Panigrahi" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subcaudipinna">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E64887CABFB08FE4C" box="[1187,1199,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E64927CA8FF78FDAD" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">subcaudipinna</emphasis>
Sarn. Singh &amp; Panigrahi
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E61FD7F4BFD44FDAC" authority="(Roxb.) Mazumdar" authorityName="Mazumdar" baseAuthorityName="Roxb." box="[470,739,514,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E61FD7F4BFD81FDAC" box="[470,550,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T.tenera</emphasis>
(Roxb.) Mazumdar
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E62DD7F4BFC0CFDAC" authority="Sledge." authorityName="Sledge." box="[758,939,513,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E62DD7F4BFCC4FDAD" box="[758,867,513,535]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. zeylanica</emphasis>
Sledge.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8C9B2E60827F6BFB62FCAC" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8C9B2E60827F6BFF1FFD4C" blockId="101.[121,1250,161,791]" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E60827F6BFE8BFD8D" box="[169,300,545,567]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E61627F6BFD8AFD8D" box="[329,557,545,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koordersii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E61627F6BFD8AFD8D" box="[329,557,545,567]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Trigonospora koordersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive and unusual species, and known only from the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF8C9B2E649F7F6BFB46FD8C" box="[1204,1249,546,567]" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">type</typeStatus>
(Sulawesi), a considerable distance from the center of diversity of the lineage in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8C9B2E63467F0BFC6EFDEC" box="[877,969,578,599]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8C9B2E64787F0BFB2EFDEC" box="[1107,1161,578,599]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">India</collectingCountry>
. It differs from all other
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E612E7F2BFE6EFDCC" box="[261,457,610,631]" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E612E7F2BFEDAFDCC" box="[261,381,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Trigonospora</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in having a conform terminal pinna, and is also distinctive in its elongate, nearly parallel-sided pinna segments or pinnules on an essentially bipinnate blade. This taxon was initially placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E60527FE8FE00FD0D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[121,423,673,695]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioneuron">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E60527FE8FF51FD0D" box="[121,246,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E61197FE8FE00FD0D" box="[306,423,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E61E37FEBFDFAFD0C" author="Holttum" box="[456,605,674,695]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
, though he later transferred it to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E63BF7FEBFB15FD0C" authority="(Holttum 1974 b)" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[916,1202,674,695]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E63BF7FEBFBABFD0C" box="[916,1036,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Trigonospora</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E643C7FEBFB0CFD0C" author="Holttum" box="[1047,1195,674,695]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kalikasan" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="13 - 28" part="3" refId="ref109606" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 b. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VII: The genus Chingia. Kalikasan 3: 13 - 28." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VII: The genus Chingia" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="b">Holttum 1974b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Our concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E60CB7F88FEF2FD6D" box="[224,341,705,726]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E60CB7F88FEF2FD6D" box="[224,341,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broader than Holttum’s, and we cannot rule out the possibility that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8C9B2E63D87F8BFBC1FD6D" box="[1011,1126,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koordersii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8C9B2E63D87F8BFBC1FD6D" box="[1011,1126,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">T. koordersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs that genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8C9B2E608C7E4BFB62FCAC" blockId="101.[121,1250,161,791]" box="[167,1221,770,791]" pageId="101" pageNumber="91">
For additional synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E61EF7E4BFDC4FCAC" author="Holttum" box="[452,611,770,791]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Reinwardtia" pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="503 - 507" part="8" refId="ref109633" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 c. The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 8: 503 - 507." title="The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="c">Holttum (1974c)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E62407E4BFD4DFCAC" author="Sledge" box="[619,746,770,791]" firstAuthor="Sledge" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot." pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 54" part="8" refId="ref114131" refString="SLEDGE, W. A. 1981. The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8: 1 - 54." title="The Thelypteridaceae of Ceylon" type="journal article" year="1981">Sledge (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, Singh and Panigrahi (2005), and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8C9B2E64007E4BFB66FCAC" author="Lin" box="[1067,1217,770,791]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="101" pageNumber="91" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="16843D01A1421DC9FF71E85F13238CEC">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="238DBA9364766C27DA92A8ECB49CFA25">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FF8B9B28621E7E76FB26F9EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FF8B9B28621E7E76FB26F9EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FF8B9B28621E7E76FB26F9EC" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B29621E7E76FD52FCE2" box="[565,757,831,857]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B29621E7E76FD52FCE2" blockId="98.[97,1225,831,919]" box="[565,757,831,857]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<heading id="D0E9818CFF8B9B29621E7E76FD52FCE2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[565,757,831,857]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29621E7E76FD52FCE2" ID-CoL="7VLR" box="[565,757,831,857]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29621E7E76FD52FCE2" bold="true" box="[565,757,831,857]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">THELYPTERIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B29604A7E21FCC2FCC7" box="[97,869,871,893]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B29604A7E21FCC2FCC7" blockId="98.[97,1225,831,919]" box="[97,869,871,893]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29604A7E21FE39FCC6" authority="Schmidel, Icon. Pl." authorityName="Schmidel, Icon. Pl." box="[97,414,871,893]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7E21FF7EFCC6" bold="true" box="[97,217,872,893]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Thelypteris</emphasis>
Schmidel, Icon. Pl.
</taxonomicName>
, ed. Keller, 3, 45, t. 11
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8B9B2962577E21FD2BFCC6" box="[636,652,872,893]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
, 13. 1763, nom. cons.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B29634F7E22FE59FC2C" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B29634F7E22FE59FC2C" blockId="98.[97,1225,831,919]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF8B9B29635D7E22FC30FCC0" box="[886,919,875,891]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8B9B29635D7E22FC30FCC0" box="[886,919,875,891]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29638A7E23FBD1FCC7" authority="Schott" authorityName="Schott" box="[929,1142,874,892]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29638A7E23FB98FCC0" box="[929,1087,874,891]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Thelypteris palustris</emphasis>
Schott
</taxonomicName>
[based on
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29608A7ECCFEE8FC2D" box="[161,335,901,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Acrostichum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thelypteris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29608A7ECCFEE8FC2D" box="[161,335,901,918]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Acrostichum thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., Sp.
<bibCitation id="5E343E8CFF8B9B2961AF7ECFFE5DFC2C" box="[388,506,902,919]" journal="Pl." page="1071" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" score="0.2594558430405583" volume="2" year="1753">Pl.2:1071.1753</bibCitation>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B2960AA7EE2FE1CFC6C" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960AA7EE2FED5FC07" blockId="98.[129,443,939,983]" box="[129,370,939,956]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960AA7EE2FF1FFC00" box="[129,184,939,955]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Lastrea</emphasis>
Bory nom. illeg.superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960AA7E8CFE1CFC6C" blockId="98.[129,443,939,983]" box="[129,443,965,983]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960AA7E8CFF78FC6D" box="[129,223,965,982]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Hemestheum</emphasis>
Newman nom. illeg.superfl.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B29604A7EA5FEDFFB99" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B29604A7EA5FEDFFB99" blockId="98.[97,1226,1004,1794]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7EA5FF47FBBA" box="[97,224,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961287EA5FE90FBBA" box="[259,311,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">thelys</emphasis>
, female
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961AC7EA4FE6BFBB9" box="[391,460,1005,1026]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">+ pteris</emphasis>
, fern. An old Greek name for a fern more delicate than the male fern,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29644E7EA4FED3FB99" authority="(Stewart et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Stewart" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filix-mas">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29644E7EA4FF15FB9A" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Dryopteris filix-mas</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2960977944FECAFB99" author="Stewart" box="[188,365,1036,1058]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Stewart" journalOrPublisher="Fiddlehead Forum" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="21 - 36" part="10" refId="ref114814" refString="STEWART, R. R., D. M. JOHNSON, &amp; J. T. MICKEL. 1983. Pteridophyte genera, the meaning of their names. Fiddlehead Forum 10: 21 - 36." title="Pteridophyte genera, the meaning of their names" type="journal article" year="1983">Stewart et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B2960A47964FF45F919" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2960A47964FF45F919" blockId="98.[97,1226,1004,1794]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
Plants terrestrial, small to medium-sized, in wet ground (often marshes or swamps), dying back in winter (in temperate areas);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960C87904FEE6FBD9" bold="true" box="[227,321,1101,1122]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">rhizomes</emphasis>
short- to often long-creeping, usually blackish, with relatively few roots between nodes, mostly 1.5–
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF8B9B2960A77924FF63FB3A" box="[140,196,1132,1154]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
diam.;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961247924FEF4FB39" bold="true" box="[271,339,1133,1154]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">fronds</emphasis>
moderately sized (typically
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF8B9B2962407924FD7DFB39" box="[619,730,1133,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" unit="cm" value="65.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="30.0">30–100 cm</quantity>
), monomorphic or weakly dimorphic, with fertile fronds narrower and having longer stipes and more constricted pinnae and segments, arching to erect, deeply pinnate-pinnatifid or often pinnatisect with pinnae incised to within
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF8B9B2962E579E4FCA1FB7A" box="[718,774,1196,1218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
of costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29634D79E4FC06FB79" bold="true" box="[870,929,1197,1218]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">stipes</emphasis>
dull stramineous, blackened at bases;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960B47984FEB6FB5A" bold="true" box="[159,273,1228,1250]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">stipe scales</emphasis>
tan, ovate, glabrous or nearly so;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962607985FD2AFB5A" bold="true" box="[587,653,1228,1249]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous, drying green, proximal pinnae not reduced, or with 1–several pinna-pairs somewhat reduced, but never abruptly reduced to a series of hastate auricles or glanduliform pinnae; blade apex gradually reduced; proliferous buds absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962927844FD58FA99" bold="true" box="[697,767,1293,1314]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">pinnae</emphasis>
nearly symmetrical with segments spreading or only slightly oblique; margins entire, pinna bases sessile to short-petiolulate, truncate, acroscopic segment often slightly elongate but not auriculate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961477804FE06FAD9" bold="true" box="[364,417,1357,1378]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">veins</emphasis>
free, simple or often forked, ending at margins of lobes just above sinuses (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF8B9B2964587804FB1DFAD9" box="[1139,1210,1357,1378]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2964587804FB1DFAD9" bold="true" box="[1139,1210,1357,1378]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Fig. 6D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29604A7825FF75FA3A" bold="true" box="[97,210,1388,1409]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">aerophores</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29610B7824FE40FA39" bold="true" box="[288,487,1389,1410]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">indument abaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline acicular hairs restricted to axes (rachis, costae, and sometime costules), also with thin, flat, ovate tan scales along costae, tissue between veins glabrous or nearly so;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29642978C4FB6FFA19" bold="true" box="[1026,1224,1421,1442]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline acicular or tortuous hairs restricted mostly to costae, veins and laminar tissue glabrous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963D478E5FBF1FA7A" bold="true" box="[1023,1110,1452,1473]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29648A78E4FB6EFA79" bold="true" box="[1185,1225,1453,1474]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">sori</emphasis>
typically round and discrete, or often confluent at maturity, medial or inframedial, indusia relatively large and persistent, glabrous or with a few short-stipitate glands;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29627478A4FD63F9B9" bold="true" box="[607,708,1517,1538]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">sporangia</emphasis>
glabrous or often bearing short, stipitate glands &lt;0.1 mm;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960BF7B45FF71F99A" bold="true" box="[148,214,1548,1569]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">spores</emphasis>
tan, bilateral, monolete, perispore variable, echinate in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962DD7B45FCC3F99A" box="[758,868,1548,1569]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confluens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962DD7B45FCC3F99A" box="[758,868,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">T. confluens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and granulate, papillate, irregularly tuberculate, or reticulate and perforate in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961D97B65FDFDF9FA" box="[498,602,1580,1601]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961D97B65FDFDF9FA" box="[498,602,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">T. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B29624E7B64FD70F9F9" author="Tryon" box="[613,727,1581,1602]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="444 - 460" part="73" refId="ref115194" refString="TRYON, A. F. 1971. Structure and variation in spores of Thelypteris palustris. Rhodora 73: 444 - 460." title="Structure and variation in spores of Thelypteris palustris" type="journal article" year="1971">Tryon 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2962CB7B65FC22F9F9" author="Tryon" box="[736,901,1580,1602]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="461 - 474" part="82" refId="ref115276" refString="TRYON, A. F., R. TRYON, &amp; F. BADRE. 1980. Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern. Rhodora 82: 461 - 474." title="Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern" type="journal article" year="1980">Tryon et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2963A67B65FBDDF9F9" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[909,1146,1580,1602]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2964A17B65FB32F9FA" box="[1162,1173,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">x</emphasis>
= 35, two species, only one counted, always diploid. Reports of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962AB7B05FD2BF9DA" box="[640,652,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">n</emphasis>
= 36 for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2962F77B05FCE5F9DA" box="[732,834,1612,1633]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2962F77B05FCE5F9DA" box="[732,834,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">T. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2963437B04FC46F9D9" author="Mitui" box="[872,993,1613,1634]" firstAuthor="Mitui" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep. Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku B." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="285 - 333" part="13" refId="ref112086" refString="MITUI, K. 1968. Chromosomes and speciation in ferns. Sci. Rep. Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku B. 13: 285 - 333." title="Chromosomes and speciation in ferns" type="journal article" year="1968">Mitui (1968)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B2964257B04FB61F9D9" author="Hirabayashi" box="[1038,1222,1613,1634]" firstAuthor="Hirabayashi" journalOrPublisher="J. Jap. Bot." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="113 - 119" part="44" refId="ref109348" refString="HIRABAYASHI, H. 1969. Chromosome numbers in several species of the Aspidiaceae. J. Jap. Bot. 44: 113 - 119." title="Chromosome numbers in several species of the Aspidiaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Hirabayashi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, from populations in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8B9B2961017B25FEC5F93A" box="[298,354,1644,1665]" name="Japan" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
, are likely erroneous (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8B9B29624B7B25FC89F939" author="Tryon &amp; Tryon" box="[608,814,1644,1666]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="98" pageNumber="88" pagination="65 - 76" part="63" refId="ref115246" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; R. TRYON. 1973. Thelypteris in northeastern North America. Amer. Fern J. 63: 65 - 76." title="Thelypteris in northeastern North America" type="journal article" year="1973">Tryon &amp; Tryon 1973</bibRefCitation>
, for comments and a review of cytological information).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8B9B2860BA7BE5FC8BFE8C" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8B9B2860BA7BE5FC8BFE8C" blockId="98.[97,1226,1004,1794]" lastBlockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960BA7BE5FEC8F97A" box="[145,367,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
Diagnosis.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961227BE5FEC8F97A" box="[265,367,1708,1729]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Thelypteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
can be readily distinguished from the superficially similar, and sometimes co-occurring amauropeltoid genera by a combination of characteristics. It has consistently long-creeping, relatively narrow rhizomes (1.5–
<quantity id="4CE69B05FF8B9B2960B97BA4FF6FF8BA" box="[146,200,1772,1794]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
diam.); grows in persistently wet habitats in temperate areas; has largely scaleless rhizomes behind the apex; has persistent ovate scales on the costae abaxially (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF8A9B28625B7DEBFD1EFF0C" box="[624,697,162,183]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28625B7DEBFD1EFF0C" bold="true" box="[624,697,162,183]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
); lacks greatly reduced proximal pinnae; has frequently forked, free veins on the ultimate segments (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF8A9B2862377D8BFDC5FF6C" box="[540,610,194,215]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862377D8BFDC5FF6C" bold="true" box="[540,610,194,215]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
); and is often slightly dimorphic, with fertile fronds taller, and with confluent sori resulting in an almost acrostichoid appearance.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862E37DA8FC97FF4D" box="[712,816,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862E37DA8FC97FF4D" box="[712,816,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from both
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2864417DA8FB46FF4D" box="[1130,1249,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864417DA8FB46FF4D" box="[1130,1249,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860887C48FE80FEAD" box="[163,295,257,278]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860887C48FE80FEAD" box="[163,295,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in temperate latitudes by the presence of scales on the abaxial costae, the lack of glands on abaxial laminae, some veins forking (vs. simple), and fidelity to wetland habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8A9B2860827C08FF43FE4C" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2860827C08FF43FE4C" blockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860827C08FE38FEED" box="[169,415,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Biogeography and ecology.</emphasis>
—Throughout their range, the two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863707C08FC64FEED" box="[859,963,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863707C08FC64FEED" box="[859,963,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8A9B2863E27C0BFC42FEEC" box="[969,997,322,343]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863E27C0BFC78FEEC" box="[969,991,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
occur in perennially wet, often open areas, especially marshes, peat bogs, forested swamps, and edges of lakes.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863B67C28FBFDFECD" box="[925,1114,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863B67C28FBFDFECD" box="[925,1114,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in temperate wetlands of the northern hemisphere, while
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862937CC8FCD8FE2D" box="[696,895,385,406]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confluens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862937CC8FCD8FE2D" box="[696,895,385,406]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris confluens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is south-temperate in sub-Saharan Africa, southern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B2861347CEBFEF2FE0C" box="[287,341,418,439]" name="India" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">India</collectingCountry>
, northern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B2861967CEBFDBFFE0C" box="[445,536,418,439]" name="Thailand" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, parts of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B28625F7CEBFD66FE0C" box="[628,705,418,439]" name="Malaysia" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Malesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B2862E07CEBFC81FE0C" box="[715,806,418,439]" name="Australia" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B28631A7CEBFC11FE0C" box="[817,950,418,439]" name="New Zealand" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, and southern South America. Outlying populations of both
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28618A7C8BFDACFE6D" box="[417,523,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28618A7C8BFDACFE6D" box="[417,523,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862167C8BFD09FE6D" box="[573,686,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confluens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862167C8BFD09FE6D" box="[573,686,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. confluens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur sporadically in suitable habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8A9B2860827F4BFB6BFA0D" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2860827F4BFF4FFCEC" blockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860827F4BFE50FDAD" box="[169,503,513,535]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
—Historically, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862C37F48FCF7FDAD" box="[744,848,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862C37F48FCF7FDAD" box="[744,848,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has had many different circumscriptions. Beginning with
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28613A7F6BFE36FD8C" author="Ching" box="[273,401,546,567]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="237 - 352" part="6" refId="ref107458" refString="CHING, R. C. 1936. A revision of the Chinese and Sikkim-Himalayan Dryopteris with reference to some species from neighboring regions. Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 237 - 352." title="A revision of the Chinese and Sikkim-Himalayan Dryopteris with reference to some species from neighboring regions" type="journal article" year="1936">Ching (1936)</bibRefCitation>
, and continuing with
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2862747F6BFD4CFD8C" author="Morton" box="[607,747,546,567]" firstAuthor="Morton" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="149 - 154" part="53" refId="ref112221" refString="MORTON, C. V. 1963. The classification of Thelypteris. Amer. Fern J. 53: 149 - 154." title="The classification of Thelypteris" type="journal article" year="1963">Morton (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, the genus was accepted in a broad sense, comprising all or most of the ca. 1000 species in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862147F0BFD40FDEC" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[575,743,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
. Before that time, members of the family had usually been subsumed in an unwieldy genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2861DB7F2BFDF2FDCC" box="[496,597,610,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861DB7F2BFDF2FDCC" box="[496,597,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Dryopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2862A47F2BFC9BFDCC" author="Christensen" box="[655,828,610,631]" firstAuthor="Christensen" journalOrPublisher="Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 282" part="10" refId="ref107711" refString="CHRISTENSEN, C. 1913. A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part I. The tropical American pinnatifid-bipinnatifid species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd., ser. 7, 10: 55 - 282." title="A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part I. The tropical American pinnatifid-bipinnatifid species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk" type="journal article" year="1913">Christensen 1913</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28636D7F2BFCDFFDCC" author="Christensen" box="[838,888,610,631]" firstAuthor="Christensen" journalOrPublisher="Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk Math. Afd." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="3 - 132" part="6" refId="ref107760" refString="CHRISTENSEN, C. 1920. A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part II. The tropical American bipinnate-decompound species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk Math. Afd., ser. 8, 6: 3 - 132." title="A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part II. The tropical American bipinnate-decompound species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk" type="journal article" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2863A37F2BFBACFDCC" author="Ching" box="[904,1035,610,631]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
recognized 18 genera within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860957FCBFEC4FD2C" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[190,355,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
for mainland Asia, and restricted
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862837FC8FCB7FD2D" box="[680,784,641,662]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862837FC8FCB7FD2D" box="[680,784,641,662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to just three species. Shortly thereafter,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2864A47FCBFF16FD0C" author="Holttum" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum (1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2860917FEBFF4DFD0C" author="Holttum" box="[186,234,674,695]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2860D87FEBFE82FD0C" author="Holttum" box="[243,293,674,695]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2861067FEBFEFAFD0C" author="Holttum" box="[301,349,674,695]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Bot. Malacitana" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="47 - 58" part="8" refId="ref109981" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1983. The family Thelypteridaceae in Europe. Acta Bot. Malacitana 8: 47 - 58." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in Europe" type="journal article" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
) adopted many of Ching’s generic concepts and also segregated several new genera; a series of revisions and monographs culminated in recognition of 23 genera in Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2863727F8BFC42FD6C" author="Holttum" box="[857,997,706,727]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum 1982</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28640A7F88FB2DFD6D" box="[1057,1162,705,726]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28640A7F88FB2DFD6D" box="[1057,1162,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8A9B2864BA7F8BFB0AFD6C" box="[1169,1197,706,727]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864BA7F8BFB0FFD6C" box="[1169,1192,706,727]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
with either two or three species. An attempt at some middle ground was offered by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28637F7FABFC75FD4C" author="Smith" box="[852,978,738,759]" editor="Kubitzki, K." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref114359" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol" year="1990">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FF8A9B28637F7FABFC29FD4C" box="[852,910,738,759]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1990)
</bibRefCitation>
and later by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2864627FABFF7EFCAC" author="Christenhusz" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Christenhusz" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="7 - 54" part="19" refId="ref107620" refString="CHRISTENHUSZ, M. J. M., X. - C. ZHANG, &amp; H. SCHNEIDER. 2011. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7 - 54." title="A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2011">Christenhusz et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
.
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FF8A9B2860CF7E4BFE87FCAC" box="[228,288,770,791]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Smith</collectingRegion>
recognized five genera in the family, with the largest genera being expanded concepts of both
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860527E68FF46FC8D" box="[121,225,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860527E68FF46FC8D" box="[121,225,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ca. 280 spp,. in five subgenera, including subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862817E68FCB5FC8D" box="[682,786,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862817E68FCB5FC8D" box="[682,786,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with two spp.) and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863E67E68FB97FC8D" box="[973,1072,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863E67E68FB97FC8D" box="[973,1072,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ca. 525 spp. in 20 subgenera).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2860837E2BFD4EFBAC" blockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2860837E2BFE99FCCC" author="Holttum" box="[168,318,866,887]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Bot. Malacitana" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="47 - 58" part="8" refId="ref109981" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1983. The family Thelypteridaceae in Europe. Acta Bot. Malacitana 8: 47 - 58." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in Europe" type="journal article" year="1983">Holttum (1983)</bibRefCitation>
proposed a slightly different narrow classification of the genus, recognizing three species. In this, he distinguished European
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2861AA7ECBFE4EFC2D" box="[385,489,897,919]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861AA7ECBFE4EFC2D" box="[385,489,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8A9B2861C67ECBFDAFFC2C" box="[493,520,898,919]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861C67ECBFDA4FC2C" box="[493,515,898,919]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with glabrous indusia, from the North American taxon, having hairy indusia; he called the latter
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28617E7EEBFD40FC0C" authority="(Michx.) Holub. However" authorityName="Holub. However" baseAuthorityName="Michx." box="[341,743,929,951]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thelypteroides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28617E7EEBFE4CFC0D" box="[341,491,929,951]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. thelypteroides</emphasis>
(Michx.) Holub. However
</taxonomicName>
, as shown earlier by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2863857EEBFBC6FC0C" author="Tryon" box="[942,1121,930,951]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="461 - 474" part="82" refId="ref115276" refString="TRYON, A. F., R. TRYON, &amp; F. BADRE. 1980. Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern. Rhodora 82: 461 - 474." title="Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern" type="journal article" year="1980">Tryon et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, that name is based on a mistypification by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28619B7E8BFDE1FC6C" author="Morton" box="[432,582,962,983]" firstAuthor="Morton" journalOrPublisher="Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="29 - 83" part="38" refId="ref112245" refString="MORTON, C. V. 1967. Studies of fern types, I. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 38: 29 - 83." title="Studies of fern types, I." type="journal article" year="1967">Morton (1967)</bibRefCitation>
and applies to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862CE7E88FC5CFC6D" box="[741,1019,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="noveboracensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862CE7E88FC5CFC6D" box="[741,1019,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Amauropelta noveboracensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see discussion under
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860527EA8FF48FC4D" box="[121,239,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860527EA8FF48FC4D" box="[121,239,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see also comments regarding typification by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2862847EABFCF0FC4C" author="Tryon" box="[687,855,994,1015]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="461 - 474" part="82" refId="ref115276" refString="TRYON, A. F., R. TRYON, &amp; F. BADRE. 1980. Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern. Rhodora 82: 461 - 474." title="Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern" type="journal article" year="1980">Tryon et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Regardless of the typification issue, we regard the European and North American variants as conspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B286083796BFB93FAAC" blockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
The two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2861757968FE61FB8D" box="[350,454,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861757968FE61FB8D" box="[350,454,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recognized by us and many others (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B286362796BFC4CFB8C" author="Tryon" box="[841,1003,1058,1079]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="461 - 474" part="82" refId="ref115276" refString="TRYON, A. F., R. TRYON, &amp; F. BADRE. 1980. Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern. Rhodora 82: 461 - 474." title="Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern" type="journal article" year="1980">Tryon et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
) are only subtly different.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860527908FE90FBED" box="[121,311,1089,1110]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860527908FE90FBED" box="[121,311,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is largely restricted to north-temperate North America, Europe, and Asia.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B286428790BFB35FBEC" author="Fernald" box="[1027,1170,1090,1111]" firstAuthor="Fernald" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="27 - 36" part="31" refId="ref108492" refString="FERNALD, M. L. 1929. A study of Thelypteris palustris. Rhodora 31: 27 - 36." title="A study of Thelypteris palustris" type="journal article" year="1929">Fernald (1929)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to distinguish infraspecific variants within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862657928FCAAFBCD" box="[590,781,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862657928FCAAFBCD" box="[590,781,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8A9B28633F7928FC8CFBCC" box="[788,811,1121,1143]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28633F7928FC8FFBCD" box="[788,808,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">s.l</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
—one in Eurasia (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863CB792BFBFEFBCD" box="[992,1113,1121,1143]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="palustris" variety="palustris">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864217928FBFEFBCD" box="[1034,1113,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the other in North America and eastern Asia (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2861EF79CBFC84FB2C" authority="(G. Lawson) Fernald" authorityName="Fernald" baseAuthorityName="G. Lawson" box="[452,803,1153,1175]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="palustris" variety="pubescens">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861C479C8FDEBFB2D" box="[495,588,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">pubescens</emphasis>
(G. Lawson) Fernald
</taxonomicName>
).
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8A9B28631879CBFCE4FB2C" box="[819,835,1154,1175]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
third variant,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863F879CBFB3AFB2C" authority="Fernald" authorityName="Fernald" box="[979,1181,1153,1175]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="palustris" variety="haleana">
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863D679C8FBE0FB2D" box="[1021,1095,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">haleana</emphasis>
Fernald
</taxonomicName>
, in the southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B2860D179EBFE9EFB0C" box="[250,313,1186,1207]" name="United States of America" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B28616A79EBFED1FB0C" box="[321,374,1186,1207]" name="Cuba" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B28618179EBFDA3FB0C" box="[426,516,1186,1207]" name="Bermuda" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
, was also distinguished by Fernald and others; however, it is only dubiously distinct, according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2861637988FE5DFB6C" author="Tryon" box="[328,506,1217,1239]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="461 - 474" part="82" refId="ref115276" refString="TRYON, A. F., R. TRYON, &amp; F. BADRE. 1980. Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern. Rhodora 82: 461 - 474." title="Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern" type="journal article" year="1980">Tryon et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, and we concur. The southern hemisphere taxon,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863FE798BFBE6FB6D" box="[981,1089,1217,1239]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confluens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863FE798BFBE6FB6D" box="[981,1089,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T.confluens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been recognized as a distinct species by most recent authors, including
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28629A79A8FC9AFB4C" author="Morton" box="[689,829,1249,1271]" firstAuthor="Morton" journalOrPublisher="Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="29 - 83" part="38" refId="ref112245" refString="MORTON, C. V. 1967. Studies of fern types, I. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 38: 29 - 83." title="Studies of fern types, I." type="journal article" year="1967">Morton (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28636E79A8FC53FB4C" author="Tryon" box="[837,1012,1249,1271]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="461 - 474" part="82" refId="ref115276" refString="TRYON, A. F., R. TRYON, &amp; F. BADRE. 1980. Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern. Rhodora 82: 461 - 474." title="Classification, spores, and nomenclature of the marsh fern" type="journal article" year="1980">Tryon et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28640F79ABFB1EFB4C" author="Holttum" box="[1060,1209,1250,1271]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Bot. Malacitana" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="47 - 58" part="8" refId="ref109981" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1983. The family Thelypteridaceae in Europe. Acta Bot. Malacitana 8: 47 - 58." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in Europe" type="journal article" year="1983">Holttum (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, but was treated as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B286129784BFD70FAAC" authority="(Schlecht.) Weatherby" authorityName="Weatherby" baseAuthorityName="Schlecht." box="[258,727,1281,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="palustris" variety="squamigera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B286129784BFECEFAAD" box="[258,361,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. palustris</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861BE784BFE59FAAC" box="[405,510,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">squamigera</emphasis>
(Schlecht.) Weatherby
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2862D37848FCD3FAAC" author="Tryon" box="[760,884,1281,1303]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="444 - 460" part="73" refId="ref115194" refString="TRYON, A. F. 1971. Structure and variation in spores of Thelypteris palustris. Rhodora 73: 444 - 460." title="Structure and variation in spores of Thelypteris palustris" type="journal article" year="1971">Tryon (1971)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B28638A784BFB97FAAC" author="Fernald" box="[929,1072,1282,1303]" firstAuthor="Fernald" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="27 - 36" part="31" refId="ref108492" refString="FERNALD, M. L. 1929. A study of Thelypteris palustris. Rhodora 31: 27 - 36." title="A study of Thelypteris palustris" type="journal article" year="1929">Fernald (1929)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B2860827868FB6BFA0D" blockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860827868FE05FA8C" ID-CoL="37XXK" authority="Christ" authorityName="Christ" box="[169,418,1313,1335]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860827868FEF9FA8D" box="[169,350,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris tremula</emphasis>
Christ
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="54A58842FF8A9B2861807868FE71FA8D" box="[427,470,1313,1334]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
from
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FF8A9B286224786BFDDBFA8C" box="[527,636,1314,1335]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FF8A9B2862AF786BFD6AFA8C" box="[644,717,1314,1335]" name="Mexico" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, is probably only an outlier of the widespread Northern Hemisphere
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2860DA780BFE79FAED" ID-CoL="5NNBL" box="[241,478,1345,1367]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="palustris" variety="pubescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860DA780BFEFFFAED" box="[241,344,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. palustris</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861A97808FE79FAED" box="[386,478,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2861CC780BFD10FAEC" author="Mickel &amp; Smith" box="[487,695,1346,1367]" firstAuthor="Mickel" journalOrPublisher="Mem. New York Bot. Gard." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 1054" part="88" refId="ref112052" refString="MICKEL, J. T. &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88: 1 - 1054." title="The pteridophytes of Mexico" type="journal article" year="2004">Mickel &amp; Smith 2004</bibRefCitation>
), to which it is sister in the phylogenetic analysis of Fawcett et al. (in press). Most Mexican collections are more than 100 years old, and it seems likely that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863DA782BFBE8FACD" ID-CoL="37XXK" box="[1009,1103,1377,1399]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863DA782BFBE8FACD" box="[1009,1103,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T.tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is largely extirpated, with draining of its habitat; however, one recent collection is
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28632A78C8FC07FA2D" box="[769,928,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Rzedowski 39234</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8A9B28638778CBFC74FA2C" box="[940,979,1410,1431]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rgwt-iip3" name="Instituto de Ecología, A.C." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="Herbarium">IEB</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FF8A9B2863F778CBFBAAFA2C" box="[988,1037,1410,1431]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wbe7-qwr9" name="Instituto de Ecología, A.C." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="Herbarium">XAL</collectionCode>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28643178C8FEE5FA0C" ID-CoL="7C7ZZ" authority="(Bedd.) Y. X. Lin et al." authorityName="Y. X. Lin" baseAuthorityName="Bedd." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fairbankii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28643178C8FB46FA2D" box="[1050,1249,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris fairbankii</emphasis>
(Bedd.) Y.X. Lin et al.
</taxonomicName>
was recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B2861D178EBFD37FA0C" author="Lin" box="[506,656,1441,1463]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
but seems likely to be a heterotypic synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28647178EBFB60FA0D" ID-CoL="569VK" box="[1114,1223,1441,1463]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confluens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28647178EBFB60FA0D" box="[1114,1223,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T.confluens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFF8A9B286083788BFB2FF98C" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FF8A9B286083788BFB2FF98C" blockId="99.[121,1251,162,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
All phylogenetic studies with broad sampling (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B286249788BFCB6FA6C" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[610,785,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FF8A9B286333788BFC68FA6C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[792,975,1473,1495]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="99" pageNumber="89" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press) show
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28605278A8FF46FA4D" ID-CoL="7VLR" box="[121,225,1505,1526]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Thelypteris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FF8A9B2860CE78ABFEA5FA4C" box="[229,258,1506,1527]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
as treated here, sister to the rest of Thelypteridoideae (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF8A9B28632178ABFC99FA4C" box="[778,830,1506,1527]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28632178ABFC99FA4C" bold="true" box="[778,830,1506,1527]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). This subfamily includes 900+ species, and is sister to the smaller subfam.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2861B77B4BFDEAF9AC" ID-CoL="K52" baseAuthorityName="PPG I" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[412,589,1538,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862727B48FD53F9AD" ID-CoL="5JQR" box="[601,756,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862727B48FD53F9AD" box="[601,756,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2862D47B48FC0FF9AD" ID-CoL="8R5Z4" box="[767,936,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2862D47B48FC0FF9AD" box="[767,936,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2863987B48FBBCF9AD" ID-CoL="6N3D" box="[947,1051,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863987B48FBBCF9AD" box="[947,1051,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2864067B48FB32F9AD" ID-CoL="7VLR" box="[1069,1173,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864067B48FB32F9AD" box="[1069,1173,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864B27B4BFB09F9AC" box="[1177,1198,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
represents an ancient lineage, diverged from its closest extant relatives by perhaps 86 Ma (
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).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2860827B08FEF1F9EC" box="[169,342,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—*
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B2861557B08FCB2F9ED" authority="(Thunb.) C. V. Morton" authorityName="C. V. Morton" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[382,789,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confluens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2861557B08FDE7F9ED" box="[382,576,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Thelypteris confluens</emphasis>
(Thunb.) C.V. Morton
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2863377B08FC81F9ED" box="[796,806,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8A9B28630D7B08FB86F9EC" authority="(Salisb.) Schott" authorityName="Schott" baseAuthorityName="Salisb." box="[806,1057,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="99" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B28630D7B08FC28F9ED" box="[806,911,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">T. palustris</emphasis>
(Salisb.) Schott
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FF8A9B2864067B0BFBD4F9EC" box="[1069,1139,1602,1623]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="99" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8A9B2864067B0BFBD4F9EC" bold="true" box="[1069,1139,1602,1623]" pageId="99" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
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79
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*
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—
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L., Syst.Nat., ed.10,2:1326.1759.—
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(L.) Ching—
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(L.) Holttum—
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<heading id="D0E9818CFF8B9B2960417FFBFCB7FD7D" box="[106,784,689,711]" level="2" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2960417FFBFD3AFD7C" ID-CoL="8RTXZ" authority="(G. Forst.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." box="[106,669,690,711]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2960417FFBFEFDFD7C" bold="true" box="[106,346,690,711]" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Strophocaulon invisum</emphasis>
(G. Forst.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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</emphasis>
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2963087FFCFC1DFD7E" box="[803,954,693,710]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Polypodium invisum</emphasis>
G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr.
</taxonomicName>
81.1786.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29608A7F99FE15FD5A" authority="(G. Forst.) Copel." authorityName="Copel." baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." box="[161,434,720,737]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29608A7F99FE8DFD5B" box="[161,298,720,737]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Cyclosorus invisus</emphasis>
(G.Forst.) Copel.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29619B7F99FE64FD5A" box="[432,451,720,737]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B2961EF7F99FCB3FD5A" authority="(G. Forst.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." box="[452,788,720,737]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="invisus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B2961EF7F99FDD8FD5B" box="[452,639,720,737]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Sphaerostephanos invisus</emphasis>
(G.Forst.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FF8B9B29630C7F99FBB5FD5B" authority="C. V. Morton" authorityName="C. V. Morton" box="[807,1042,720,737]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forsteri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FF8B9B29630C7F99FC13FD5A" box="[807,948,720,737]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="88">Thelypteris forsteri</emphasis>
C.V. Morton
</taxonomicName>
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64
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260527B2EFEC9F9C7" bold="true" box="[121,366,1639,1660]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron abruptum</emphasis>
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(C. Chr.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260927BCCFEC7F92D" box="[185,352,1669,1686]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Dryopteris oligophylla</emphasis>
Maxon var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261EB7BCCFDAAF92D" box="[448,525,1669,1686]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">pallescens</emphasis>
C. Chr., Kongel.Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk.Math. Afd.
</taxonomicName>
, ser. 7, 10:188. 1913.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260927BE9FEEFF90A" box="[185,328,1696,1713]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris grandis</emphasis>
A.R.Sm. var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261847BE9FE5BF90A" box="[431,508,1696,1713]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">pallescens</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) A.R.Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260527B78FEC9F9FD" bold="true" box="[121,366,1585,1606]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron abruptum</emphasis>
(C. Presl) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02630E7B7CFC3CF9FD" box="[805,923,1589,1606]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Lastrea abrupta</emphasis>
C.Presl,Tent.Pterid.
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75.1836.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0264BC7B7CFE25F9DA" authority="(C. Presl) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="C. Presl" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abrupta">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0264BC7B7CFF53F9DA" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella abrupta</emphasis>
(C.Presl) A.R.Sm.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261AB7B19FE33F9DA" box="[384,404,1616,1633]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">—</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261BF7B19FD85F9DA" box="[404,546,1616,1633]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris grandis</emphasis>
A.R.Sm. var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262A27B19FD68F9DA" box="[649,719,1616,1633]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">kunzeana</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) A.R.Sm.
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(non
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263AF7B19FBB2F9DA" box="[900,1045,1616,1633]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris abrupta</emphasis>
(Desv.) Proctor
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260A97BA4FEC8F8B9" bold="true" box="[130,367,1773,1794]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron albicaule</emphasis>
(Fée) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263227BA5FBFCF8BA" authority="Fee, Mem. Foug." authorityName="Fee, Mem. Foug." box="[777,1115,1772,1794]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albicaule">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263227BA5FC10F8BA" box="[777,951,1772,1793]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Aspidium albicaule</emphasis>
Fée, Mém. Foug.
</taxonomicName>
8:102. 1857.
</heading>
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260927A43FEF3F8A0" box="[185,340,1802,1819]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris albicaulis</emphasis>
(Fée) A.R.Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260A97BF1FEDCF977" bold="true" box="[130,379,1719,1741]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron abruptum</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262E77BFEFCB5F977" bold="true" box="[716,786,1719,1740]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">grande</emphasis>
(A.R. Sm.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA09B0264497BFEFB69F977" box="[1122,1230,1719,1740]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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—
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260927B9CFD9FF95E" ID-CoL="8RG4P" authority="A. R. Sm., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." box="[185,568,1749,1767]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260927B9CFEEFF95D" box="[185,328,1749,1766]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris grandis</emphasis>
A.R.Sm., Univ.Calif.Publ. Bot.
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59:76.1971
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362347EEDFCAEFC05" bold="true" box="[543,777,932,958]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">PELAZONEURON</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03604A7E85FD88FC5A" authority="(Holttum) A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." authorityName="A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[97,559,972,994]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A7E85FF4BFC5A" bold="true" box="[97,236,972,993]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
(Holttum) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03621D7E85FD7FFC5A" bold="true" box="[566,728,972,993]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">gen. et stat. nov.</emphasis>
—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA19B0362C77E99FF61FC47" author="Pelazoneuron Holttum" journal="J. S. African Bot." page="144" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" score="73.24581464374481" volume="40" year="1974">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362C77E99FB97FC5A" ID-CoL="8H2M" authority="Holttum, J. S." authorityName="Holttum, J. S." box="[748,1072,976,993]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Pelazoneuron">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362C77E99FC92FC5A" box="[748,821,976,993]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Christella</emphasis>
sect.
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Holttum, J. S.
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African Bot. 40:144. 1974
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—
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:
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361237EA3FE06FC40" box="[264,417,1002,1019]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pelazoneuron patens</emphasis>
(Sw.) A.R.Sm.&amp; S.E. Fawc.
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[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362A27EA3FC92FC47" authority="Sw." authorityName="Sw." box="[649,821,1002,1020]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362A27EA3FCB2FC40" box="[649,789,1002,1019]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Polypodium patens</emphasis>
Sw.
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
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For more complete synonymy, see
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<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA19B0361A87959FE17FB9A" box="[387,432,1040,1057]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1971)
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.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A797EFF65FBF7" box="[97,194,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Etymology</emphasis>
.—Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B036128797EFE9AFBF7" box="[259,317,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">pelazo</emphasis>
, to approach +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361E5797EFDA9FBF7" box="[462,526,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">neuron</emphasis>
, vein, in reference to the connivent veins at or just below the sinus, which are near each other, rather than anastomosing at an obtuse angle, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362D4791EFCFEFBD7" box="[767,857,1111,1132]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362D4791EFCFEFBD7" box="[767,857,1111,1132]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA19B036376791EFCDEFBD7" box="[861,889,1111,1132]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B036376791EFCD4FBD7" box="[861,883,1111,1132]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and many other related genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA19B0260B97931FF5DFF4C" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA19B0260B97931FF5DFF4C" blockId="72.[97,1228,1079,1805]" lastBlockId="73.[121,1250,161,1527]" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
Plants terrestrial, or occasionally in rocky crevices, medium-sized to very large (fronds
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA19B03643E7931FB20FB37" box="[1045,1159,1143,1165]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" unit="cm" value="145.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="40.0">40–250 cm</quantity>
long);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A79D1FF66FB16" bold="true" box="[97,193,1176,1197]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">rhizomes</emphasis>
short- to long-creeping, or, in a few species, suberect to erect and forming small upright trunks (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03649379DEFF3BFB77" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03649379DEFF3BFB77" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">P. patens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03609B79F1FF54FB76" bold="true" box="[176,243,1208,1229]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, pinnate-pinnatifid, erect or arching;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362DC79F1FC94FB76" bold="true" box="[759,819,1208,1229]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">stipes</emphasis>
stramineous to tan, darkened at the very base, adaxially grooved, bearing scales at the base like those of rhizome apices;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363717991FC69FB57" bold="true" box="[858,974,1239,1261]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">stipe scales</emphasis>
lanceolate to occasionally ovate-lanceolate, brown, setose on margins and surfaces, occasionally the scales ovate-lanceolate and glabrous (e.g., the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA19B03604A785EFF29FA97" box="[97,142,1303,1324]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0360BD785EFF43FA97" box="[150,228,1303,1324]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0360BD785EFF43FA97" box="[150,228,1303,1324]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">P.patens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0360DD785EFE9FFA97" bold="true" box="[246,312,1303,1324]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous to subcoriaceous, drying greenish, pinnae generally pinnatifid or pinnatisect, proximal ones the longest or nearly so, very rarely greatly reduced, distal ones gradually or sometimes abruptly reduced, blade apex not conform or rarely subconform (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03620C781EFDCCFAD7" authorityName=", Fawcett" authorityYear="1034" box="[551,619,1367,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serra">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03620C781EFDCCFAD7" box="[551,619,1367,1388]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">P. serra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); rachises always lacking proliferous buds;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03643B7811FBF1FAD6" bold="true" box="[1040,1110,1368,1389]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">pinnae</emphasis>
opposite or nearly so proximally, becoming alternate distally, adaxially with a groove that is not continuous with the rachis groove, shallowly to often deeply pinnatifid;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03619478D1FE53FA16" bold="true" box="[447,500,1432,1453]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">veins</emphasis>
usually prominent on both sides, one or sometimes two pairs from adjacent segments connivent at an acute angle at or very slightly below the sinus (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA19B03630878F1FCCCFA77" box="[803,875,1463,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03630878F1FCCCFA77" bold="true" box="[803,875,1463,1485]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), or the distal one or a pair meeting segment margin just above the sinus (veins not forming areoles) (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA19B0362E37891FCAAFA56" box="[712,781,1496,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362E37891FCAAFA56" bold="true" box="[712,781,1496,1517]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7C</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), rarely with a single pair truly obtusely united below the sinus and with an excurrent vein running to sinus, vein endings reaching segment margins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03647D78BEFB6FF9B7" bold="true" box="[1110,1224,1527,1548]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">aerophores</emphasis>
absent at pinna bases, or pinnae with a slightly raised and darkened lunate ridge at attachment to rachis;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03644D7B51FF67F9F6" bold="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">indument abaxially</emphasis>
of stipes, rachises, costae, veins, and sometimes laminar tissue between veins of hyaline acicular, unicellular hairs, blades sometimes glabrescent with age, or blades sometimes lacking hairs on the lesser veins and between veins, most species lacking costal scales, but these scattered or more numerous in a few species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0363C67B3EFB95F937" authorityName=", Fawcett" authorityYear="1034" box="[1005,1074,1655,1676]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serra">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363C67B3EFB95F937" box="[1005,1074,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">P.serra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0364167B3EFF75F910" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0364167B3EFB15F937" box="[1085,1202,1655,1676]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="augescens">P.augescens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0364937B3EFF75F910" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuerckheimii">P. tuerckheimii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0360CD7BD1FE0AF916" bold="true" box="[230,429,1688,1709]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of generally long (&gt; 0.5 mm) hyaline, unicellular acicular hairs on stipes, rachises, and costae, sometimes also on veins, and in a few species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362927BFEFCA9F970" box="[697,782,1718,1740]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kunthii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362927BFEFCA9F970" box="[697,782,1718,1740]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">P. kunthii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with scattered hairs between veins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0364597BFEFB6EF977" bold="true" box="[1138,1225,1719,1740]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">pustules</emphasis>
absent on laminar tissue on both sides;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361F57B91FDA1F956" bold="true" box="[478,518,1752,1773]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">sori</emphasis>
medial or nearly so, not usually coalescent at maturity, indusiate, indusia glabrous to usually setose and somewhat persistent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362787BB1FD1FF8B6" bold="true" box="[595,696,1784,1805]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">sporangia</emphasis>
without setulae or glands on the capsules, or each with a small clavate unicellular colorless glandular cell on the stalk;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262C97DE8FC83FF0D" bold="true" box="[738,804,161,182]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">spores</emphasis>
dark brown, with perispore variously ridged, rugose, or echinulate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261657D8BFEFEFF6C" box="[334,345,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">x</emphasis>
= 36 (10 of 16 spp. counted), diploids and tetraploids known, and several interspecific hybrids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B0260547DABFF49FF4C" author="Smith" box="[127,238,226,247]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA09B0260547DABFF1CFF4C" box="[127,187,226,247]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Smith</collectingRegion>
1971
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA09B0260827C4BFC4BFE4C" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA09B0260827C4BFC4BFE4C" blockId="73.[121,1250,161,1527]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260827C4BFEA4FEAC" box="[169,259,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02610A7C48FE3BFEAD" box="[289,412,257,278]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02610A7C48FE3BFEAD" box="[289,412,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02623D7C48FDD7FEAD" box="[534,624,257,278]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02623D7C48FDD7FEAD" box="[534,624,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the lowermost veins from adjacent segments connivent at an acute angle at the sinuses (vs. united at an obtuse angle below the sinus and with an excurrent vein to the sinus) and in having the proximal pinnae the longest or nearly so.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262BA7C08FCABFEED" box="[657,780,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262BA7C08FCABFEED" box="[657,780,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263A27C08FB8FFEED" box="[905,1064,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263A27C08FB8FFEED" box="[905,1064,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has similar venation, in the deltate blades with proximal pinnae the longest, or nearly so (vs. many pairs of abruptly reduced proximal pinnae).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260DE7CC8FED7FE2D" box="[245,368,385,406]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260DE7CC8FED7FE2D" box="[245,368,385,406]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from many other cyclosoroid genera in one or often more of the following characteristics: lack of protruding aerophores at pinna bases; relatively large, ± persistent indusia; lack of areolate venation and included veinlets; monomorphic fronds; lack of laminar buds; lack of sessile, resinous glands on veins and laminar tissue; generally long-creeping rhizomes; and somewhat weedy nature in semi-open habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA09B0260827F48FE1AFD0C" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA09B0260827F48FE1AFD0C" blockId="73.[121,1250,161,1527]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260827F48FE31FDAD" box="[169,406,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Biogeography and ecology</emphasis>
.—The 16 known species and four varieties are restricted to the New World tropics and subtropics, from the southern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA09B0261B47F6BFE7BFD8C" box="[415,476,546,567]" name="United States of America" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
through the Antilles,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA09B0262997F6BFD5CFD8C" box="[690,763,546,567]" name="Mexico" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Central America, and South America to northern
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260527F0BFF7CFDEC" box="[121,219,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentina">Argentina</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA09B0260C97F0BFE9CFDEC" box="[226,315,578,599]" name="Paraguay" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA09B0261687F0BFE3FFDEC" box="[323,408,578,599]" name="Uruguay" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA09B0261E37F0BFDACFDEC" box="[456,523,578,599]" name="Bolivia" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B02623F7F0BFD24FDEC" author="Smith" box="[532,643,578,599]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">Smith 1971</bibRefCitation>
); one species (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263227F0BFCFAFDED" box="[777,861,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kunthii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263227F0BFCFAFDED" box="[777,861,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">P.kunthii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is known to be naturalized in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA09B0264A87F0BFB1EFDEC" box="[1155,1209,578,599]" name="Spain" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Spain</collectingCountry>
and perhaps East Africa. Most species are at least locally common, if not weedy, and occur at low to middle elevations, to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA09B0260527FCBFF64FD2C" box="[121,195,642,663]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
in the tropics, and are found along roadsides, trails, ditches, ravines, and limestone outcrops, often in slightly disturbed, somewhat open places.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA09B0260827F8BFF5CFA4C" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA09B0260827F8BFDCEFB0D" blockId="73.[121,1250,161,1527]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260827F8BFDA7FD6D" box="[169,512,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—Holttum described
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262CB7F88FC50FD6D" box="[736,1015,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Pelazoneuron">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262CB7F88FC99FD6D" box="[736,830,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263537F88FC50FD6D" box="[888,1015,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his treatment of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260527FABFEB9FD4C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[121,286,738,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
of Africa (1974a) and considered most African species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02636E7FA8FC38FD4D" box="[837,927,737,758]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02636E7FA8FC38FD4D" box="[837,927,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to belong to this section, in addition to many of the neotropical species; he selected one of these,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262D37E48FC31FCAC" box="[760,918,769,791]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262D37E48FC31FCAC" box="[760,918,769,791]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella patens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA09B0263C87E4BFBB6FCAC" box="[995,1041,770,791]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
. Molecular data have shown
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260957E68FE9EFC8D" box="[190,313,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260957E68FE9EFC8D" box="[190,313,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be rather distantly related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262447E68FD6EFC8D" box="[623,713,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262447E68FD6EFC8D" box="[623,713,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B0262FE7E6BFC15FC8C" author="Smith &amp; Cranfill" box="[725,946,802,823]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="131 - 150" part="92" refId="ref114628" refString="SMITH, A. R. &amp; R. B. CRANFILL. 2002. Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (Thelypteridaceae). Amer. Fern J. 92: 131 - 150." title="Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA09B0262FE7E6BFCB7FC8C" box="[725,784,802,823]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Smith</collectingRegion>
&amp; Cranfill 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B0263977E6BFBD1FC8C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[956,1142,802,823]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B0264547E6BFF14FCEC" author="Patel" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press). Other neotropical genera of the family (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263397E08FC2FFCED" box="[786,904,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263397E08FC2FFCED" box="[786,904,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263B87E08FC52FCED" box="[915,1013,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263B87E08FC52FCED" box="[915,1013,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02642A7E08FBCBFCED" box="[1025,1132,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02642A7E08FBCBFCED" box="[1025,1132,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Goniopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02645C7E0BFB7CFCEC" box="[1143,1243,834,855]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02645C7E0BFB7CFCEC" box="[1143,1243,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Meniscium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260527E28FEA5FCCD" box="[121,258,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260527E28FEA5FCCD" box="[121,258,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02611C7E28FE39FCCD" box="[311,414,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02611C7E28FE39FCCD" box="[311,414,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Steiropteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are also distantly related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262937E28FC94FCCD" box="[696,819,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262937E28FC94FCCD" box="[696,819,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is sister to a large clade that includes predominantly paleotropical genera. Although molecular data are not available for many African species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0264AB7EC8FB7DFC2D" box="[1152,1242,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0264AB7EC8FB7DFC2D" box="[1152,1242,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we find evidence that African members of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262387EE8FC13FC0C" authority="sensu Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[531,948,929,951]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Pelazoneuron">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262387EE8FDCAFC0D" box="[531,621,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02628F7EE8FCB8FC0D" box="[676,799,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
sensu Holttum
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263C77EE8FBFBFC0D" box="[1004,1116,929,950]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chaseana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263C77EE8FBFBFC0D" box="[1004,1116,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">C. chaseana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0264A77EE8FF0BFC6C" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gueinziana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0264A77EE8FF0BFC6C" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">C. gueinziana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are more closely allied to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261997E88FDAAFC6D" box="[434,525,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261997E88FDAAFC6D" box="[434,525,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA09B0262397E8BFD89FC6C" box="[530,558,962,983]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262397E8BFD80FC6C" box="[530,551,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262757E88FD59FC6D" box="[606,766,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262757E88FD59FC6D" box="[606,766,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA09B02635E7E8BFC07FC6C" box="[885,928,962,983]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263947E88FB9DFC6D" box="[959,1082,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263947E88FB9DFC6D" box="[959,1082,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fawcett et al. in press). Our circumscription of the genus is largely as treated in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B0262C87EABFCC7FC4C" author="Smith" box="[739,864,994,1015]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA09B0262C87EABFCBAFC4C" box="[739,797,994,1015]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1971)
</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263AA7EA8FB25FC4D" box="[897,1154,993,1015]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Cyclosorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263AA7EA8FC4EFC4D" box="[897,1001,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02640B7EA8FB25FC4D" box="[1056,1154,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the exclusion of a few species that are now placed in other genera. Among the neotropical taxa in that treatment, three are now included in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261337968FED5FB8D" box="[280,370,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261337968FED5FB8D" box="[280,370,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261557968FDFCFB8D" box="[382,603,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261557968FE52FB8C" box="[382,501,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conspersa">C. conspersa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261D77968FDFCFB8D" box="[508,603,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentata">C. dentata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02624E7968FD75FB8D" box="[613,722,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02624E7968FD75FB8D" box="[613,722,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">C. hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), one in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02630F7968FC20FB8D" box="[804,903,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02630F7968FC20FB8D" box="[804,903,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA09B0263A7796BFC0FFB8C" box="[908,936,1058,1079]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263A7796BFC06FB8C" box="[908,929,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02639F7968FB94FB8C" box="[948,1075,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02639F7968FB94FB8C" box="[948,1075,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">C. interruptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and another, the widely naturalized species
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261AE7908FDE1FBED" box="[389,582,1089,1110]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="opulenta">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261AE7908FDE1FBED" box="[389,582,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris opulenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is now placed in the paleotropical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263C27908FBD1FBED" box="[1001,1142,1089,1110]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263C27908FBD1FBED" box="[1001,1142,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All of the American species now placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261957928FDBDFBCD" box="[446,538,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261957928FDBDFBCD" box="[446,538,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02620C7928FD2CFBCD" box="[551,651,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02620C7928FD2CFBCD" box="[551,651,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0262E87928FCF7FBCD" box="[707,848,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0262E87928FCF7FBCD" box="[707,848,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the lowermost veins from adjacent segments truly united at an obtuse angle below the sinuses, producing an excurrent vein from this union that runs to the sinus, a condition largely absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0261C279E8FDC3FB0D" box="[489,612,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0261C279E8FDC3FB0D" box="[489,612,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA09B026082798BFF5CFA4C" blockId="73.[121,1250,161,1527]" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B026082798BFF7BFB6C" box="[169,220,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Notes</emphasis>
.—Based on phylogenetic analyses (Fawcett et al. in press), two varieties,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263A37988FB47FB6D" box="[904,1248,1217,1239]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ovatum" variety="lindheimeri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263A37988FBEBFB6C" box="[904,1100,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron ovatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02645D7988FB47FB6D" box="[1142,1248,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">lindheimeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02608879A8FE74FB4D" box="[163,467,1249,1271]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="patens" variety="dissimilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02608879A8FEE9FB4C" box="[163,334,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris patens</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02615579A8FE74FB4D" box="[382,467,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">dissimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are not sister to the typical varieties of their species. We refrain from making a combination for the latter, pending further study, but do provide one for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B026300784BFBBCFAAD" box="[811,1051,1281,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ovatum" variety="lindheimeri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B026300784BFC22FAAC" box="[811,901,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">P. ovatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02639A7848FBBCFAAD" box="[945,1051,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">lindheimeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B02648C784BFF10FA8C" author="Smith" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA09B02648C784BFB46FAAC" box="[1191,1249,1282,1303]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1971)
</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02615F786BFE6AFA8D" box="[372,461,1313,1335]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kunthii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02615F786BFE6AFA8D" box="[372,461,1313,1335]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">P. kunthii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be of hybrid origin, involving
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263007868FC45FA8D" box="[811,994,1313,1334]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispidula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263007868FC45FA8D" box="[811,994,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Christella hispidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0264387868FB7CFA8C" box="[1043,1243,1313,1335]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0264387868FB7CFA8C" box="[1043,1243,1313,1335]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on its intermediate morphology (e.g., hairs on adaxial laminae between veins, and some veins anastomosing). Although this taxon is recovered with high support as a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02631A7828FC0BFACD" box="[817,940,1377,1398]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02631A7828FC0BFACD" box="[817,940,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade in both concatenated and coalescent analyses (Fawcett et al. in press), we do find support for the hypothesis proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA09B02642178CBFB21FA2C" author="Smith" box="[1034,1158,1410,1431]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." pageId="73" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 143" part="59" refId="ref114165" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1971. Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 59: 1 - 143." title="Systematics of the neotropical species of Thelypteris section Cyclosorus" type="journal article" year="1971">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA09B02642178CBFBE3FA2C" box="[1034,1092,1410,1431]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1971)
</bibRefCitation>
based on the discordant topologies of individual gene trees.Two other taxa in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B02630978E8FC3AFA0D" box="[802,925,1441,1462]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02630978E8FC3AFA0D" box="[802,925,1441,1462]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0263F678E8FF01FA6D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="patens" variety="dissimilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0263F678E8FB22FA0C" box="[989,1157,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">Thelypteris patens</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B02649B78E8FF01FA6D" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">dissimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA09B0260F3788BFEE3FA6D" box="[216,324,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA09B0260F3788BFEE7FA6D" box="[216,320,1473,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizotis">P. schizotis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
exhibit similar patterns of discordance, and all three taxa are currently the subject of further investigation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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74
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A7E7BFFCDFCFC" bold="true" box="[97,106,818,839]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0360417E7BFDF5FCFC" ID-CoL="8RTVK" authority="(G. Forst.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." box="[106,594,818,839]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigera" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0360417E7BFEB0FCFC" bold="true" box="[106,279,818,839]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pakau pennigera</emphasis>
(G. Forst.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362FC7E7CFBD6FCFC" authority="G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr." box="[727,1137,821,839]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigerum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362FC7E7CFC2CFCFE" box="[727,907,821,838]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Polypodium pennigerum</emphasis>
G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr.Prodr.
</taxonomicName>
82.1786.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03608A7E19FE68FCDA" authority="(G. Forst.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." box="[161,463,848,865]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigerus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03608A7E19FEEDFCDB" box="[161,330,848,865]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Cyclosorus pennigerus</emphasis>
(G. Forst.) Ching
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361C87E19FD01FCDB" box="[483,678,848,864]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pneumatopteris pennigera</emphasis>
(G. Forst.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363647E19FC56FCDB" box="[847,1009,848,865]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Thelypteris pennigera</emphasis>
(G. Forst.) H.H. Allan
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(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA19B0364887E19FF74FCC1" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0364887E19FF74FCC1" bold="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Figs. 7E, 7F</emphasis>
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).
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454
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00621678B6FCBBF9A2" bold="true" box="[573,796,1535,1561]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">PLESIONEURON</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B0060527B61FD8DF986" blockId="75.[121,1182,1535,1597]" box="[121,554,1576,1597]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA29B0060527B61FD81F986" author="Plesioneuron Holttum" box="[121,550,1576,1597]" journal="Blumea" page="232" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" score="3.24319811522761" volume="22" year="1975">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0060527B61FE01F986" ID-CoL="6SM3" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[121,422,1576,1597]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060527B61FF5AF986" bold="true" box="[121,253,1576,1597]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
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22:232. 1975
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.
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—
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:
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(Ces.) Holttum
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[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0063997B63FB3CF987" ID-CoL="46ZWZ" authority="Ces." authorityName="Ces." box="[946,1179,1578,1596]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Nephrodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063997B63FBD3F980" box="[946,1140,1578,1595]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Nephrodium tuberculatum</emphasis>
Ces.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0060B27B19FE6BF9DA" ID-CoL="8R5X7" authority="Holttum" box="[153,460,1616,1633]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioneuron">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060B27B19FF5BF9DA" box="[153,252,1616,1633]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0061007B19FE2FF9DA" box="[299,392,1616,1633]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
Holttum
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For additional generic synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00619F7B22FD83F9C7" author="Holttum" box="[436,548,1643,1660]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="223 - 250" part="22" refId="ref109741" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1975. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron. Blumea 22: 223 - 250." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron" type="journal article" year="1975">Holttum (1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0062017B22FDF6F9C7" author="Holttum" box="[554,593,1643,1660]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0062737B22FD2FF9C7" author="Holttum" box="[600,648,1643,1660]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA29B0060527BD8FCB3F97C" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B0060527BD8FCB3F97C" blockId="75.[121,1250,1681,1799]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060527BD8FF5FF91D" box="[121,248,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0061307BD8FEE9F91D" box="[283,334,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">plesio</emphasis>
, near +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0061B37BDBFE7FF91C" box="[408,472,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">neuron</emphasis>
, vein, the genus was segregated from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0063177BD8FC1EF91D" box="[828,953,1681,1702]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063177BD8FC1EF91D" box="[828,953,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it is distinguished by the basal basiscopic vein never arising far from its costule (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA29B0062E97BFBFCA0F97C" box="[706,775,1714,1735]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0062E97BFBFCA0F97C" bold="true" box="[706,775,1714,1735]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Fig. 6A</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA29B0760837B9BFC6BFD4C" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B0760837B9BFC6BFD4C" blockId="75.[121,1250,1681,1799]" lastBlockId="76.[97,1228,161,1815]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
Plants terrestrial or epilithic, small to large (
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA29B0062677B9BFD1CF95C" box="[588,699,1746,1767]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" unit="cm" value="160.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="20.0">20–300 cm</quantity>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0062E17B9BFC8FF95C" bold="true" box="[714,808,1746,1767]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">rhizomes</emphasis>
creeping to erect;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063FC7B9BFBBDF95C" bold="true" box="[983,1050,1746,1767]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, erect to pendent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060C57BBBFE8DF8BC" bold="true" box="[238,298,1778,1799]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">stipes</emphasis>
stramineous to dull brown, with ovate-lanceolate to linear, medium- to dark brown scales, these typically thin, sometimes thickened (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761DA7DEBFDDCFF0D" box="[497,635,161,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costulisorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761DA7DEBFDDCFF0D" box="[497,635,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. costulisorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) at the base of stipe and rhizome apex, sometimes essentially lacking; dark projecting spines sometimes present along stipes (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762D17D8BFC06FF6D" box="[762,929,193,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dryopteroideum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762D17D8BFC06FF6D" box="[762,929,193,215]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. dryopteroideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07639D7D88FC5FFF6D" bold="true" box="[950,1016,193,214]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous to stiffly coriaceous, often drying dull-green or sometimes pale grayish, typically pinnate-pinnatisect, less often pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely pinnatifid (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761177C4BFE34FEAD" box="[316,403,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761177C4BFE34FEAD" box="[316,403,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. fulgens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), proximal pinnae generally abruptly or subabruptly reduced, often deflexed, rarely gradually reduced (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761697C6BFE66FE8D" box="[322,449,289,311]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbricatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761697C6BFE66FE8D" box="[322,449,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. imbricatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), apex conform or gradually reduced, proliferous buds lacking;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0764377C6BFBC5FE8C" bold="true" box="[1052,1122,290,311]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">pinnae</emphasis>
straight or falcate, sessile or petiolulate, typically strongly asymmetrical at the base, excavate basiscopically (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07647F7C0BFB1CFEEC" box="[1108,1211,322,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prenticei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07647F7C0BFB1CFEEC" box="[1108,1211,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. prenticei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), cuneate, rounded, or truncate, often with free basal lobe, but lacking expanded auricles; pinna apices frequently acuminate or caudate; sinus membranes often thickened, raised, and bearing hairs, forming a hairy ridge;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07641D7CCBFBCCFE2C" bold="true" box="[1078,1131,386,407]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">veins</emphasis>
generally free, running to the margin above the sinus or alongside sinus ridges, not forming areoles, basal basiscopic vein arising from or near costule;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761047C88FE07FE6D" bold="true" box="[303,416,449,470]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">aerophores</emphasis>
present as swollen discoloration, elongate in a few species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0764237C8BFBF4FE6D" box="[1032,1107,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="croftii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0764237C8BFBF4FE6D" box="[1032,1107,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. croftii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07644D7C8BFF67FE4C" bold="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">indument abaxially</emphasis>
of short, unicellular, hyaline acicular hairs, usually restricted to veins and costae, sometimes also on laminar tissue, rarely lacking (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761497F4BFE54FDAD" box="[354,499,513,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Nephrodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761497F4BFE54FDAD" box="[354,499,513,535]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. tuberculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), glands sometimes present, these yellow and spherical, sessile, or stipitate (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0760B97F6BFEB4FD8D" box="[146,275,545,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subglabrum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760B97F6BFEB4FD8D" box="[146,275,545,567]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. subglabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), scales occasionally present on costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762A77F6BFCF5FD8C" bold="true" box="[652,850,546,567]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">indument adaxially</emphasis>
typically restricted to veins and costae, of hyaline acicular hairs and/or antrorsely arching reddish hairs along rachises and costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0763907F08FBB5FDED" bold="true" box="[955,1042,577,598]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">pustules</emphasis>
sometimes present on laminar tissue adaxially or abaxially (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761CA7F2BFDE4FDCC" box="[481,579,610,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prenticei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761CA7F2BFDE4FDCC" box="[481,579,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P.prenticei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07627E7F2BFDDAFDCC" bold="true" box="[597,637,610,631]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">sori</emphasis>
round, discrete, typically medial or inframedial, usually indusiate, indusia typically large, dark, and persistent, glabrous or with hairs or glands;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0763B07FCBFBA5FD2C" bold="true" box="[923,1026,642,663]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">sporangia</emphasis>
unadorned, or with spherical amber or yellow glands (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761E77FEBFD69FD0D" box="[460,718,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761E77FEBFDE5FD0D" box="[460,578,673,695]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hopeanum">P.hopeanum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762627FEBFD6DFD0D" box="[585,714,673,695]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbricatum">P.imbricatum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA59B0762FA7FEBFCA8FD0C" box="[721,783,674,695]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762FA7FEBFCA8FD0C" bold="true" box="[721,783,674,695]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Fig. 2I</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), or setulae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0763AE7FE8FC60FD0D" bold="true" box="[901,967,673,694]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">spores</emphasis>
often black, often minutely spinulose (echinate) or occasionally winged;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762227F8BFDB3FD6C" box="[521,532,706,727]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">x</emphasis>
= 36, all spp. diploid based on counts from four species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0764087F8BFBDFFD6D" box="[1059,1144,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0764087F8BFBDFFD6D" box="[1059,1144,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P.fulgens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0764AF7F8BFB37FD6C" box="[1156,1168,706,727]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">n</emphasis>
=36),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07604A7FABFF76FD4D" box="[97,209,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07604A7FABFF76FD4D" box="[97,209,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P.caudatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760C17FABFF51FD4C" box="[234,246,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">n</emphasis>
= 72),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761187FABFE60FD4D" box="[307,455,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keysserianum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761187FABFE60FD4D" box="[307,455,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. keysserianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761F87FABFE78FD4C" box="[467,479,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">n</emphasis>
= 36),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762367FABFD3EFD4C" box="[541,665,738,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wantotense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762367FABFD3EFD4C" box="[541,665,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P.wantotense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07628E7FABFD16FD4C" box="[677,689,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">n</emphasis>
= 36). No hybrids are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA59B0760BA7E4BFD5CFBAC" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA59B0760BA7E4BFD5CFBAC" blockId="76.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760BA7E4BFF4CFCAC" box="[145,235,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761227E48FED9FCAD" box="[265,382,769,790]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761227E48FED9FCAD" box="[265,382,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is predominantly found in New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0762D57E4BFCE3FCAC" box="[766,836,770,791]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and the western Pacific, differs from the strictly Malesian
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761217E68FE2FFC8D" box="[266,392,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761217E68FE2FFC8D" box="[266,392,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the proximity of the origin of the basal basiscopic vein to the costule (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA59B0764747E6BFB3FFC8C" box="[1119,1176,802,823]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) (vs. arising far from it;
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA59B0761337E0BFEF8FCEC" box="[280,351,834,855]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[97,105,1748,1768]" captionTargetBox="[93,1223,156,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-8@28.[92,1230,156,1705]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 9.Steiropteris deltoidea,Fawcett 464 (VT) A. habit.B. pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Mesophlebion sp., Karger 1796 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view." pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
), the presence of glandular or setulose sporangia (but never a reddish gland on sporangial stalks), and stiff, terete, spine-like scales along the stipe and rachis. These spines are often black and are also borne by species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0760EB7EC8FEAEFC2D" box="[192,265,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760EB7EC8FEAEFC2D" box="[192,265,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Chingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which differ from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761957EC8FD94FC2D" box="[446,563,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761957EC8FD94FC2D" box="[446,563,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having less divided pinnae, veins generally anastomosing (vs. free), and by sori often inframedial or along costules (vs. medial to inframarginal;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B07631F7EEBFC1CFC0C" author="Holttum" box="[820,955,930,951]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="223 - 250" part="22" refId="ref109741" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1975. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron. Blumea 22: 223 - 250." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron" type="journal article" year="1975">Holttum 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0763E27EE8FB99FC0D" box="[969,1086,929,950]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0763E27EE8FB99FC0D" box="[969,1086,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may generally be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761127E8BFE6DFC6C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[313,458,962,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761127E8BFE6DFC6C" box="[313,458,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA59B0761E47E8BFE4DFC6C" box="[463,490,962,983]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761E47E8BFE42FC6C" box="[463,485,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761DE7E88FDC2FC6D" box="[501,613,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761DE7E88FDC2FC6D" box="[501,613,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Reholttumia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762B27E88FC9AFC6D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[665,829,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762B27E88FC9AFC6D" box="[665,829,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its pinnate-pinnatisect frond division, frequently asymmetrical pinna-bases, and free veins. Its larger stature and coarser laminae distinguish it from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07604A7948FF42FBAD" box="[97,229,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07604A7948FF42FBAD" box="[97,229,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Old World
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0761507948FE56FBAD" box="[379,497,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0761507948FE56FBAD" box="[379,497,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also have free veins.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA59B0760BA7968FF61FAAC" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA59B0760BA7968FF61FAAC" blockId="76.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760BA7968FE39FB8D" box="[145,414,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Biogeography and ecology.—</emphasis>
Totalling 60 species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762467968FD43FB8D" box="[621,740,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762467968FD43FB8D" box="[621,740,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reaches its greatest diversity in the mountains of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07604A790BFE87FBEC" box="[97,288,1090,1111]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA59B076101790BFE9DFBEC" box="[298,314,1090,1111]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
few species extend north and west in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07629F790BFCA6FBEC" box="[692,769,1090,1111]" name="Malaysia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, and ca. 12 spp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B076387790BFBE3FBEC" author="Holttum" box="[940,1092,1090,1111]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum 1977b</bibRefCitation>
) occur in the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07604A792BFEA6FBCC" box="[97,257,1122,1143]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B076122792BFEF5FBCC" box="[265,338,1122,1143]" name="Micronesia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Ponape</collectingCountry>
, and northern Queensland to Melanesia (
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0762F7792BFD58FBCC" box="[732,767,1122,1143]" name="Fiji" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Fiji</collectingCountry>
) and Polynesia from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0763EC792BFBAEFBCC" box="[967,1033,1122,1143]" name="Samoa" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Samoa</collectingCountry>
, the Society Islands, and the Marquesas Islands. The genus appears to be absent from mainland Asia (including
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0763EB79CBFC52FB2C" box="[960,1013,1154,1175]" name="India" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0763D679CBFB9CFB2C" box="[1021,1083,1154,1175]" name="China" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07646879CBFB3AFB2C" box="[1091,1181,1154,1175]" name="Thailand" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07604A79EBFF11FB0C" box="[97,182,1186,1207]" name="Vietnam" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
), as well as from peninsular
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0761ED79EBFDB9FB0C" box="[454,542,1186,1207]" name="Malaysia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, and western
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07628A79EBFD4CFB0C" box="[673,747,1186,1207]" name="Malaysia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Malesia</collectingCountry>
(Sumatra, Java), and has only a single widespread species in the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0760C0798BFEFFFB6C" box="[235,344,1218,1239]" name="Philippines" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07614D798BFE75FB6C" box="[358,466,1218,1239]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="savaiense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07614D798BFE75FB6C" box="[358,466,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">P. savaiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Species are epipetric or terrestrial and occur at low to middle elevations, but occasionally reach ~
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA59B07610A79ABFECEFB4D" box="[289,361,1249,1271]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B07615F79ABFE59FB4C" author="Holttum" box="[372,510,1250,1271]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum 1982</bibRefCitation>
). They are found in forests, often along streams, and many species occur on limestone.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA59B0660BA786BFB74FEEC" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA59B0760BA786BFEB1F9EC" blockId="76.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760BA786BFE56FA8D" box="[145,497,1313,1335]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—Originally described as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0763B17868FB62FA8C" authority="(Holttum 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[922,1221,1313,1335]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0763B17868FBB9FA8D" box="[922,1054,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B076407786BFB1AFA8C" author="Holttum" box="[1068,1213,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07604A7808FF71FAED" box="[97,214,1345,1366]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07604A7808FF71FAED" box="[97,214,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was later elevated to generic status by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B07626E780BFD7DFAEC" author="Holttum" box="[581,730,1346,1367]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="223 - 250" part="22" refId="ref109741" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1975. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron. Blumea 22: 223 - 250." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron" type="journal article" year="1975">Holttum (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, who noted that it seemed to be most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07605C7828FF67FACD" box="[119,192,1377,1398]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07605C7828FF67FACD" box="[119,192,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Chingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an idea supported by morphological data and, now, molecular data.As treated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B076392782BFBEAFACC" author="Holttum" box="[953,1101,1378,1399]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0764787828FB6FFACD" box="[1107,1224,1377,1398]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0764787828FB6FFACD" box="[1107,1224,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprised 49 species. We transfer one unusual species with bipinnate fronds,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07634C78C8FBFFFA2D" box="[871,1112,1409,1430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marattioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07634C78C8FBFFFA2D" box="[871,1112,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron marattioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07645478C8FB6EFA2D" box="[1151,1225,1409,1430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07645478C8FB6EFA2D" box="[1151,1225,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Chingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on morphology and molecular data (Fawcett et al. in press) and expand the genus to 60 by transferring thirteen species treated in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B076122788BFE3DFA6C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[265,410,1474,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B076122788BFE3DFA6C" box="[265,410,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B076190788BFDF2FA6C" author="Holttum" box="[443,597,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum (1977b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B076276788BFD29FA6C" author="Holttum" box="[605,654,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
), and one by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B076322788BFC0FFA6C" author="Takeuchi" box="[777,936,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="Takeuchi" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="153 - 158" part="52" refId="ref115124" refString="TAKEUCHI, W. 2007. Notes on Pneumatopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from Papua New Guinea, with the description of a new calciphilous species. Blumea 52: 153 - 158." title="Notes on Pneumatopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from Papua New Guinea, with the description of a new calciphilous species" type="journal article" year="2007">Takeuchi (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0763E37888FB9AFA6D" box="[968,1085,1473,1494]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0763E37888FB9AFA6D" box="[968,1085,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(listed below). These are almost entirely free-veined species,keyed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B07627578ABFCBFFA4C" author="Holttum" box="[606,792,1506,1527]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" page="418" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum(1982:418)</bibRefCitation>
in the second half of his key to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07641978ABFB65FA4C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[1074,1218,1506,1527]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07641978ABFB65FA4C" box="[1074,1218,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, couplet 1, and also in the second half of his key to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762167B4BFCD3F9AC" authority="(Holttum 1973 a)" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[573,884,1538,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762167B4BFD69F9AC" box="[573,718,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B0762F27B4BFCC9F9AC" author="Holttum" box="[729,878,1538,1559]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="293 - 325" part="21" refId="ref109522" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1973 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae V. The genus Pneumatopteris Nakai. Blumea 21: 293 - 325." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae V. The genus Pneumatopteris Nakai" type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Holttum 1973a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA59B0763577B4BFC2BF9AC" box="[892,908,1538,1559]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
study of the pteridophyte flora of the east Indonesian islands of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B0761A87B6BFE6CF98C" box="[387,459,1570,1591]" name="Indonesia" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Ambon</collectingCountry>
and Seram in the mid-1980’s yielded two additional species and a variety to the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA59B07608F7B0BFEABF9EC" author="Kato" box="[164,268,1602,1623]" firstAuthor="Kato" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci, Ser. B" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" pagination="13 - 27" part="33" refId="ref110592" refString="KATO, M. 2007. Taxonomic studies of pteridophytes of Ambon and Seram (Moluccas) collected on Indonesian-Japanese expeditions XII *, Coryphopteris and Plesioneuron (Thelypteridaceae). Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci, Ser. B, 33: 13 - 27." title="Taxonomic studies of pteridophytes of Ambon and Seram (Moluccas) collected on Indonesian-Japanese expeditions XII *, Coryphopteris and Plesioneuron (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2007">Kato 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA59B0760BB7B2BFE8DF96C" blockId="76.[97,1228,161,1815]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
The eighteen samples, representing 15 of the 60 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762907B28FC97F9CD" box="[699,816,1633,1654]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762907B28FC97F9CD" box="[699,816,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fawcett et al. in press) are well-supported as monophyletic, and weakly supported as sister to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0762607BC8FD3CF92D" box="[587,667,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0762607BC8FD30F92D" box="[587,663,1665,1686]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chingia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Together, these two genera form a clade with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0764647BCBFB64F92C" box="[1103,1219,1666,1687]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisciopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0764647BCBFB64F92C" box="[1103,1219,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Menisciopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07604A7BE8FF6EF90D" box="[97,201,1697,1718]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Grypothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07604A7BE8FF6EF90D" box="[97,201,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Grypothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0760D77BEBFEC7F90C" box="[252,352,1698,1719]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760D77BEBFEC7F90C" box="[252,352,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA59B07614F7BE8FED9F90D" box="[356,382,1697,1718]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B07614F7BE8FEDFF90D" box="[356,376,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">s.l</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
While each of these genera is well-supported as monophyletic, backbone support among these genera is weak.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA59B0660BA7BA8FB74FEEC" blockId="76.[97,1228,161,1815]" lastBlockId="77.[121,1250,162,343]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA59B0760BA7BA8FEF0F94D" box="[145,343,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">
Notes.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B0760F47BA8FEF0F94D" box="[223,343,1761,1782]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plesioneuron</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is one of the least-studied genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA59B07629D7BABFCFAF94C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[694,861,1762,1783]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
, with many species known only from the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA59B0760AF7A48FF08F8AD" box="[132,175,1793,1814]" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
or a few collections. New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA59B07618D7A4BFE48F8AC" box="[422,495,1794,1815]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="76" pageNumber="66">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, the center of diversity for the genus, remains poorly collected.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA59B07646C7A4BFBF0F8AC" box="[1095,1111,1794,1815]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="76" pageNumber="66" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
diverse and unusual group of diminutive epilithic calciphiles occurs at higher elevation karst terrains in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA49B0663D77DEBFB11FF0C" box="[1020,1206,162,183]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
and were treated within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661107D8BFE6BFF6C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[315,460,194,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661107D8BFE6BFF6C" box="[315,460,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA49B0661C57D8BFD23FF6C" author="Holttum" box="[494,644,194,215]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
(see
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06629F7D8BFC97FF6D" box="[692,816,193,215]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">incertae sedis</emphasis>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06635F7D8BFBA2FF6C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[884,1029,194,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06635F7D8BFBA2FF6C" box="[884,1029,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for further discussion, and an enumeration of these taxa), but may be most closely allied with
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663017DA8FC00FF4D" box="[810,935,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663017DA8FC05FF4D" box="[810,930,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plesioneuron</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We refrain from assigning these species to a genus, due to lack of material for both morphological and molecular study. Although several of these taxa share the asymmetrical pinna-bases, pinnatisect laminae, and free veins, some differ from typical
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664337C68FB2AFE8D" box="[1048,1165,289,310]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664337C68FB2AFE8D" box="[1048,1165,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by proximal pinnae gradually reduced, and pinnae shallowly lobed, with a few anastomosing pairs of veins (vs. all veins free).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="BB1EE78715E0968B32335DC9FE2FA82D">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FFA39B00621B79D6FBE3FA6C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFA39B00621B79D6FBE3FA6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFA39B00621B79D6FBE3FA6C" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B01621B79D6FD5EFB02" box="[560,761,1183,1209]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B01621B79D6FD5EFB02" blockId="74.[97,1227,1183,1271]" box="[560,761,1183,1209]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFA39B01621B79D6FD5EFB02" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[560,761,1183,1209]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01621B79D6FD5EFB02" ID-CoL="6N3D" box="[560,761,1183,1209]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01621B79D6FD5EFB02" bold="true" box="[560,761,1183,1209]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">PHEGOPTERIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B01604A7981FD3BFB66" box="[97,668,1223,1245]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B01604A7981FD3BFB66" blockId="74.[97,1227,1183,1271]" box="[97,668,1223,1245]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0E11CEFFA39B01604A7981FD3BFB66" box="[97,668,1223,1245]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01604A7981FE57FB67" ID-CoL="6N3D" authority="(C. Presl) Fee, Mem. Foug." authorityName="Fee, Mem. Foug." baseAuthorityName="C. Presl" box="[97,496,1223,1245]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01604A7981FF7BFB66" bold="true" box="[97,220,1224,1245]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Phegopteris</emphasis>
(C. Presl) Fée, Mém. Foug.
</taxonomicName>
5:242–243. 1852.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B0162B07982FC71FB4C" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B0162B07982FC71FB4C" blockId="74.[97,1227,1183,1271]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA39B0162847982FD5DFB60" box="[687,762,1227,1243]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
(designated by
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA39B0163537982FB66FB67" author="Ching" box="[888,1217,1227,1244]" issue="4" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="312" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="3.863100345872848" volume="8" year="1963">
<bibCitation id="5E343E8CFFA39B0163537982FB66FB67" author="Ching" box="[888,1217,1227,1244]" issue="4" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="312" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="3.863100345872848" volume="8" year="1963">
Ching,
<bibCitation id="5E343E8CFFA39B0163997982FB66FB67" box="[946,1217,1227,1244]" issue="4" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="312" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="3.863100345872848" volume="8" year="1963">Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(4):312. 1963</bibCitation>
</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01608A79ACFE25FB4C" ID-CoL="4FXZ9" authority="Fee" authorityName="Fee" box="[161,386,1253,1271]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polypodioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01608A79ACFEC3FB4D" box="[161,356,1253,1270]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Phegopteris polypodioides</emphasis>
Fée
</taxonomicName>
(based on
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0161F879ACFD21FB4D" ID-CoL="6N3D" box="[467,646,1253,1270]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phegopteris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161F879ACFD21FB4D" box="[467,646,1253,1270]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Polypodium phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) [=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01629D79ACFC75FB4C" ID-CoL="4FXST" authority="(Michx.) Watt" authorityName="Watt" baseAuthorityName="Michx." box="[694,978,1253,1271]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01629D79ACFCC5FB4D" box="[694,866,1253,1270]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Phegopteris connectilis</emphasis>
(Michx.) Watt
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B0160AA7843FE7BFA8C" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B0160AA7843FE1BFAA7" blockId="74.[129,476,1290,1335]" box="[129,444,1290,1308]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160AA7843FF66FAA0" box="[129,193,1290,1307]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Lastrella</emphasis>
(H. Ito in Nakai &amp; Honda) Nakai
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B0160AA786CFE7BFA8C" blockId="74.[129,476,1290,1335]" box="[129,476,1317,1335]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
For additional synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA39B01614A786FFE7FFA8C" author="Holttum" box="[353,472,1318,1335]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum (1969)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B01604A7805FD7AFAD9" box="[97,733,1356,1378]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B01604A7805FD7AFAD9" blockId="74.[97,1228,1356,1826]" box="[97,733,1356,1378]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01604A7805FF6EFADA" box="[97,201,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
—Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161287805FEE7FADA" box="[259,320,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">phegos</emphasis>
, beech +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161B37804FE6BFAD9" box="[408,460,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">pteris</emphasis>
, fern, a fern of beech forests.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B0060A47824FB80FE2C" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B0060A47824FB80FE2C" blockId="74.[97,1228,1356,1826]" lastBlockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
Plants terrestrial, small to medium-sized (
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA39B0162347824FD24FA39" box="[543,643,1389,1410]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" unit="cm" value="40.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="20.0">20–60 cm</quantity>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162B97824FD57FA39" bold="true" box="[658,752,1389,1410]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">rhizomes</emphasis>
long-creeping, branching, subterranean, or short, ascending, or erect, with pale to brown, ovate scales with marginal hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01633E78C4FCFFFA19" bold="true" box="[789,856,1421,1442]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, erect to arching;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0164A678C4FB6FFA19" bold="true" box="[1165,1224,1421,1442]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">stipes</emphasis>
dull-stramineous, terete to shallowly grooved adaxially;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162AF78E4FD5FFA7A" bold="true" box="[644,760,1452,1474]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">stipe scales</emphasis>
stramineous to brown, ovate to lanceolate with marginal setulae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161217885FEEBFA5A" bold="true" box="[266,332,1484,1505]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous to membranaceous, deciduous, with no clear articulations, broadly ovate-deltate, broadest at or near base of lamina (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0161C978A4FDD9F9BA" box="[482,638,1516,1538]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexagonoptera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161C978A4FDD9F9BA" box="[482,638,1516,1538]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">P. hexagonoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or lanceolate, tapering towards apex and base (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01647D78A4FF01F999" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decursivepinnata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01647D78A4FF01F999" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">P. decursivepinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipinnate (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0162777B44FD1CF99A" box="[604,699,1548,1570]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162777B44FD1CF99A" box="[604,699,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">P.koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with alate rachises (sometimes proximal pinna-pairs free), these often with small, vascularized extensions of laminar tissue connecting adjacent pinnae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0164107B64FB25F9F9" bold="true" box="[1083,1154,1581,1602]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">pinnae</emphasis>
deeply lobed, segments entire, or with crenate to lobed margins, pinna-bases adnate, with decurrent wings to next pinna-pair, sometimes bases of proximal one or two pinna-pairs narrowed and sessile (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0163737B24FC6CF93A" box="[856,971,1644,1666]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163737B24FC6CF93A" box="[856,971,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">P. connectilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163F57B24FBB4F939" bold="true" box="[990,1043,1645,1666]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">veins</emphasis>
free, often forking, reaching margin of lamina, or terminating near margin;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162A67BC5FD58F91A" bold="true" box="[653,767,1676,1697]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">aerophores</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01637A7BC4FB08F919" bold="true" box="[849,1199,1676,1698]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">indument abaxially and adaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline acicular hairs and narrow, hyaline, lanceolate scales with setulose margins, borne on rachises, costae, veins, and laminar tissue, or restricted to axes;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161EF7B85FDBCF95A" bold="true" box="[452,539,1740,1761]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162407B84FD34F959" bold="true" box="[619,659,1741,1762]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">sori</emphasis>
medial, discrete, exindusiate, rarely with small indusium;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01604A7BA4FF6DF8B9" bold="true" box="[97,202,1773,1794]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">sporangia</emphasis>
sometimes with acicular or capitate hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162AB7BA5FD62F8BA" bold="true" box="[640,709,1772,1793]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">spores</emphasis>
smooth with essentially no ornamentation (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0164937BA4FEA3F89A" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA39B0164937BA4FB6FF8B9" box="[1208,1224,1773,1794]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
. decursive-pinnata
</emphasis>
), a low reticulum, or tubercules (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA39B0162677A44FD52F899" author="Patel" box="[588,757,1804,1826]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="74" pageNumber="64" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA39B0162D47A44FC3EF899" author="Kim" box="[767,921,1804,1826]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kim" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" pagination="440 - 443" part="14" refId="ref110727" refString="KIM, C. H., B. - Y. SUN, &amp; S. H. PARK. 2004. A new species of Phegopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from Korea. Novon 14: 440 - 443." title="A new species of Phegopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from Korea" type="journal article" year="2004">Kim et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
), also with an adnate perine (a feature apparently unique within the family (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00620D7DEBFCB6FF0C" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[550,785,162,183]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
));
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063027DEBFC93FF0C" box="[809,820,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">x</emphasis>
= 30, with diploids, triploids, and tetraploids known, based on counts of five of the six species. For
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0062BC7D88FC17FF6D" box="[663,944,193,214]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0062BC7D88FCA3FF6D" box="[663,772,193,214]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phegopteris</taxonomicName>
decursive-pinnata
</emphasis>
, all three cytotypes have been reported, suggesting further study is needed.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00620C7DA8FD52FF4D" box="[551,757,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00620C7DA8FD52FF4D" box="[551,757,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris connectilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is predominantly triploid throughout its circumboreal distribution, though diploid cytotypes are known from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0062957C4BFD53FEAC" box="[702,756,258,279]" name="Japan" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00632A7C4BFC0DFEAC" author="Matsumoto" box="[769,938,258,279]" firstAuthor="Matsumoto" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., B." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="101 - 110" part="8" refId="ref111860" refString="MATSUMOTO, S. 1982. Distribution patterns of two reproductive types of Phegopteris connectilis in eastern Japan. Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., B., 8: 101 - 110." title="Distribution patterns of two reproductive types of Phegopteris connectilis in eastern Japan" type="journal article" year="1982">Matsumoto 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The North American allotetraploid, previously treated within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0061807C6BFDB8FE8D" box="[427,543,289,311]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0061807C6BFDB8FE8D" box="[427,543,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. connectilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been segregated as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00632D7C68FBDDFE8C" authority="(Patel et al. 2019 b)" baseAuthorityName="Patel" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[774,1146,289,311]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsior">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00632D7C68FC62FE8D" box="[774,965,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris excelsior</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0063FB7C6BFBD3FE8C" author="Patel" box="[976,1140,290,311]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="211 - 218" part="27" refId="ref112771" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, &amp; A. V. GILMAN. 2019 b. Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): a new species of North American tetraploid beech fern. Novon 27: 211 - 218." title="Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): a new species of North American tetraploid beech fern" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="b">Patel et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Apomixis is known to occur in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0061697C0BFE04FEED" box="[322,419,321,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsior">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0061697C0BFE04FEED" box="[322,419,321,343]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. excelsior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and both apomictic and sexual populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00634D7C0BFC7CFEED" box="[870,987,321,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00634D7C0BFC7CFEED" box="[870,987,321,343]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. connectilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0064237C0BFB18FEED" box="[1032,1215,321,343]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA29B0064237C0BFBB1FEEC" box="[1032,1046,322,343]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
. decursive-pinnata
</emphasis>
are reported. Although no hybrids are known, there is compelling evidence for hybrid speciation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0063DF7C2BFB0DFECC" author="Driscoll" box="[1012,1194,354,375]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Driscoll" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="309 - 321" part="105" refId="ref108073" refString="DRISCOLL, H. E., D. S. BARRINGTON, &amp; A. V. GILMAN. 2003. A reexamination of the apogamous tetraploid Phegopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from northeastern North America. Rhodora 105: 309 - 321." title="A reexamination of the apogamous tetraploid Phegopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from northeastern North America" type="journal article" year="2003">Driscoll et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; Patel et al. unpubl. data). See
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0061737CCBFE4CFE2C" author="Chandra" box="[344,491,386,407]" firstAuthor="Chandra" journalOrPublisher="Sci. &amp; Cult." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="259 - 260" part="29" refId="ref107091" refString="CHANDRA, P. 1963. Observations on the gametophyte and juvenile sporophyte of Lastrea phegopteris and Lastrea pyrrhorhachis. Sci. &amp; Cult. 29: 259 - 260." title="Observations on the gametophyte and juvenile sporophyte of Lastrea phegopteris and Lastrea pyrrhorhachis" type="journal article" year="1963">Chandra (1963</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0061D87CCBFD85FE2C" author="Chandra" box="[499,546,386,407]" firstAuthor="Chandra" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Indian Acad. Sci." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="68 - 79" part="79" refId="ref107147" refString="CHANDRA, P. 1974. Observations on the genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris and Macrothelypteris. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 79: 68 - 79." title="Observations on the genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
) for illustrations of anatomy and microscopic features.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA29B0060827CEBFB23FD8C" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B0060827CEBFB23FD8C" blockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060827CEBFEADFE0C" box="[169,266,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
—The primarily north-temperate and montane
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0062FA7CE8FC9CFE0D" box="[721,827,417,438]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0062FA7CE8FC9CFE0D" box="[721,827,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from its mostly tropical sister genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00613C7C88FE67FE6D" box="[279,448,449,470]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00613C7C88FE67FE6D" box="[279,448,449,470]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and closely related tropical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0063387C88FC08FE6D" box="[787,943,449,470]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063387C88FC08FE6D" box="[787,943,449,470]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the adnate pinna-bases, and winged rachises with vascularized projections between pinnae (vs. pinnae mostly free, with only the distal pinnae adnate). Additionally, the stipe-scales of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00623E7F48FD23FDAD" box="[533,644,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00623E7F48FD23FDAD" box="[533,644,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bear setulae restricted to the margins, while stipe-scales of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0060527F68FE84FD8D" box="[121,291,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060527F68FE84FD8D" box="[121,291,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00617B7F68FE4BFD8D" box="[336,492,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00617B7F68FE4BFD8D" box="[336,492,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also bear setulae on the scale surfaces (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00634B7F6BFC4DFD8C" author="Lin" box="[864,1002,546,567]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0063DA7F6BFBDEFD8C" author="Holttum" box="[1009,1145,546,567]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="5 - 32" part="17" refId="ref109433" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1969. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris. Blumea 17: 5 - 32." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae. The genera Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Macrothelypteris" type="journal article" year="1969">Holttum 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA29B0060827F08FD9EFCCC" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B0060827F08FD9EFCCC" blockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060827F08FE39FDED" box="[169,414,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Biogeography and ecology.</emphasis>
—The six species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00624C7F08FD75FDED" box="[615,722,577,598]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00624C7F08FD75FDED" box="[615,722,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are primarily north-temperate, with a few subtropical montane occurrences as far south as
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0061F87F2BFDBBFDCC" box="[467,540,610,631]" name="Taiwan" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, occurring from near sea-level to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA29B00637E7F2BFC07FDCC" box="[853,928,610,631]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="3600.0">3600 m</quantity>
. They may be terrestrial or epipetric, in shady forest understories, or along streams, or in open, disturbed sites. The apomictic triploid,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0064587FC8FF7FFD0D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0064587FC8FF7FFD0D" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris connectilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has among the broadest geographic ranges of any vascular plant species, extending throughout the northern temperate and boreal forests of Europe, Asia, and North America. Two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0063557F8BFBBCFD6D" box="[894,1051,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexagonoptera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063557F8BFBBCFD6D" box="[894,1051,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. hexagonoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0064797F8BFB10FD6D" box="[1106,1207,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsior">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0064797F8BFB10FD6D" box="[1106,1207,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. excelsior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are endemic to eastern North America, and two are endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0062E07FABFC8FFD4C" box="[715,808,738,759]" name="China" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">East Asia</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0063197FABFC32FD4D" box="[818,917,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0063197FABFC32FD4D" box="[818,917,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B00639D7FABFC55FD4C" box="[950,1010,738,759]" name="South Korea" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Korea</collectingCountry>
, and another,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0064547FABFB7DFD4D" box="[1151,1242,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tibetica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0064547FABFB7DFD4D" box="[1151,1242,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. tibetica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known from the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA29B0061377E4BFEEEFCAC" box="[284,329,770,791]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
, collected from montane conifer forests in Tibet and in neighboring
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0063F17E4BFBB4FCAC" box="[986,1043,770,791]" name="Nepal" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2015).
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060907E68FE74FC8D" box="[187,467,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0060907E68FE80FC8D" box="[187,295,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phegopteris</taxonomicName>
decursive-pinnata
</emphasis>
is widespread in continental temperate and subtropical Asia, also extending to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0060527E0BFF67FCEC" box="[121,192,834,855]" name="Taiwan" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0060C77E0BFE82FCEC" box="[236,293,834,855]" name="Japan" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Japan</collectingCountry>
.It has recently been reported as naturalized in the southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA29B0063A87E0BFBA5FCEC" box="[899,1026,834,855]" name="United States of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">United States</collectingCountry>
, where it likely escaped from cultivation (Florez-Parra &amp; Keener 2016).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA29B0060827ECBFB89FA2C" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B0060827ECBFF66FBEC" blockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060827ECBFE51FC2D" box="[169,502,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
—When
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0062607ECBFD17FC2C" author="Fee" box="[587,688,898,919]" firstAuthor="Fee" journalOrPublisher="Berger-Levrault, Strasbourg, France" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" refId="ref108464" refString="FEE, A. L. A. 1852. Genera filicum: exposition des genres de la famille des Polypodiacees. Berger-Levrault, Strasbourg, France." title="Genera filicum: exposition des genres de la famille des Polypodiacees" type="book" year="1852">Fée (1852)</bibRefCitation>
elevated
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00632C7EC8FCD6FC2D" box="[775,881,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00632C7EC8FCD6FC2D" box="[775,881,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to generic status, his concept included over 50 species with morphologically similar sori and venation, and subsequently hundreds of combinations spanning a diversity of currently accepted fern families were published in that genus. More than a century later,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0064137E8BFB1FFC6C" author="Ching" box="[1080,1208,962,983]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to recognize the genus in its current, narrow circumscription, also recognizing the close affinity, but distinctness, of two segregate genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0061BF7948FD99FBAD" box="[404,574,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0061BF7948FD99FBAD" box="[404,574,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0062477948FCA0FBAD" box="[620,775,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0062477948FCA0FBAD" box="[620,775,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These three genera together constitute one of the two subfamilies,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B006130796BFE68FB8C" box="[283,463,1058,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae</taxonomicName>
. The remaining genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0062EE796BFCCDFB8C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[709,874,1058,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
are within the Thelypteridoideae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00649F796BFF11FBEC" author="PPG I" firstAuthor="PPG I" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="563 - 603" part="54" refId="ref112966" refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603." title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2016">
PPG
<date id="FFA01020FFA29B006052790BFF11FBEC" box="[121,182,1090,1111]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" value="2016-01">I 2016</date>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B006081792BFECEFB6D" blockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
All molecular phylogenetic studies to date (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B006271792BFC98FBCC" author="Smith &amp; Cranfill" box="[602,831,1122,1143]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="131 - 150" part="92" refId="ref114628" refString="SMITH, A. R. &amp; R. B. CRANFILL. 2002. Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (Thelypteridaceae). Amer. Fern J. 92: 131 - 150." title="Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA29B006271792BFD31FBCC" box="[602,662,1122,1143]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Smith</collectingRegion>
&amp; Cranfill 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B006361792BFBA6FBCC" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[842,1025,1122,1143]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B006420792BFB7AFBCC" author="Schneider" box="[1035,1245,1122,1143]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schneider" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="61 - 70" part="51" refId="ref113867" refString="SCHNEIDER, H., L-J. HE, J. MARQUARDT, L. WANG, J. HEINRICHS, S. HENNEQUIN, &amp; X-C. ZHANG. 2013. Exploring the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient: contrasting the sister fern genera Phegopteris and Pseudophegopteris. J. Syst. Evol. 51: 61 - 70." title="Exploring the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient: contrasting the sister fern genera Phegopteris and Pseudophegopteris" type="journal article" year="2013">Schneider et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00605279CBFE94FB2C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[121,307,1154,1175]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00611779CBFE78FB2C" author="Patel" box="[316,479,1154,1175]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press) have corroborated the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00640179CBFB79FB2C" box="[1066,1246,1154,1175]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae</taxonomicName>
, and the monophyly of its three constituent genera.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00627079E8FD62FB0D" box="[603,709,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00627079E8FD62FB0D" box="[603,709,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00630579E8FC70FB0D" box="[814,983,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00630579E8FC70FB0D" box="[814,983,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that combined clade is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0060E37988FEC4FB6D" box="[200,355,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0060E37988FEC4FB6D" box="[200,355,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B00608279ABFB89FA2C" blockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00608279ABFDBEFB4D" box="[169,537,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
Notes.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B0060D779A8FECDFB4D" box="[252,362,1249,1270]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phegopteris</taxonomicName>
decursive-pinnata
</emphasis>
has been the subject of several important studies on fern reproductive biology. Its study has contributed to our understanding of the functional differences in breeding systems in diploids vs. tetraploids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B006123786BFE01FA8C" author="Masuyama" box="[264,422,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="Masuyama" journalOrPublisher="Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="275 - 289" part="92" refId="ref111806" refString="MASUYAMA, S. 1979. Reproductive biology of the fern Phegopteris decursive-pinnata. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 92: 275 - 289." title="Reproductive biology of the fern Phegopteris decursive-pinnata" type="journal article" year="1979">Masuyama 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and the mechanisms underlying gametophytic self-incompatibility (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B00641E786BFB70FA8C" author="Masuyama" box="[1077,1239,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="Masuyama" journalOrPublisher="Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="107 - 121" part="99" refId="ref111833" refString="MASUYAMA, S. 1986. Reproductive biology of the fern Phegopteris decursive-pinnata. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 99: 107 - 121." title="Reproductive biology of the fern Phegopteris decursive-pinnata" type="journal article" year="1986">Masuyama 1986</bibRefCitation>
). It has also yielded insight into the pathways to autopolyploid speciation, which has been rarely studied in ferns (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0064B3780BFF7CFACC" author="Nakato" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakato" journalOrPublisher="J. Pl. Res." pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="465 - 474" part="125" refId="ref112304" refString="NAKATO, N., R. OOTSUKI, N. MURAKAMI, &amp; S. MASUYAMA 2012. Two types of partial fertility in a diploid population of the fern Thelypteris decursive-pinnata (Thelypteridaceae). J. Pl. Res. 125: 465 - 474." title="Two types of partial fertility in a diploid population of the fern Thelypteris decursive-pinnata (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Nakato et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA29B0060C8782BFE15FACC" author="Kawakami" box="[227,434,1377,1399]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kawakami" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" pagination="319 - 322" part="84" refId="ref110643" refString="KAWAKAMI, S. M., J. KATO, &amp; S. KAWAKAMI. 2019. Meiosis of dihaploid Thelypteris decursive-pinnata produced artificially by induced apogamy. Cytologia 84: 319 - 322." title="Meiosis of dihaploid Thelypteris decursive-pinnata produced artificially by induced apogamy" type="journal article" year="2019">Kawakami et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). Because of the ease of propagation, the diversity of ploidy and breeding systems, and strong foundational work,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00615E78C8FE78FA2D" box="[373,479,1409,1430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00615E78C8FE78FA2D" box="[373,479,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains an excellent candidate for future experimental study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA29B00608278E8FBE3FA6C" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA29B00608278E8FBE3FA6C" blockId="75.[121,1250,162,1495]" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00608278E8FEF1FA0C" box="[169,342,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—*
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00615678E8FD7DFA0D" authority="(Michx.) Watt" authorityName="Watt" baseAuthorityName="Michx." box="[381,730,1441,1463]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connectilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00615678E8FDEBFA0D" box="[381,588,1441,1462]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">Phegopteris connectilis</emphasis>
(Michx.) Watt
</taxonomicName>
; *
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B0062C778EBFC04FA0D" box="[748,931,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA29B0062C778EBFD5DFA0C" box="[748,762,1442,1463]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
. decursive-pinnata
</emphasis>
(H.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA29B0063EC78EBFC7EFA0C" box="[967,985,1442,1463]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Hall) Fée; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00646678EBFE9CFA6C" authority="N. R. Patel &amp; A. V. Gilman" authorityName="N. R. Patel &amp; A. V. Gilman" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsior">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00646678EBFB16FA0D" box="[1101,1201,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. excelsior</emphasis>
N.R. Patel &amp; A.V. Gilman
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B006166788BFDCEFA6C" authority="(Michx.) Fee" authorityName="Fee" baseAuthorityName="Michx." box="[333,617,1473,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexagonoptera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B006166788BFE4FFA6D" box="[333,488,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. hexagonoptera</emphasis>
(Michx.) Fée
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00625A788BFC3BFA6C" authority="B. Y. Sun &amp; C. H. Kim" authorityName="B. Y. Sun &amp; C. H. Kim" box="[625,924,1473,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00625A788BFD77FA6D" box="[625,720,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P.koreana</emphasis>
B.Y. Sun &amp; C.H. Kim
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA29B00638F788BFBE3FA6C" authority="Ching." box="[932,1092,1473,1495]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tibetica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA29B00638F788BFC5AFA6D" box="[932,1021,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="65">P. tibetica</emphasis>
Ching.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0163437903FB6CFBE7" authority="Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz." authorityName="Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz." box="[872,1227,1098,1116]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Nephrodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuerckheimii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163437903FB80FBE0" box="[872,1063,1098,1115]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Nephrodium tuerckheimii</emphasis>
Donn.Sm., Bot. Gaz.
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12:133, t. 11.1887.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B016116792CFE57FBCD" box="[317,496,1125,1142]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris tuerckheimii</emphasis>
(Donn.Sm.) C.F.Reed
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162F6795CFCC2FB9E" box="[733,869,1045,1062]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Polypodium serra</emphasis>
Sw., Prodr.
</taxonomicName>
132. 1788.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01640D795CFF45FBFA" authority="(Sw.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Sw." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serra">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01640D795CFB39FB9E" box="[1062,1182,1045,1062]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Christella serra</emphasis>
(Sw.) Holttum
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160DE7979FEC8FBFB" box="[245,367,1072,1089]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris serra</emphasis>
(Sw.) R.P. St.John.
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(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA39B01622A7979FD9EFBFB" box="[513,569,1072,1089]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01622A7979FD9EFBFB" bold="true" box="[513,569,1072,1089]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Fig. 7D</emphasis>
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</treatment>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160417C0BFEE4FEEC" bold="true" box="[106,323,322,343]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Pelazoneuron clivale</emphasis>
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA39B0163377C0CFF60FECA" author="Fieldiana" journal="Bot., n. s." page="45" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="1.370591326386458" volume="29" year="1992">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163377C0CFC0DFEED" box="[796,938,325,342]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris clivalis</emphasis>
A.R. Sm., Fieldiana, Bot.
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.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160F57C29FEF8FECA" box="[222,351,352,369]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Christella clivalis</emphasis>
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—
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A.R.Sm.var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162D77C29FCF9FECA" box="[764,862,352,369]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">aequatorialis</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) A.R.Sm.
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA39B01630A7CF9FF6EFE67" author="Fieldiana" journal="Bot., n. s." page="45" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="1.370591326386458" volume="29" year="1992">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01630A7CF9FC12FE7A" box="[801,949,432,449]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris depilata</emphasis>
A.R.Sm., Fieldiana, Bot.
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, n.s., 29:45. 1992
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160417D91FE9EFF56" bold="true" box="[106,313,216,237]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Pelazoneuron berroi</emphasis>
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—
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C.Chr., Kongel.Danske Vidensk.Selsk.Skr., Naturvidensk.Math.Afd.
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, ser. 7, 10185.1913.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162237DBCFD24FEBD" box="[520,643,245,262]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Christella berroi</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) Salino &amp; A.R.Sm.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01634D7DBCFC4CFEBD" box="[870,1003,245,262]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris berroi</emphasis>
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—
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Link, Fil. Spec.
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103. 1841.—
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162717E4EFD61FCA7" bold="true" box="[602,710,775,796]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA39B0162717E4EFD61FCA7" box="[602,710,775,796]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0162F27E43FC1AFCA7" authority="Sw., Prodr." authorityName="Sw., Prodr." box="[729,957,778,796]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162F27E43FCC1FCA0" box="[729,870,778,795]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Polypodium patens</emphasis>
Sw., Prodr.
</taxonomicName>
133. 1788.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01640A7E43FF45FC8C" authority="(Sw.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Sw." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01640A7E43FB38FCA0" box="[1057,1183,778,795]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Christella patens</emphasis>
(Sw.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160C97E6CFF52FC8D" box="[226,245,805,822]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0160DE7E6CFE77FC8C" authority="(Sw.) Small" authorityName="Small" baseAuthorityName="Sw." box="[245,464,805,823]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160DE7E6CFEDFFC8E" box="[245,376,805,822]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris patens</emphasis>
(Sw.) Small
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA39B0161F17E6FFDB7FC8C" box="[474,528,806,823]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161F17E6FFDB7FC8C" bold="true" box="[474,528,806,823]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Fig. 7C</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

69
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFA39B01604A7E75FCA9FCEA" box="[97,782,828,850]" level="2" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01604A7E75FD3FFCEA" ID-CoL="8RV37" authority="(Baker) A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." authorityName="A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[97,664,828,850]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="puberulum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01604A7E75FEC1FCEA" bold="true" box="[97,358,828,849]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Pelazoneuron puberulum</emphasis>
(Baker) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01630A7E09FBE2FCEB" authority="Fee, Mem. Foug." authorityName="Fee, Mem. Foug." box="[801,1093,832,849]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="puberulum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01630A7E09FC19FCEA" box="[801,958,832,849]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Aspidium puberulum</emphasis>
Fée, Mém. Foug.
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10:40. 1865, non Gaudich.1827.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01610F7E13FE73FCD0" box="[292,468,858,875]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Nephrodium puberulum</emphasis>
Baker
</taxonomicName>
in Hook.&amp; Baker,Syn.Fil.,ed.2., 495.1874.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01634A7E13FB8BFCD7" authority="(Baker)" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[865,1068,858,876]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="puberula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01634A7E13FC57FCD0" box="[865,1008,858,875]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Christella puberula</emphasis>
(Baker)
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.LÖve &amp; D.LÖve—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01608A7E3CFE9FFC3D" box="[161,312,885,902]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Dryopteris puberula</emphasis>
(Baker) Kuntze
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0160417E8BFDD9FC6C" ID-CoL="8RTV3" authority="(Hook.) A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." authorityName="A. R. Sm. &amp; S. E. Fawc." baseAuthorityName="Hook." box="[106,638,962,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizotis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160417E8BFEF1FC6C" bold="true" box="[106,342,962,983]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Pelazoneuron schizotis</emphasis>
(Hook.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA39B0163287E8CFBCFFC6C" author="Hook., Sp. Fil." box="[771,1128,965,983]" journal="Fil." page="107" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="8.334596789501541E-7" volume="4" year="1862">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163287E8CFC05FC6D" box="[771,930,965,982]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Nephrodium schizotis</emphasis>
Hook., Sp.Fil.
</taxonomicName>
4:107.1862
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0164547E8CFEC4FC4A" ID-CoL="8R872" authority="(Hook.) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Hook." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizotis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0164547E8CFF46FC4A" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Christella schizotis</emphasis>
(Hook.) A.R.Sm.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01615E7EA9FDABFC4A" box="[373,524,992,1009]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris schizotis</emphasis>
(Hook.) M.Kessler &amp; A.R.Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160AA7EB3FEA1FBB0" box="[129,262,1018,1035]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris patens</emphasis>
(Sw.) A.R.Sm. var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0161BD7EB3FE79FBB0" box="[406,478,1018,1035]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">smithiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA39B0161CA7EB2FDA9FBB0" box="[481,526,1019,1035]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Ponce" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Ponce</collectingRegion>
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(Baker) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc. var.
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(A.R. Sm.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA39B0160F77EE3FC6DFC07" author="" box="[220,970,938,956]" journal="Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." page="91" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" score="66.63618723694691" volume="59" year="1971">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160F77EE3FED2FC00" box="[220,373,938,955]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris puberula</emphasis>
(Baker) C.V. Morton var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162187EE2FD25FC00" box="[563,642,939,955]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">sonorensis</emphasis>
A.R.Sm.,Univ.Calif.Publ. Bot.
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59:91.1971
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(C. Chr.) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163217F7CFC29FDFE" box="[778,910,565,581]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Dryopteris patens</emphasis>
(Sw.) Kuntze var.
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C. Chr., Kongel. Danske Vidensk.Selsk.Skr.,Naturvidensk.Math.Afd.
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, ser.7, 10:180.1913.—
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.LÖve &amp; D. LÖve—
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(C. Chr.) A.R.Sm.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163697FCCFC63FD2E" box="[834,964,645,662]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris ovata</emphasis>
R.P. St.John, Ferns SE
</taxonomicName>
States 239. 1938.—
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.LÖve &amp; D. LÖve—
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(R.P.St.John) Broun
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<treatment id="03B787F6FFA39B01604A7FF1FE6AFCBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFA39B01604A7FF1FE6AFCBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFA39B01604A7FF1FE6AFCBA" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B01604A7FF1FBC2FD77" box="[97,1125,695,717]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B01604A7FF1FBC2FD77" blockId="74.[97,1227,161,1143]" box="[97,1125,695,717]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFA39B01604A7FF1FBC2FD77" box="[97,1125,695,717]" level="2" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01604A7FF1FFCDFD76" bold="true" box="[97,106,696,717]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0160417FF1FC54FD76" ID-CoL="8RV2C" authority="(C. Chr.) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[106,1011,695,717]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ovatum" status="comb. nov." variety="lindheimeri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160417FF1FEEFFD77" bold="true" box="[106,328,695,717]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Pelazoneuron ovatum</emphasis>
(R.P. St.John) A.R. Sm. &amp; S.E. Fawc. var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0162E07FF1FCE5FD76" bold="true" box="[715,834,696,717]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">lindheimeri</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0163D17FFEFBC2FD77" bold="true" box="[1018,1125,695,716]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA39B0163D17FFEFBC2FD77" box="[1018,1125,695,716]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA39B01644E7FF2FE6AFCBA" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA39B01644E7FF2FE6AFCBA" blockId="74.[97,1227,161,1143]" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B0164537FF2FC6FFD5C" authority="C. Chr., Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="normalis" variety="lindheimeri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0164537FF2FF44FD5D" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Dryopteris normalis</emphasis>
C. Chr. var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01616D7F9CFE3CFD5D" box="[326,411,725,742]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">lindheimeri</emphasis>
C. Chr., Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd.
</taxonomicName>
, ser. 7, 10:182. 1913.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA39B01645E7F9CFE6AFCBA" authority="(C. Chr.) A. R. Sm." authorityName="A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ovata" variety="lindheimeri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B01645E7F9CFF6DFCBB" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">Thelypteris ovata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA39B0160C77FB9FEE6FCBA" box="[236,321,752,769]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="64">lindheimeri</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) A.R.Sm.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="E3DC32B1C75CBDD0C62E9D04C84E3EAB">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066052794EFEEFFBA7" box="[121,328,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Constituent species.—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066163794EFD11FBA6" ID-CoL="4K9RH" authority="(Brause) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brause" box="[328,694,1031,1053]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066163794EFDA7FBA7" box="[328,512,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron altum</emphasis>
(Brause) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0662EB794EFC22FBA6" ID-CoL="4K9RJ" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[704,901,1031,1053]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angiense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662EB794EFC8EFBA7" box="[704,809,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. angiense</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663BB794EFE8FFB86" ID-CoL="8RTZH" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angusticaudatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663BB794EFBEDFBA7" box="[912,1098,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. angusticaudatum</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066110796EFDCDFB86" ID-CoL="4K9RK" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[315,618,1063,1085]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="archboldiae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066110796EFE1AFB87" box="[315,445,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. archboldiae</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066254796EFC0BFB86" ID-CoL="8R6YJ" authority="(Brack.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brack." box="[639,940,1063,1085]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amphineuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="attenuatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066254796EFD58FB87" box="[639,767,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. attenuatum</emphasis>
(Brack.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663EB796EFB60FB86" ID-CoL="4K9RN" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[960,1223,1063,1085]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="belense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663EB796EFBBEFB87" box="[960,1049,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. belense</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664FB796EFE30FBE6" ID-CoL="4K9RP" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bipinnatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664FB796EFF42FBE7" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. bipinnatum</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066189790EFCCFFBE6" ID-CoL="8RTYB" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[418,872,1095,1117]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066189790EFDB0FBE7" box="[418,535,1095,1116]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. caudatum</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663AF790EFB61FBE6" ID-CoL="4K9RQ" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[900,1222,1095,1117]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costulisorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663AF790EFBB4FBE7" box="[900,1043,1095,1116]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. costulisorum</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664FB790EFED4FBC6" ID-CoL="4K9RR" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664FB790EFF62FBC7" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. crassum</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066156792EFD83FBC6" ID-CoL="4K9RS" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[381,548,1127,1149]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="croftii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066156792EFE6EFBC7" box="[381,457,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. croftii</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066205792EFCAAFBC6" ID-CoL="77QCK" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[558,781,1127,1149]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cystodioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066205792EFD15FBC7" box="[558,690,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. cystodioides</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06633C792EFB60FBC6" ID-CoL="8RDD3" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[791,1223,1127,1149]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deficiens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06633C792EFCDAFBC7" box="[791,893,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. deficiens</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664FB792EFEB9FB26" ID-CoL="4K9RV" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="doctersii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664FB792EFF60FB27" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. doctersii</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06610D79CEFE62FB26" ID-CoL="4K9RW" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[294,453,1159,1181]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dryas">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06610D79CEFEC9FB27" box="[294,366,1159,1180]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.dryas</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661E679CEFCB8FB26" ID-CoL="4K9RX" authority="(Brause) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brause" box="[461,799,1159,1181]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dryopteroideum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661E679CEFDD4FB27" box="[461,627,1159,1180]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. dryopteroideum</emphasis>
(Brause) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06630D79CEFB18FB26" ID-CoL="8RTWV" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[806,1215,1159,1181]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excisum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06630D79CEFC22FB27" box="[806,901,1159,1180]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.excisum</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc.&amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664FB79CEFE1FFB06" ID-CoL="4K9RY" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="falcatipinnulum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664FB79CEFEADFB07" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. falcatipinnulum</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661E879EEFCD7FB06" ID-CoL="8RFDX" authority="(Brause) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Brause" box="[451,880,1191,1213]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="finisterrae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661E879EEFD90FB07" box="[451,567,1191,1212]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. finisterrae</emphasis>
(Brause) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06635279EEFB80FB06" ID-CoL="4K9RZ" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[889,1063,1191,1213]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuchsii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06635279EEFC6AFB07" box="[889,973,1191,1212]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. fuchsii</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06641979EEFF6AFB66" ID-CoL="4K9S2" authority="(Brause) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brause" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06641979EEFB2EFB07" box="[1074,1161,1191,1212]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. fulgens</emphasis>
(Brause) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660CB798EFE51FB66" ID-CoL="4K9S3" authority="(Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[224,502,1223,1245]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hopeanum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660CB798EFEF3FB67" box="[224,340,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. hopeanum</emphasis>
(Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA49B0662287981FDE0FB66" box="[515,583,1224,1245]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662287981FDE0FB66" bold="true" box="[515,583,1224,1245]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Fig. 6A</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
); *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06624E798EFB84FB66" ID-CoL="8RTVM" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[613,1059,1223,1245]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbricatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06624E798EFD41FB67" box="[613,742,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. imbricatum</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA49B0664047981FBCAFB66" box="[1071,1133,1224,1245]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664047981FBCAFB66" bold="true" box="[1071,1133,1224,1245]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Fig. 2I</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
); *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664A1798EFE51FB46" ID-CoL="8RTVR" authority="(Rosenst.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keysserianum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664A1798EFF1AFB47" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.keysserianum</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R.Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661D779AEFD79FB46" ID-CoL="4K9S5" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[508,734,1255,1277]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kostermansii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661D779AEFD20FB47" box="[508,647,1255,1276]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. kostermansii</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0662CD79AEFC1EFB46" ID-CoL="4K9S6" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[742,953,1255,1277]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kundipense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662CD79AEFCC6FB47" box="[742,865,1255,1276]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.kundipense</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663EB79AEFEFFFAA6" ID-CoL="8RTW2" authority="(J. Sm. ex C. Presl) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="C. Presl" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ligulatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663EB79AEFB8AFB47" box="[960,1069,1255,1276]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.ligulatum</emphasis>
(J. Sm. ex C. Presl) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066147784EFDFAFAA6" ID-CoL="4K9S8" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[364,605,1287,1309]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marquesicum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066147784EFDA7FAA7" box="[364,512,1287,1308]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. marquesicum</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06624C784EFBC4FAA6" ID-CoL="8RDDQ" authority="(W. N. Takeuchi) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="W. N. Takeuchi" box="[615,1123,1287,1309]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="medlerae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06624C784EFD74FAA7" box="[615,723,1287,1308]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. medlerae</emphasis>
(W.N. Takeuchi) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066446784EFF6AFA86" ID-CoL="4K9S9" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="medusella">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066446784EFB46FAA7" box="[1133,1249,1287,1308]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. medusella</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660FF786EFDD5FA86" ID-CoL="8RV2V" authority="(Gilli) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Gilli" box="[212,626,1319,1341]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mingendense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660FF786EFEF9FA87" box="[212,350,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.mingendense</emphasis>
(Gilli) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066253786EFCE1FA87" ID-CoL="8RV2L" authority="M. Kato" authorityName="M. Kato" box="[632,838,1319,1340]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="murkelense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066253786EFD53FA87" box="[632,756,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.murkelense</emphasis>
M. Kato
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066366786EFBDCFA86" ID-CoL="4K9SB" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[845,1147,1319,1341]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myriosorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066366786EFC75FA87" box="[845,978,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.myriosorum</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664A8786EFE85FAE6" ID-CoL="4K9SC" authority="(Brause) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brause" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="notabile">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664A8786EFB46FA87" box="[1155,1249,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.notabile</emphasis>
(Brause) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066102780EFD68FAE6" ID-CoL="8RTXT" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[297,719,1351,1373]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obliquum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066102780EFE33FAE7" box="[297,404,1351,1372]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. obliquum</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc.&amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0662FD780EFC7DFAE6" ID-CoL="4K9SD" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[726,986,1351,1373]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ophiura">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662FD780EFC96FAE7" box="[726,817,1351,1372]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.ophiura</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663C9780EFF6AFAC6" ID-CoL="6VQCJ" authority="(Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Baker" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phanerophlebium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663C9780EFB32FAE7" box="[994,1173,1351,1372]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.phanerophlebium</emphasis>
(Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660FE782EFE0CFAC6" ID-CoL="4K9SF" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[213,427,1382,1405]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platylobum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660FE782EFEF5FAC0" box="[213,338,1382,1404]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. platylobum</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066195782EFD5CFAC6" ID-CoL="4K9SG" authority="(Hosok.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Hosok." box="[446,763,1383,1405]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponapeanum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066195782EFDEEFAC7" box="[446,585,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. ponapeanum</emphasis>
(Hosok.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066325782EFB94FAC6" ID-CoL="4K9SH" authority="(Carruth.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Carruth." box="[782,1075,1383,1405]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prenticei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066325782EFCD4FAC7" box="[782,883,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.prenticei</emphasis>
(Carruth.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066417782EFB79FAC6" ID-CoL="4K9SJ" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[1084,1246,1382,1405]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pullei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066417782EFB22FAC0" box="[1084,1157,1382,1404]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.pullei</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06605278CEFE77FA26" ID-CoL="4K9SK" authority="(Alderw.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Alderw." box="[121,464,1414,1437]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadriquetrum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06605278CEFEBEFA20" box="[121,281,1414,1436]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. quadriquetrum</emphasis>
(Alderw.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661F378CEFCE6FA26" ID-CoL="8RDF9" authority="(Copel.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[472,833,1415,1437]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661F378CEFDBFFA27" box="[472,536,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.regis</emphasis>
(Copel.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06636378CEFB87FA26" ID-CoL="4K9SL" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[840,1056,1414,1437]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidilobum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06636378CEFC60FA20" box="[840,967,1414,1436]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. rigidilobum</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06640378CFFF69FA06" ID-CoL="4K9SM" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="royenii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06640378CFFB46FA27" box="[1064,1249,1414,1436]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron royenii</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660FC78EEFE2DFA06" ID-CoL="4K9SN" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[215,394,1446,1469]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sandsii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660FC78EEFE88FA00" box="[215,303,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. sandsii</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661B578EEFD11FA06" ID-CoL="4K9SP" authority="(Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[414,694,1447,1469]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="savaiense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661B578EEFDABFA07" box="[414,524,1447,1468]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. savaiense</emphasis>
(Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06629478EEFCDEFA07" ID-CoL="CK4R" authority="M. Kato" authorityName="M. Kato" box="[703,889,1446,1468]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06629478EEFC85FA00" box="[703,802,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. saxicola</emphasis>
M. Kato
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663A878EEFB60FA06" ID-CoL="4K9SR" authority="(Alston) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Alston" box="[899,1223,1446,1469]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="septempedale">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663A878EEFBB2FA00" box="[899,1045,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. septempedale</emphasis>
(Alston) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664FB78EEFEB0FA66" ID-CoL="4K9SS" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenura">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664FB78EEFF1AFA67" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. stenura</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066100788EFDAFFA66" ID-CoL="4K9ST" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[299,520,1478,1501]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subglabrum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066100788EFE09FA60" box="[299,430,1478,1500]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. subglabrum</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B066239788EFD5CFA66" ID-CoL="6W2CJ" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[530,763,1478,1501]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subterminale">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B066239788EFD06FA60" box="[530,673,1478,1500]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. subterminale</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06633D788EFC7EFA66" ID-CoL="4K9SV" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[790,985,1478,1501]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tahitense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06633D788EFCD8FA60" box="[790,895,1478,1500]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. tahitense</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663C8788EFB1BFA66" ID-CoL="4K9SW" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[995,1212,1478,1501]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="translucens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663C8788EFBC5FA60" box="[995,1122,1478,1500]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. translucens</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664FB788EFE2CFA46" ID-CoL="46ZWZ" authority="(Ces.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Ces." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Nephrodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664FB788EFF53FA40" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. tuberculatum</emphasis>
(Ces.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661BF78AEFD7DFA46" ID-CoL="4K9SY" authority="(C. Chr.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[404,730,1511,1533]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varievestitum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661BF78AEFD81FA47" box="[404,550,1511,1532]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. varievestitum</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0662C878AEFB24FA46" ID-CoL="8RDFN" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[739,1155,1510,1533]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662C878AEFC99FA40" box="[739,830,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. walkeri</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664A078AEFEF5F9A6" ID-CoL="4K9SZ" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wantotense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664A078AEFF0FF9A7" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. wantotense</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661717B4EFDCBF9A6" ID-CoL="4K9T2" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[346,620,1543,1565]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wariense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661717B4EFE66F9A7" box="[346,449,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P. wariense</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06625F7B4EFC08F9A6" ID-CoL="4K9T3" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[628,943,1542,1565]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="woodlarkense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06625F7B4EFCA1F9A0" box="[628,774,1542,1564]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">P.woodlarkense</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA49B0660827B6EFB62F927" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA49B0660827B6EFB62F927" blockId="77.[121,1252,1031,1693]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660827B6EFE83F980" box="[169,292,1574,1596]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06616B7B6EFD65F986" authority="(Christ) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Christ" box="[320,706,1574,1597]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koordersii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06616B7B6EFDBEF980" box="[320,537,1574,1596]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Trigonospora koordersii</emphasis>
(Christ) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
was initially included in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663997B6FFEA9F9E6" authority="(Holttum 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioneuron">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663997B6FFB88F980" box="[946,1071,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664407B6FFB47F980" box="[1131,1248,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA49B0660547B01FEA0F9E6" author="Holttum" box="[127,263,1608,1629]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but later
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA49B0661417B01FDAFF9E6" author="Holttum" box="[362,520,1608,1629]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Reinwardtia" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" pagination="503 - 507" part="8" refId="ref109633" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 c. The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 8: 503 - 507." title="The genus Trigonospora (Thelypteridaceae) in Malesia" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="c">Holttum (1974c)</bibRefCitation>
decided that this taxon shared a close resemblance to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664227B0EFB7CF9E0" box="[1033,1243,1606,1628]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664227B0EFB7CF9E0" box="[1033,1243,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Trigonospora calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This plant is known only from the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA49B0661E97B2EFE4AF9C7" box="[450,493,1639,1660]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
collection (L, image!), and it is unclear whether that specimen may yield spores that could verify its placement in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06619D7BCEFD89F927" box="[438,558,1671,1692]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Trigonospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06619D7BCEFD89F927" box="[438,558,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Trigonospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At the present time, we cannot rule out its placement in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0664617BCFFB18F920" box="[1098,1215,1670,1691]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0664617BCFFB18F920" box="[1098,1215,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660527C81FD19FE66" ID-CoL="8RTYB" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[121,702,455,477]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660527C81FEC9FE67" bold="true" box="[121,366,455,477]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron caudatum</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA49B0662EC7C8EFC91FE67" box="[711,822,455,476]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA49B06631D7C82FD98FE4C" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA49B06631D7C82FD98FE4C" blockId="77.[121,1251,364,1010]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA49B0663627C83FF79FE4C" author="Holttum" journal="Blumea" page="133" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" score="3.24319811522761" volume="13" year="1965">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663627C83FB02FE67" ID-CoL="8RDNF" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[841,1189,458,476]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663627C83FBBDFE60" box="[841,1050,458,475]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Pseudocyclosorus caudatus</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
</taxonomicName>
13:133. 1965
</treatmentCitation>
.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660DE7CACFE0EFE4D" box="[245,425,485,502]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Pneumatopteris caudata</emphasis>
(Holttum) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
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57
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660527CB4FD3CFDA9" ID-CoL="8RTWF" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[121,667,508,530]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deficiens" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660527CB4FEFAFDA9" bold="true" box="[121,349,509,530]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron deficiens</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA49B0662897CB5FCAAFDAA" box="[674,781,508,529]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA49B0663267F49FB6FFDAA" box="[781,1224,512,529]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA49B0663267F49FB6FFDAA" blockId="77.[121,1251,364,1010]" box="[781,1224,512,529]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA49B06630B7F49FB63FDAA" author="Holttum" box="[800,1220,512,529]" journal="Blumea" page="321" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" score="3.24319811522761" volume="21" year="1973">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B06630B7F49FBC7FDAA" ID-CoL="8RDD3" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[800,1120,512,529]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deficiens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B06630B7F49FC7DFDAA" box="[800,986,512,529]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Pneumatopteris deficiens</emphasis>
Holttum,Blumea
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21:321.1973
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.
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—
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFA49B0660527FF1FCEBFD77" box="[121,844,695,717]" level="2" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
*
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0660AF7FF1FD7DFD76" ID-CoL="8RTVR" authority="(Rosenst.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[132,730,695,717]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keysserianum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0660AF7FF1FE3BFD76" bold="true" box="[132,412,696,717]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Plesioneuron keysserianum</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662CA7FFEFCEBFD77" bold="true" box="[737,844,695,716]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA49B0662CA7FFEFCEBFD77" box="[737,844,695,716]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA49B0663677FF2FBE2FD5C" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA49B0663677FF2FBE2FD5C" blockId="77.[121,1251,364,1010]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">
—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA49B0663747FF2FECCFD5C" author="Rosenst." journal="Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg." page="333" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" score="1.0992452832713058" volume="10" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0663747FF2FB37FD70" authority="Rosenst., Repert." authorityName="Rosenst., Repert." box="[863,1168,698,715]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keysseriana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0663747FF2FBACFD70" box="[863,1035,698,715]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Dryopteris keysseriana</emphasis>
Rosenst., Repert.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFA49B0664B97FF2FB45FD70" box="[1170,1250,699,716]" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" rank="species">Spec. Nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Regni Veg.10:333.1912
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0661A97F9CFD40FD5C" ID-CoL="8RDDF" authority="(Rosenst.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[386,743,725,743]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keysseriana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0661A97F9CFDF4FD5D" box="[386,595,725,742]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Pneumatopteris keysseriana</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA49B0662D17F9CFBE2FD5C" ID-CoL="8RFGF" authority="(Rosenst.) C. F. Reed" authorityName="C. F. Reed" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[762,1093,725,743]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keysseriana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA49B0662D17F9CFC0EFD5D" box="[762,937,725,742]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="67">Thelypteris keysseriana</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) C.F.Reed
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFA89B0A62737CD6FCA6FE02" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[600,769,415,441]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A62737CD6FCA6FE02" ID-CoL="5P48" box="[600,769,415,441]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A62737CD6FCA6FE02" bold="true" box="[600,769,415,441]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">MENISORUS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B0A60527C81FDD6FE66" box="[121,625,455,477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A60527C81FDD6FE66" blockId="65.[121,1219,415,477]" box="[121,625,455,477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFA89B0A60527C81FDCAFE66" author="Menisorus Alston" box="[121,621,455,477]" journal="Bol. Soc. Brot." page="20" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" score="0.5141819683696851" volume="30" year="1956">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A60527C81FE1EFE67" ID-CoL="5P48" authority="Alston, Bol. Soc. Brot." box="[121,441,455,477]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60527C81FF42FE66" bold="true" box="[121,229,456,477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus</emphasis>
Alston, Bol. Soc. Brot.
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, sér. 2, 30:20. 1956
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A625B7C82FB64FE67" blockId="65.[121,1219,415,477]" box="[624,1219,458,476]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFA89B0A62AA7C82FD06FE60" box="[641,673,459,475]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFA89B0A62AA7C82FD06FE60" box="[641,673,459,475]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A62827C82FC63FE67" ID-CoL="72ZTP" authority="(Hook.) Alston" authorityName="Alston" baseAuthorityName="Hook." box="[681,964,458,476]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A62827C82FCF7FE60" box="[681,848,458,475]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus pauciflorus</emphasis>
(Hook.) Alston
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63F07C82FB67FE67" ID-CoL="3ZQR4" authority="Hook." authorityName="Hook." box="[987,1216,458,476]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63F07C82FB2CFE60" box="[987,1163,458,475]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Meniscium pauciflorum</emphasis>
Hook.
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B0A60B27CB9FE54FDBA" box="[153,499,496,513]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A60B27CB9FE54FDBA" blockId="65.[153,499,496,513]" box="[153,499,496,513]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
For complete synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A615B7CB9FE49FDBA" author="Holttum" box="[368,494,496,513]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B0A60527F5EFE76FDF7" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A60527F5EFE76FDF7" blockId="65.[121,1251,535,1804]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60527F5EFF5FFD97" box="[121,248,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A61367F5EFEEAFD97" box="[285,333,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">mene</emphasis>
, moon +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A61817F5EFE7CFD97" box="[426,475,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">sorus</emphasis>
, sorus, in reference to the crescent-moon-shaped, or lunulate, sori on the crossveins, similar to those of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A614D7F7EFE76FDF7" box="[358,465,567,588]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A614D7F7EFE6AFDF7" box="[358,461,567,588]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Meniscium</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B0A60827F11FE3EFC56" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A60827F11FE3EFC56" blockId="65.[121,1251,535,1804]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
Plants small to medium-sized, terrestrial, rheophytes of rocky streambeds in lowland tropical forests, or forest understory plants to ~
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA89B0A61607F31FECFFD36" box="[331,360,632,653]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
tall;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A61BE7F31FE54FD36" bold="true" box="[405,499,632,653]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">rhizomes</emphasis>
erect, ascending, or short-creeping (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63677F3EFC7AFD37" box="[844,989,631,652]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blastophorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63677F3EFC7AFD37" box="[844,989,631,652]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M.blastophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), rhizome scales caducous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60527FD1FF1BFD16" bold="true" box="[121,188,664,685]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, ascending or arching, pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A636F7FD1FCD8FD16" bold="true" box="[836,895,664,685]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">stipes</emphasis>
stramineous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A642F7FD1FBD0FD17" bold="true" box="[1028,1143,663,685]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">stipe scales</emphasis>
appressed, sparse, glabrous, brown, ovate-deltate, to slightly elongate, apparently caducous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63557FFEFC67FD77" bold="true" box="[894,960,695,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">blades</emphasis>
drying dark, sometimes grayish white abaxially in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A617B7F9EFE71FD57" box="[336,470,727,748]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A617B7F9EFE71FD57" box="[336,470,727,748]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M. pauciflorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, proximal pinnae not or little-reduced, apex conform to subconform, frequently with proliferous buds, or persistent plantlets arising from distal rachis, just below frond apex;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A64327FB1FBC7FCB6" bold="true" box="[1049,1120,760,781]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">pinnae</emphasis>
with crenate margins, obliquely dentate or shallowly lobed, bases truncate to narrowly cuneate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A639B7E51FC41FC96" bold="true" box="[944,998,792,813]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">veins</emphasis>
with one to several pairs anastomosing, these forming a zig-zag excurrent vein to sinus, with subsequent veins running along deep sinusmembrane;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60C07E1EFEFBFCD7" bold="true" box="[235,348,855,876]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">aerophores</emphasis>
absent (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A61867E1EFD97FCD7" box="[429,560,855,876]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A61867E1EFD97FCD7" box="[429,560,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M. pauciflorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or elongate (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A629E7E1EFCADFCD7" box="[693,778,855,876]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A629E7E1EFCADFCD7" box="[693,778,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M. unitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63357E11FBD2FCD6" bold="true" box="[798,1141,855,877]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">indument abaxially and adaxially</emphasis>
essentially lacking, or of short, erect hairs restricted to axes and occasional small scales on costae abaxially;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A64227E3EFBC7FC37" bold="true" box="[1033,1120,887,908]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">pustules</emphasis>
present in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A64E37E3EFF15FC17" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A64E37E3EFF15FC17" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M. unitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60977ED1FF43FC16" bold="true" box="[188,228,920,941]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">sori</emphasis>
exindusiate, round to elongate, discrete or confluent along arching cross-veins (meniscioid sori);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A64507ED1FB47FC16" bold="true" box="[1147,1248,920,941]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">sporangia</emphasis>
glabrous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60FD7EFEFEBFFC77" bold="true" box="[214,280,951,972]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">spores</emphasis>
papillose or winged (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A61CC7EF1FDDDFC76" author="Holttum" box="[487,634,952,973]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum 1974a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A62AF7EFEFCD7FC76" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[644,880,951,973]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63AB7EFEFC2DFC77" box="[896,906,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">x</emphasis>
=36, diploid, based on a count of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A64E37EFEFF15FC57" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unitus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A64E37EFEFF15FC57" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M. unitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. No hybrids are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B0A60827EBEFE86FBD6" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A60827EBEFE86FBD6" blockId="65.[121,1251,535,1804]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60827EBEFEA1FBB7" box="[169,262,1015,1036]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A610F7EBEFE21FBB7" box="[292,390,1015,1036]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A610F7EBEFE21FBB7" box="[292,390,1015,1036]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be recognized by the combination of exindusiate sori, at least some of which are elongate along veins, and subapical proliferous buds. It shares these characteristics with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63EB795FFB2CFB90" box="[960,1163,1046,1067]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63EB795FFB2CFB90" box="[960,1163,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Ampelopteris prolifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but that monotypic genus may be distinguished by its forked hairs, indeterminate growth of frond apices, and stipitate glands on sporangial stalks.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B0A6082793FFE79FA96" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A6082793FFE79FA96" blockId="65.[121,1251,535,1804]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A6082793FFDBFFB30" box="[169,536,1142,1163]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
Biogeography and ecology.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A619C793FFDBFFB30" box="[439,536,1142,1163]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Menisorus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is the only genus within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63397931FC1EFB36" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[786,953,1144,1165]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
that is restricted to Africa. Its three constituent species are widespread in lowland and montane equatorial forests, up to about
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA89B0A641879D1FB26FB17" box="[1075,1153,1175,1197]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
, reaching
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA89B0A605279F1FF4BFB76" box="[121,236,1208,1229]" name="Madagascar" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA89B0A611579F1FE3EFB76" box="[318,409,1208,1229]" name="Comoros" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Comoros</collectingCountry>
, and the Atlantic island of Bioko.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A62F279FEFC01FB70" box="[729,934,1206,1228]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A62F279FEFC01FB70" box="[729,934,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus pauciflorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite distinctive and bears the narrow elongate pinnae with oblique costules characteristic of some other rheophytic, but distantly related, thelypteroids (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A613379BFFDE1FAB7" box="[280,582,1270,1292]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cataractorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A613379BFFDE1FAB7" box="[280,582,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Sphaerostephanos cataractorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A627879BEFCBEFAB0" box="[595,793,1270,1292]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisciopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boydiae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A627879BEFCBEFAB0" box="[595,793,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisciopsis boydiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA89B0A630D79B1FCCAFAB7" box="[806,877,1271,1293]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[121,129,1777,1797]" captionTargetBox="[129,1238,164,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-51@25.[125,1239,162,1735]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG.5.A.Menisciopsiscyatheoides,Takeuchi1719 (UC),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.M.boydiae,Baldwin116 (US),habit.C.Menisciopsisrubrinervis,Fawcett716 (VT), pinna,abaxial view.Abacopteris aspera,James 1693 (VT).D. pinna.E.pinna,abaxial view." pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A630D79B1FCCAFAB7" bold="true" box="[806,877,1271,1293]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Fig. 5B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
); its typical habitat is rocky, forested streambeds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A60D97851FE73FA96" author="Lovett &amp; Thomas" box="[242,468,1304,1325]" firstAuthor="Lovett" journalOrPublisher="Fern Gaz." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="103 - 107" part="13" refId="ref111489" refString="LOVETT, J. C. &amp; D. W. THOMAS. 1986. The ecology of pteridophytes in the Mwanihana Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Fern Gaz. 13: 103 - 107." title="The ecology of pteridophytes in the Mwanihana Forest Reserve, Tanzania" type="journal article" year="1986">Lovett &amp; Thomas 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA89B096082787EFC6CFF4C" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0A6082787EFEA9F9D7" blockId="65.[121,1251,535,1804]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A6082787EFDDFFAF0" box="[169,632,1334,1356]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A623E787FFDDFFAF0" box="[533,632,1334,1355]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Menisorus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, segregated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A633B7871FC30FAF6" author="ALSTON, A. H. G." box="[784,919,1336,1357]" journalOrPublisher="Bol. Soc. Brot." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="5 - 27" part="30" refId="ref106334" refString="ALSTON, A. H. G. 1956. New African ferns. Bol. Soc. Brot., ser. 2, 30: 5 - 27." title="New African ferns" type="journal article" year="1956">Alston (1956)</bibRefCitation>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63F8787EFB9FFAF7" box="[979,1080,1335,1356]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63F8787EFB9FFAF7" box="[979,1080,1335,1356]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Meniscium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was treated as a monotypic genus based solely on the highly distinctive
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A62A3781EFCABFAD0" box="[648,780,1366,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A62A3781EFCABFAD0" box="[648,780,1366,1388]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">M. pauciflorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Until recently (Fawcett et al. in press)
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A64AB781EFB47FAD7" box="[1152,1248,1367,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A64AB781EFB47FAD7" box="[1152,1248,1367,1388]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remained one of only two of 337 genera of ferns (as recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A63237831FCD0FA36" author="PPG I" box="[776,887,1399,1421]" firstAuthor="PPG I" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="563 - 603" part="54" refId="ref112966" refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603." title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2016">
PPG
<date id="FFA01020FFA89B0A6312783EFCD0FA36" box="[825,887,1399,1421]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" value="2016-01">I 2016</date>
</bibRefCitation>
) yet to be included in a phylogenetic study—the last is
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A610278DFFE02FA10" box="[297,421,1430,1451]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Thysanosoria</emphasis>
(Lomariopsidaceae) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A625378DEFCBDFA17" author="Chen" box="[632,794,1431,1452]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="J. Pl. Res." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="67 - 76" part="131" refId="ref107256" refString="CHEN, C. W., C. J. ROTHFELS, A. M. A. MUSTAPENG, M. GUBILIL, D. N. KARGER, M. KESSLER, &amp; Y. M. HUANG. 2018. End of an enigma: Aenigmopteris belongs in Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiopsida). J. Pl. Res. 131: 67 - 76." title="End of an enigma: Aenigmopteris belongs in Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiopsida)" type="journal article" year="2018">Chen et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Based on molecular evidence,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A646478DEFEF5FA77" authority="(Kunze) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unita">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A646478DEFF0EFA77" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Pneumatopteris unita</emphasis>
(Kunze) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A619178FEFD2AFA70" box="[442,653,1462,1484]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A619178FEFD2EFA70" box="[442,649,1462,1484]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">Menisorus pauciflorus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the two are well-supported on a long branch with no close relatives; therefore, we treat them as congeners. Based on morphological similarity, we expand
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63D8789EFBF4FA57" box="[1011,1107,1495,1516]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63D8789EFBF4FA57" box="[1011,1107,1495,1516]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to also include
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A605278BEFEB4F9B0" box="[121,275,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A605278BEFEA8F9B0" box="[121,271,1526,1548]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blastophorus">M. blastophorus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
recognizing the genus to include three species. The phylogenetic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63C178BEFBEDF9B7" box="[1002,1098,1527,1548]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63C178BEFBEDF9B7" box="[1002,1098,1527,1548]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is along a grade of cyclosoroid genera, after the divergence of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A626D7B5FFD25F990" box="[582,642,1558,1579]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A626D7B5FFD25F990" box="[582,642,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a monotypic genus endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA89B0A63E77B5EFBF5F997" box="[972,1106,1559,1580]" name="New Zealand" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA89B0A64AE7B5EFB46F997" box="[1157,1249,1559,1580]" name="Australia" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Australia</collectingCountry>
(described herein) and before the divergence of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A621D7B7FFD16F9F0" box="[566,689,1590,1611]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A621D7B7FFD16F9F0" box="[566,689,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Pelazoneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a New World genus of 16 species (elevated to generic status herein) (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA89B0A60E07B1EFEA7F9D7" box="[203,256,1623,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60E07B1EFEA7F9D7" bold="true" box="[203,256,1623,1644]" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA89B0960827B3EFC6CFF4C" blockId="65.[121,1251,535,1804]" lastBlockId="66.[97,1225,161,247]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60827B3EFF7BF937" box="[169,220,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Notes</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A60DC7B3EFE3AF937" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[247,413,1655,1676]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
is represented in Africa by only about 55 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A63507B3EFBA9F937" author="Holttum" box="[891,1038,1655,1676]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum 1974a</bibRefCitation>
), far fewer than in the Neotropics or southeastern Asia; however, these species represent more than a dozen
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63817BDEFC45F917" box="[938,994,1687,1708]" genus="The" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
lineages within the family (Fawcett et al. in press), a pattern that may have been greatly accentuated by recent extinctions (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0A64397BFEFB70F977" author="ALDASORO, J. J. &amp; F. CABEZAS &amp; C. AEDO" box="[1042,1239,1719,1740]" journalOrPublisher="J. Biogeogr" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="1579 - 1604" part="31" refId="ref106179" refString="ALDASORO, J. J., F. CABEZAS, &amp; C. AEDO. 2004. Diversity and distribution of ferns in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and some islands of the South Atlantic. J. Biogeogr. 31: 1579 - 1604." title="Diversity and distribution of ferns in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and some islands of the South Atlantic" type="journal article" year="2004">Aldasoro et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A60CB7B9EFDA2F957" authority="sensu Holttum" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[224,517,1751,1772]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A60CB7B9EFED6F957" box="[224,369,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
sensu Holttum
</taxonomicName>
has proven to be the most polyphyletic of his taxonomic concepts, resolving in 10 distinct lineages (see
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A615E7BBEFDA1F8B7" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[373,518,1783,1804]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A615E7BBEFDA1F8B7" box="[373,518,1783,1804]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for further discussion). African species treated in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA89B0A63F57BBEFBC8F8B7" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[990,1135,1783,1804]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA89B0A63F57BBEFBC8F8B7" box="[990,1135,1783,1804]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="55">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA89B0964A47BBEFF0EFF0C" author="Holttum" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="65" pageNumber="55" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
resolve in clades corresponding to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09622A7DE8FC55FF0D" box="[513,1010,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09622A7DE8FDD6FF0D" box="[513,625,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Abacopteris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962527DE8FD71FF0D" box="[633,726,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Christella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962CB7DEBFCE5FF0C" box="[736,834,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Menisorus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0963677DE8FC49FF0D" box="[844,1006,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudocyclosorus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
or
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0964397DE8FB2EFF0D" box="[1042,1161,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0964397DE8FB22FF0D" box="[1042,1157,161,182]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Reholttumia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
While we have made new combinations for some of these, we remain uncertain about the placement of others, pending further study, and we treat two species which may have close affinities to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962E57DABFC89FF4C" box="[718,814,226,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962E57DABFC89FF4C" box="[718,814,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0963607DABFC62FF4D" box="[843,965,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">incertae sedis</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="C9E2EBB808DD5FC2ED76441D0D36B848">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B0862797916FCAFFBC2" box="[594,776,1119,1145]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B0862797916FCAFFBC2" blockId="67.[121,1210,1119,1181]" box="[594,776,1119,1145]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFAA9B0862797916FCAFFBC2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[594,776,1119,1145]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862797916FCAFFBC2" ID-CoL="5PXL" box="[594,776,1119,1145]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862797916FCAFFBC2" bold="true" box="[594,776,1119,1145]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">MESOPTERIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B08605279C1FDC6FB26" box="[121,609,1160,1181]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B08605279C1FDC6FB26" blockId="67.[121,1210,1119,1181]" box="[121,609,1160,1181]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAA9B08605279C1FDF9FB26" author="Mesopteris Ching" box="[121,606,1160,1181]" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="22" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" score="3.863100345872848" volume="16" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08605279C1FE4CFB26" ID-CoL="5PXL" authority="Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin." authorityName="Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin." box="[121,491,1160,1181]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08605279C1FF4EFB26" bold="true" box="[121,233,1160,1181]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesopteris</emphasis>
Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
</taxonomicName>
16:22. 1978
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B08624B79C2FB1DFB27" box="[608,1210,1162,1180]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B08624B79C2FB1DFB27" blockId="67.[121,1210,1119,1181]" box="[608,1210,1162,1180]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAA9B08625979C2FD36FB20" box="[626,657,1163,1179]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAA9B08625979C2FD36FB20" box="[626,657,1163,1179]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862B179C2FC1BFB27" ID-CoL="425ML" authority="(C. Chr.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[666,956,1162,1180]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862B179C2FCE5FB20" box="[666,834,1162,1179]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesopteris tonkinensis</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) Ching
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863F979C2FB10FB27" authority="C. Chr." authorityName="C. Chr." box="[978,1207,1162,1180]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863F979C2FBDEFB20" box="[978,1145,1162,1179]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Dryopteris tonkinensis</emphasis>
C.Chr.
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B0860B279F9FD73FB7A" box="[153,724,1200,1217]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B0860B279F9FD73FB7A" blockId="67.[153,724,1200,1217]" box="[153,724,1200,1217]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
For additional synonymy, see Wang et al.(2015) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B08620E79F9FD3BFB7A" author="Holttum" box="[549,668,1200,1217]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="205 - 218" part="23" refId="ref109854" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum. Blumea 23: 205 - 218." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1977a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B08628879F9FD6DFB7A" author="Holttum" box="[675,714,1200,1217]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B086052799EFD63FA96" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B086052799EFD63FA96" blockId="67.[121,1250,1239,1805]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086052799EFF5EFB57" box="[121,249,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086135799EFEF3FB57" box="[286,340,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">mesos</emphasis>
, middle +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086194799EFE54FB57" box="[447,499,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">pteris</emphasis>
, fern.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAA9B0862187991FDE4FB56" box="[563,579,1240,1261]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
genus endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAA9B0862D77991FC9FFB56" box="[764,824,1240,1261]" name="China" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">China</collectingCountry>
and neighboring northern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAA9B08646F7991FB3DFB56" box="[1092,1178,1240,1261]" name="Vietnam" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B08648F7991FF10FAB6" author="Ching" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 19" part="16" refId="ref107554" refString="CHING, R. C. 1978. The Chinese fern families and genera: systematic arrangement and historical origin. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 1 - 19." title="The Chinese fern families and genera: systematic arrangement and historical origin" type="journal article" year="1978">Ching (1978)</bibRefCitation>
did not explicitly state why he chose
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08620C79BEFD2CFAB7" box="[551,651,1271,1292]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08620C79BEFD2CFAB7" box="[551,651,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the name of his new genus, but in Mandarin the name for
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAA9B0860527851FF12FA96" box="[121,181,1304,1325]" name="China" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">China</collectingCountry>
is
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAA9B0860E57851FE95FA96" box="[206,306,1303,1325]" name="China" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Zhōngguó</collectingCountry>
(中國/中国), in English, Middle Kingdom.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B0F60827871FDB6FEEC" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B0F60827871FDB6FEEC" blockId="67.[121,1250,1239,1805]" lastBlockId="68.[97,1226,162,1079]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
Plants terrestrial, medium-sized (to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAA9B0862017871FDF7FAF7" box="[554,592,1335,1357]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
tall), of lowland tropical forests or disturbed sites, or on limestone;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860527811FF7FFAD6" bold="true" box="[121,216,1368,1389]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">rhizomes</emphasis>
long-creeping (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08615E781EFE5BFAD7" box="[373,508,1367,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08615E781EFE5BFAD7" box="[373,508,1367,1388]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to erect (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08624E781EFC86FAD7" box="[613,801,1367,1388]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08624E781EFCBDFAD7" box="[613,794,1367,1388]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paraphysophora">M. paraphysophora</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863057811FCD5FAD6" bold="true" box="[814,882,1368,1389]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, arching to erect, pinnate-pinnatifid; stipes dull brown to castaneous, rarely stramineous;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863287831FCD2FA37" bold="true" box="[771,885,1399,1421]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">stipe scales</emphasis>
tan, glabrous, tortuous, linear-lanceolate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08608378DEFF4CFA17" bold="true" box="[168,235,1431,1452]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, often drying dark brown to reddish brown, darker adaxially and paler abaxially, apex conform to subconform, proximal pinnae not or little reduced, proliferous buds absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864B378F1FB46FA76" bold="true" box="[1176,1249,1464,1485]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">pinnae</emphasis>
short-petiolulate, with truncate to cuneate bases, proximal pinnae often narrowed towards their bases, not auriculate, margins dentate, with sinuses reaching ca. 1/3 towards costae, to deeply lobed to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAA9B08635878B1FC0CF9B7" box="[883,939,1527,1549]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
from costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08640D78B1FBFCF9B6" bold="true" box="[1062,1115,1528,1549]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">veins</emphasis>
often obscure adaxially except for swollen vein endings, free, connivent below sinus, or with one or more pairs anastomosing below it, veins terminating before reaching margins, or ending at margins, sinus membrane sometimes with tooth-like projection abaxially;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08612E7B1EFED1F9D7" bold="true" box="[261,374,1623,1644]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">aerophores</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861E97B11FD2FF9D6" bold="true" box="[450,648,1624,1645]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">indument abaxially</emphasis>
essentially lacking, or of short (&lt;0.1 mm) hyaline acicular hairs on axes and laminae, and/or of minute spherical or stipitate glands, primarily restricted to axes, or red to amber resinous glands, which may be spherical and sessile, or viscid, sometimes abundant on laminae, these most easily observed on fresh material and not always apparent on dried specimens;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862847BF1FCD2F976" bold="true" box="[687,885,1720,1741]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">indument adaxially</emphasis>
essentially lacking, or of minute (&lt;0.1 mm) hairs or minute colorless, golden brown glands primarily restricted to costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863BC7B9EFC49F957" bold="true" box="[919,1006,1751,1772]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">pustules</emphasis>
often present on laminar tissue abaxially;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08613D7BB1FE99F8B6" bold="true" box="[278,318,1784,1805]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">sori</emphasis>
round, discrete or confluent (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08627C7BBEFD6CF8B7" box="[599,715,1783,1804]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="attenuata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08627C7BBEFD6CF8B7" box="[599,715,1783,1804]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. attenuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), medial, distributed along length of segments or mostly towards segment base (never restricted to segment apices), exindusiate or with small indusia, which may be glabrous, or obscured by abundant resinous glands (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61CA7D8BFD76FF6C" box="[481,721,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61CA7D8BFDFEFF6C" box="[481,601,194,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="attenuata">M. attenuata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62497D8BFD76FF6C" box="[610,721,194,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ceramica">M. ceramica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62CE7D8BFCEDFF6C" bold="true" box="[741,842,194,215]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">sporangia</emphasis>
glabrous, or with glands on capsules or on stalks;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60E87DA8FEA2FF4D" bold="true" box="[195,261,225,246]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">spores</emphasis>
dark brown to black, with broad, non-reticulating crests;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63137DABFCE4FF4C" box="[824,835,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">x</emphasis>
= 38, based on a count of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F64697DABFB6EFF4D" box="[1090,1225,225,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F64697DABFB6EFF4D" box="[1090,1225,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">M. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided by Wang et al. 2015. This is an anomalous and unexpected number within the family and needs verification; nearly all members of the cyclosoroid clade (which includes the greatest diversity in the family) share the synapomorphy of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F608A7C0BFF0BFEEC" box="[161,172,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">x</emphasis>
= 36. No hybrids have been reported.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0F60BA7C2BFD0CFD8D" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0F60BA7C2BFD0CFD8D" blockId="68.[97,1226,162,1079]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60BA7C2BFE2BFECD" box="[145,396,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
Diagnosis.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61237C2BFECBFECC" box="[264,364,354,375]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Mesopteris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAD9B0F61597C28FE2BFECD" box="[370,396,353,374]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is distinguished from
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62497C28FCA8FECC" box="[610,783,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62497C28FD4AFECD" box="[610,749,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Amblovenatum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAD9B0F62D97C2BFCA8FECC" box="[754,783,354,375]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by indusia small, absent, or obscured by copious resinous glands (vs. indusia conspicuous, and persistent); presence of red to amber-colored translucent resinous glands (vs. opaque, sulfur-colored to pale glands); indument on axes essentially lacking, or of short (&lt;0.1 mm) stipitate-glandular and hyaline acicular hairs (vs. indument including long (0.5–
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAD9B0F63527C8BFC17FE6C" box="[889,944,450,471]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
) hyaline acicular hairs); and laminae drying bicolorous, dark, often reddish (vs. concolorous green to pale olivaceous).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F63CD7CABFBEAFE4C" box="[998,1101,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63CD7CABFBEAFE4C" box="[998,1101,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F604A7F48FF6DFDAD" box="[97,202,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Grypothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F604A7F48FF6DFDAD" box="[97,202,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Grypothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F60D27F4BFECAFDAC" box="[249,365,514,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisciopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60D27F4BFECAFDAC" box="[249,365,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Menisciopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having more deeply incised pinnae; it also lacks the stiff, thickened, sometimes spinelike scales often present on stipes in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61927F68FDA5FD8D" box="[441,514,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61927F68FDA5FD8D" box="[441,514,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Chingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62047F68FD0CFD8D" box="[559,683,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62047F68FD00FD8D" box="[559,679,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plesioneuron</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0F60BA7F08FDF5FD4C" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0F60BA7F08FDF5FD4C" blockId="68.[97,1226,162,1079]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60BA7F08FEDBFDED" box="[145,380,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Biogeography and ecology</emphasis>
.—The six species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F626E7F0BFD0FFDEC" box="[581,680,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F626E7F0BFD0FFDEC" box="[581,680,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, five treated in this genus here for the first time, occur in humid tropical forest to elevations of about
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAD9B0F62217F2BFDF1FDCC" box="[522,598,610,631]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
. In contrast to species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F63657F28FC7EFDCD" box="[846,985,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63657F28FC7EFDCD" box="[846,985,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAD9B0F63F47F2BFC5DFDCC" box="[991,1018,610,631]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63F47F2BFC52FDCC" box="[991,1013,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, several of which are extremely widespread,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F616C7FCBFE5DFD2C" box="[327,506,642,663]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F616C7FCBFE0AFD2C" box="[327,429,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
tend to occupy more limited distributional ranges. The
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAD9B0F64017FCBFBF1FD2C" box="[1066,1110,642,663]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F649B7FCBFF6FFD0D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F649B7FCBFF6FFD0D" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">M. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is restricted to the vicinity of the border area between
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F62FD7FEBFCB5FD0C" box="[726,786,674,695]" name="China" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">China</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F636B7FEBFC32FD0C" box="[832,917,674,695]" name="Vietnam" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, where it occurs along roadsides and on limestone (Wang et al. 2015). The remaining species are primarily Malesian, with limited distributional ranges, extending as far east as the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F61867FABFDE9FD4C" box="[429,590,738,759]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0F60BA7E4BFC28FB8C" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0F60BA7E4BFB9FFCCD" blockId="68.[97,1226,162,1079]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60BA7E4BFE7EFCAD" box="[145,473,769,791]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—All species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62577E4BFD47FCAC" box="[636,736,770,791]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62577E4BFD47FCAC" box="[636,736,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were treated in
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63577E48FC5EFCAD" box="[892,1017,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amphineuron</emphasis>
(=
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F643C7E48FB67FCAD" box="[1047,1216,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F643C7E48FB05FCAD" box="[1047,1186,769,790]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Amblovenatum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAD9B0F64837E48FB67FCAD" box="[1192,1216,769,790]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAD9B0F60557E6BFEBAFC8C" author="Holttum" box="[126,285,802,823]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" pagination="205 - 218" part="23" refId="ref109854" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum. Blumea 23: 205 - 218." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1977a)</bibRefCitation>
, a genus recognized by Ching but excluding
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62E67E68FCE9FC8D" box="[717,846,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62E67E68FCE9FC8D" box="[717,846,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">A. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he segregated in the monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F60B57E0BFEA5FCEC" box="[158,258,834,855]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60B57E0BFEA5FCEC" box="[158,258,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his classification of the ferns of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F627A7E0BFD2AFCEC" box="[593,653,834,855]" name="China" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">China</collectingCountry>
(1978). The Flora of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F637E7E0BFC36FCEC" box="[853,913,834,855]" name="China" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAD9B0F63B67E0BFB8EFCEC" author="Lin" box="[925,1065,834,855]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="68" pageNumber="58" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) followed
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAD9B0F64A77E0BFF38FCCC" author="Ching" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="68" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 19" part="16" refId="ref107554" refString="CHING, R. C. 1978. The Chinese fern families and genera: systematic arrangement and historical origin. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 1 - 19." title="The Chinese fern families and genera: systematic arrangement and historical origin" type="journal article" year="1978">Ching (1978)</bibRefCitation>
in recognizing
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61197E2BFE31FCCC" box="[306,406,866,887]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61197E2BFE31FCCC" box="[306,406,866,887]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as monotypic, but
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62627E28FD79FCCD" box="[585,734,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amphineuron s.l</emphasis>
. was subsumed under
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F639D7E28FB9FFCCD" box="[950,1080,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F639D7E28FBBEFCCD" box="[950,1049,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Cyclosorus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAD9B0F64357E28FB9FFCCD" box="[1054,1080,865,886]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0F60BB7ECBFC28FB8C" blockId="68.[97,1226,162,1079]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
The first molecular evidence that
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61FB7EC8FDEAFC2D" box="[464,589,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amphineuron</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAD9B0F62A67ECBFC82FC2C" author="Holttum" box="[653,805,898,919]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" pagination="205 - 218" part="23" refId="ref109854" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum. Blumea 23: 205 - 218." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae XII. The genus Amphineuron Holttum" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1977a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAD9B0F63067ECBFCFAFC2C" author="Holttum" box="[813,861,898,919]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
) was not monophyletic was published by He and Zhang (2012). This result was corroborated by subsequent analyses, which further infer a close phylogenetic relationship between a
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61607E8BFD82FC6D" box="[331,549,961,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61607E8BFD82FC6D" box="[331,549,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collection from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F62E07E8BFCAEFC6C" box="[715,777,962,983]" name="China" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">China</collectingCountry>
and specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F63EE7E8BFBDAFC6D" box="[965,1149,961,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paraphysophora">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63EE7E8BFBDAFC6D" box="[965,1149,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">M. paraphysophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F64847E8BFEA5FC4D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudostenobasis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F64847E8BFEA5FC4D" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">M. pseudostenobasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F61147EABFE31FC4C" box="[319,406,994,1015]" name="Malaysia" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAD9B0F61C47EABFD32FC4C" box="[495,661,994,1015]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
, respectively (Fawcett et al. in press). The three sampled species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F60EF794BFE8FFBAC" box="[196,296,1026,1047]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60EF794BFE8FFBAC" box="[196,296,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sister to a clade that includes the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62F07948FCE4FBAD" box="[731,835,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Grypothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62F07948FCE4FBAD" box="[731,835,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Grypothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F6364794BFC64FBAC" box="[847,963,1026,1047]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisciopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F6364794BFC64FBAC" box="[847,963,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Menisciopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F63E47948FBBFFBAD" box="[975,1048,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63E47948FBBFFBAD" box="[975,1048,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Chingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F64657948FB6DFBAD" box="[1102,1226,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F64657948FB61FBAD" box="[1102,1222,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plesioneuron</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
See
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F60AE7968FEB7FB8D" box="[133,272,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60AE7968FEB7FB8D" box="[133,272,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for further discussion of taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="B094129F120E58461C8A178515D5CFB9">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B09620F7FC3FCA1FD1F" box="[548,774,650,676]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B09620F7FC3FCA1FD1F" blockId="66.[97,1225,650,737]" box="[548,774,650,676]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFAB9B09620F7FC3FCA1FD1F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[548,774,650,676]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09620F7FC3FCA1FD1F" ID-CoL="5PVX" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[548,774,650,676]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09620F7FC3FCA1FD1F" bold="true" box="[548,774,650,676]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">MESOPHLEBION</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B09604A7FFBFB17FD7C" box="[97,1200,690,711]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B09604A7FFBFB17FD7C" blockId="66.[97,1225,650,737]" box="[97,1200,690,711]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAB9B09604A7FFBFDACFD7C" author="Mesophlebion Holttum" box="[97,523,690,711]" journal="Blumea" page="29" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" score="3.24319811522761" volume="19" year="1971">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09604A7FFBFE3FFD7C" ID-CoL="5PVX" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[97,408,690,711]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09604A7FFBFF48FD7C" bold="true" box="[97,239,690,711]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
</taxonomicName>
19:29. 1971
</treatmentCitation>
, a renaming of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962B67FFBFCAAFD7C" box="[669,781,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Mesoneuron</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAB9B0963397FFBFC35FD7C" author="Ching" box="[786,914,690,711]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="66" pageNumber="56" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, non
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0963EE7FFBFB92FD7C" box="[965,1077,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Mezonevron</emphasis>
Desf. (1818).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B0964847FFBFD5FFD5A" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B0964847FFBFD5FFD5A" blockId="66.[97,1225,650,737]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAB9B09608A7F99FF67FD5B" box="[161,192,720,736]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAB9B09608A7F99FF67FD5B" box="[161,192,720,736]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0960E27F99FDACFD5A" ID-CoL="424YB" authority="(Blume) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[201,523,720,737]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960E27F99FE21FD5A" box="[201,390,720,737]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Mesophlebion crassifolium</emphasis>
(Blume) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962347F99FD53FD5A" ID-CoL="HFRH" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" box="[543,756,720,737]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962347F99FD19FD5A" box="[543,702,720,737]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Aspidium crassifolium</emphasis>
Blume
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B0960AA7FBCFDAFFCBC" box="[129,520,757,775]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B0960AA7FBCFDAFFCBC" blockId="66.[129,520,757,775]" box="[129,520,757,775]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
For additional synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAB9B09614A7FBFFE76FCBC" author="Holttum" box="[353,465,758,775]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAB9B0961FC7FBFFE59FCBC" author="Holttum" box="[471,510,758,775]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B09604A7E55FEA8FCE9" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B09604A7E55FEA8FCE9" blockId="66.[97,1226,796,1810]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09604A7E55FF45FC8A" box="[97,226,796,817]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961227E54FE90FC89" box="[265,311,797,818]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">meso</emphasis>
, middle +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09618F7E55FE53FC8A" box="[420,500,796,817]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">phlebion</emphasis>
, vein, in reference to basal basiscopic veins arising from costae between costules (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAB9B0960907E74FEA6FCE9" box="[187,257,829,850]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[97,105,1748,1768]" captionTargetBox="[93,1223,156,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-8@28.[92,1230,156,1705]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 9.Steiropteris deltoidea,Fawcett 464 (VT) A. habit.B. pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Mesophlebion sp., Karger 1796 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view." pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960907E74FEA6FCE9" bold="true" box="[187,257,829,850]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Fig. 9C</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B0960BA7E14FEF6F9A9" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B0960BA7E14FEF6F9A9" blockId="66.[97,1226,796,1810]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
Plants terrestrial, mostly in wet forests, medium-sized;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09629B7E14FCA8FCC9" bold="true" box="[688,783,861,882]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">rhizomes</emphasis>
short- to long-creeping, at apices with rather rigid (but never spine-like) dark scales bearing short acicular hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962DC7E34FC9DFC29" bold="true" box="[759,826,893,914]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">fronds</emphasis>
mostly
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAB9B0963AC7E34FC54FC2A" box="[903,1011,892,914]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" unit="cm" value="92.5" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="35.0">35–150 cm</quantity>
tall, monomorphic to dimorphic (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0960F87ED4FEFBFC0A" box="[211,348,924,946]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodictyon">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960F87ED4FEFBFC0A" box="[211,348,924,946]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M.oligodictyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961457ED4FE0EFC09" bold="true" box="[366,425,925,946]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">stipes</emphasis>
green when living, stramineous or reddish-flushed with age, scaly primarily at bases (except
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0960807EF4FE80FC6A" box="[171,295,956,978]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echinatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960807EF4FE80FC6A" box="[171,295,956,978]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M.echinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a few other spp.), scales tan to brown, mostly
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAB9B0962D67EF4FCF1FC6A" box="[765,854,956,978]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.0">2–10 mm</quantity>
long, lanceolate, bearing short acicular hairs on margins and on surfaces;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961827E95FE4CFC4A" bold="true" box="[425,491,988,1009]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">blades</emphasis>
usually pinnate-pinnatifid with proximal pinnae not reduced, apices confluent and gradually tapering to subconform, or rarely, blades simple (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962DB7EB4FCDBFBAA" box="[752,892,1020,1042]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodictyon">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962DB7EB4FCDBFBAA" box="[752,892,1020,1042]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. oligodictyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0963BB7EB4FC71FBA9" bold="true" box="[912,982,1021,1042]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">pinnae</emphasis>
opposite or subopposite, often becoming alternate distally, shallowly to usually deeply lobed (to within
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAB9B09636F7954FCDBFB8A" box="[836,892,1052,1074]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
of costae); proximal pair narrowed at their bases, sessile to long-petiolulate (to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAB9B09622E7974FD90FBE9" box="[517,567,1085,1106]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
); rachises hairy to sometimes glabrescent, hairs acicular, sometimes with scales similar to those of stipes proximally, but scales shorter, blades lacking vegetative buds;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09640E7914FBFDFBC9" bold="true" box="[1061,1114,1117,1138]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">veins</emphasis>
free, rarely weakly united (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0960DE7934FED8FB2A" box="[245,383,1148,1170]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodictyon">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960DE7934FED8FB2A" box="[245,383,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. oligodictyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), usually connivent at or just below the sinuses and touching sides of an often hairy ridge below sinus, simple in ultimate segments, ending at segment margins, basal basiscopic veins arising from costa midway between costules (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAB9B09613E79F4FEFBFB69" box="[277,348,1213,1234]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[97,105,1748,1768]" captionTargetBox="[93,1223,156,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-8@28.[92,1230,156,1705]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 9.Steiropteris deltoidea,Fawcett 464 (VT) A. habit.B. pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Mesophlebion sp., Karger 1796 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view." pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09613E79F4FEFBFB69" bold="true" box="[277,348,1213,1234]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Fig. 9C</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), near base of costule, or from costules (in smaller spp., e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09639B79F4FB84FB6A" box="[944,1059,1212,1234]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09639B79F4FB84FB6A" box="[944,1059,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) of ultimate segments; costae adaxially prominent, grooved;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962337995FD2DFB4A" bold="true" box="[536,650,1244,1265]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">aerophores</emphasis>
sometimes swollen on living fronds, collapsing on drying, never peg-like;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960DD79B4FE19FAA9" bold="true" box="[246,446,1277,1298]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">indument abaxially</emphasis>
on axes (rachises, costae, costules, and sometimes veins) of acicular, unicellular hairs, laminar tissue between veins usually glabrous, lacking stipitate glands, sometimes with spherical or hemispherical glands, scales sometimes present abaxially along costae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962B37874FCF9FAE9" bold="true" box="[664,862,1341,1362]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">indument adaxially</emphasis>
only along rachis and costae, of acicular hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960957815FEB2FACA" bold="true" box="[190,277,1372,1393]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09614C7814FE28FAC9" bold="true" box="[359,399,1373,1394]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">sori</emphasis>
round to sometimes elongate along veins, medial, indusiate (except
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0964057815FB1CFACA" box="[1070,1211,1372,1393]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodictyon">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0964057815FB1CFACA" box="[1070,1211,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. oligodictyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), indusia round-reniform, thin, small to large, often caducous, glabrous or with short acicular setae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09640F7834FB2DFA29" bold="true" box="[1060,1162,1405,1426]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">sporangia</emphasis>
shortstalked, young ones often pale violet, glabrous or usually bearing a reddish or orangish stipitate spherical gland from the sporangial stalk, capsules lacking glands and hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09627878F5FD32FA6A" bold="true" box="[595,661,1468,1489]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">spores</emphasis>
dark brown, with long, continuous wings and a few crosswings, ridges, or minutely papillose;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961907895FE61FA4A" box="[443,454,1500,1521]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">x</emphasis>
= 36 (3 species counted, both diploids and tetraploids); no intergeneric or infrageneric hybrids are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B0960BA7B55FC58F969" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B0960BA7B55FC58F969" blockId="66.[97,1226,796,1810]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960BA7B55FF4CF98A" box="[145,235,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—The genus is generally relatively easy to recognize because of the deltate pinnate-pinnatifid blades that are widest at the base, dark green thick-herbaceous blades, creeping rhizomes, free veins connivent at or near sinuses, and presence of large, stipitate, reddish spherical glands on the sporangial stalks, a characteristic shared with its closest relatives,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960917B35FE99F92A" box="[186,318,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0960917B35FEBAF92A" box="[186,285,1660,1681]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Cyclosorus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAB9B09610A7B35FE99F92A" box="[289,318,1660,1681]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0961427B35FE45F92A" box="[361,482,1660,1681]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961427B35FE45F92A" box="[361,482,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0961C07B35FDCFF92A" box="[491,616,1660,1681]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961C07B35FDCFF92A" box="[491,616,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguished from the latter by the more deeply incised pinnae, and the non-proliferous fronds. From
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962387BD5FDD2F90A" box="[531,629,1692,1713]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962387BD5FDD2F90A" box="[531,629,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0962AB7BD5FD5AF90A" box="[640,765,1692,1713]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962AB7BD5FD5AF90A" box="[640,765,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by the free veins, shorter-creeping rhizomes, and forest habitat (vs. fresh-water marshes and swamps, often in partial to full sun).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B0860BA7B95FE8EFE0C" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAB9B0860BA7B95FE8EFE0C" blockId="66.[97,1226,796,1810]" lastBlockId="67.[121,1255,162,1079]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960BA7B95FD86F94A" box="[145,545,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">
Biogeography and ecology.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09618B7B95FD86F94A" box="[416,545,1756,1777]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mesophlebion</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
comprises ca. 17 species, distributed from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAB9B0963E67B95FB8BF94A" box="[973,1068,1756,1777]" name="Myanmar" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
and peninsular
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAB9B09604A7BB4FF1DF8A9" box="[97,186,1789,1810]" name="Thailand" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAB9B0960C07BB4FE98F8A9" box="[235,319,1789,1810]" name="Vietnam" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
throughout
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAB9B0961977BB4FDADF8A9" box="[444,522,1789,1810]" name="Malaysia" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, except eastern Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAB9B09642E7BB4FB35F8A9" author="Holttum" box="[1029,1170,1789,1810]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum 1982</bibRefCitation>
); it is absent from Melanesia and Polynesia, and represented in Australasia by three species in New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAA9B0864227DEBFBF5FF0C" box="[1033,1106,162,183]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Nearly half of the species are rare in collections, and the greatest diversity is in Borneo, with 13 species. Species are generally found in low- to mid-elevation forests, or among rocks in riverbeds, from
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAA9B0862DE7DABFCFDFF4C" box="[757,858,226,247]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="18.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="900.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="0.0">0–1800 m</quantity>
. Species seldom occur in open habitats, except for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0860F47C4BFEF4FEAD" box="[223,339,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860F47C4BFEF4FEAD" box="[223,339,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. arenicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861A87C4BFE52FEAD" box="[387,501,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="teuscheri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861A87C4BFE52FEAD" box="[387,501,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. teuscheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which grow on wet sandstone in exposed places (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0863C87C4BFBC8FEAC" author="Holttum" box="[995,1135,258,279]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum 1982</bibRefCitation>
); as a likely consequence of this nutrient-deficient habitat, these two species are smaller (&lt;
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAA9B08635F7C6BFC15FE8C" box="[884,946,290,311]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
) than others in the genus. One other small species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861137C0BFE63FEED" box="[312,452,321,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodictyon">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861137C0BFE63FEED" box="[312,452,321,343]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. oligodictyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, differs from others in the genus in its dimorphic blades, lack of acicular hairs abaxially, and irregularly anastomosing veins, somewhat resembling species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863777C28FBD6FECD" box="[860,1137,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beccarianus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863777C28FBD6FECD" box="[860,1137,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Sphaerostephanos beccarianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAA9B0864977C2BFF35FE2C" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864977C2BFF35FE2C" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Fig. 7A</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). Holttum treated it in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08615C7CC8FE52FE2D" box="[375,501,385,406]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08615C7CC8FE52FE2D" box="[375,501,385,406]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the stipitate gland on sporangial stalk, and venation; its placement needs verification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B0860827C8BFDA8FC2C" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B0860827C8BFC65FCAC" blockId="67.[121,1255,162,1079]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860827C8BFE51FE6D" box="[169,502,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—The genus
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862577C8BFD4BFE6C" box="[636,748,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesoneuron</emphasis>
was published by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0863887C8BFB83FE6C" author="Ching" box="[931,1060,450,471]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
in his treatment of mainland Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08613C7CABFE18FE4C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[279,447,482,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
. Because of its similarity to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862E27CABFC9EFE4C" box="[713,825,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mezonevron</emphasis>
Desv. (a synonym of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08642D7CA8FBD5FE4D" box="[1030,1138,481,502]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Caesalpinia</emphasis>
, Fabaceae),
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0860527F4BFEABFDAC" author="Holttum" box="[121,268,514,535]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
published the replacement name
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08626D7F48FD64FDAD" box="[582,707,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08626D7F48FD64FDAD" box="[582,707,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Initially,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B08630B7F4BFC14FDAC" author="Holttum" box="[800,947,514,535]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
included the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0864477F48FB46FDAD" box="[1132,1249,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864477F48FB46FDAD" box="[1132,1249,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861327F68FE31FD8D" box="[281,406,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861327F68FE31FD8D" box="[281,406,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but later
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0861DD7F6BFD2BFD8C" author="Holttum" box="[502,652,546,567]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="223 - 250" part="22" refId="ref109741" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1975. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron. Blumea 22: 223 - 250." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron" type="journal article" year="1975">Holttum (1975)</bibRefCitation>
accorded
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862C77F68FCC6FD8D" box="[748,865,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862C77F68FCC6FD8D" box="[748,865,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
generic rank. Prior to that,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0864407F6BFF10FDEC" author="Christensen" firstAuthor="Christensen" journalOrPublisher="Gardens' Bull. Straits Settlem." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="375 - 407" part="4" refId="ref107808" refString="CHRISTENSEN, C. 1929. On some ferns from the Malay peninsula. Gardens' Bull. Straits Settlem. 4: 375 - 407." title="On some ferns from the Malay peninsula" type="journal article" year="1929">Christensen (1929)</bibRefCitation>
recognized species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861BE7F08FDB3FDED" box="[405,532,577,598]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861BE7F08FDB3FDED" box="[405,532,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct group, in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862DC7F0BFCFCFDEC" box="[759,859,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862DC7F0BFCFCFDEC" box="[759,859,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Dryopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and compared them to the neotropical group
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0860927F2BFE61FDCC" box="[185,454,610,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Steiropteris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860927F2BFEBAFDCC" box="[185,285,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Dryopteris</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861777F2BFE61FDCC" box="[348,454,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Steiropteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(herein recognized as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08628E7F2BFCAAFDCC" box="[677,781,610,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08628E7F2BFCAAFDCC" box="[677,781,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Steiropteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which they superficially resemble in venation, blade architecture, and blade texture (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAA9B0861D87FCBFD8CFD2C" box="[499,555,642,663]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[97,105,1748,1768]" captionTargetBox="[93,1223,156,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-8@28.[92,1230,156,1705]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 9.Steiropteris deltoidea,Fawcett 464 (VT) A. habit.B. pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Mesophlebion sp., Karger 1796 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view." pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861D87FCBFD8CFD2C" bold="true" box="[499,555,642,663]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Fig. 9</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B08626B7FCBFD7EFD2C" author="Holttum" box="[576,729,642,663]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
commented on the pale violet-purple color of young sporangia (and sometimes indusia) of some species, a character observed by us in this genus and also in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0864597FE8FB7CFD0D" box="[1138,1243,673,694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864597FE8FB7CFD0D" box="[1138,1243,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Steiropteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The cause of this coloration, or its taxonomic importance, is unknown. Certain species complexes, especially
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0864A37F8BFF14FD4D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864A37F8BFF14FD4D" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. crassifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0860947FABFED8FD4D" box="[191,383,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chlamydophorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860947FABFED8FD4D" box="[191,383,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. chlamydophorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861A07FABFDBBFD4D" box="[395,540,737,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="motleyanum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861A07FABFDBBFD4D" box="[395,540,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. motleyanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and close allies, are quite variable, and circumscription of taxa requires re-examination and detailed field study, a situation noticed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0862EC7E4BFCFBFCAC" author="Holttum" box="[711,860,770,791]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
and by us.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B0860837E6BFDA8FC2C" blockId="67.[121,1255,162,1079]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
Sequence data show that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861B07E68FDBFFC8D" box="[411,536,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861B07E68FDBFFC8D" box="[411,536,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863257E68FCD6FC8D" box="[782,881,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863257E68FCD6FC8D" box="[782,881,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAA9B08635C7E6BFC35FC8C" box="[887,914,802,823]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08635C7E6BFC2BFC8C" box="[887,908,802,823]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863EA7E68FB9DFC8D" box="[961,1082,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Ampelopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863EA7E68FB9DFC8D" box="[961,1082,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Ampelopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the three genera forming a clade that is sister to the neotropical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862467E0BFD76FCEC" box="[621,721,834,855]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Meniscium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862467E0BFD76FCEC" box="[621,721,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Meniscium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0862F77E0BFC2EFCEC" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[732,905,834,855]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0863BB7E0BFBE1FCEC" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[912,1094,834,855]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press). The relationship of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861517E28FE50FCCD" box="[378,503,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861517E28FE50FCCD" box="[378,503,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08623C7E28FD27FCCD" box="[535,640,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Steiropteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08623C7E28FD27FCCD" box="[535,640,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Steiropteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08629B7E28FC82FCCD" box="[688,805,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08629B7E28FC82FCCD" box="[688,805,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, is more remote (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0864007E2BFB79FCCC" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[1067,1246,866,887]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAA9B0860527ECBFE97FC2C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[121,304,898,919]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="67" pageNumber="57" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAA9B0860827EE8FB6FFB8C" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAA9B0860827EE8FB6FFB8C" blockId="67.[121,1255,162,1079]" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860827EE8FEFFFC0C" box="[169,344,929,951]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08615E7EE8FD01FC0C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[373,678,929,951]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08615E7EE8FDEAFC0D" box="[373,589,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">Mesophlebion arenicola</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862847EEBFBA1FC0C" authority="(Alderw.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Alderw." box="[687,1030,929,951]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auriculiferum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862847EEBFCEAFC0D" box="[687,845,929,951]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. auriculiferum</emphasis>
(Alderw.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0864247EEBFF6AFC6C" authority="(Ces.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Ces." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beccarianum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864247EEBFB04FC0D" box="[1039,1187,929,951]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. beccarianum</emphasis>
(Ces.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0860FE7E8BFED8FC6C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[213,383,961,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroli">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0860FE7E8BFE80FC6D" box="[213,295,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. caroli</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861AC7E88FE37FC6D" box="[391,400,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0861BA7E88FCD1FC6C" authority="(Rosenst. ex C. Chr.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[401,886,961,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chlamydophorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861BA7E88FDF6FC6D" box="[401,593,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. chlamydophorum</emphasis>
(Rosenst. ex C. Chr.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863557E88FC2FFC6D" box="[894,904,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863A37E88FB67FC6C" authority="(Blume) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[904,1216,961,983]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863A37E88FBB2FC6D" box="[904,1045,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. crassifolium</emphasis>
(Blume) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0864E37E8BFE83FC4C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulitense">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864E37E8BFF6DFC4D" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. dulitense</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0861057EA8FE90FC4D" box="[302,311,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08611C7EA8FDFDFC4C" authority="(Mett.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Mett." box="[311,602,993,1015]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echinatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08611C7EA8FE10FC4D" box="[311,439,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. echinatum</emphasis>
(Mett.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0862487EABFC27FC4C" authority="(C. Chr.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[611,896,993,1015]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="endertii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0862487EABFD6DFC4D" box="[611,714,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. endertii</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863A17EABFBD2FC4C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[906,1141,993,1015]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="falcatilobum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863A17EABFBBCFC4D" box="[906,1051,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. falcatilobum</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0864547EABFEB9FBAC" authority="(Christ) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Christ" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hallieri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0864547EABFB46FC4D" box="[1151,1249,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. hallieri</emphasis>
(Christ) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B08611B794BFCB3FBAC" authority="(Hook. ex Hook. &amp; Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Hook. &amp; Baker" box="[304,788,1025,1047]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="motleyanum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B08611B794BFE18FBAD" box="[304,447,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M.motleyanum</emphasis>
(Hook. ex Hook. &amp; Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B086337794BFBEDFBAC" authority="(Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[796,1098,1025,1047]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodictyon">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086337794BFC00FBAD" box="[796,935,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. oligodictyon</emphasis>
(Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B086476794BFEC0FB8C" authority="(Alderw.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Alderw." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="persquamiferum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086476794BFF17FB8D" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M.persquamiferum</emphasis>
(Alderw.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B086151796BFDE3FB8C" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[378,580,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086151796BFE4BFB8D" box="[378,492,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. rufescens</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B086267796BFCD3FB8C" authority="(Alderw.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Alderw." box="[588,884,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="teuscheri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B086267796BFD1AFB8D" box="[588,701,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. teuscheri</emphasis>
(Alderw.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAA9B0863AC796BFB6FFB8C" authority="(C. Chr.) Holttum" box="[903,1224,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Mesophlebion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="67" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichopodum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAA9B0863AC796BFBBEFB8D" box="[903,1049,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="57">M. trichopodum</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

71
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09604A7C21FEB0FEC6" bold="true" box="[97,279,360,381]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Menisorus unitus</emphasis>
(Kunze) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962FC7C22FCD1FEC0" box="[727,886,363,379]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Gymnogramma unita</emphasis>
Kunze, Linnaea
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18:114. 1844
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.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09645B7C22FF60FE2E" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Goniopteris unita</emphasis>
(Kunze) J. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961627CCCFE40FE2E" box="[329,487,389,405]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Pneumatopteris unita</emphasis>
(Kunze) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962AB7CCCFCA5FE2E" box="[640,770,389,406]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Phegopteris unita</emphasis>
(Kunze) Mett.
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66
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09604A7C7BFEF0FEFD" bold="true" box="[97,343,305,327]" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Menisorus blastophorus</emphasis>
(Alston) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAB9B09632C7C7CFF60FEDA" author="Alston" journal="Bol. Soc. Brot." page="12" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" score="0.5141819683696851" volume="30" year="1956">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09632C7C7CFBC0FEFE" ID-CoL="8R8PC" authority="Alston, Bol. Soc. Brot." box="[775,1127,309,327]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blastophorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09632C7C7CFC18FEFD" box="[775,959,309,326]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Cyclosorus blastophorus</emphasis>
Alston,Bol.Soc. Brot.
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, ser. 2,30:12. 1956
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.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960F67C19FE08FEDA" box="[221,431,336,353]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Pneumatopteris blastophora</emphasis>
(Alston) Holttum
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0962637C19FD50FEDA" box="[584,759,336,353]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Thelypteris blastophora</emphasis>
(Alston) C.F.Reed
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09604A7CE5FEA8FE79" box="[97,271,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0961077CE4FC94FE79" ID-CoL="8RTZN" authority="(Alston) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Alston" box="[300,819,428,450]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blastophorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961077CE4FDAFFE7A" box="[300,520,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Menisorus blastophorus</emphasis>
(Alston) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B09636E7CE4FBC7FE79" ID-CoL="72ZTP" authority="(Hook.) Alston" authorityName="Alston" baseAuthorityName="Hook." box="[837,1120,428,450]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B09636E7CE4FC6DFE7A" box="[837,970,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. pauciflorus</emphasis>
(Hook.) Alston
</taxonomicName>
; *
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0964597CE4FB6EFE79" box="[1138,1225,429,450]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. unitus</emphasis>
(Kunze) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAB9B0960BB7CA4FDF9FDD9" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0960BB7CA4FEABFDBA" box="[144,268,492,514]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
.—We suspect the following species may be most appropriately treated in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAB9B0963E17CA4FB8DFDB9" box="[970,1066,493,514]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0963E17CA4FB8DFDB9" box="[970,1066,493,514]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Menisorus</emphasis>
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but refrain from making combinations pending further study; the
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and
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endemic
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0963BD7F44FB01FD9A" box="[918,1190,524,546]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Pneumatopteris subpennigera</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Holttum
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, and
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961357F64FE04FDFA" box="[286,419,556,578]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">P. oppositifolia</emphasis>
(Hook.) Holttum
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, an endemic to the islands of Bioko,
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, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAB9B09641D7F64FB34FDF9" box="[1078,1171,557,578]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">Annobón</collectingCountry>
, both of which resemble
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAB9B0961387F04FEF8FDD9" box="[275,351,589,610]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="56">M. unita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but lack proliferous buds.
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<mods:dateIssued id="61FA310CF4680F5DBC224B2D07C81487">2021</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="0BD918F637BD926235A75C413A340B58">BRIT Press</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="A8FFD03A6924DAB51BE808A056E8A019">
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03B787F6FFAC9B0C62797BD6FEA1FD4C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFAC9B0C62797BD6FEA1FD4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFAC9B0C62797BD6FEA1FD4C" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E62797BD6FCAFF902" box="[594,776,1695,1721]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E62797BD6FCAFF902" blockId="69.[121,1230,1695,1757]" box="[594,776,1695,1721]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFAC9B0E62797BD6FCAFF902" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[594,776,1695,1721]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62797BD6FCAFF902" ID-CoL="69N5" baseAuthorityName="Holub" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[594,776,1695,1721]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62797BD6FCAFF902" bold="true" box="[594,776,1695,1721]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">OREOPTERIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E60527B81FDD8F966" box="[121,639,1736,1757]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E60527B81FDD8F966" blockId="69.[121,1230,1695,1757]" box="[121,639,1736,1757]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAC9B0E60527B81FDDCF966" author="Oreopteris Holub" box="[121,635,1736,1757]" journal="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." page="46" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" score="0.07963934898189362" volume="4" year="1969">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60527B81FDB3F966" ID-CoL="69N5" authority="Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax." authorityName="Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax." box="[121,532,1736,1757]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60527B81FF41F966" bold="true" box="[121,230,1736,1757]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Oreopteris</emphasis>
Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax.
</taxonomicName>
4:46. 1969
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E62557B82FB69F967" box="[638,1230,1738,1756]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E62557B82FB69F967" blockId="69.[121,1230,1695,1757]" box="[638,1230,1738,1756]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAC9B0E62A47B82FD08F960" box="[655,687,1739,1755]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAC9B0E62A47B82FD08F960" box="[655,687,1739,1755]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E629C7B82FC6EF967" ID-CoL="6T5XM" authority="(All.) Holub" authorityName="Holub" baseAuthorityName="All." box="[695,969,1738,1756]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limbosperma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E629C7B82FCCCF960" box="[695,875,1738,1755]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Oreopteris limbosperma</emphasis>
(All.) Holub
</taxonomicName>
[=
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E63F47B83FB0EF960" box="[991,1193,1738,1755]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Polypodium limbospermum</emphasis>
All.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E60B27BB9FD65F8BA" box="[153,706,1776,1793]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E60B27BB9FD65F8BA" blockId="69.[153,706,1776,1793]" box="[153,706,1776,1793]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAC9B0E60B27BB9FD18F8BA" author="Alston" box="[153,703,1776,1793]" journal="J. Wash. Acad. Sci." page="232" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" score="58.280225767046765" volume="48" year="1958">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60B27BB9FDFEF8BA" ID-CoL="8RG6S" authority="(Hook.) Alston, J. Wash. Acad. Sci." baseAuthorityName="Hook." box="[153,601,1776,1793]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Lastrea">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60B27BB9FF4CF8BA" box="[153,235,1776,1793]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Thelypteris</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61317BB9FEF6F8BB" box="[282,337,1776,1792]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Lastrea</emphasis>
(Hook.) Alston, J. Wash.Acad.Sci.
</taxonomicName>
48:232.1958
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAF9B0D604A7DE8FCAEFF0C" box="[97,777,161,183]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAF9B0D604A7DE8FCAEFF0C" blockId="70.[97,1227,161,1783]" box="[97,777,161,183]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D604A7DE8FF6EFF0D" box="[97,201,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Etymology.</emphasis>
—Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61287DEBFE95FF0C" box="[259,306,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">oreos</emphasis>
, mountain +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D619B7DEBFE43FF0C" box="[432,484,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">pteris</emphasis>
, fern.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAF9B0D620B7DEBFD97FF0C" box="[544,560,162,183]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
fern of the mountains.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAF9B0D60BB7D8BFC39FCCC" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAF9B0D60BB7D8BFC39FCCC" blockId="70.[97,1227,161,1783]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
Plants terrestrial, mostly (15–)
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAF9B0D61997D8BFDB9FF6C" box="[434,542,194,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" unit="cm" value="62.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="25.0">25–100 cm</quantity>
tall;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62667D8BFD0CFF6C" bold="true" box="[589,683,194,215]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">rhizomes</emphasis>
brown, suberect or erect,
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAF9B0D63897D8BFC5AFF6C" box="[930,1021,194,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
diam. (excluding old stipe bases);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60F77DABFEB8FF4C" bold="true" box="[220,287,226,247]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">fronds</emphasis>
seasonal, dying back in winter, crowded and tufted, pinnate-pinnatifid, monomorphic, arching;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D604A7C4BFF3BFEAC" bold="true" box="[97,156,258,279]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">stipes</emphasis>
stramineous to tan above the base;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61C47C4BFDC5FEAD" bold="true" box="[495,610,257,279]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">stipe scales</emphasis>
persistent, light brown to stramineous, thin, ovate to lanceolate, these lacking acicular hairs but marginally papillose;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62757C68FD07FE8D" bold="true" box="[606,672,289,310]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">blades</emphasis>
chartaceous, drying yellowish green, elliptic or oblanceolate, middle pinnae the longest, with 5–10 pairs of proximal pinnae gradually reduced, basal pair(s) sometimes auriculiform or glanduliform and ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAF9B0D61547C2BFE7FFECC" box="[383,472,354,375]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.0">2–10 mm</quantity>
long, blade apex gradually tapered, with distal pinnae not decurrent, proliferous buds absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60F57CCBFE94FE2C" bold="true" box="[222,307,386,407]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">rachises</emphasis>
stramineous to pale castaneous (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D625A7CCBFD60FE2D" box="[625,711,385,407]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D625A7CCBFD60FE2D" box="[625,711,385,407]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), usually with persistent ovate to lanceolate, glabrous scales abaxially, sometimes with hyaline acicular, unicellular hairs 0.2–0.4 mm long;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63937CEBFBA7FE0C" bold="true" box="[952,1024,418,439]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">pinnae</emphasis>
sessile or nearly so, grooved adaxially, lobed about halfway to costae (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D62157C8BFD32FE6D" box="[574,661,449,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62157C8BFD32FE6D" box="[574,661,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to deeply pinnatifid to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAF9B0D63B57C8BFC71FE6C" box="[926,982,450,471]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
or less from costa, sometimes with basal acroscopic crenulate-margined auricles, on basal segments on both sides somewhat elongate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D64BF7CABFB6EFE4C" bold="true" box="[1172,1225,482,503]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">veins</emphasis>
(3–)5–12 pairs per segment, simple or 1-forked, usually prominent abaxially and adaxially, lowermost pair from adjacent segments running to margin just above sinus between adjacent lobes, veins ending at pinna margins or nearly so;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D604A7F08FF75FDED" bold="true" box="[97,210,577,598]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">aerophores</emphasis>
absent or distinctly swollen (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61C37F0BFD9AFDED" box="[488,573,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61C37F0BFD9AFDED" box="[488,573,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D627B7F0BFCB0FDEC" bold="true" box="[592,791,578,599]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">indument abaxially</emphasis>
along costae of tan, linear, lanceolate or ovate scales, also sometimes with acicular hairs along costae, veins and tissue between veins usually lacking hairs (except near costae) or nearly so, sometimes (in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61CE7FCBFDD1FD2D" box="[485,630,641,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limbosperma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61CE7FCBFDD1FD2D" box="[485,630,641,663]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. limbosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with numerous yellowish to occasionally orangish spherical glands ca. 0.1 mm diam.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61727FEBFD86FD0C" bold="true" box="[345,545,674,695]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">indument adaxially</emphasis>
lacking or of hyaline acicular hairs on rachises and costae, sometimes also with short hairs or stipitate glands on and between veins, hairs on stipes and rachises 0.1–0.3 mm long, sparse to moderately dense, hairs if present single-celled;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D620F7FA8FDDCFD4D" bold="true" box="[548,635,737,758]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">pustules</emphasis>
absent on laminar tissue;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63447FABFC30FD4C" bold="true" box="[879,919,738,759]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">sori</emphasis>
inframarginal or medial, round, indusiate, indusia round-reniform, tan, persistent, glabrous or sometimes bearing minute capitate hairs, marginally toothed;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60937E6BFEBAFC8C" bold="true" box="[184,285,802,823]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">sporangia</emphasis>
glabrous or sometimes bearing glands;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62B47E68FD46FC8D" bold="true" box="[671,737,801,822]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">spores</emphasis>
pale brown, echinate or with prominent irregular ridges that form a coarsely reticulate network (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D620C7E0BFCB0FCEC" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[551,791,834,855]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63037E0BFC94FCEC" box="[808,819,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">x</emphasis>
= 34 (unique within the family), all three species counted, only diploids known; intrageneric and intergeneric hybrids unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAF9B0D60BA7EC8FC44FB6C" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAF9B0D60BA7EC8FC44FB6C" blockId="70.[97,1227,161,1783]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60BA7EC8FECDFC2D" box="[145,362,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
Diagnosis.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61227EC8FECDFC2D" box="[265,362,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oreopteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is distinguished from
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D626A7EC8FD6CFC2C" box="[577,715,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D626A7EC8FD0EFC2D" box="[577,681,897,918]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Thelypteris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAF9B0D62857ECBFD6CFC2C" box="[686,715,898,919]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by having suberect to erect rhizomes (vs. long-creeping); presence of persistent scales on the stipes, rachises, and sometimes on the costae abaxially; thin, glabrous stipe base scales; proximal pinnae gradually reduced (vs. proximal pinnae not reduced); sessile (vs. short-stalked), broader pinnae; and base chromosome number of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61D67EABFDAFFC4C" box="[509,520,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">x</emphasis>
= 34 (vs.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62427EABFDD3FC4C" box="[617,628,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">x</emphasis>
= 35). The two genera also occur in different habitats.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D64A67EABFF07FBAC" author="Holub" firstAuthor="Holub" journalOrPublisher="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="33 - 53" part="4" refId="ref110177" refString="HOLUB, J. 1969. Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 33 - 53." title="Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Holub (1969)</bibRefCitation>
discussed at length the characteristics distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D62897948FCA4FBAD" box="[674,771,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62897948FCA4FBAD" box="[674,771,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D63117948FC05FBAD" box="[826,930,1025,1046]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63117948FC05FBAD" box="[826,930,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAF9B0D638C794BFC65FBAC" box="[935,962,1026,1047]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D638C794BFC1BFBAC" box="[935,956,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but was unaware of a third species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D60947968FEB8FB8D" box="[191,287,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60947968FEB8FB8D" box="[191,287,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61017968FED8FB8D" box="[298,383,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61017968FED8FB8D" box="[298,383,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O.elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From most
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61DF7968FDDFFB8D" box="[500,632,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61DF7968FDDFFB8D" box="[500,632,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also usually has erect caudices,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D63C27968FBEDFB8D" box="[1001,1098,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63C27968FBEDFB8D" box="[1001,1098,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by the gradually reduced proximal pinnae, glabrous scales, and veins sometimes forked;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D63747908FC71FBED" box="[863,982,1089,1110]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63747908FC71FBED" box="[863,982,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D64167908FB6EFBED" box="[1085,1225,1089,1110]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D64167908FB6EFBED" box="[1085,1225,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Parathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60A2792BFF18FBCC" box="[137,191,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Venus</emphasis>
, both predominantly Asian, differ in the very narrow, almost filamentous long-creeping rhizomes.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D644C7928FB6FFBCD" box="[1127,1224,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D644C7928FB6FFBCD" box="[1127,1224,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has reduced proximal pinnae similar to many
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D620F79C8FD6CFB2C" box="[548,715,1153,1175]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D620F79C8FD3CFB2D" box="[548,667,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Amauropelta</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, but very different spore ornamentation (echinate or broadly ridged vs. reticulate and perforate in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D622379E8FDD9FB0D" box="[520,638,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D622379E8FDD9FB0D" box="[520,638,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62A379EBFD50FB0C" author="Wood" box="[648,759,1186,1207]" firstAuthor="Wood" journalOrPublisher="J. Linn. Soc. Bot." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="191 - 202" part="67" refId="ref115815" refString="WOOD, C. C. 1973. Spore variation in the Thelypteridaceae. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 67: 191 - 202." title="Spore variation in the Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1973">Wood 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62D479E8FC4FFB0C" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[767,1000,1185,1207]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
: fig.149.24–149.26). All necessary combinations have been made in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D622A7988FDC5FB6D" box="[513,610,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D622A7988FDC5FB6D" box="[513,610,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62A9798BFCA6FB6C" author="Holub" box="[642,769,1218,1239]" firstAuthor="Holub" journalOrPublisher="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="33 - 53" part="4" refId="ref110177" refString="HOLUB, J. 1969. Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 33 - 53." title="Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Holub (1969)</bibRefCitation>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D6361798BFC78FB6C" author="Holttum" box="[842,991,1218,1239]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="223 - 226" part="36" refId="ref109931" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1981. The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae). Kew Bull. 36: 223 - 226." title="The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Holttum (1981)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAF9B0D60BA79A8FDA6FA0C" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAF9B0D60BA79A8FDA6FA0C" blockId="70.[97,1227,161,1783]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60BA79A8FEAAFB4D" box="[145,269,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Biogeography</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D611379A8FE5CFB4D" box="[312,507,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
ecology.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61B179A8FE5CFB4D" box="[410,507,1249,1270]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oreopteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
comprises three species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D62C279A8FCDDFB4D" box="[745,890,1249,1270]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limbosperma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62C279A8FCDDFB4D" box="[745,890,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. limbosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Eurasia,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D63CE79A8FF3AFAAC" authority="(Christ) Holub" authorityName="Holub" baseAuthorityName="Christ" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quelpartensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63CE79A8FBDFFB4D" box="[997,1144,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O.quelpartensis</emphasis>
(Christ) Holub
</taxonomicName>
(often spelled
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D6107784BFE0EFAAC" box="[300,425,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">quepaertensis</emphasis>
) of eastern Asia and North America, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D636F7848FBE4FAAC" authority="(Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Baker" box="[836,1091,1281,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D636F7848FC3BFAAD" box="[836,924,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. elwesii</emphasis>
(Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D6464784BFB62FAAC" author="Holub" box="[1103,1221,1282,1303]" firstAuthor="Holub" journalOrPublisher="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="33 - 53" part="4" refId="ref110177" refString="HOLUB, J. 1969. Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 33 - 53." title="Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Holub 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D604A786BFF40FA8C" author="Holttum" box="[97,231,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
), confined to
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFAF9B0D614C786BFE0AFA8C" box="[359,429,1314,1335]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
(northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAF9B0D6211786BFDC9FA8C" box="[570,622,1314,1335]" name="India" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">India</collectingCountry>
) and
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFAF9B0D62897868FD56FA8D" box="[674,753,1313,1334]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAF9B0D62D2786BFC92FA8C" box="[761,821,1314,1335]" name="China" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D636B786BFBADFA8C" author="Lin &amp; Iwatsuki" box="[832,1034,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin &amp; Iwatsuki 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In North America,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D604A7808FF50FAED" box="[97,247,1345,1366]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quelpartensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D604A7808FF50FAED" box="[97,247,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. quelpartensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is noticeably disjunct, with western populations in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington, and eastern populations in Newfoundland (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D61F6782BFD1DFACC" author="Bouchard &amp; Hay" box="[477,698,1377,1399]" firstAuthor="Bouchard" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="552 - 553" part="78" refId="ref106632" refString="BOUCHARD, A. &amp; S. G. HAY. 1976. Thelypteris limbosperma in eastern North America. Rhodora 78: 552 - 553." title="Thelypteris limbosperma in eastern North America" type="journal article" year="1976">Bouchard &amp; Hay 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62E8782BFC98FACC" author="Smith" box="[707,831,1378,1399]" editor="New York, U. S. A. &amp; Oxford, UK" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="206 - 222" part="2" refId="ref114450" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1993 a. Thelypteridaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol 2. Oxford University Press, New York, U. S. A. and Oxford, UK. Pp. 206 - 222." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Flora of North America Editorial Committee" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Smith 1993a</bibRefCitation>
). Species occur from near sea level to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAF9B0D604A78CBFF0EFA2D" box="[97,169,1409,1431]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
(–
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAF9B0D609478CBFEA2FA2D" box="[191,261,1409,1431]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="3100.0">3100 m</quantity>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D610378C8FEDAFA2D" box="[296,381,1409,1430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D610378C8FEDAFA2D" box="[296,381,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">O. elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61C478C8FDF7FA2D" box="[495,592,1409,1430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61C478C8FDF7FA2D" box="[495,592,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are generally found in open, rocky woods and subalpine meadows, along streams, and in ditches in acidic soils.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAF9B0C60BA788BFB6AFD0C" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAF9B0D60BA788BFD01F9CD" blockId="70.[97,1227,161,1783]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60BA788BFE44FA6D" box="[145,483,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D61D7788BFDDBFA6C" author="Ching" box="[508,636,1474,1495]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to recognize the two boreal species now recognized in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D609D78A8FEB0FA4D" box="[182,279,1505,1526]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D609D78A8FEB0FA4D" box="[182,279,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as close relatives, treating them together within the genus
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D636478ABFC33FA4C" box="[847,916,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Lastrea</emphasis>
Bory. The name
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D641C78ABFBDBFA4C" box="[1079,1148,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Lastrea</emphasis>
historically has been variously applied to a great diversity of ferns with free veins, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D63657B4BFC6AF9AC" author="Holub" box="[846,973,1538,1559]" firstAuthor="Holub" journalOrPublisher="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="33 - 53" part="4" refId="ref110177" refString="HOLUB, J. 1969. Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 33 - 53." title="Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Holub (1969)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that the name was illegitimate because it was published with a list of
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAF9B0D62767B68FD2FF98D" box="[605,648,1569,1590]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
species that included the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAF9B0D63527B68FC03F98D" box="[889,932,1569,1590]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
of the earlier name
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D64707B68FB65F98D" box="[1115,1218,1569,1590]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D64707B68FB65F98D" box="[1115,1218,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Accordingly, he proposed the name
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D619A7B08FDB5F9ED" box="[433,530,1601,1622]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D619A7B08FDB5F9ED" box="[433,530,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a replacement for
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D62F87B0BFCBFF9EC" box="[723,792,1602,1623]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Lastrea</emphasis>
sensu Ching.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D63B07B0BFB9FF9EC" author="Holttum" box="[923,1080,1602,1623]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Pama Primlane, The Chronica Botanica, New Delhi, India" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" refId="ref109689" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 e. Thelypteridaceae. In: B. K. Nayar &amp; S. Kaur, Companion to Beddome's handbook to the ferns of British India, Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. Pama Primlane, The Chronica Botanica, New Delhi, India." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book" volumeTitle="B. K. Nayar &amp; S. Kaur, Companion to Beddome's handbook to the ferns of British India, Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula" year="1974" yearSuffix="e">Holttum (1974e)</bibRefCitation>
later expanded the circumscription of the genus to include
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D61D57B28FD06F9CD" box="[510,673,1633,1654]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D61D57B28FD06F9CD" box="[510,673,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAF9B0D60B97BC8FEF0F94D" blockId="70.[97,1227,161,1783]" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
Most recent floras and fern classifications have followed
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62FC7BCBFCFAF92C" author="Holub" box="[727,861,1666,1687]" firstAuthor="Holub" journalOrPublisher="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="33 - 53" part="4" refId="ref110177" refString="HOLUB, J. 1969. Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 33 - 53." title="Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Holub (1969)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D63BA7BCBFB89F92C" author="Holttum" box="[913,1070,1666,1687]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="223 - 226" part="36" refId="ref109931" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1981. The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae). Kew Bull. 36: 223 - 226." title="The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Holttum (1981)</bibRefCitation>
in recognizing
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D604A7BE8FF64F90D" box="[97,195,1697,1718]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D604A7BE8FF64F90D" box="[97,195,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D614F7BEBFDE7F90C" author="Lin &amp; Iwatsuki" box="[356,576,1698,1719]" firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin &amp; Iwatsuki (2013)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62617BEBFD6EF90C" author="PPG I" box="[586,713,1697,1719]" firstAuthor="PPG I" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="563 - 603" part="54" refId="ref112966" refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603." title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2016">PPG I (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Older floras, e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63577BE8FBADF90C" box="[892,1034,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Flora Europaea</emphasis>
(1964) and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D64AA7BE8FE27F96C" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">
Flora of North America North of
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFAF9B0D61167B8BFE27F96C" box="[317,384,1730,1751]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Mexico</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(1993a), and classifications (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAF9B0D62937B8BFCFDF96C" author="Smith" box="[696,858,1729,1751]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" pagination="705 - 731" part="55" refId="ref114696" refString="SMITH, A. R., K. M. PRYER, E. SCHUETTPELZ, P. KORALL, H. SCHNEIDER, &amp; P. G. WOLF. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705 - 731." title="A classification for extant ferns" type="journal article" year="2006">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFAF9B0D62937B8BFD55F96C" box="[696,754,1730,1751]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Smith</collectingRegion>
et al. 2006
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) often subsume
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D63D87B88FBF3F96D" box="[1011,1108,1729,1750]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D63D87B88FBF3F96D" box="[1011,1108,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a broadly defined genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAF9B0D60C17BA8FEF6F94D" box="[234,337,1761,1782]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAF9B0D60C17BA8FEF6F94D" box="[234,337,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="60">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B0C60827DEBFCC0FE4C" blockId="71.[121,1250,161,759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60827DEBFEECFF0D" ID-CoL="6STXM" box="[169,331,161,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60827DEBFEECFF0D" box="[169,331,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris elwesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rare in collections, poorly known, and divergent from the other two species on the basis of the following characteristics: short-creeping rhizomes (vs. erect or suberect); pale-castaneous stipe and rachis (vs. stramineous); distal portion of stipe and rachis lacking scales; swollen aerophores (vs. aerophores absent); narrower, less deeply incised pinnae (ca. ½ vs. ca.
<superScript id="7C6B9BA8FFAE9B0C61B97C4BFE3EFEB5" attach="right" box="[402,409,258,270]" fontSize="5" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">4</superScript>
⁄5 their width or more); and its occurrence at higher elevation. The main characteristic keeping it in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60D97C6BFEF4FE8C" ID-CoL="69N5" box="[242,339,290,311]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60D97C6BFEF4FE8C" box="[242,339,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is its base chromosome number,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C62A17C6BFD32FE8C" box="[650,661,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">x</emphasis>
= 34. In the sum of its features, it resembles more some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60A47C08FEA2FEED" ID-CoL="TBJ" box="[143,261,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60A47C08FEA2FEED" box="[143,261,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is an unlikely affinity on the basis of both geography and cytology (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C63ED7C0BFC76FEEC" box="[966,977,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">x</emphasis>
=
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAE9B0C63CE7C0BFBB3FEEC" box="[997,1044,322,343]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.366" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="29.0">29 in</quantity>
all
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C641F7C08FF49FECD" authority="subg. Amauropelta" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Amauropelta">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C641F7C08FB0CFEED" box="[1076,1195,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Amauropelta</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60527C28FF49FECD" box="[121,238,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Further study is needed to confirm placement of this unique taxon in the genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C642A7C2BFB46FECD" ID-CoL="6T69M" box="[1025,1249,353,375]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quelpartensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C642A7C2BFB46FECD" box="[1025,1249,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris quelpartensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Asia and North America appears to lack the large, yellow, spherical glands that characterize most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C64E07CCBFF56FE0D" ID-CoL="6T5XM" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limbosperma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C64E07CCBFF56FE0D" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">O. limbosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Europe, which is sometimes described as lemon-scented (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C636D7CEBFC1DFE0C" author="Jermy" box="[838,954,418,439]" firstAuthor="Jermy" journalOrPublisher="Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. University Press, Cambridge, UK" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="1" refId="ref110465" refString="JERMY, A. C. 1964. Thelypteris Schmidel. In: T. G. Turin et al., eds., Flora Europaea. Vol. 1 Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. University Press, Cambridge, UK." title="Thelypteris Schmidel" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="T. G. Turin et al., eds., Flora Europaea. Vol" year="1964">Jermy 1964</bibRefCitation>
); most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C64577CEBFF09FE6C" ID-CoL="6T69M" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quelpartensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C64577CEBFF09FE6C" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">O. quelpartensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from North America are devoid, or nearly so, of acicular hairs of the sort found in most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C64A87C8BFF12FE4C" ID-CoL="6T5XM" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limbosperma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C64A87C8BFF12FE4C" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">O. limbosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C60947CABFEF4FE4C" author="Holttum" box="[191,339,482,503]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="223 - 226" part="36" refId="ref109931" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1981. The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae). Kew Bull. 36: 223 - 226." title="The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Holttum (1981)</bibRefCitation>
provided a key distinguishing the three known species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B0C60827F4BFB6AFD0C" blockId="71.[121,1250,161,759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
In broadly based molecular analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C623D7F4BFD6DFDAC" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[534,714,514,535]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C62F87F4BFC28FDAC" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[723,911,514,535]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C63B27F4BFB9AFDAC" author="Patel" box="[921,1085,514,535]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60967F6BFEB8FD8C" ID-CoL="69N5" box="[189,287,546,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60967F6BFEB8FD8C" box="[189,287,546,567]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to the entire cyclosoroid clade, including all christelloids, goniopteroids, and stegnogrammoids (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAE9B0C60EF7F0BFF5BFDEC" box="[196,252,578,599]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60EF7F0BFF5BFDEC" bold="true" box="[196,252,578,599]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C613A7F0BFE0EFDEC" author="Holttum" box="[273,425,578,599]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="223 - 226" part="36" refId="ref109931" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1981. The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae). Kew Bull. 36: 223 - 226." title="The genus Oreopteris (Thelypteridaceae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Holttum (1981)</bibRefCitation>
opined that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C62037F0BFD2CFDEC" ID-CoL="69N5" box="[552,651,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C62037F0BFD2CFDEC" box="[552,651,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C63897F08FBBCFDED" ID-CoL="TBJ" box="[930,1051,577,598]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C63897F08FBBCFDED" box="[930,1051,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in our analysis (Fawcett et al. in press),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C61757F28FE72FDCD" ID-CoL="TBJ" box="[350,469,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61757F28FE72FDCD" box="[350,469,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls within the amauropeltoid clade, which is sister to all cyclosoroid genera plus
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60527FCBFF46FD2C" box="[121,225,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60527FCBFF79FD2C" ID-CoL="69N5" box="[121,222,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oreopteris</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Both morphological and molecular evidence suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C633F7FCBFCD2FD2C" ID-CoL="69N5" box="[788,885,642,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C633F7FCBFCD2FD2C" box="[788,885,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nearly as evolutionarily isolated as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60527FE8FF46FD0D" ID-CoL="7VLR" box="[121,225,673,694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60527FE8FF46FD0D" box="[121,225,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAE9B0C60CE7FEBFEA7FD0C" box="[229,256,674,695]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60CE7FEBFF5DFD0C" box="[229,250,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and neither genus is closely related to any element in the diverse cyclosoroid or amauropeltoid clades.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAE9B0C60837F8BFEA1FD4C" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B0C60837F8BFEA1FD4C" blockId="71.[121,1250,161,759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60837F8BFEF0FD6C" box="[168,343,706,727]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C615E7F8BFCBEFD6C" authority="(Hook. &amp; Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Hook. &amp; Baker" box="[373,793,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elwesii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C615E7F8BFDBEFD6D" box="[373,537,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Oreopteris elwesii</emphasis>
(Hook. &amp; Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C63067F8BFB9EFD6C" authority="(All.) Holub" authorityName="Holub" baseAuthorityName="All." box="[813,1081,705,727]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limbosperma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C63067F8BFC18FD6D" box="[813,959,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">O. limbosperma</emphasis>
(All.) Holub
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C64677F8BFEA1FD4C" authority="(Christ) Holub" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quelpartensis" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C64677F8BFB46FD6D" box="[1100,1249,705,727]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">O. quelpartensis</emphasis>
(Christ) Holub
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E608378A8FBF5F9CC" blockId="69.[121,1251,161,1655]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E608378A8FEF9FA4C" box="[168,350,1505,1527]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Constituent species.</emphasis>
—*
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E615578A8FCB5FA4C" ID-CoL="42DWN" authority="(Ching) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Ching" box="[382,786,1505,1527]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adscendens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E615578A8FDDBFA4D" box="[382,636,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris adscendens</emphasis>
(Ching) Ching
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E633078ABFB9AFA4C" authority="N. R. Crouch" authorityName="N. R. Crouch" box="[795,1085,1505,1527]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burrowsiorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E633078ABFC1AFA4D" box="[795,957,1505,1527]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. burrowsiorum</emphasis>
N.R. Crouch
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E646D78ABFE90F9AC" authority="(Fraser-Jenk.) Ranil" authorityName="Ranil" baseAuthorityName="Fraser-Jenk." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dassanayakei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E646D78ABFB47FA4D" box="[1094,1248,1505,1527]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. dassanayakei</emphasis>
(Fraser-Jenk.) Ranil
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61617B4BFD95F9AC" authority="(Bedd.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Bedd." box="[330,562,1537,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dayi">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61617B4BFE37F9AD" box="[330,400,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. dayi</emphasis>
(Bedd.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62117B4BFCC8F9AC" authority="(C. B. Clarke) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="C. B. Clarke" box="[570,879,1537,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62117B4BFD0BF9AD" box="[570,684,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.decipiens</emphasis>
(C.B. Clarke) Ching
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E63A97B4BFBDCF9AC" authority="(Blume) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[898,1147,1537,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flaccida">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E63A97B4BFC40F9AD" box="[898,999,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. flaccida</emphasis>
(Blume) Ching
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E64AF7B4BFEBDF98C" authority="(Baker) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Baker" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64AF7B4BFB46F9AD" box="[1156,1249,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. fragilis</emphasis>
(Baker) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
; **
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61127B6BFD30F98C" authority="Ching ex K. H. Shing" authorityName="K. H. Shing" box="[313,663,1569,1591]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61127B6BFE61F98D" box="[313,454,1569,1591]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. glandulifera</emphasis>
Ching ex K.H. Shing
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E628A7B6BFC85F98D" box="[673,802,1569,1591]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E628A7B6BFC85F98D" box="[673,802,1569,1591]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. glandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(H.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAC9B0E636C7B6BFCFCF98C" box="[839,859,1570,1591]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
. Zhou &amp; H. Li; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E642B7B6BFF1FF9EC" authority="(Blume) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Blume" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E642B7B6BFB2AF98D" box="[1024,1165,1569,1591]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. gracilescens</emphasis>
(Blume) Ching
</taxonomicName>
; **
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60FE7B0BFE94F9ED" box="[213,307,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAC9B0E60FE7B0BFF4CF9EC" box="[213,235,1602,1623]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
. hattori
</emphasis>
(H. Ito) Ching; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61FD7B0BFCA3F9EC" authority="(Franch. &amp; Sav.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Franch. &amp; Sav." box="[470,772,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61FD7B0BFDBAF9ED" box="[470,541,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. laxa</emphasis>
(Franch. &amp; Sav.) Ching
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E63257B0BFBFBF9EC" authority="Ching ex K. H. Shing" authorityName="K. H. Shing" box="[782,1116,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petiolulata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E63257B0BFC29F9ED" box="[782,910,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. petiolulata</emphasis>
Ching ex K.H. Shing
</taxonomicName>
; **
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E64517B0BFEE7F9CC" authority="(Baker) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Baker" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="singalanensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64517B0BFF14F9CC" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. singalanensis</emphasis>
(Baker) Ching
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61787B2BFDCCF9CC" authority="(Rosenst.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Rosenst." box="[339,619,1634,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61787B2BFE64F9CC" box="[339,451,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.uraiensis</emphasis>
(Rosenst.) Ching
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E625F7B2BFCD3F9CC" authority="Pic. Serm." authorityName="Pic. Serm." box="[628,884,1633,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vandervekenii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E625F7B2BFCB6F9CD" box="[628,785,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. vandervekenii</emphasis>
Pic.Serm.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E63507B2BFBF5F9CC" authority="Ching." box="[891,1106,1633,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wuyishanica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E63507B2BFBACF9CD" box="[891,1035,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. wuyishanica</emphasis>
Ching.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<heading id="D0E9818CFFAD9B0F62267B76FCBBF9E2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[525,796,1599,1625]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62267B76FCBBF9E2" ID-CoL="5QNW" box="[525,796,1599,1625]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62267B76FCBBF9E2" bold="true" box="[525,796,1599,1625]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">METATHELYPTERIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0F604A7B21FB2AF9C7" box="[97,1165,1640,1661]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0F604A7B21FB2AF9C7" blockId="68.[97,1227,1599,1687]" box="[97,1165,1640,1661]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAD9B0F604A7B21FD63F9C6" author="Ching" box="[97,708,1640,1661]" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="304" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" score="3.863100345872848" volume="8" year="1963">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F604A7B21FDF7F9C6" ID-CoL="5QNW" authority="(H. Ito) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin." authorityName="Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin." baseAuthorityName="H. Ito" box="[97,592,1640,1661]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F604A7B21FEA5F9C6" bold="true" box="[97,258,1640,1661]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
(H. Ito) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
</taxonomicName>
8:304. 1963
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62F27B23FC5DF9C0" ID-CoL="8H89" authority="H. Ito" authorityName="H. Ito" box="[729,1018,1642,1659]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Metathelypteris">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62F27B23FC8BF9C0" box="[729,812,1642,1659]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Thelypteris</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F637C7B23FC6DF9C0" box="[855,970,1642,1659]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
H. Ito
</taxonomicName>
, in Nakai &amp; Honda
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0F64A67B22FD79F92C" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0F64A67B22FD79F92C" blockId="68.[97,1227,1599,1687]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFAD9B0F648B7B22FB60F9C7" box="[1184,1223,1643,1660]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Type</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F608A7BCCFE4FF92C" ID-CoL="42DWY" authority="(Blume) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[161,488,1669,1687]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F608A7BCCFED4F92D" box="[161,371,1669,1686]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Metathelypteris gracilescens</emphasis>
(Blume) Ching
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61D57BCCFD7EF92C" ID-CoL="HFYW" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" box="[510,729,1669,1687]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61D57BCCFD03F92D" box="[510,676,1669,1686]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Aspidium gracilescens</emphasis>
Blume
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0F60AA7BE2FE7FF907" box="[129,472,1707,1724]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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For additional synonymy see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAD9B0F61767BE2FE73F907" author="Lin" box="[349,468,1707,1724]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="68" pageNumber="58" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al.(2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F604A7B98FF6EF95D" box="[97,201,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Etymology.</emphasis>
—Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61287B9BFE97F95C" box="[259,304,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">meta</emphasis>
, near, close to +
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F61E77B98FD94F95D" box="[460,563,1745,1766]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61E77B98FD94F95D" box="[460,563,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This genus is a distinct from, but close to,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F63E07B98FB95F95D" box="[971,1074,1745,1766]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63E07B98FB95F95D" box="[971,1074,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAD9B0E60BA7BBBFCA2FD2C" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAD9B0E60BA7BBBFCA2FD2C" blockId="68.[97,1226,1745,1831]" lastBlockId="69.[121,1251,161,1655]" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
Plants terrestrial, small to medium-sized, usually
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAD9B0F625E7BBBFD47F8BC" box="[629,736,1778,1799]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" unit="cm" value="67.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="35.0">35–100 cm</quantity>
tall;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63397BBBFCD7F8BC" bold="true" box="[786,880,1778,1799]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">rhizomes</emphasis>
short-creeping to suberect or erect, often with tufted fronds;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61667A5BFE37F89C" bold="true" box="[333,400,1810,1831]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, arching to erect, pinnate-pinnatifid to barely bipinnate and with adnate pinnules (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E612A7DEBFEC2FF0D" box="[257,357,161,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flaccida">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E612A7DEBFEC2FF0D" box="[257,357,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. flaccida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E615C7DEBFE15FF0C" bold="true" box="[375,434,162,183]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">stipes</emphasis>
green when living, stramineous or reddish-flushed with age, scaly only at bases, scales tan to brown, mostly
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAC9B0E616A7D8BFE28FF6C" box="[321,399,194,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2–7 mm</quantity>
long, lanceolate, bearing short acicular hairs on margins and on surfaces;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E646F7D88FB21FF6D" bold="true" box="[1092,1158,193,214]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">blades</emphasis>
membranaceous to chartaceous, ovate-deltate to lanceolate, proximal pinnae not or only slightly reduced, apices confluent, gradually tapering;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E611D7C4BFEDBFEAC" bold="true" box="[310,380,258,279]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">pinnae</emphasis>
opposite or subopposite, often becoming alternate distally, sessile, usually deeply lobed to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAC9B0E60B37C6BFF76FE8C" box="[152,209,290,311]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
from costae; rachises hairy to sometimes glabrescent, lacking vegetative buds, with acicular hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64567C6BFB15FE8C" bold="true" box="[1149,1202,290,311]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">veins</emphasis>
free, simple (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60EE7C0BFEE8FEED" box="[197,335,321,343]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60EE7C0BFEE8FEED" box="[197,335,321,343]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. gracilescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or often forked in ultimate segments, with thickened ends (seen adaxially) ending short of segment margins; costae adaxially prominent, not grooved;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E628A7C28FCB4FECD" bold="true" box="[673,787,353,374]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">aerophores</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E634E7C2BFB8AFECC" bold="true" box="[869,1069,354,375]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">indument abaxially</emphasis>
on axes (rachises, costae, costules, and veins) and sometimes on laminar tissue of acicular, unicellular hairs and/or stipitate glands, lacking spherical or hemispherical glands and scales;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62627CEBFCA9FE0C" bold="true" box="[585,782,418,439]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">indument adaxially</emphasis>
generally lacking, except along rachis and costae, but if present hairlike (uniseriate);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61EA7C8BFE4EFE6C" bold="true" box="[449,489,450,471]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">sori</emphasis>
round, often near tips of veins, and on acroscopic branch of forked veins, indusiate, indusia round-reniform, thin, glabrous or with short setulae and/or stipitate glands on margins and sometimes on surfaces;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60F87F4BFE9FFDAC" bold="true" box="[211,312,514,535]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">sporangia</emphasis>
short-stalked, glabrous or sometimes bearing hairs of several cells on stalks, lacking glands and hairs on sporangial capsules;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61A47F68FE76FD8D" bold="true" box="[399,465,545,566]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">spores</emphasis>
dark brown, with irregular, variously anastomosing ridges;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E642C7F6BFBB5FD8C" box="[1031,1042,546,567]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">x</emphasis>
= 31 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E64627F6BFB10FD8C" box="[1097,1207,546,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64627F6BFB10FD8C" box="[1097,1207,546,567]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.uraiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 34 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60AA7F0BFEACFDED" box="[129,267,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilescens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60AA7F0BFEACFDED" box="[129,267,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. gracilescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 35 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E616F7F0BFE2DFDED" box="[324,394,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dayi">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E616F7F0BFE2DFDED" box="[324,394,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. dayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61BD7F0BFE5BFDED" box="[406,508,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flaccida">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61BD7F0BFE5BFDED" box="[406,508,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. flaccida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62237F0BFD39FDED" box="[520,670,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="singalanensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62237F0BFD39FDED" box="[520,670,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. singalanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and 36 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E63297F0BFCEFFDED" box="[770,840,577,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E63297F0BFCEFFDED" box="[770,840,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. laxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (6 spp. counted), both diploids and tetraploids known.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAC9B0E612D7F2BFEB1FDCC" box="[262,278,610,631]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
base number of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E619B7F2BFE1CFDCC" box="[432,443,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">x</emphasis>
= 35 is the predominant report (three species), and other base numbers need verification, as there are several cases of conflicting reports within a species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E60827FEBFC83FC0C" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E60827FEBFC83FC0C" blockId="69.[121,1251,161,1655]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60827FEBFE16FD0D" box="[169,433,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
Diagnosis.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E610A7FE8FE16FD0D" box="[289,433,673,694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Metathelypteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E621B7FE8FD00FD0D" box="[560,679,673,694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E621B7FE8FD00FD0D" box="[560,679,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which see for additional discussion) and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E64697FE8FB61FD0D" box="[1090,1222,673,694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64697FE8FB61FD0D" box="[1090,1222,673,694]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the costae and rachis lacking adaxial grooves, veins not reaching the segment margins (viewed adaxially), laminae truncate with proximal pinnae not greatly reduced (a characteristic shared with most members of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E642F7FA8FB21FD4D" box="[1028,1158,737,758]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E642F7FA8FB21FD4D" box="[1028,1158,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64E87FABFB69FD4C" box="[1219,1230,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">x</emphasis>
= usually 35 (vs.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61237E4BFEB4FCAC" box="[264,275,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">x</emphasis>
= 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, rarely 35). There are also similarities with some species in the phegopteroid clade (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60AA7E68FF4DFC8D" box="[129,234,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Phegopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60AA7E68FF4DFC8D" box="[129,234,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Phegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60DD7E68FE36FC8D" box="[246,401,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60DD7E68FE36FC8D" box="[246,401,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61B57E68FDE0FC8D" box="[414,583,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61B57E68FDE0FC8D" box="[414,583,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which mostly lack or have relatively small indusia (as sometimes in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60527E08FEB4FCED" box="[121,275,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60527E08FEB4FCED" box="[121,275,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), generally have larger, more broadly deltate, and more divided blades, and have different chromosome base numbers (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61257E2BFEBEFCCC" box="[270,281,866,887]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">x</emphasis>
= 30, or 31, vs.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61987E2BFE19FCCC" box="[435,446,866,887]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">x</emphasis>
= usually 34 or
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAC9B0E62767E2BFD28FCCC" box="[605,655,866,887]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" unit="in" value="35.0">35 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62BE7E28FC83FCCD" box="[661,804,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62BE7E28FC83FCCD" box="[661,804,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E631B7E28FC67FCCD" box="[816,960,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E631B7E28FC67FCCD" box="[816,960,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with the phegopteroid genera the characteristics of often-forked veins that end before reaching the margin, the costae and main rachis adaxially lacking grooves, and generally the lack of reduced proximal pinnae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E60827E88FCDEFBCC" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E60827E88FCDEFBCC" blockId="69.[121,1251,161,1655]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60827E88FDE5FC6D" box="[169,578,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
Biogeography and ecology.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61987E88FDE5FC6D" box="[435,578,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Metathelypteris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
comprises ca. 17 species, distributed from Bioko and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E646C7E8BFB02FC6C" box="[1095,1189,962,983]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">São Tomé</collectingCountry>
(both having endemic species), tropical Africa and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E62187EABFD08FC4C" box="[563,687,994,1015]" name="South Africa" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E62977EABFCEEFC4C" author="Holttum" box="[700,841,994,1015]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E63787EABFBB2FC4C" author="Pichi Sermolli" box="[851,1045,994,1015]" firstAuthor="Pichi Sermolli" journalOrPublisher="I. Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg." pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="177 - 284" part="53" refId="ref112883" refString="PICHI SERMOLLI, R. E. G. 1983. A contribution to the knowledge of the Pteridophyta of Rwanda, Burundi, and Kivu (Zaire). I. Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 53: 177 - 284." title="A contribution to the knowledge of the Pteridophyta of Rwanda, Burundi, and Kivu (Zaire)" type="journal article" year="1983">Pichi Sermolli 1983</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E64657EABFB64FC4C" box="[1102,1219,994,1015]" name="Madagascar" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E6052794BFF09FBAC" box="[121,174,1026,1047]" name="India" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E609E794BFEB4FBAC" box="[181,275,1026,1047]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E6130794BFEFEFBAC" box="[283,345,1026,1047]" name="China" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">China</collectingCountry>
, continental southeast Asia, southern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E62EA794BFD5EFBAC" box="[705,761,1026,1047]" name="Japan" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E6301794BFCD1FBAC" box="[810,886,1026,1047]" name="Malaysia" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, east to the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E63C9794BFB24FBAC" box="[994,1155,1026,1047]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
. It is most diverse in continental Asia, while seemingly absent from most of Melanesia,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E63AE796BFC44FB8C" box="[901,995,1058,1079]" name="Australia" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFAC9B0E63C5796BFBD1FB8C" box="[1006,1142,1058,1079]" name="New Zealand" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, and all of Polynesia. Species occur in middle elevation forests, from ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAC9B0E62FE790BFCC6FBEC" box="[725,865,1090,1111]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="1500.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–2000 m</quantity>
, often on steep earthy slopes or among rocks, occasionally in somewhat open places (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E6205792BFD34FBCD" box="[558,659,1121,1143]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flaccida">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E6205792BFD34FBCD" box="[558,659,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. flaccida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), especially along trails.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAC9B0E608279CBFD94FA6D" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E608279CBFCCBFAEC" blockId="69.[121,1251,161,1655]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E608279CBFE53FB2D" box="[169,500,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E622679CBFD2CFB2C" author="Ching" box="[525,651,1154,1175]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
first recognized
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E630379C8FC1FFB2D" box="[808,952,1153,1174]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E630379C8FC1FFB2D" box="[808,952,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a genus, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E646679CBFB46FB2C" author="Holttum" box="[1101,1249,1154,1175]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
adopted a similar circumscription.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E61E779EBFDC1FB0C" author="Holttum" box="[460,614,1186,1207]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="18 - 47" part="23" refId="ref109769" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1976 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae X. The genus Coryphopteris. Blumea 23: 18 - 47." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae X. The genus Coryphopteris" type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1976a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E624479EBFD38FB0C" author="Holttum" box="[623,671,1186,1207]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
) later expressed belief that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E638279E8FB9EFB0D" box="[937,1081,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E638279E8FB9EFB0D" box="[937,1081,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60F07988FEDFFB6D" box="[219,376,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60F07988FEDFFB6D" box="[219,376,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and especially
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62257988FD1FFB6D" box="[526,696,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudophegopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62257988FD1FFB6D" box="[526,696,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Pseudophegopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, agreeing with these genera in having free, often forking veins that end before reaching the segment margins and costae lacking adaxial grooves. Despite these morphological similarities, molecular evidence suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62057848FD19FAAD" box="[558,702,1281,1302]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62057848FD19FAAD" box="[558,702,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E630C7848FC1AFAAD" box="[807,957,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E630C7848FC39FAAD" box="[807,926,1281,1302]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Amauropelta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAC9B0E63897848FC1AFAAD" box="[930,957,1281,1302]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(including
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E64027848FB73FAAC" box="[1065,1236,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E64027848FB13FAAD" box="[1065,1204,1281,1302]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Parathelypteris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFAC9B0E6492784BFB73FAAC" box="[1209,1236,1282,1303]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
), with
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60877868FE95FA8D" box="[172,306,1313,1334]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60877868FE95FA8D" box="[172,306,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61A67868FDB9FA8D" box="[397,542,1313,1334]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61A67868FDB9FA8D" box="[397,542,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E621C7868FD08FA8D" box="[567,687,1313,1334]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E621C7868FD08FA8D" box="[567,687,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E6297786BFCD5FA8C" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[700,882,1314,1335]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E6357786BFB9DFA8C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[892,1082,1313,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press), and not ancestral to the phegopteroid clade, as
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAC9B0E625D780BFCB2FAEC" author="Holttum" box="[630,789,1346,1367]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" pagination="18 - 47" part="23" refId="ref109769" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1976 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae X. The genus Coryphopteris. Blumea 23: 18 - 47." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae X. The genus Coryphopteris" type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
thought.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAC9B0E6082782BFD94FA6D" blockId="69.[121,1251,161,1655]" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E6082782BFF7BFACC" box="[169,220,1378,1399]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Notes</emphasis>
.—Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2017) recently synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62F1782BFB05FACD" authority="Ching ex W. M. Chu &amp; S. G. Lu" authorityName="W. M. Chu &amp; S. G. Lu" box="[730,1186,1377,1399]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deltoideofrons">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62F1782BFCDFFACD" box="[730,888,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. deltoideofrons</emphasis>
Ching ex W.M. Chu &amp; S.G. Lu
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E605278CBFF4EFA2D" box="[121,233,1409,1431]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E605278CBFF4EFA2D" box="[121,233,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.decipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E60D878CBFDE1FA2C" authority="Sarn. Singh &amp; Panigrahi" authorityName="Sarn. Singh &amp; Panigrahi" box="[243,582,1409,1431]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="krameri">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E60D878CBFEFDFA2D" box="[243,346,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.krameri</emphasis>
Sarn.Singh &amp; Panigrahi
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E62AC78CBFD4BFA2D" box="[647,748,1409,1431]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flaccida">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E62AC78CBFD4BFA2D" box="[647,748,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.flaccida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E633478CBFB8CFA2D" authority="Ching &amp; S. K. Wu" authorityName="Ching &amp; S. K. Wu" box="[799,1067,1409,1431]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tibetica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E633478CBFCD8FA2D" box="[799,895,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M. tibetica</emphasis>
Ching &amp; S.K. Wu
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E644778CBFB7DFA2C" box="[1132,1242,1410,1431]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E644778CBFB7DFA2C" box="[1132,1242,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">M.uraiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have seen scant material of these heterotypic synonyms, but tentatively accept their conclusions, pending a muchneeded modern monograph of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAC9B0E61B57888FD8AFA6D" box="[414,557,1473,1494]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="69" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAC9B0E61B57888FD8AFA6D" box="[414,557,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="59">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

72
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFAD9B0F604A782BFD4CFACD" box="[97,747,1377,1399]" level="2" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F604A782BFFCDFACC" bold="true" box="[97,106,1378,1399]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">*</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F6041782BFE32FACC" bold="true" box="[106,405,1378,1399]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris pseudostenobasis</emphasis>
S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAD9B0F62D5782CFF61FA2A" author="Copel." journal="J. Arnold Arbor." page="176" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" score="9.270020995939838" volume="10" year="1929">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F62D5782CFB36FACC" authority="Copel., J. Arnold Arbor." authorityName="Copel., J. Arnold Arbor." box="[766,1169,1381,1399]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudostenobasis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62D5782CFC72FACD" box="[766,981,1381,1398]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Dryopteris pseudostenobasis</emphasis>
Copel., J. Arnold Arbor.
</taxonomicName>
10:176. 1929
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F60F778C9FDC1FA2A" ID-CoL="8R6XQ" authority="(Copel.) C. W. Chen" authorityName="C. W. Chen" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[220,614,1408,1425]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudostenobasis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F60F778C9FE68FA2A" box="[220,463,1408,1425]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amblovenatum pseudostenobasis</emphasis>
(Copel.) C.W.Chen
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F625078C9FCC3FA2A" box="[635,868,1408,1425]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amphineuron pseudostenobasis</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAD9B0F63D678C9FEE6FA17" ID-CoL="8RFKM" authority="(Copel.) C. F. Reed" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudostenobasis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F63D678C9FF13FA10" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Thelypteris pseudostenobasis</emphasis>
(Copel.) C.F.Reed
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</paragraph>
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—
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.—
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—
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(Alderw.) Holttum
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(Kuntze) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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(Alderw.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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(C. Chr.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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(Alderw.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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;
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S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F61537B4BFE5AF9AD" box="[376,509,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">M. tonkinensis</emphasis>
(C. Chr.) Ching
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F604A793BFE9AFB3D" bold="true" box="[97,317,1137,1159]" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Mesopteris attenuata</emphasis>
(Kuntze) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFAD9B0F6320793CFB15FB3C" author="Kuntze" box="[779,1202,1141,1159]" journal="Rev. Gen. Pl." page="812" pageId="68" pageNumber="58" score="0.9156345140941782" volume="2" year="1891">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F6320793CFC0EFB3E" box="[779,937,1141,1157]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Dryopteris attenuata</emphasis>
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.
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2:812. 1891
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.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F608A79D9FEE7FB1B" box="[161,320,1168,1185]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Aspidium attenuatum</emphasis>
Kunze ex Mett., Farngatt.
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4:96. 1858, non Sw. (1801).—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F62C479D9FC0AFB1B" box="[751,941,1168,1185]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Amphineuron attenuatum</emphasis>
(Kuntze) Holttum
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAD9B0F646579D9FF6CFB00" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="58">Thelypteris attenuata</emphasis>
(Kuntze) C.V. Morton
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—
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—
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—
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFAE9B0C61D57E02FDBAFCE0" box="[510,541,843,859]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C620E7E03FC3EFCE7" authority="(G. Forst.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." box="[549,921,842,860]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C620E7E03FD06FCE0" box="[549,673,842,859]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pakau pennigera</emphasis>
(G.Forst.) S.E. Fawc.&amp; A.R.Sm.
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C63857E03FEBBFCCC" authority="G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigerum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C63857E03FBC6FCE0" box="[942,1121,842,859]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Polypodium pennigerum</emphasis>
G. Forst., Fl.Ins. Austr.Prodr.
</taxonomicName>
82.1786.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAE9B0C60B27EC2FDF4FC27" box="[153,595,907,924]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B0C60B27EC2FDF4FC27" blockId="71.[153,595,907,924]" box="[153,595,907,924]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
For complete species synonymy see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C618C7EC2FDF7FC27" author="Brownsey" box="[423,592,907,924]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brownsey" journalOrPublisher="Bot." pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="431 - 489" part="23" refId="ref106879" refString="BROWNSEY, P. J., D. R. GIVEN, &amp; J. D. LOVIS. 1985. A revised classification of New Zealand pteridophytes with a synonymic checklist of species. New Zealand J. Bot. 23: 431 - 489." title="A revised classification of New Zealand pteridophytes with a synonymic checklist of species. New Zealand J" type="journal article" year="1985">Brownsey et al.(1985)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAE9B0C60527EF8FB9DFC5C" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B0C60527EF8FB9DFC5C" blockId="71.[121,1250,945,1799]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60527EF8FF7DFC7D" box="[121,218,945,966]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Etymology</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60DC7EFBFE92FC7C" box="[247,309,946,967]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pākau</taxonomicName>
, or pākauroharoha, is the common name for this fern in the Māori language. The word may also refer to wing (Moorfield 2019), similar to the dual meanings of the Greek word
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C634E7E9BFC3DFC5C" box="[869,922,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">pteris</emphasis>
(fern or feather).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAE9B0C608C7EBBFD78FA5C" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B0C608C7EBBFD78FA5C" blockId="71.[121,1250,945,1799]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
Plants large and terrestrial, from &lt;0.5 m to&gt; 2.5 m in height;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C62C07EBBFCEEFBBC" bold="true" box="[747,841,1010,1031]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">rhizomes</emphasis>
sometimes forming massive erect caudices to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAE9B0C60BA795BFF10FB9C" box="[145,183,1042,1063]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
tall, or decumbent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C615C795BFE1DFB9C" bold="true" box="[375,442,1042,1063]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic, pinnate-pinnatifid, arching;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C6348795BFC39FB9C" bold="true" box="[867,926,1042,1063]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">stipes</emphasis>
light brown, with brown ovate to lanceolate glabrous scales on stipe bases;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61D57978FDE7FBFD" bold="true" box="[510,576,1073,1094]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">blades</emphasis>
membranaceous to chartaceous, drying dull green, ovate to lanceolate; two to five pairs of proximal pinnae gradually reduced, the lowest 1–4(–6) cm long (never rudimentary or glanduliform);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C6091793BFEA7FB3C" bold="true" box="[186,256,1138,1159]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">pinnae</emphasis>
opposite or subopposite (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAE9B0C61D1793BFD99FB3D" box="[506,574,1137,1159]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61D1793BFD99FB3D" bold="true" box="[506,574,1137,1159]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Fig. 7F</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), even towards blade apex, grooved adaxially, (10–)15–30 pairs, lobes oblique, rounded with crenulate margins, incised halfway or a little more to costae, proximal pinnae frequently auricled, with acroscopic auricles often secondarily lobed; costules
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAE9B0C62C979FBFC93FB7C" box="[738,820,1202,1223]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
apart;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C635379FBFC0AFB7C" bold="true" box="[888,941,1202,1223]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">veins</emphasis>
commonly about 6–9 pairs per segment, prominent both adaxially and abaxially, generally with one pair anastomosing below cartilaginous sinuses (sometimes forming a whitish, protruding apophysis to 0.5 mm long abaxially), and a second vein pair running to the sinus;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C609E7858FE81FA9D" bold="true" box="[181,294,1297,1318]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">aerophores</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C6159785BFD90FA9C" bold="true" box="[370,567,1298,1319]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">indument abaxially</emphasis>
of brown, often lustrous, ovate to deltate scales (to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFAE9B0C643F785BFBEBFA9C" box="[1044,1100,1298,1319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide and about as long) along rachis and costae (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAE9B0C619D787BFE5DFAFD" box="[438,506,1329,1351]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C619D787BFE5DFAFD" bold="true" box="[438,506,1329,1351]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Fig. 7E</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), hairs sparse and short, unicellular, acicular or capitate on costae, or lacking;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C6052781BFEE6FADC" bold="true" box="[121,321,1362,1383]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of arching reddish brown hairs on rachis and costae, the hairs directed toward pinna and blade tips, short sparse capitate or acicular hairs present on costae, generally lacking on secondary veins and laminae;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C64B47838FF32FA1D" bold="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60CF78DBFEABFA1C" bold="true" box="[228,268,1426,1447]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">sori</emphasis>
inframedial, exindusiate, the basal pair or two on each segment (larger fronds) often oval, to twice as long as wide (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFAE9B0C60D078FBFE98FA7D" box="[251,319,1457,1479]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60D078FBFE98FA7D" bold="true" box="[251,319,1457,1479]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Fig. 7E</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C617978FBFE10FA7C" bold="true" box="[338,439,1458,1479]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">sporangia</emphasis>
unadorned, each with a short stalk ca. 1/4–1/2 the capsule length;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C640478F8FBD6FA7D" bold="true" box="[1071,1137,1457,1478]" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">spores</emphasis>
black, with small, irregular wings;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C617E789BFEC7FA5C" box="[341,352,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">x</emphasis>
=
<geoCoordinate id="EE2A5027FFAE9B0C615E789BFE08FA5C" box="[373,431,1490,1511]" degrees="36, 2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" precision="5555" value="36.2">
36, 2
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C6188789BFE08FA5C" box="[419,431,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
= 144 (only tetraploids known).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFAE9B03608278BBFD5FFF6C" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFAE9B03608278BBFD5FFF6C" blockId="71.[121,1250,945,1799]" lastBlockId="72.[97,1226,162,759]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C608278BBFEA3F9BC" box="[169,260,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C610978B8FEFBF9BD" box="[290,348,1521,1542]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C610978B8FEFBF9BD" box="[290,348,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C629A78B8FCAAF9BD" box="[689,781,1521,1542]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C629A78B8FCAAF9BD" box="[689,781,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C631578B8FC7BF9BD" box="[830,988,1521,1542]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Macrothelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C631578B8FC7BF9BD" box="[830,988,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Macrothelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its essentially glabrous laminae, and from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C61187B58FDA1F99C" box="[307,518,1553,1575]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interruptus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61187B58FDA1F99C" box="[307,518,1553,1575]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Cyclosorus interruptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its erect or decumbent rhizomes (vs. long-creeping).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C64067B58FBC0F99D" box="[1069,1127,1553,1574]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C64067B58FBC0F99D" box="[1069,1127,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from other segregates of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C61067B7BFE19F9FC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[301,446,1586,1607]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61067B7BFE19F9FC" box="[301,446,1586,1607]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having persistent ovate to deltate scales on the abaxial costae, lack of aerophores at pinna bases, non-pustular laminae, laminae with proximal pinnae gradually reduced but lacking rudimentary pinnae, and black spores.Another distinctive feature of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C62137B38FDD5F93D" box="[568,626,1649,1670]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C62137B38FDD5F93D" box="[568,626,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is its opposite pinnae; although some other
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C64207B3BFB17F93C" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1035,1200,1650,1671]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
have opposite or subopposite proximal pinnae, these usually transition to an alternate arrangement towards the frond apex. The lobing of the acroscopic auricles on the pinna bases is also characteristic and unusual within the family (but see
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C60527B98FE95F95C" box="[121,306,1745,1767]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C60527B98FE95F95C" box="[121,306,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pelazoneuron patens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C61B17B98FD85F95C" box="[410,546,1745,1767]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61B17B98FE52F95D" box="[410,501,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Christella</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFAE9B0C62047B9BFD79F95C" author="Holttum" box="[559,734,1746,1767]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" page="43" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971:43)</bibRefCitation>
thought
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C63197B9BFB87F95C" box="[818,1056,1746,1767]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C63197B9BFB87F95C" box="[818,1056,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pneumatopteris pennigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was possibly related to a species that we here treat as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C61837BBBFDA0F8BC" box="[424,519,1778,1799]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C61837BBBFDA0F8BC" box="[424,519,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C623A7BB8FCECF8BC" authority="Fee" authorityName="Fee" box="[529,843,1777,1799]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C623A7BB8FC82F8BD" box="[529,805,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Goniopteris madagascariensis</emphasis>
Fée
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFAE9B0C634C7BBBFB70F8BC" authority="(Kunze) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" box="[871,1239,1778,1799]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unita">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFAE9B0C634C7BBBFB8BF8BC" box="[871,1068,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="61">Pneumatopteris unita</emphasis>
(Kunze) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
), from Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0360F27DEBFECBFF0C" author="Holttum" box="[217,364,162,183]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum 1974a</bibRefCitation>
). Molecular evidence (Fawcett et al. in press) suggests the two species diverged successively from the backbone of the phylogeny and are on long branches (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA19B03629D7D8BFD4DFF6C" box="[694,746,194,215]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03629D7D8BFD4DFF6C" bold="true" box="[694,746,194,215]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA19B0360BA7DA8FCB1FECC" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA19B0360BA7DA8FCB1FECC" blockId="72.[97,1226,162,759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0360BA7DA8FE29FF4D" box="[145,398,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Biogeography and ecology.</emphasis>
—This monotypic genus is restricted to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA19B0363087DABFC0DFF4C" box="[803,938,226,247]" name="New Zealand" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA19B0364177DABFB3EFF4C" box="[1084,1177,226,247]" name="Australia" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFA19B03604A7C4BFF18FEAC" box="[97,191,258,279]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0360E27C4BFE12FEAC" author="Brownsey &amp; Perrie" box="[201,437,258,279]" editor="I. Breitwieser &amp; P. B. Heenan &amp; A. D. Wilton" firstAuthor="Brownsey" journalOrPublisher="Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="16" refId="ref106927" refString="BROWNSEY, P. J. &amp; L. R. PERRIE. 2016. Thelypteridaceae. In: I. Breitwieser, P. B. Heenan, A. D. Wilton, eds., Flora of New Zealand - Ferns and Lycophytes. Fascicle 16. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. Available at http: // dx. doi. org / 10.7931 / B 1 G 59 H. Accessed Feb 2020." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora of New Zealand - Ferns and Lycophytes. Fascicle" year="2016">Brownsey &amp; Perrie 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0361E87C48FDFDFEAC" box="[451,602,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pennigera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361E87C48FDFDFEAC" box="[451,602,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pakau pennigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a plant of lowland (&lt;
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFA19B03631E7C4BFCD4FEAC" box="[821,883,258,279]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
), relatively undisturbed rain forests, especially of dark, heavily shaded gullies. It stands apart from other genera in the family in having a strictly austral distribution, but it does not extend to frost-prone latitudes. Fossil evidence suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0363947C08FC5FFEED" box="[959,1016,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363947C08FC5FFEED" box="[959,1016,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or its close relatives, were present in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA19B0360DC7C2BFED1FECC" box="[247,374,354,375]" name="New Zealand" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
at least since the early Miocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0362817C2BFCACFECC" author="Pole" box="[682,779,354,375]" firstAuthor="Pole" journalOrPublisher="Ferns. J. Roy. Soc. New Zealand" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="279 - 286" part="22" refId="ref112931" refString="POLE, M. 1992. Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia group, New Zealand. 1. Ferns. J. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 22: 279 - 286." title="Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia group, New Zealand" type="journal article" year="1992">Pole 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFA19B0360BA7CCBFDFEFD4D" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFA19B0360BA7CCBFDFEFD4D" blockId="72.[97,1226,162,759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0360BA7CCBFE7FFE2D" box="[145,472,385,407]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0361DD7CC8FD97FE2D" box="[502,560,385,406]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361DD7CC8FD97FE2D" box="[502,560,385,406]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been treated most recently in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0363F37CCBFBCEFE2C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[984,1129,386,407]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363F37CCBFBCEFE2C" box="[984,1129,386,407]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B03645E7CCBFF36FE0C" author="Holttum" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0360B27CEBFF73FE0C" author="Holttum" box="[153,212,418,439]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="293 - 325" part="21" refId="ref109522" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1973 a. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae V. The genus Pneumatopteris Nakai. Blumea 21: 293 - 325." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae V. The genus Pneumatopteris Nakai" type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">1973a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0360F77CEBFEB1FE0C" author="Holttum" box="[220,278,418,439]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">1974a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0361357CEBFEFDFE0C" author="Holttum" box="[286,346,418,439]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
; Brownsey &amp; Smith-Dodsworth 1989: fig. 112 A-B;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B03636A7CEBFC63FE0C" author="Bostock" box="[833,964,418,439]" editor="McCarthy, P. M. &amp; Orchard, A. E." firstAuthor="Bostock" journalOrPublisher="Melbourne: ABRS / CSIRO Australia. Pp" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="327 - 358" refId="ref106577" refString="BOSTOCK, P. D. 1998. Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups. In: McCarthy, P. M. &amp; Orchard, A. E., eds., Flora of Australia. Vol. 48. Melbourne: ABRS / CSIRO Australia. Pp. 327 - 358." title="Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora of Australia. Vol. 48" year="1998">Bostock 1998</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 121F-G), but even with this placement, Holttum realized that this species was somewhat apart from other
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0363A97C8BFBB4FE6C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[898,1043,450,471]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363A97C8BFBB4FE6C" box="[898,1043,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the exindusiate sori, presence of costal scales, and absence of rudimentary proximal pinnae. The highly polyphyletic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03604A7F4BFF55FDAC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[97,242,514,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A7F4BFF55FDAC" box="[97,242,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recircumscribed in the present work; see the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362E97F4BFCF4FDAC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[706,851,514,535]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362E97F4BFCF4FDAC" box="[706,851,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
treatment for further details. Based on recent molecular phylogenetic evidence (Fawcett et al. in press),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362C27F68FC82FD8D" box="[745,805,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362C27F68FC82FD8D" box="[745,805,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite distinct from any extant genus of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03604A7F0BFEACFDEC" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[97,267,578,599]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
; it resolves on a long branch, sister to the rest of the christelloid clade, which is a subclade of the cyclosoroid genera (including
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03618E7F28FDAFFDCD" box="[421,520,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03618E7F28FDAFFDCD" box="[421,520,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0362337F28FD30FDCD" box="[536,663,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Plesioneuron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0362337F28FD30FDCD" box="[536,663,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Plesioneuron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03628C7F2BFCE3FDCC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[679,836,610,631]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03628C7F2BFCE3FDCC" box="[679,836,610,631]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03637F7F28FB34FDCD" box="[852,1171,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03637F7F28FC7EFDCD" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[852,985,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pronephrium</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0363CE7F28FB34FDCD" box="[997,1171,609,630]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudocyclosorus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03604A7FC8FEA4FD2D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[97,259,641,662]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A7FC8FEA4FD2D" box="[97,259,641,662]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) all sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFA19B0361477FCBFDA6FD2C" author="Holttum" box="[364,513,642,663]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
, as well as a half dozen smaller genera (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFA19B0363547FCBFC12FD2C" box="[895,949,642,663]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0363547FCBFC12FD2C" bold="true" box="[895,949,642,663]" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The christelloid genera are almost exclusively Old World, primarily restricted to southeastern and southern Asia,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA19B0363FE7FEBFB82FD0C" box="[981,1061,674,695]" name="Malaysia" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, Melanesia, and Polynesia, with the exception of the three earliest-diverging lineages: The
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFA19B0363087F8BFC04FD6C" box="[803,931,706,727]" name="New Zealand" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0364107F88FBD3FD6D" box="[1083,1140,705,726]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pakau" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0364107F88FBD3FD6D" box="[1083,1140,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Pakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, African
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B03604A7FABFF67FD4C" box="[97,192,738,759]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B03604A7FABFF67FD4C" box="[97,192,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">Menisorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and neotropical/subtropical
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFA19B0361FC7FA8FDFEFD4D" box="[471,601,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFA19B0361FC7FA8FDF2FD4D" box="[471,597,737,758]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pelazoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pelazoneuron</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1260527D82FEC8FF5B" authority="J. Sm." authorityName="J. Sm." box="[121,367,203,224]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260527D82FE94FF5B" bold="true" box="[121,307,203,224]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
J. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
in Hooker, Gen. Fil., t. 24. 1839.
</paragraph>
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—
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFB09B1262997D87FED5FF40" author="K. Iwats." journal="Mem. Coll. Sci Univ. Kyoto, ser. B" page="32" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" score="10.725328331126558" volume="31" year="1964">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262997D87FCA2FF64" box="[690,773,206,223]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Thelypteris</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12631E7D87FC1BFF64" box="[821,956,206,223]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
(J. Sm.) K. Iwats., Mem.Coll.Sci Univ.
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFB09B1260927DA0FF40FF42" box="[185,231,233,249]" country="Japan" name="Kyoto" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Kyoto</collectingRegion>
, ser.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1261217DA0FEB1FF42" box="[266,278,233,249]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
, 31:32.1964
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB09B1261A27DA0FE0FFF42" box="[393,424,233,249]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1261A27DA0FE0FFF42" box="[393,424,233,249]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12619A7DA0FD60FF40" ID-CoL="4225Z" authority="J. Sm." authorityName="J. Sm." box="[433,711,233,251]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asplenioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12619A7DA0FD30FF41" box="[433,663,233,250]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Sphaerostephanos asplenioides</emphasis>
J. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
[=
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262F77DA0FC98FF41" box="[732,831,233,250]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1262F77DA0FD40FF42" box="[732,743,233,249]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. polycarpos
</emphasis>
(Blume) Copel.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1260B27C47FE99FE9B" blockId="89.[153,665,270,368]" box="[153,318,270,288]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260B27C47FF58FEA4" box="[153,255,270,287]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Haplodictyum</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1261297C46FEB6FE9B" box="[258,273,271,288]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Presl
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1260B27C60FEFCFE80" blockId="89.[153,665,270,368]" box="[153,347,297,315]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260B27C60FF50FE81" box="[153,247,297,314]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Mesochlaena</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1260D77C63FEACFE80" box="[252,267,298,315]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">R</collectionCode>
.Br.)
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1261047C60FE90FE82" box="[303,311,297,313]" country="South Africa" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14647" name="University of the Witwatersrand" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="Herbarium">J</collectionCode>
. Sm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1260B27C0AFEB3FEEE" blockId="89.[153,665,270,368]" box="[153,276,323,341]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260B27C0AFF72FEEF" box="[153,213,323,340]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Proferea</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB09B1260F27C0DFF4FFEEE" box="[217,232,324,341]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Presl
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1260B27C17FD3EFECB" blockId="89.[153,665,270,368]" box="[153,665,350,368]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
For additional generic synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB09B12619F7C16FD8BFECB" author="Holttum" box="[436,556,351,368]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="89" pageNumber="79" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB09B1262197C16FDC4FECB" author="Holttum" box="[562,611,351,368]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB09B1262427C16FD37FECB" author="Holttum" box="[617,656,351,368]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB09B1260527CCCFB8BFE00" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1260527CCCFB8BFE00" blockId="89.[121,1251,389,1819]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260527CCCFF7DFE21" box="[121,218,389,410]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Etymology</emphasis>
.—Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261307CCCFEC4FE21" box="[283,355,389,410]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">sphaera</emphasis>
, sphere +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261E97CCCFDBBFE21" box="[450,540,389,410]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">stephanos</emphasis>
, crown, in reference to the spherical yellow glands adorning the sori; these may be borne on the receptacles, indusia (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB09B1262237CEFFDE9FE00" box="[520,590,422,443]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262237CEFFDE9FE00" bold="true" box="[520,590,422,443]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Fig. 2D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), or sporangia, and are characteristic of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB09B1260827C8FFD64F9A0" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1260827C8FFD64F9A0" blockId="89.[121,1251,389,1819]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
Plants mostly terrestrial, or occasionally cremnophilous or rheophytic, mostly from (10–)30–100(–200) cm tall;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260527CAFFF70FE40" bold="true" box="[121,215,486,507]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">rhizomes</emphasis>
mostly suberect or erect, occasionally short-creeping, rarely long-creeping or scandent (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12643E7CACFB7FFE40" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[1045,1240,485,507]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12643E7CACFBD9FE41" box="[1045,1150,485,506]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. scandens</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260527F4FFF1BFDA0" bold="true" box="[121,188,518,539]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic or with fertile fronds smaller and more erect (fronds subdimorphic to dimorphic, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1264A67F4CFF04FD81" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dimorphus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1264A67F4CFF04FD81" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. dimorphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), usually pinnate-pinnatifid or once-pinnate, rarely pinnae subentire, pinnatifid or weakly divided, with elongate apical lamina subtended by reduced lateral pinnae as in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1262AC7F0CFCAEFDE1" box="[647,777,581,602]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beccarianus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262AC7F0CFCAEFDE1" box="[647,777,581,602]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. beccarianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB09B12633E7F0FFCFEFDE1" box="[789,857,581,603]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12633E7F0FFCFEFDE1" bold="true" box="[789,857,581,603]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Fig. 7B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
) and related species (no simple-bladed or twice-pinnate species known), usually arching;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262697F2FFDDAFDC0" bold="true" box="[578,637,614,635]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">stipes</emphasis>
stramineous or brownish, usually dull, stipe bases and rhizome scales brown to tan, ovate to lanceolate, rarely glabrous, thin, usually with acicular, hyaline hairs 0.1–0.2 mm on margins and surfaces;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12610D7FECFECFFD01" bold="true" box="[294,360,677,698]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">blades</emphasis>
usually chartaceous, less often thicker and subcoriaceous to coriaceous (species of more open areas, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1260C87F8CFEC3FD61" box="[227,356,709,730]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lithophyllus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260C87F8CFEC3FD61" box="[227,356,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. lithophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), usually drying green, lanceolate, ovate to deltate, proximal pinnae usually subabruptly or abruptly reduced (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB09B1261077FAFFED4FD40" box="[300,371,742,763]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261077FAFFED4FD40" bold="true" box="[300,371,742,763]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Fig. 2K</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), occasionally gradually reduced, often&gt; 6 pairs (to 30+ pairs, e.g., in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1264367FACFB3BFD41" box="[1053,1180,741,762]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifolius">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1264367FACFB3BFD41" box="[1053,1180,741,762]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. sagittifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), basal pair(s) often auriculiform or glanduliform and &lt;
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB09B12627A7E4FFD2CFCA1" box="[593,651,773,795]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
long, blade apex gradually reduced, with distal pinnae not or only slightly decurrent, or subabruptly reduced and pinna-like; proliferous buds absent in axils of distal pinnae (no gemmiferous spp. known);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261AC7E0FFE69FCE0" bold="true" box="[391,462,838,859]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">pinnae</emphasis>
entire (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262627E0CFC3AFCE1" box="[585,925,837,858]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1262627E0CFD39FCE1" box="[585,670,837,858]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="debilis">S. debilis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1262837E0CFC81FCE1" box="[680,806,837,858]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dimorphus">S. dimorphus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12631B7E0CFC3AFCE1" box="[816,925,837,858]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mutabilis">S. mutabilis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) to subentire, crenate, shallowly lobed, or often pinnatifid to more than half their width, rarely pinnatisect or lobed within
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB09B1263F97E2FFBADFCC1" box="[978,1034,869,891]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
of costae (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1264B37E2CFF7FFC20" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="novoguineensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1264B37E2CFF7FFC20" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. novoguineensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1260C97ECCFEF6FC21" box="[226,337,901,922]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="williamsii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260C97ECCFEF6FC21" box="[226,337,901,922]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. williamsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), typically straight, sometimes with small acroscopic auricles at pinna bases, adaxially grooved;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260527EEFFF09FC00" bold="true" box="[121,174,934,955]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">veins</emphasis>
usually prominent abaxially and adaxially (readily seen without transmitted light), lowermost pair from adjacent segments running to margin at a sinus between adjacent lobes, usually united to form an excurrent vein that runs to sinuses, or with 2–4 pairs (exceptionally 10 pairs united in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12629A7EACFCBBFC40" box="[689,796,997,1019]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12629A7EACFCBBFC40" box="[689,796,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) united and forming a common excurrent vein (straight or zig-zag) that runs to a sinus, rarely lowermost veins meeting margins above sinuses (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B126410794CFB7CFBA0" box="[1083,1243,1029,1051]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="novoguineensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B126410794CFB7CFBA0" box="[1083,1243,1029,1051]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. novoguineensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B126052796CFF4EFB81" box="[121,233,1061,1082]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="williamsii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B126052796CFF4EFB81" box="[121,233,1061,1082]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. williamsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), free veins ending at pinna margins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B126275796CFD77FB81" bold="true" box="[606,720,1061,1082]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">aerophores</emphasis>
absent or often present at pinna bases, if present then swollen, tuberculate, or rod-like to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB09B1261FB790FFDAEFBE1" box="[464,521,1093,1115]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long (these species generally producing mucilage during development), or, forming a small patch of darkened aerating tissue at pinna bases;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262CD792FFC0BFBC0" bold="true" box="[742,940,1126,1147]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">indument abaxially</emphasis>
usually of hyaline acicular hairs on rachises, costae, veins, and sometimes between veins, rarely the blades glabrous or nearly so (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12641179CCFB6CFB20" box="[1082,1227,1157,1179]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cataractorum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12641179CCFB6CFB20" box="[1082,1227,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. cataractorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a rheophyte from the Admiralty Islands),
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261DA79EFFD10FB00" bold="true" box="[497,695,1190,1211]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">indument adaxially</emphasis>
of hyaline or sometimes reddish acicular hairs on rachises and costae, sometimes also on veins and between veins, hairs often appressed between veins, scattered to dense, hairs on stipes and rachises short to long, 0.1–1(–2) mm, sparse to dense, rarely blades glabrous or glabrescent, usually single-celled, rarely septate; glands, if present, resinous or hemispherical and opaque, usually light yellowish to light orangish, seldom capitate (short-stipitate), borne on laminae and veins abaxially and sometimes also adaxially;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1264B4786CFF32FAE1" bold="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">pustules</emphasis>
generally absent on laminar tissue (present in some spp., e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1262C5780CFCD5FAE1" box="[750,882,1349,1370]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beccarianus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262C5780CFCD5FAE1" box="[750,882,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">S. beccarianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB09B126356780FFC65FAE0" box="[893,962,1350,1371]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B126356780FFC65FAE0" bold="true" box="[893,962,1350,1371]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Fig. 7A</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1263FD780FFC59FAE0" bold="true" box="[982,1022,1350,1371]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">sori</emphasis>
inframedial, medial, or infrequently submarginal, usually round, less often oblong or elongate along veins in a few spp. (e.g., the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB09B126466782FFBDDFAC0" box="[1101,1146,1382,1403]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">type</typeStatus>
), indusiate or exindusiate, indusia if present usually round-reniform or reduced to a fragment, usually whitish or tan when young, persistent to evanescent, hairy and/or glandular to glabrous (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB09B1262F878EFFCE3FA00" box="[723,836,1446,1467]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262F878EFFCE3FA00" bold="true" box="[723,836,1446,1467]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Fig. 2D, 2E</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12637278EFFC18FA00" bold="true" box="[857,959,1446,1467]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">sporangia</emphasis>
often setulose or with sessile glands just below the annulus like those of lamina;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B126274788CFD06FA61" bold="true" box="[607,673,1477,1498]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">spores</emphasis>
pale brown, lacking pronounced winglike ridges or echinae, reticulate and perforate (fenestrate), secondary sculpturing gemmulate (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB09B12630578AFFBB9FA40" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[814,1054,1510,1531]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12640478ACFB9DFA41" box="[1071,1082,1509,1530]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">x</emphasis>
= 36, ten species counted, mostly diploid, tetraploid counts few in comparison.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB09B1160827B6CFD92FCBF" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB09B1160827B6CFD92FCBF" blockId="89.[121,1251,389,1819]" lastBlockId="90.[97,1226,162,1819]" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260827B6CFEA4F981" box="[169,259,1573,1594]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—The most morphologically similar genera to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1262EF7B6CFCCFF981" box="[708,872,1573,1594]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262EF7B6CFCCFF981" box="[708,872,1573,1594]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are other cyclosoroid genera, including the closest relatives,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261177B0CFE4AF9E1" box="[316,493,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1261177B0CFE6AF9E1" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[316,461,1605,1626]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Pneumatopteris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB09B1261FA7B0CFE4AF9E1" box="[465,493,1605,1626]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1261DC7B0CFDC0F9E1" box="[503,615,1605,1626]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261DC7B0CFDC0F9E1" box="[503,615,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Reholttumia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12625A7B0CFCADF9E1" box="[625,778,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12625A7B0CFD4DF9E1" authorityName="sensu Holttum. These" authorityYear="1982" box="[625,746,1605,1626]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Pronephrium</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB09B1262C57B0CFCADF9E1" box="[750,778,1605,1626]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and several other more distantly related christelloid genera—
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260D17B2CFED4F9C1" box="[250,371,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1260D17B2CFEF3F9C1" box="[250,340,1637,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Christella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB09B1261737B2CFED4F9C1" box="[344,371,1637,1658]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1261567B2CFDBBF9C1" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[381,540,1637,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261567B2CFDBBF9C1" box="[381,540,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12620E7B2CFD17F9C1" box="[549,688,1637,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12620E7B2CFD17F9C1" box="[549,688,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1262C97B2CFCE8F9C1" box="[738,847,1637,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1262C97B2CFCE8F9C1" box="[738,847,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Abacopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most of these, except for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B12646A7B2CFB46F9C1" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1089,1249,1637,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12646A7B2CFB46F9C1" box="[1089,1249,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1260FC7BCCFEC5F921" box="[215,354,1669,1690]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amblovenatum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1260FC7BCCFEC5F921" box="[215,354,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have at least a single pair of veins (if not many more) anastomosing below the sinuses and with an excurrent vein to the sinus. All have a base chromosome number of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B12633D7BECFC86F901" box="[790,801,1701,1722]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">x</emphasis>
= 36. All occupy large areas in continental Asia and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB09B1260897B8FFF49F960" box="[162,238,1734,1755]" name="Malaysia" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, with extensions into
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB09B1261E97B8FFE50F960" box="[450,503,1734,1755]" name="India" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">India</collectingCountry>
, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Australasia for some species. In the Flora of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB09B12648F7B8FFB46F960" box="[1188,1249,1734,1755]" name="China" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB09B1260547BAFFEADF940" author="Lin" box="[127,266,1765,1787]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lin" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A." pageId="89" pageNumber="79" pagination="319 - 396" refId="ref111240" refString="LIN, Y. X., Z. Y. LI, K. IWATSUKI, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2013. Thelypteridaceae. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2 - 3 (Pteridophytes). Science Press, Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U. S. A. Pp. 319 - 396." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, &amp; D. Y. Hong" year="2013">Lin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), most of the christelloid genera mentioned above, including
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1263647BACFC54F941" box="[847,1011,1765,1786]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1263647BACFC54F941" box="[847,1011,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were treated as part of a greatly expanded concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1261B87A4CFE51F8A1" box="[403,502,1797,1818]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1261B87A4CFE51F8A1" box="[403,502,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except for a separately treated
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1263077A4CFBD0F8A1" box="[812,1143,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1263077A4CFC6AF8A1" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[812,973,1797,1818]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudocyclosorus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB09B1263D67A4CFBD0F8A1" authorityName="sensu Holttum. These" authorityYear="1982" box="[1021,1143,1797,1818]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Pronephrium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB09B1264577A4CFB3FF8A1" box="[1148,1176,1797,1818]" pageId="89" pageNumber="79" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB09B1264577A4CFB36F8A1" box="[1148,1169,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="79">s.l</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(which included
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160927DEBFE83FF0C" box="[185,292,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Abacopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160927DEBFE83FF0C" box="[185,292,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Abacopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). However, the Flora of
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B11622D7DEBFDE5FF03" box="[518,578,162,184]" name="China" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
contains only four species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1163737DEBFC5CFF0C" box="[856,1019,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1163737DEBFC5CFF0C" box="[856,1019,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an extremely depauperate representation of the genus. Co-occurrence of many genera, recent and rapid diversification, and a lack of taxonomic experts in the group have made classification and identification of cyclosoroid
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1163937DAAFBC6FF42" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[952,1121,227,249]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
especially difficult and somewhat contentious. Rampant homoplasy in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162B67C4DFCE6FEA2" box="[669,833,260,281]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1162B67C4DFCE6FEA2" box="[669,833,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera has caused great difficulty in delineating taxa. As may be expected for a genus with more than two hundred species occupying diverse habitats, there is no single morphological character known that reliably holds the genus together—rather one must utilize a suite of characters, and have complete fertile specimens (including rhizomes) for identification to genus. Nevertheless, the circumscription of the genus by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B1161917CCEFDF7FE26" author="Holttum" box="[442,592,391,413]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
corresponds very closely to a clade, with only
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1164267CCEFBEFFE26" box="[1037,1096,391,413]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
adjustments. The following characteristics are common to most (but by no means all) species: short-creeping to suberect or erect rhizomes, with lanceolate, brownish, hairy scales at apices (as well as at stipe bases); pinnate fronds with entire, subentire, crenate, or shallowly to deeply lobed pinnae, i.e., blades once pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid; veins anastomosing, with at least the lowermost pair from adjacent segments uniting at an obtuse angle and producing an excurrent vein that runs to the sinus or to the excurrent vein in the next areole (thus bisecting the areole), i.e., veins sometimes meniscioid with as many as four pairs (10 pairs in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1161F07F02FDE2FDDB" box="[475,581,587,608]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1161F07F02FDE2FDDB" box="[475,581,587,608]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) joined in a file between costa and pinna margin; abruptly or subabruptly reduced proximal pinnae; costae abaxially with spreading to curved-appressed hairs, these often stout; the presence abaxially, and less often adaxially, of sessile, spherical or somewhat flattened, yellowish to light orangish, transparent glands on the laminar tissue between veins, on veins, and on costae and costules; often appressed or ascending (distally pointed) acicular, hyaline hairs between the veins adaxially, these often thin, mostly 0.1–0.3 mm long; the absence of pustules on laminar tissue; and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1161DD7FA6FDA6FCBF" box="[502,513,751,772]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">x</emphasis>
= 36.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB39B1160BA7E46FC10F903" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB39B1160BA7E46FB38FBF0" blockId="90.[97,1226,162,1819]" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160BA7E46FEDAFC9F" box="[145,381,783,804]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Biogeography and ecology</emphasis>
.—Species occur mostly at low and middle elevations, from near sea level to ca.
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB39B1164527E46FB62FC9F" box="[1145,1221,783,805]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
, with a few to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB39B1160CA7E79FE8BFCFE" box="[225,300,816,837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
, and even fewer to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB39B1161C97E79FD8AFCFE" box="[482,557,816,837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
(to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB39B11627A7E79FD3EFCFE" box="[593,665,816,838]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="3750.0">3750 m</quantity>
, in subalpine shrublands and grasslands, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1164797E79FB64FCFE" box="[1106,1219,816,837]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="archboldii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1164797E79FB64FCFE" box="[1106,1219,816,837]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. archboldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B1160ED7E18FEA8FCDC" box="[198,271,849,871]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Guinea</collectingCountry>
). Many of the 190 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162357E19FD65FCDE" box="[542,706,848,869]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1162357E19FD65FCDE" box="[542,706,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are highly localized, endemic to relatively small areas, and found mostly in primary, undisturbed forests. However, as with many thelypteroid genera, some widespread spp. (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160B87EDBFEB9FC1C" box="[147,286,914,935]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB39B1160B87EDBFF06FC1C" box="[147,161,914,935]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. heterocarpos
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB39B1161017EDBFED7FC1C" box="[298,368,914,936]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1161017EDBFED7FC1C" bold="true" box="[298,368,914,936]" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2K</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
) occur in disturbed forests, at forest margins, and sometimes in open areas; occasionally they grow on rocks or streamsides, where they tend to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162747EFBFD7DFC73" box="[607,730,946,968]" form="smaller" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" rank="form">form smaller</taxonomicName>
, less conspicuous adult plants.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB39B1163D57EFAFBA9FC73" box="[1022,1038,947,968]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
few are rheophytes, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160A77E9DFF7BFC53" box="[140,220,979,1001]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160A77E9DFF7BFC53" box="[140,220,979,1001]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160C37E9DFEF4FC53" box="[232,339,979,1001]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160C37E9DFEF4FC53" box="[232,339,979,1001]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. mutabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with very narrow, streamlined, sometimes nearly glabrous pinnae. Some species are weedy and found especially along roadsides, trails, and wet ditches.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162877EBDFCA8FBB1" box="[684,783,1012,1034]" genus="The" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="major">The major</taxonomicName>
center of diversity for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1163CD7EBDFB2DFBB2" box="[998,1162,1012,1033]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1163CD7EBDFB2DFBB2" box="[998,1162,1012,1033]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Paleotropics is unquestionably
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B1161A4795CFE7BFB90" box="[399,476,1045,1067]" name="Malaysia" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, with 150+ spp.; Melanesia and Polynesia are lesser centers of diversity. New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B11604A797CFF00FBF0" box="[97,167,1077,1099]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Guinea</collectingCountry>
is especially species-rich, with 60+ spp., most of them narrowly endemic and many of them poorly known.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB39B1160A4791FFF72FA08" blockId="90.[97,1226,162,1819]" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
Shortly after he expanded the concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11623A791FFD12FBD0" box="[529,693,1110,1131]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11623A791FFD12FBD0" box="[529,693,1110,1131]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from six species to more than 120,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B11642B791FFB2AFBD0" author="Holttum" box="[1024,1165,1110,1132]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B1164BE791FFB62FBD7" author="Holttum" box="[1173,1221,1110,1132]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="223 - 250" part="22" refId="ref109741" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1975. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron. Blumea 22: 223 - 250." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae VIII. The genera Mesophlebion and Plesioneuron" type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B11604A793EFF36FB36" author="Holttum" box="[97,145,1143,1165]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
) enlarged his concept still further, and described many new species, recognizing 152 spp. from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B11643F793EFBC7FB36" box="[1044,1120,1143,1165]" name="Malaysia" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, 12 species from tropical mainland Asia, 17 spp. from Polynesia and Australasia (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B11632979DEFC3FFB15" author="Holttum" box="[770,920,1175,1198]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum 1977b</bibRefCitation>
), and four spp. from Africa and islands in the Indian Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B11615B79F1FDA4FB75" author="Holttum" box="[368,515,1208,1230]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum 1974a</bibRefCitation>
); most of the species he assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11637A79F1FC53FB76" box="[849,1012,1208,1229]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11637A79F1FC53FB76" box="[849,1012,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially those from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B11604A7990FF0AFB54" box="[97,173,1241,1263]" name="Malaysia" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, Melanesia, and Polynesia, remain in that genus in our reclassification. However, we still include only two of the four species
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B1160FC79B0FED1FAAB" author="Holttum" box="[215,374,1273,1296]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
recognized from Africa and islands of the Indian Ocean,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1163BC79B3FBA0FAB5" authorityName="Holttum" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[919,1031,1273,1295]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1163BC79B3FBA0FAB5" box="[919,1031,1273,1295]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11641D79B3FB64FAB5" box="[1078,1219,1273,1295]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subtruncatus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11641D79B3FB64FAB5" box="[1078,1219,1273,1295]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. subtruncatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160517853FEBAFA94" box="[122,285,1306,1327]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160517853FEBAFA94" box="[122,285,1306,1327]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. About ten spp. are known from continental Asia including both of the African and Indian Ocean species, which also occur in
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B1161467872FE07FAEA" box="[365,416,1339,1361]" name="India" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B1161E77872FD8CFAEA" box="[460,555,1339,1361]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
. The others are
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162967872FCEFFAEB" box="[701,840,1339,1360]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gaudichaudii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1162967872FCEFFAEB" box="[701,840,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S.gaudichaudii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1163797872FC7BFAEB" box="[850,988,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB39B1163797872FCC7FAEB" box="[850,864,1339,1360]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. heterocarpos
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1163CD7872FBF0FAEB" box="[998,1111,1339,1360]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latebrosus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1163CD7872FBF0FAEB" box="[998,1111,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. latebrosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11644A7872FB65FAEB" box="[1121,1218,1339,1360]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="penniger">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11644A7872FB65FAEB" box="[1121,1218,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S.penniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11604A7815FF7DFACA" box="[97,218,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB39B11604A7815FFC8FACA" box="[97,111,1372,1393]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. polycarpos
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160CD7815FEF0FACA" box="[230,343,1372,1393]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="productus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160CD7815FEF0FACA" box="[230,343,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. productus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1161A57815FE42FACA" box="[398,485,1372,1393]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="validus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1161A57815FE42FACA" box="[398,485,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">S. validus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, five of which also occur in western
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B1163677815FC31FAC9" box="[844,918,1372,1394]" name="Malaysia" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Malesia</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B1163E37815FBF6FAC9" author="Holttum" box="[968,1105,1372,1394]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="221 - 232" part="34" refId="ref109907" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1979. Sphaerostephanos in Asia, excluding Malesia. Kew Bull. 34: 221 - 232." title="Sphaerostephanos in Asia, excluding Malesia" type="journal article" year="1979">Holttum 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Species we exclude from
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160CE7835FE2FFA2A" box="[229,392,1404,1425]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160CE7835FE2FFA2A" box="[229,392,1404,1425]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where they were placed by Holttum, are noted below. No species are known from the New World.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB39B1160BB78F7FC10F903" blockId="90.[97,1226,162,1819]" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
With the addition of 15 species newly combined below, and placement of several species in other genera (see also below), there are about 190 known species in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162267897FD17FA48" box="[525,688,1502,1523]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1162267897FD17FA48" box="[525,688,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, making it the second largest genus in the family, behind only
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1160BA78B6FEA0F9AF" box="[145,263,1535,1556]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160BA78B6FEA0F9AF" box="[145,263,1535,1556]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B11610778B6FE19F9AF" author="Holttum's" box="[300,446,1535,1557]" firstAuthor="Holttum's" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum’s 1982</bibRefCitation>
treatment, 66 taxa in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1162B878B6FC90F9AF" box="[659,823,1535,1556]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1162B878B6FC90F9AF" box="[659,823,1535,1556]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were known only from the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB39B11646978B6FBCAF9AF" box="[1090,1133,1535,1556]" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
or one or two other collections, a testament to both their rarity and the paucity of herbarium collections. We are confident that there are dozens of undescribed species belonging to
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11624F7B09FCA9F9EE" box="[612,782,1600,1621]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11624F7B09FCACF9EE" box="[612,779,1600,1621]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sphaerostephanos</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
especially in eastern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB39B1163F57B09FB8DF9ED" box="[990,1066,1600,1622]" name="Malaysia" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, where there are likely undiscovered narrowly distributed endemics; in addition, some more wide-ranging species, e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1164137B28FB65F9CD" box="[1080,1218,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB39B1164137B28FBE1F9CD" box="[1080,1094,1633,1654]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. heterocarpos
</emphasis>
, are likely species complexes, in need of refinement and further study. Clearly, the genus is under-collected, because of the many superficially similar and highly local species and lack of specialists in the group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB39B1060BA7B8DFDEDFA0A" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB39B1060BA7B8DFD44FE06" blockId="90.[97,1226,162,1819]" lastBlockId="91.[121,1250,162,1457]" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1160BA7B8DFE72F963" box="[145,469,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</emphasis>
.—Until
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB39B1162027B8AFD1BF962" author="Holttum" box="[553,700,1731,1753]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" pagination="17 - 52" part="19" refId="ref109463" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1971. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World. Blumea 19: 17 - 52." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae III. A new system of genera in the Old World" type="journal article" year="1971">Holttum (1971)</bibRefCitation>
presented a new system of genera for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B1164357B8AFB61F962" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1054,1222,1731,1753]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11604A7BADFEA2F942" box="[97,261,1764,1785]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11604A7BADFEA2F942" box="[97,261,1764,1785]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a name applied to Old World species with elongate, indusiate sori, e.g., the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB39B1163DB7BADFBBAF942" box="[1008,1053,1764,1785]" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB39B11640F7BADFEB4F8A1" authority="J. Sm." authorityName="J. Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asplenioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B11640F7BADFF74F8A1" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">Sphaerostephanos asplenioides</emphasis>
J. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
[=
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB39B1161187A4CFE17F8A1" box="[307,432,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="80">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB39B1161187A4CFEE6F8A1" box="[307,321,1797,1818]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="90" pageNumber="80" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. polycarpos
</emphasis>
(Blume) Copel.]; this group comprised about six species. Holttum expanded his concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1060CB7DEBFE23FF0C" box="[224,388,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060CB7DEBFE23FF0C" box="[224,388,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include many species with round sori, and also some exindusiate species. Other salient characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10610C7D8BFE69FF6C" box="[295,462,194,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10610C7D8BFE69FF6C" box="[295,462,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included species with many pairs of gradually to often abruptly or subabruptly reduced proximal pinnae; veins mostly united below sinuses and forming a series of one to about four areoles, each with an included, excurrent veinlet, or with the excurrent veinlet continuous from one areole to the next; sessile, hemispherical, opaque, yellowish to light orangish glands usually present on the costules, veins, and often between the veins abaxially and sometimes also adaxially; sporangia slender-stalked and with sessile glands or setulae near the annulus; light brown spinulose spores; and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1061977C2FFE60FEC0" box="[444,455,358,379]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">x</emphasis>
= 36. Although Holttum included species in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1063477C2FFBB7FEC0" box="[876,1040,358,379]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063477C2FFBB7FEC0" box="[876,1040,358,379]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were exceptional (deviated from the “norm”)in some of these characteristics,most species could be comfortably placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1064177CCFFB47FE20" box="[1084,1248,390,411]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1064177CCFFB47FE20" box="[1084,1248,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of possessing a combination of these salient features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB29B1060827C81FE6AFC3D" blockId="91.[121,1250,162,1457]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1060827C81FEEAFE66" ID-CoL="7KLZ" box="[169,333,456,477]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060827C81FEEAFE66" box="[169,333,456,477]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits extremely wide variation in frond
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB29B1062C37C81FCB2FE66" box="[744,789,456,477]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
, blade size, blade dissection, number and degree of reduction of proximal pinnae, and blade apex (conform or gradually reduced), with long aerophores or none at all, remarkably varied indument (glands and hairs), and presence or absence of indusia. There are diminutive species with few, small, entire pinnae, like
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1061B87F63FDB7FD85" ID-CoL="4YS9R" box="[403,528,553,575]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolius">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1061B87F63FDB7FD85" box="[403,528,553,575]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. obtusifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062687F63FD38FD85" box="[579,671,553,575]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB29B1062687F63FDF6FD84" box="[579,593,554,575]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. ddebilis
</emphasis>
(pinnae ca. 10 ×
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB29B1063147F63FCDEFD84" box="[831,889,554,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
), both from New
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB29B1064367F60FBC2FD84" box="[1053,1125,553,575]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, to large species with fronds&gt; 1.5 m, pinnae to 30 × 2.5 cm (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10624D7F02FD4FFDE4" ID-CoL="4YS6S" box="[614,744,586,608]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="braithwaitei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10624D7F02FD4FFDE4" box="[614,744,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. braithwaitei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB29B1063627F03FC4FFDDA" box="[841,1000,586,609]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
), species with 30+ pairs of small greatly reduced proximal pinnae (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10620B7F22FD3AFD3B" ID-CoL="6Z7XY" box="[544,669,619,640]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifolius">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10620B7F22FD3AFD3B" box="[544,669,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. sagittifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and species with deltate blades—the lowest pinnae the longest and with reduced pinnae entirely absent.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB29B10621E7FC5FDE2FD1A" box="[565,581,652,673]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
group of related, pinnatifid or weakly divided species with just a few pinna pairs is exemplified by
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1061BF7FE4FDB0FD7A" ID-CoL="8RTYX" box="[404,535,684,706]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beccarianus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1061BF7FE4FDB0FD7A" box="[404,535,684,706]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. beccarianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB29B10620E7FE5FDCDFD7A" box="[549,618,684,706]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10620E7FE5FDCDFD7A" bold="true" box="[549,618,684,706]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Fig. 7B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), formerly included by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB29B1063617FE5FC7DFD7A" author="Holttum" box="[842,986,684,706]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" pagination="105 - 126" part="20" refId="ref109495" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1972. Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae IV. The genus Pronephrium Presl. Blumea 20: 105 - 126." title="Studies in the family Thelypteridaceae IV. The genus Pronephrium Presl" type="journal article" year="1972">Holttum (1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB29B1063C97FE5FBB5FD79" author="Holttum" box="[994,1042,684,706]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
) in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1064137FE5FF52FD59" authority="sect. Pronephrium" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Pronephrium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1064137FE5FB16FD7A" box="[1080,1201,684,705]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060527F84FF52FD59" box="[121,245,717,738]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060DF7F84FF5FFD59" box="[244,248,717,738]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">.</emphasis>
There are rheophytes with relatively few, entire pinnae 20+ times longer than wide and very narrow (&lt;
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB29B1064FF7F84FF05FCB8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
), with only a single row of sori along each side of the costae (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1063317FA7FC23FCB8" ID-CoL="4YS9J" box="[794,900,750,771]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063317FA7FC23FCB8" box="[794,900,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. mutabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In short, just about any blade
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB29B10649D7FA7FB45FCB8" box="[1206,1250,750,771]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
imaginable can be found in the genus, short of forking gleicheniaceous blades or indeterminant ones. Some species have very long-creeping, narrow rhizomes, and bilaterally produced fronds, like
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1063607E66FC71FCFF" ID-CoL="8RTZG" box="[843,982,815,836]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentaphyllus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063607E66FC71FCFF" box="[843,982,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. pentaphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus mimicking some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1060967E19FE81FCDE" ID-CoL="8RV2R" box="[189,294,848,869]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Grypothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060967E19FE81FCDE" box="[189,294,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Grypothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but lacking their hamate hairs; others
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10628A7E19FCA0FCDE" box="[673,775,848,870]" form="erect" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" rank="form">form erect</taxonomicName>
, relatively long trunks, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1064327E19FB38FCDE" ID-CoL="4YS6S" box="[1049,1183,848,869]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="braithwaitei">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1064327E19FB38FCDE" box="[1049,1183,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. braithwaitei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1064E47E19FF73FC3E" ID-CoL="4YS6G" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="archboldii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1064E47E19FF73FC3E" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. archboldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB29B1060DD7E39FE96FC3D" box="[246,305,880,902]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
tall in the latter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB29B1060827ED8FC26FAEB" blockId="91.[121,1250,162,1457]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
In broadly based molecular analyses,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1062337ED8FD1AFC1D" ID-CoL="7KLZ" box="[536,701,913,934]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062337ED8FD1AFC1D" box="[536,701,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is monophyletic with minimal departure from previous classifications. Within the genus, there are two
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10621C7EF8FDC8FC7C" box="[567,623,945,967]" genus="The" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
clades, and a small clade of early diverging species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1064AA7EFBFF36FC53" ID-CoL="4YS8R" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="larutensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1064AA7EFBFF36FC53" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. larutensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1060967E9AFEBFFC53" ID-CoL="4YS9T" box="[189,280,979,1000]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oosorus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060967E9AFEBFFC53" box="[189,280,979,1000]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. oosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; both are taxa with elongate sori). One of the two
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1062C77E9BFC83FC53" box="[748,804,978,1000]" genus="The" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
clades includes many of the pinnate-pinnatifid taxa that tend to be hairy on both laminar surfaces (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062A57EBAFCB0FBB3" box="[654,791,1011,1032]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB29B1062A57EBAFD3BFBB3" box="[654,668,1011,1032]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. heterocarpos
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB29B1063097EBAFCC0FBB3" box="[802,871,1011,1033]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[97,105,1615,1635]" captionTargetBox="[144,1177,161,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[142,1177,161,1570]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 2. Morphology of the Thelypteridaceae.A. Coryphopteris kolombangarae, SITW07554 (TAIF), glandular indusia.B. Goniopteris yaucoensis, Proctor 43584 (US), stellatehairs along adaxialcosta.C.Pneumatopterisglandulifera,SITW11069 (TAIF),peg-like aerophoresat pinna bases.D.Sphaerostephanospolycarpos,SITW11070 (TAIF),marginally glandular indusia.E.Sphaerostephanos doodioides,SITW05702(TAIF),setoseindusia,spherical glands on indusia,sporangia,and laminar tissue. F. Goniopteris reptans, Wright 813 (US), sori with shriveled, setose indusia, some hairs furcate. G. Macrothelypteris polypodioides, SITW11122 (TAIF), stipe scales. H. Hoiokula pendens, Hobdy 2664 (UC), setulose sporangia. I. Plesioneuron imbricatum, SITW05370 (TAIF), exindusiate sori, sporangia with spherical glands. J. Christella dentata, SITW10525 (TAIF), shriveled,setulose indusia.K. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpos SITW11079 (TAIF),abruptly reduced proximal pinnae,adaxial surface with acicular hairs.L. Coryphopteris subbipinnata, SITW11667 (TAIF),appressed stipe base scales,these marginally setulose.All photos by Cheng-Wei Chen except B,F,and H by Susan Fawcett." pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063097EBAFCC0FBB3" bold="true" box="[802,871,1011,1033]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2K</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), while the second
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1064367EBAFBF2FBB2" box="[1053,1109,1011,1033]" genus="The" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
clade includes several once-pinnate species to shallowly lobed species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1062FF795DFCE7FB92" ID-CoL="4YS6Z" box="[724,832,1044,1065]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confertus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062FF795DFCE7FB92" box="[724,832,1044,1065]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">S. confertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), including the taxa previously treated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB29B106052797DFEB5FBF1" author="Holttum" box="[121,274,1076,1098]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum (1982)</bibRefCitation>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B106118797DFDC6FBF2" authority="sect. Pronephrium" box="[307,609,1076,1098]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Pronephrium">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B106118797DFE09FBF2" box="[307,430,1076,1097]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1061CC797DFDC6FBF2" box="[487,609,1076,1097]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B106245797DFCB2FBF2" ID-CoL="7KLZ" box="[622,789,1076,1097]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B106245797DFCB2FBF2" box="[622,789,1076,1097]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to newly redefined
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B106401797CFB46FBF1" box="[1066,1249,1077,1098]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B106401797CFB1AFBF1" ID-CoL="63NJM" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[1066,1213,1077,1098]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Pneumatopteris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB29B1064EF797CFB46FBF1" box="[1220,1249,1077,1098]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(Fawcett et al. in press;
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB29B106179791CFE23FBD0" box="[338,388,1109,1131]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). This clade is in turn sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B106289791CFCB5FBD1" ID-CoL="8RTZR" box="[674,786,1109,1130]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B106289791CFCB5FBD1" box="[674,786,1109,1130]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Reholttumia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and then
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B106346791CFC41FBD1" box="[877,998,1109,1130]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB29B1063C1791CFBA2FBD1" box="[1002,1029,1109,1130]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063C1791CFC58FBD1" box="[1002,1023,1109,1130]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(corresponding largely to Holttum’s sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10610A793CFE16FB31" box="[289,433,1141,1162]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Dimorphopteris</emphasis>
). Together these four genera comprise the sphaerostephanoid clade. More distant relatives include members of the pseudocyclosoroid clade (
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062AB79DFFD4BFB10" box="[640,748,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Abacopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062DC79DFFC26FB10" box="[759,897,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Amblovenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063A079DFFC42FB10" box="[907,997,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Christella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063C279DEFC59FB17" box="[1001,1022,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10641D79DFFB74FB10" box="[1078,1235,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10608F79FEFE8CFB77" ID-CoL="8RTWY" box="[164,299,1207,1228]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Strophocaulon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10608F79FEFE8CFB77" box="[164,299,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Strophocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(whose two members include two very widespread spp. formerly placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10643079FEFB64FB77" ID-CoL="7KLZ" box="[1051,1219,1207,1228]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10643079FEFB64FB77" box="[1051,1219,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB29B106052799EFEA0FB55" author="Holttum" box="[121,263,1239,1262]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">Holttum, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). All of these genera pertain to the christelloid clade, and most (except
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B10638F799EFBE6FB57" ID-CoL="6ZT7" baseAuthorityName="Holttum &amp; Roy" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[932,1089,1239,1260]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B10638F799EFBE6FB57" box="[932,1089,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) contain species that usually have at least one pair of anastomosing veins, meeting at an obtuse angle below the sinuses and with an excurrent vein. Many, but not all, of these genera have reduced (sometimes greatly reduced) proximal pinnae, and most have sori with round-reniform indusia (but this lost in several evolutionary lines).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB29B1060827812FDEDFA0A" blockId="91.[121,1250,162,1457]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
Most necessary combinations have been made in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1062A07813FC97FAD4" box="[651,816,1370,1391]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062A07813FC97FAD4" box="[651,816,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB29B10637F7813FC44FAD4" author="Holttum" box="[852,995,1370,1392]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="91" pageNumber="81" pagination="221 - 232" part="34" refId="ref109907" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1979. Sphaerostephanos in Asia, excluding Malesia. Kew Bull. 34: 221 - 232." title="Sphaerostephanos in Asia, excluding Malesia" type="journal article" year="1979">Holttum (1979</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB29B1063C67813FBB9FACB" author="Holttum" box="[1005,1054,1370,1392]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" pagination="334 - 560" part="1" refId="ref109955" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1982. Thelypteridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 1 (5): 334 - 560." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
), who included also homotypic and heterotypic synonyms in his revisions. We make combinations for the following species, placed by Holttum in other genera, especially
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1061E778D2FDE3FA0B" box="[460,580,1435,1456]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B136041781BFEFBFADC" bold="true" box="[106,348,1362,1383]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia sogerensis</emphasis>
(Gepp) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13633B781CFC16FADE" box="[784,945,1365,1381]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Dryopteris sogerensis</emphasis>
Gepp, J. Bot.
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61
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.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13608A7839FEE3FA3B" box="[161,324,1392,1409]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus sogerensis</emphasis>
(Gepp) Ching
</taxonomicName>
—
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(Gepp)Holttum
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—
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(Gepp) C.F.Reed
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB19B13604A784BFCB0FAAD" box="[97,791,1281,1303]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB19B13604A784BFCB0FAAD" blockId="88.[97,1227,161,1516]" box="[97,791,1281,1303]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFB19B13604A784BFCB0FAAD" box="[97,791,1281,1303]" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A784BFFCDFAAC" bold="true" box="[97,106,1282,1303]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B136041784BFD00FAAC" ID-CoL="8RTWS" authority="(T. Moore) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="T. Moore" box="[106,679,1282,1303]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rodigasiana" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B136041784BFEC0FAAC" bold="true" box="[106,359,1282,1303]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia rodigasiana</emphasis>
(T.Moore) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362867848FCB0FAAD" bold="true" box="[685,791,1281,1302]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB19B1362867848FCB0FAAD" box="[685,791,1281,1302]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB19B136333784CFE9AFAF7" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB19B136333784CFE9AFAF7" blockId="88.[97,1227,161,1516]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B136333784CFC8CFAAD" box="[792,811,1285,1302]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B136301784CFB93FAAE" authority="T. Moore" authorityName="T. Moore" box="[810,1076,1285,1302]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Nephrodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rodigasianum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B136301784CFC49FAAD" box="[810,1006,1285,1302]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Nephrodium rodigasianum</emphasis>
T. Moore
</taxonomicName>
in Linden,Ill.Hort. 29:27, t. 442.1882.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13616F7869FD22FA8A" authority="(T. Moore) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="T. Moore" box="[324,645,1312,1329]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rodigasianus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13616F7869FE5BFA8A" box="[324,508,1312,1329]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus rodigasianus</emphasis>
(T. Moore) Ching
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362B27869FBA2FA8A" authority="(T. Moore) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="T. Moore" box="[665,1029,1312,1329]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rodigasiana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362B27869FCCCFA8A" box="[665,875,1312,1329]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris rodigasiana</emphasis>
(T. Moore) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1364337869FE9AFAF7" authority="(T. Moore) C. F. Reed" authorityName="C. F. Reed" baseAuthorityName="T. Moore" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rodigasiana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1364337869FB6EFA8A" box="[1048,1225,1312,1329]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris rodigasiana</emphasis>
(T.Moore) C.F.Reed
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

72
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A78C1FFCDFA26" bold="true" box="[97,106,1416,1437]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13604178C1FDDCFA26" ID-CoL="8RTX6" authority="(Poir.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Poir." box="[106,635,1415,1437]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604178C1FEE8FA27" bold="true" box="[106,335,1415,1437]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia truncata</emphasis>
(Poir.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB19B1362AF78CEFD54FA27" box="[644,755,1415,1436]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB19B1362DF78C3FBA4FA0E" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB19B1362DF78C3FBA4FA0E" blockId="88.[97,1227,161,1516]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362DF78C3FCA0FA20" box="[756,775,1418,1435]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFB19B13632C78C3FB15FA27" author="Poir., Encycl. Meth." box="[775,1202,1418,1436]" journal="Meth." page="534" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" score="1.9359906424772497" volume="5" year="1804">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13632C78C3FBF4FA27" ID-CoL="8RDJK" authority="Poir., Encycl. Meth." authorityName="Poir., Encycl. Meth." box="[775,1107,1418,1436]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Polypodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncatum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13632C78C3FC14FA20" box="[775,947,1418,1435]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Polypodium truncatum</emphasis>
Poir., Encycl. Meth.
</taxonomicName>
5:534. 1804
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13608A78ECFE07FA0E" ID-CoL="8R8TK" authority="(Poir.) Farw." authorityName="Farw." baseAuthorityName="Poir." box="[161,416,1445,1463]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13608A78ECFE99FA0E" box="[161,318,1445,1462]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus truncatus</emphasis>
(Poir.) Farw.
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13619978ECFDCDFA0E" box="[434,618,1445,1461]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris truncata</emphasis>
(Poir.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362D878ECFC2EFA0E" box="[755,905,1445,1462]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris truncata</emphasis>
(Poir.) K. Iwats.
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122
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFB19B13604A78F4FD7BFA69" box="[97,732,1466,1490]" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13604A78F4FDCFFA69" ID-CoL="8RV2X" authority="(C. Chr.) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[97,616,1468,1490]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaupelii" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A78F4FE91FA69" bold="true" box="[97,310,1469,1490]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia vaupelii</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13625B78F5FD7BFA69" bold="true" box="[624,732,1466,1490]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB19B13625B78F5FD7BFA69" box="[624,732,1466,1490]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB19B1362F07889FDE2FA57" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB19B1362F07889FDE2FA57" blockId="88.[97,1227,161,1516]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362F07889FD49FA6B" box="[731,750,1472,1488]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362C47889FB36FA6B" authority="C. Chr., Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus." box="[751,1169,1472,1489]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaupelii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362C47889FCDCFA6A" box="[751,891,1472,1489]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Dryopteris vaupelii</emphasis>
C.Chr., Bull.Bernice P. Bishop Mus.
</taxonomicName>
177:89, t. 3
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB19B1360937892FF62FA57" box="[184,197,1499,1516]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
.1943.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13612C7892FDE2FA57" authority="(C. Chr.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="C. Chr." box="[263,581,1498,1516]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaupelii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13612C7892FE1DFA50" box="[263,442,1498,1515]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris vaupelii</emphasis>
(C.Chr.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB19B13604A7B4BFD6AF92C" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB19B13604A7B4BFD6AF92C" blockId="88.[97,1225,1537,1687]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A7B4BFF7BF9AD" box="[97,220,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360CA7B4BFF5EF9AC" box="[225,249,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
Several additional species treated as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13627B7B4BFD46F9AC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[592,737,1538,1559]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13627B7B4BFD46F9AC" box="[592,737,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Holttum are potentially referable to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1364787B48FB64F9AD" box="[1107,1219,1537,1558]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1364787B48FB64F9AD" box="[1107,1219,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but we treat them herein as
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13614D7B6BFE78F98D" box="[358,479,1569,1591]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">incertae sedis</emphasis>
, pending additional data. These include the Afro-Madagascan species
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1364577B6BFF30F9EC" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">P.comorensis</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1360D17B0BFDB1F9EC" authority="(Desv.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Desv." box="[250,534,1602,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prismatica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360D17B0BFED4F9EC" box="[250,371,1602,1623]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">P. prismatica</emphasis>
(Desv.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362347B0BFCA4F9ED" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[543,771,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="usambarensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362347B0BFCA4F9ED" box="[543,771,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">P. usambarensis Holttum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363127B0BFBF4F9EC" authority="(Kuntze) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Kuntze" box="[825,1107,1601,1623]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="venulosa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363127B0BFC3AF9ED" box="[825,925,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">P. venulosa</emphasis>
(Kuntze) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, and several species from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB19B1360C87B2BFE96F9CC" box="[227,305,1634,1655]" name="Malaysia" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Malesia</collectingCountry>
, including
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13618B7B2BFD52F9CC" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[416,757,1634,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japenensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13618B7B2BFD3BF9CC" box="[416,668,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris japenensis</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13630C7B2BFBAEF9CC" authority="Holttum. See" authorityName="Holttum. See" box="[807,1033,1633,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tobaica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13630C7B2BFC25F9CD" box="[807,898,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">P. tobaica</emphasis>
Holttum. See
</taxonomicName>
the
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13641E7B2BFB6EF9CC" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[1077,1225,1634,1655]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13641E7B2BFB6EF9CC" box="[1077,1225,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
treatment for a complete list of
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361AD7BCBFDA6F92D" box="[390,513,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">incertae sedis</emphasis>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362367BCBFD09F92C" authorityName="sensu Holttum. In" authorityYear="1982" box="[541,686,1666,1687]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362367BCBFD09F92C" box="[541,686,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362987BC8FD60F92D" box="[691,711,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">s.l</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A7901FE99FBE7" bold="true" box="[97,318,1095,1117]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia papuana</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362C47902FCA5FBE0" box="[751,770,1099,1115]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363297902FB99FBE7" ID-CoL="8RDF4" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[770,1086,1099,1116]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papuana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363297902FC1EFBE0" box="[770,953,1099,1115]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris papuana</emphasis>
Holttum,Blumea
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21:311.1973
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.
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57
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A792BFEC6FBCD" bold="true" box="[97,353,1121,1143]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia pergamacea</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13630B792CFC94FBCE" box="[800,819,1125,1141]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B136318792CFBA1FBCE" box="[819,1030,1125,1141]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris pergamacea</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A795BFE98FB9D" bold="true" box="[97,319,1041,1063]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia oxyoura</emphasis>
(Copel.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB19B1362DE795CFB95FBFA" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB19B1362DE795CFB95FBFA" blockId="88.[97,1227,161,1516]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362DE795CFCAEFB9E" box="[757,777,1045,1061]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFB19B136322795CFB15FB9C" author="Copel." box="[777,1202,1045,1063]" journal="Philipp. J. Sci." page="107" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" score="26.107526310246357" volume="60" year="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B136322795CFBEBFB9C" authority="Copel., Philipp. J. Sci." box="[777,1100,1045,1063]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oxyoura">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B136322795CFC3DFB9E" box="[777,922,1045,1061]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Dryopteris oxyoura</emphasis>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci.
</taxonomicName>
60:107. 1936
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13608A7979FE15FBFA" ID-CoL="8R8RV" authority="(Copel.) Copel." authorityName="Copel." baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[161,434,1072,1089]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oxyourus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13608A7979FE9CFBFB" box="[161,315,1072,1089]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus oxyourus</emphasis>
(Copel.) Copel.
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361EE7979FDDCFBFB" box="[453,635,1072,1088]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris oxyoura</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363397979FB95FBFA" ID-CoL="8RFJQ" authority="(Copel.) C. F. Reed" box="[786,1074,1072,1089]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oxyoura">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363397979FC02FBFB" box="[786,933,1072,1089]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris oxyoura</emphasis>
(Copel.) C.F.Reed
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69
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417984FECAFB59" bold="true" box="[106,365,1229,1250]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia remotipinna</emphasis>
(Bonap.) S.E. Fawc.&amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363307999FC61FB5B" box="[795,966,1232,1248]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Dryopteris remotipinna</emphasis>
Bonap.
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, Notes Pterid.5:57.1917.—
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(Bonap.) Ching
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361CF79A2FD11FB40" box="[484,694,1259,1275]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris remotipinna</emphasis>
(Bonap.) Holttum
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13637979A3FBA5FB40" box="[850,1026,1258,1275]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris remotipinna</emphasis>
(Bonap.) C.F.Reed
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A79D1FEFEFB16" bold="true" box="[97,345,1176,1197]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia psilophylla</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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Holttum. Fl.
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Males., Ser. 2, Pterid.1(5):427.1982.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A7C14FE97FEC9" bold="true" box="[97,304,349,370]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia inclusa</emphasis>
(Copel.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362CE7C29FBF6FECB" authority="Copel., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot." box="[741,1105,352,369]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inclusa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362CE7C29FCCBFECA" box="[741,876,352,369]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Dryopteris inclusa</emphasis>
Copel., Univ.Calif.Publ. Bot.
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14:373. 1929
</treatmentCitation>
.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13608A7C33FE93FE30" box="[161,308,378,395]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus inclusus</emphasis>
(Copel.) Copel.
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1361967C32FD57FE37" ID-CoL="8RDDB" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[445,752,378,396]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inclusa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361967C32FDCCFE30" box="[445,619,378,395]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris inclusa</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363287C33FC29FE30" box="[771,910,378,395]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris inclusa</emphasis>
(Copel.) C.F.Reed
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81
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417C44FECCFE99" bold="true" box="[106,363,269,290]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia hudsoniana</emphasis>
(Brack.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363037C59FC4CFE9A" box="[808,1003,272,289]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Nephrodium hudsonianum</emphasis>
Brack.
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, in
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Wilkes,
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Expl. Exp. 16:88.1854
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13611C7C63FE4BFE80" box="[311,492,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus hudsonianus</emphasis>
(Brack.) Ching
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362587C62FCE5FE80" box="[627,834,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris hudsoniana</emphasis>
(Brack.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363F17C63FF4EFEEC" ID-CoL="8RBNY" authority="(Brack.) C. F. Reed" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hudsoniana">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363F17C63FB2FFE80" box="[986,1160,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris hudsoniana</emphasis>
(Brack.) C.F.Reed
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69
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417CABFE8DFE4C" bold="true" box="[106,298,482,503]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia laevis</emphasis>
(Mett.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13629C7CACFD6DFE4D" box="[695,714,485,502]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362E27CACFBF0FE4C" authority="Mett., Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges." box="[713,1111,485,503]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laeve">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362E27CACFC90FE4D" box="[713,823,485,502]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Aspidium laeve</emphasis>
Mett., Abh.Senckenberg.Naturf.Ges.
</taxonomicName>
2(2):388(-389). 1858.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360F57F49FEF8FDAA" box="[222,351,512,529]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus laevis</emphasis>
(Mett.) Ching
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361F67F49FDF8FDAA" box="[477,607,512,529]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris laevis</emphasis>
(Mett.) C.F.Reed
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—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362DD7F49FBB1FDAA" authority="(Mett.) Holttum" box="[758,1046,512,529]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362DD7F49FC3DFDAA" box="[758,922,512,529]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris laevis</emphasis>
(Mett.) Holttum
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58
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417DEBFEE4FF0D" bold="true" box="[106,323,161,183]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia ecallosa</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFB19B1363237DECFF62FF6A" author="Holttum" journal="Gard. Bull. Singapore" page="269" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" score="86.90123279129422" volume="11" year="1947">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363237DECFBE5FF0C" ID-CoL="8R8Q2" authority="Holttum, Gard. Bull." authorityName="Holttum, Gard. Bull." box="[776,1090,165,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ecallosus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363237DECFC06FF0D" box="[776,929,165,182]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus ecallosus</emphasis>
Holttum,Gard.Bull.
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11:269. 1947
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.—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360F07D89FE36FF6A" box="[219,401,192,209]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris ecallosa</emphasis>
(Holttum) Holttum
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362127D89FD6BFF6A" box="[569,716,192,209]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris ecallosa</emphasis>
(Holttum) C.F.Reed
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57
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(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363207E12FC60FCD0" box="[779,967,858,875]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris michaelis</emphasis>
Holttum,Blumea
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57
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417E41FEFFFCA6" bold="true" box="[106,344,776,797]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia magnifica</emphasis>
(Copel.) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363297E42FCB2FCA0" box="[770,789,779,795]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFB19B13633E7E42FF51FC8C" author="Copel." journal="Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus." page="11" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" score="387.91534584538744" volume="59" year="1929">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13633E7E42FB6CFCA0" authority="Copel., Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus." box="[789,1227,778,796]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13633E7E42FC15FCA0" box="[789,946,778,795]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Dryopteris magnifica</emphasis>
Copel., Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.
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59:11.1929
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.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1361267E6CFD8DFC8C" ID-CoL="8R8R9" authority="(Copel.) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[269,554,805,823]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361267E6CFE11FC8D" box="[269,438,805,822]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus magnificus</emphasis>
(Copel.) Ching
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362157E6CFC21FC8C" ID-CoL="8RDDP" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[574,902,805,823]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362157E6CFCA6FC8D" box="[574,769,805,822]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris magnifica</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363B27E6CFB6EFC8C" ID-CoL="8RFHH" authority="(Copel.) C. F. Reed" authorityName="C. F. Reed" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[921,1225,805,823]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363B27E6CFB9DFC8D" box="[921,1082,805,822]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris magnifica</emphasis>
(Copel.) C.F.Reed
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB19B13608C7E09FF7AFCEB" box="[167,221,832,849]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[121,129,1750,1770]" captionTargetBox="[124,1252,168,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[119,1252,168,1705]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG.7.A.Pneumatopteris parksii,Fawcett 645 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.B.Reholttumia magnifica,Fawcett 676 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.C.Pelazoneuron patens,Fawcett 744 (VT), abaxial pinna-lobes.D. P.serra,Fawcett 1034 (VT), adaxial pinna lobes.E. Pakau pennigera, Given 11842 (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view. F.Pakau pennigera, Stuart s.n.(VT),pinna." pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13608C7E09FF7AFCEB" bold="true" box="[167,221,832,849]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Fig. 7B</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

57
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFB19B13604A7E94FCCFFC4A" box="[97,872,988,1010]" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A7E94FE3AFC49" bold="true" box="[97,413,989,1010]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia novae-caledoniae</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363427EA9FCDAFC4B" box="[873,893,992,1008]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1FFB19B1363577EA9FE99FBB7" author="Holttum" journal="Blumea" page="313" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" score="3.24319811522761" volume="21" year="1973">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363577EA9FF7DFBB7" ID-CoL="8RDDX" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="novae-caledoniae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363577EA9FBDAFC4A" box="[892,1149,992,1009]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris novae-caledoniae</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
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21:313.1973
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.
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69
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417EE1FEE2FC06" bold="true" box="[106,325,936,957]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia nitidula</emphasis>
(C. Presl) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13632E7EE3FCBFFC00" box="[773,792,938,955]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363337EE3FC18FC00" box="[792,959,938,955]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Nephrodium nitidulum</emphasis>
C. Presl, Epimel. Bot.
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46. 1851.—
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(C.Presl) Copel.
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—
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(C.Presl) Holttum
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—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363357E8CFC09FC6D" box="[798,942,965,982]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris nitidula</emphasis>
(C.Presl) C.F.Reed
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A7F21FE80FDC6" bold="true" box="[97,295,616,637]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia loyalii</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362D17F22FF7DFD2C" ID-CoL="8RG3D" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="truncata" variety="loyalii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362D17F22FC16FDC0" box="[762,945,619,635]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris truncata</emphasis>
(Poir.) Holttum var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13647B7F23FBD9FDC0" box="[1104,1150,618,635]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">loyalii</emphasis>
Holttum, Blumea
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21:314.1973
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1361787FCCFCF5FD2C" ID-CoL="32XFF" authority="(Holttum) Panigrahi" authorityName="Panigrahi" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[339,850,645,663]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="truncatus" variety="loyalii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361787FCCFE49FD2E" box="[339,494,645,662]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus truncatus</emphasis>
(Poir.) Farwell var.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362A87FCCFD16FD2D" box="[643,689,645,662]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">loyalii</emphasis>
(Holttum) Panigrahi
</taxonomicName>
, non
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1363517FCCFEC1FD0A" ID-CoL="32XFF" authority="(Panigrahi &amp; Sarn. Singh) Mazumdar &amp; R. Mukhop." authorityName="Mazumdar &amp; R. Mukhop." baseAuthorityName="Panigrahi &amp; Sarn. Singh" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="loyalii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363517FCCFC58FD2D" box="[890,1023,645,662]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus loyalii</emphasis>
(Panigrahi &amp; Sarn. Singh) Mazumdar &amp; R. Mukhop.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13614E7FE9FEDFFD0A" box="[357,376,672,689]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1361537FE9FD01FD0A" ID-CoL="8RFH8" authority="(Holttum) Fraser-Jenk" authorityName="Fraser-Jenk" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[376,678,672,689]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="loyalii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1361537FE9FE5EFD0A" box="[376,505,672,689]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris loyalii</emphasis>
(Holttum) Fraser-Jenk
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57
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13604A7F51FEF1FD96" bold="true" box="[97,342,536,557]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia laticuneata</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc.&amp; A.R. Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1363297F52FCB2FD90" box="[770,789,539,555]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13633D7F52FBC4FD97" ID-CoL="8RDDH" authority="Holttum, Blumea" authorityName="Holttum, Blumea" box="[790,1123,538,556]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pneumatopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laticuneata">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13633D7F52FC78FD90" box="[790,991,538,555]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris laticuneata</emphasis>
Holttum,Blumea
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21:312.1973
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.
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69
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1360417F7BFDCEFDFC" ID-CoL="8RTWX" authority="(Blume) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[106,617,562,583]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Reholttumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1360417F7BFEE3FDFC" bold="true" box="[106,324,562,583]" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Reholttumia longipes</emphasis>
(Blume) S.E. Fawc.&amp; A.R.Sm.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362F27F7CFD4BFDFD" box="[729,748,565,582]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B1362C77F7CFBB2FDFE" authority="Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav." box="[748,1045,565,583]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Aspidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B1362C77F7CFCD6FDFD" box="[748,881,565,582]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Aspidium longipes</emphasis>
Blume, Enum.Pl.Jav.
</taxonomicName>
155.1828.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13645D7F7CFEF5FDDA" authority="(Blume) Ching" authorityName="Ching" baseAuthorityName="Blume" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13645D7F7CFF78FDDA" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Cyclosorus longipes</emphasis>
(Blume) Ching
</taxonomicName>
—
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13614D7F19FDBAFDDA" box="[358,541,592,609]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Pneumatopteris longipes</emphasis>
(Blume) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB19B13629E7F19FC71FDDA" authority="(Blume) C. F. Reed" box="[693,982,592,609]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="88" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB19B13629E7F19FCEEFDDA" box="[693,841,592,609]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="78">Thelypteris longipes</emphasis>
(Blume) C.F.Reed
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(Copel.) C.F. Reed
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Holttum, Blumea
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20:107.1972
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Ces., Rendic.Acad.Napoli
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16:27,30.1877.
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(Ces.) Holttum
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Figs. 8
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).
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(Blume) Fée
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<heading id="D0E9818CFFB29B1060527BE2FCCCF97A" box="[121,875,1707,1730]" level="2" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1060527BE2FD50F97A" ID-CoL="8RV3C" authority="(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[121,759,1707,1730]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Sphaerostephanos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bulusanicus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1060527BE2FE13F97A" bold="true" box="[121,436,1707,1729]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Sphaerostephanos bulusanicus</emphasis>
(Holttum) S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R. Sm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1062D47BE5FCCCF97A" bold="true" box="[767,875,1708,1729]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFB29B1062D47BE5FCCCF97A" box="[767,875,1708,1729]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB29B1063407BE6FDD5F960" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB29B1063407BE6FDD5F960" blockId="91.[121,1252,1479,1811]" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063407BE6FCD9F97B" box="[875,894,1711,1728]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1063557BE6FB47F97B" authority="Holttum, Kalikasan" authorityName="Holttum, Kalikasan" box="[894,1248,1711,1728]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Haplodictyum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bulusanicum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1063557BE6FBE0F97B" box="[894,1095,1711,1728]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Haplodictyum bulusanicum</emphasis>
Holttum, Kalikasan
</taxonomicName>
2:61 1973.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB29B1061337B83FDD5F960" authority="(Holttum) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[280,626,1738,1756]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pronephrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="91" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bulusanicum">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB29B1061337B83FE7AF960" box="[280,477,1738,1755]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="81">Pronephrium bulusanicum</emphasis>
(Holttum) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

476
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<mods:title id="3F7CE4D76A3CBAB21315393D17DF0C84">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8F1AFE131633441397D5EB525FDD95BB">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E4007FC6F3D8FB6F85316C5714E29D58">Smith, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B16621B7866FC8EFAF2" blockId="93.[121,1249,1327,1417]" box="[560,809,1327,1353]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFB49B16621B7866FC8EFAF2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[560,809,1327,1353]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB49B16621B7866FC8EFAF2" ID-CoL="7M6H" box="[560,809,1327,1353]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16621B7866FC8EFAF2" bold="true" box="[560,809,1327,1353]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">STEGNOGRAMMA</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB49B1660527813FDF0FAD5" box="[121,599,1369,1392]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B1660527813FDF0FAD5" blockId="93.[121,1249,1327,1417]" box="[121,599,1369,1392]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB49B1660527813FE57FAD5" authority="Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav." box="[121,496,1369,1392]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1660527813FEB3FACB" bold="true" box="[121,276,1370,1392]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav.
</taxonomicName>
172. 1828
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB49B16627C7810FD01FA33" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B16627C7810FD01FA33" blockId="93.[121,1249,1327,1417]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
.—
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB49B1662477814FD2BFAD6" box="[620,652,1373,1389]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">TYPE</collectionCode>
</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB49B1662BD7814FC3FFAD6" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" box="[662,920,1372,1389]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aspidioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1662BD7814FCC5FAD6" box="[662,866,1372,1389]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Stegnogramma aspidioides</emphasis>
Blume
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB49B1663817815FEB1FA33" authority="(Blume) Fraser-Jenk." authorityName="Fraser-Jenk." baseAuthorityName="Blume" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Stegnogramma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1663817815FC58FAD6" box="[938,1023,1372,1389]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Thelypteris</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1664077814FB39FAD6" box="[1068,1182,1373,1389]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
(Blume) Fraser-Jenk.
</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB49B16610C783EFD01FA33" authority="(Blume) C. F. Reed" box="[295,678,1399,1417]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stegnogramma">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16610C783EFEDDFA33" box="[295,378,1399,1416]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Thelypteris</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1661827831FDBEFA33" box="[425,537,1400,1416]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
(Blume) C.F.Reed
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB49B1660B278D4FE5EFA71" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B1660B278D4FE96FA15" blockId="93.[153,505,1437,1482]" box="[153,305,1437,1454]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1660B278D4FF4DFA15" box="[153,234,1437,1454]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Dictyocline</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB49B1660C678D7FF5DFA15" box="[237,250,1438,1454]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">T</collectionCode>
.Moore
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B1660B278F0FE5EFA71" blockId="93.[153,505,1437,1482]" box="[153,505,1464,1482]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
For additional synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB49B16615278F0FE52FA71" author="Kuo" box="[377,501,1464,1482]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuo" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics doi. org" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" refId="ref110871" refString="KUO, L. Y., Y. H. CHANG, Y. H. HUANG, W. TESTO, A. EBIHARA, G. ROUHAN, L. G. QUINTANILLA, J. E. WATKINS, Y. M. HUANG, &amp; F. W. LI. 2019. A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture. Cladistics doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12399" title="A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture" type="book" year="2019">Kuo et al.(2019)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB49B16605278A9FF12F9AC" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B16605278A9FF12F9AC" blockId="93.[121,1250,1504,1819]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16605278A9FF5FFA4E" box="[121,248,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Etymology.—</emphasis>
Gr.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16613778A8FEFAFA4D" box="[284,349,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">stegnos</emphasis>
, cover, +
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16619278A8FDA4FA4D" box="[441,515,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">gramme</emphasis>
, line, in reference to the sori, which are borne along the veins (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB49B16644878A9FF0DF9AC" author="Stewart" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Stewart" journalOrPublisher="Fiddlehead Forum" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" pagination="21 - 36" part="10" refId="ref114814" refString="STEWART, R. R., D. M. JOHNSON, &amp; J. T. MICKEL. 1983. Pteridophyte genera, the meaning of their names. Fiddlehead Forum 10: 21 - 36." title="Pteridophyte genera, the meaning of their names" type="journal article" year="1983">Stewart et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB49B15608C7B68FBF2FE7F" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB49B15608C7B68FBF2FE7F" blockId="93.[121,1250,1504,1819]" lastBlockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">
Plants terrestrial, frequently of steeply sloping tropical and subtropical forest understories and shaded streamsides, small to large (
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB49B16612F7B0BFEC1F9EC" box="[260,358,1602,1624]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="93" pageNumber="83" unit="cm" value="32.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="15.0">15–50 cm</quantity>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16615E7B08FE74F9EC" bold="true" box="[373,467,1601,1623]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">rhizomes</emphasis>
short-creeping to ascending or erect, with ovate to lanceolate setose scales;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1664B57B08FB46F9EC" bold="true" box="[1182,1249,1601,1623]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic to weakly dimorphic, erect to arching, simply lobed to once-pinnate;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1663B07B2BFC71F9C3" bold="true" box="[923,982,1634,1656]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">stipes</emphasis>
stramineous to dull brown, terete (lacking adaxial groove), with long and/or short unicellular to rarely septate (in
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1663B77BCBFBA5F92C" box="[924,1026,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">Dictyocline</emphasis>
group) hyaline acicular hairs;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1660997BEAFE83F903" bold="true" box="[178,292,1699,1721]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">stipe scales</emphasis>
ovate to lanceolate, castaneous, brown or pale, typically setose on margins and surfaces;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B1664487BEAFB02F903" bold="true" box="[1123,1189,1699,1720]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">blades</emphasis>
membranaceous to chartaceous, drying green, olivaceous or dark brown, ovate, hastate to deltate, apex gradually reduced, never pinna-like, blades often widest at or near the base, never with several pairs of gradually reduced proximal pinnae; proliferous buds absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB49B16614E7A4DFE0CF8A1" bold="true" box="[357,427,1796,1818]" pageId="93" pageNumber="83">pinnae</emphasis>
entire to shallowly lobed, pinna-bases adnate (especially distally) to subsessile, bases rounded or truncate, sometimes asymmetrical, but never auricled;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562CF7DEBFCBEFF03" bold="true" box="[740,793,162,184]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">veins</emphasis>
irregularly anastomosing (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1564357DEBFB23FF0C" box="[1054,1156,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
group,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB79B15604A7D8AFF02FF63" box="[97,165,195,217]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[97,105,1752,1772]" captionTargetBox="[112,1215,163,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-8@24.[110,1215,160,1709]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG.4.A.Hoiokula sandwicensis,Aborn s.n. (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.Hoiokula pendens,Hobdy2664 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Leptogrammapilosa, Diaz 6621 (UC), abaxial pinna lobes. D. Stegnogramma aspidioides, Palmer 1035 (UC), abaxial pinna. E. Stegnogramma wilfordii, Boufford 20159 (VT), proximal portionof lamina,abaxial view." pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15604A7D8AFF02FF63" bold="true" box="[97,165,195,217]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Fig. 4E</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), forming areoles with or without included veinlets, or regularly anastomosing (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1563987D8DFB91FF62" box="[947,1078,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1563987D8DFB95FF62" box="[947,1074,196,217]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aspidioides">S. aspidioides</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB79B1564177D8AFB23FF63" box="[1084,1156,195,217]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[97,105,1752,1772]" captionTargetBox="[112,1215,163,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-8@24.[110,1215,160,1709]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG.4.A.Hoiokula sandwicensis,Aborn s.n. (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.Hoiokula pendens,Hobdy2664 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Leptogrammapilosa, Diaz 6621 (UC), abaxial pinna lobes. D. Stegnogramma aspidioides, Palmer 1035 (UC), abaxial pinna. E. Stegnogramma wilfordii, Boufford 20159 (VT), proximal portionof lamina,abaxial view." pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1564177D8AFB23FF63" bold="true" box="[1084,1156,195,217]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Fig. 4D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), often with several pairs of veins united below the sinus with excurrent vein running to the sinus; veins reaching laminar margins;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560BE7C4EFEA1FEA7" bold="true" box="[149,262,263,284]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">aerophores</emphasis>
inconspicuous or absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15622E7C4FFCC7FEA7" bold="true" box="[517,864,262,284]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">indument abaxially and adaxially</emphasis>
of stipes, rachises, costae, veins, and frequently laminar tissue between veins with long and/or short hyaline acicular hairs, these usually unicellular, occasionally with septae in the
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15614B7C03FE61FEE4" box="[352,454,330,351]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
group;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562257C03FDC3FEE4" bold="true" box="[526,612,330,351]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">pustules</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562997C00FD7EFEE4" bold="true" box="[690,729,329,351]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">sori</emphasis>
linear and coalescent along lateral and/or excurrent or irregularly anastomosing veins; indusia absent;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15626C7C22FD0BFE3A" bold="true" box="[583,684,363,385]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">sporangia</emphasis>
with abundantly setulose capsules;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1564227C22FBECFE3B" bold="true" box="[1033,1099,363,384]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">spores</emphasis>
morphologically coherent within the genus, with non-reticulate echinae or short wings (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B15631A7CC4FC05FE19" author="Wood" box="[817,930,397,419]" firstAuthor="Wood" journalOrPublisher="J. Linn. Soc. Bot." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="191 - 202" part="67" refId="ref115815" refString="WOOD, C. C. 1973. Spore variation in the Thelypteridaceae. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 67: 191 - 202." title="Spore variation in the Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1973">Wood 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1563817CC4FB34FE19" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[938,1171,397,419]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1564B17CC4FF6AFE7F" author="Patel" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560F77CE6FF40FE7F" box="[220,231,431,452]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">x</emphasis>
= 36, diploids and tetraploids known, three species counted. No hybrids have been reported.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB79B1560BA7C99FDBFFC8E" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB79B1560BA7C99FDBFFC8E" blockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560BA7C99FE36FE5E" box="[145,401,464,485]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
Diagnosis.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561237C99FE36FE5E" box="[264,401,464,485]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Stegnogramma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
may be distinguished from all other
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562DD7C99FC3DFE5D" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[758,922,464,486]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
by the combination of elongate exindusiate sori, setiferous sporangia, indument on the adaxial laminae between veins, and veins irregularly anastomosing, or with at least three rows of intersegmental areoles below the sinus. The morphology of the
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1564397F5AFBDFFD93" box="[1042,1144,531,552]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
group is quite distinctive within the family, with its irregularly anastomosing (pleocnemioid) venation, and laminae hastate and entire (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15608D7F1FFEBDFDD0" box="[166,282,598,619]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifolia">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15608D7F1FFEBDFDD0" box="[166,282,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">S. sagittifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or deltate-pinnatifid (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561D17F1FFDFCFDD0" box="[506,603,598,619]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilfordii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561D17F1FFDFCFDD0" box="[506,603,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">S. wilfordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB79B15624D7F1CFD0EFDD1" box="[614,681,597,619]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[97,105,1752,1772]" captionTargetBox="[112,1215,163,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-8@24.[110,1215,160,1709]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG.4.A.Hoiokula sandwicensis,Aborn s.n. (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.Hoiokula pendens,Hobdy2664 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Leptogrammapilosa, Diaz 6621 (UC), abaxial pinna lobes. D. Stegnogramma aspidioides, Palmer 1035 (UC), abaxial pinna. E. Stegnogramma wilfordii, Boufford 20159 (VT), proximal portionof lamina,abaxial view." pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15624D7F1CFD0EFDD1" bold="true" box="[614,681,597,619]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Fig. 4E</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), though these grade into somewhat more elongate laminae with up to six free pinna-pairs in the newly described Vietnamese endemic
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15636C7F3EFBF3FD36" authority="(Chen et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[839,1108,631,653]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Chingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15636C7F3EFC0CFD37" box="[839,939,631,652]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">S. australis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B15639E7F3EFBE8FD36" author="Chen" box="[949,1103,631,653]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="Syst. Bot." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="768 - 774" part="44" refId="ref107327" refString="CHEN, C. W., L. Y. KUO, Y. H. HUANG, T. C. HSU, M. T. DANG, H. T. LUU, C. W. LI, &amp; Y. M. HUANG. 2019. A new species and a new record of Stegnogramma (Thelypteridaceae; Polypodiales) from southern Vietnam. Syst. Bot. 44: 768 - 774." title="A new species and a new record of Stegnogramma (Thelypteridaceae; Polypodiales) from southern Vietnam" type="journal article" year="2019">Chen et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.The species of its sister genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15613A7FD0FE37FD15" box="[273,400,665,686]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15613A7FD0FE37FD15" box="[273,400,665,686]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tend to be small plants with many pairs of free pinnae, these sometimes incised halfway or more to the costae (vs. pinnae entire to crenate in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562567FF3FCA3FD74" box="[637,772,698,719]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562567FF3FCA3FD74" box="[637,772,698,719]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and usually with free veins, or few pairs anastomosing. The terete rachis (lacking adaxial groove) is also rare in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1563357F95FC77FD49" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[798,976,732,754]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
, shared only among the stegnogrammoids,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561337FB4FE01FCA9" box="[280,422,765,786]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561337FB4FE01FCA9" box="[280,422,765,786]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the three genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562BE7FB4FCEFFCA8" baseAuthorityName="PPG I" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[661,840,765,787]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phegopteridoideae">Phegopteridoideae</taxonomicName>
, all of which tend to have laminae more dissected than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561147E56FDBFFC8E" box="[319,536,799,821]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561147E56FE6FFC8F" box="[319,456,799,820]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB79B1560BA7E09FBB1FC01" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB79B1560BA7E09FBB1FC01" blockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560BA7E09FE3FFCEE" box="[145,408,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Biogeography and ecology.—</emphasis>
The seven species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562747E09FD4FFCEE" box="[607,744,832,853]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562747E09FD4FFCEE" box="[607,744,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur predominantly on steep forested slopes and shaded streamsides at lower to middle elevations (to
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFB79B15627E7E28FD3AFCCC" box="[597,669,865,887]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="1750.0">1750 m</quantity>
) of the Paleotropics and subtropics. Members of the genus are most diverse in southern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B15615D7ECAFE13FC22" box="[374,436,899,921]" name="China" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">China</collectingCountry>
, but extend from East
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B1562A17ECAFD18FC22" box="[650,703,899,921]" name="India" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B1562E37ECDFC80FC22" box="[712,807,900,921]" name="Myanmar" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B1563737ECAFC0DFC22" box="[856,938,899,921]" name="Vietnam" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
north to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B1564287ECAFBEDFC22" box="[1027,1098,899,921]" name="Taiwan" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B1564537ECDFB16FC22" box="[1144,1201,900,921]" name="Japan" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFB79B1564927ECAFB6EFC23" box="[1209,1225,899,920]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
single species, the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB79B1561247EECFE9BFC01" box="[271,316,933,954]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">type</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15616F7EECFD90FC01" box="[324,567,933,954]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aspidioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15616F7EECFD90FC01" box="[324,567,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma aspidioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB79B15626F7EEDFD2EFC02" box="[580,649,932,954]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[97,105,1752,1772]" captionTargetBox="[112,1215,163,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-8@24.[110,1215,160,1709]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG.4.A.Hoiokula sandwicensis,Aborn s.n. (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.Hoiokula pendens,Hobdy2664 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Leptogrammapilosa, Diaz 6621 (UC), abaxial pinna lobes. D. Stegnogramma aspidioides, Palmer 1035 (UC), abaxial pinna. E. Stegnogramma wilfordii, Boufford 20159 (VT), proximal portionof lamina,abaxial view." pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15626F7EEDFD2EFC02" bold="true" box="[580,649,932,954]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Fig. 4D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), extends into Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB79B1460BA7E8EFCC0FF6C" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB79B1560BA7E8EFEDEFB38" blockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560BA7E8EFE54FC60" box="[145,499,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.—</emphasis>
The genus was described by Blume in 1828, based on a once-pinnate species with regularly anastomosing veins from
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFB79B1561C27EA1FDB4FC46" box="[489,531,1000,1021]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Java</collectingRegion>
. In his classification of mainland Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1563B37EA1FB6EFC45" authority=", Ching (1963)" authorityName=", Ching" authorityYear="1963" box="[920,1225,1000,1022]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Thelypteridaceae,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1564637EA1FB6EFC45" author="Ching" box="[1096,1225,1000,1022]" firstAuthor="Ching" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotax. Sin." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="289 - 335" part="8" refId="ref107523" refString="CHING, R. C. 1963. A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 289 - 335." title="A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the mainland of Asia" type="journal article" year="1963">Ching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
recognized
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560F17940FEEFFBA5" box="[218,328,1033,1054]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15617D7940FE40FBA5" box="[342,487,1033,1054]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15617D7940FE40FBA5" box="[342,487,1033,1054]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15620E7943FD0BFBA4" box="[549,684,1034,1055]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15620E7943FD0BFBA4" box="[549,684,1034,1055]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as separate genera, including
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1563C07943FBD5FBA4" box="[1003,1138,1034,1055]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1563C07943FBD5FBA4" box="[1003,1138,1034,1055]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15604A7962FF56FBFA" box="[97,241,1067,1089]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Thelypterideae">Thelypterideae</taxonomicName>
based on its free veins, and the others in tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15628A7962FC92FBFA" box="[673,821,1067,1089]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniopterideae">Goniopterideae</taxonomicName>
based on their anastomosing veins, noting the clear affinities between
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561577905FE40FBDA" box="[380,487,1100,1121]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562307905FD0DFBDA" box="[539,682,1100,1121]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562307905FD0DFBDA" box="[539,682,1100,1121]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as demonstrated by the intermediate morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15604A7927FED4FB38" box="[97,371,1134,1155]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dictyoclinoides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15604A7927FED4FB38" box="[97,371,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma dictyoclinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB79B1560BB79D9FB37FA68" blockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
In his insightful treatment of these taxa,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B15623379C6FD12FB1E" author="Iwatsuki" box="[536,693,1167,1189]" firstAuthor="Iwatsuki" journalOrPublisher="Biol." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 10" part="31" refId="ref110356" refString="IWATSUKI, K. 1964 a. Taxonomy of the thelypteroid ferns, with special reference to the species of Japan and adjacent regions. II. Circumscription of the group. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 1 - 10." title="Taxonomy of the thelypteroid ferns, with special reference to the species of Japan and adjacent regions. II. Circumscription of the group. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ" type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Iwatsuki (1964a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B15629579C6FD5CFB1E" author="Iwatsuki" box="[702,763,1167,1189]" firstAuthor="Iwatsuki" journalOrPublisher="Biol." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 40" part="31" refId="ref110412" refString="IWATSUKI, K. 1964 b. Taxonomy of the thelypteroid ferns, with special reference to the species of Japan and adjacent regions. III. Classification. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 1 - 40." title="Taxonomy of the thelypteroid ferns, with special reference to the species of Japan and adjacent regions. III. Classification. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ" type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">1964b</bibRefCitation>
) united all three genera under a broadly defined genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15608979F8FE96FB7D" box="[162,305,1201,1222]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15608979F8FE96FB7D" box="[162,305,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he subdivided into four subgenera, based on characters of indument and venation;
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15604A799BFF6AFB5C" box="[97,205,1234,1255]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1560F8799AFE46FB5C" authority=", Haplogramma" authorityName="Haplogramma" box="[211,481,1234,1256]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560F8799AFEF5FB53" box="[211,338,1235,1256]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B156175799BFE46FB5C" box="[350,481,1234,1255]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Haplogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561C5799AFDDAFB53" box="[494,637,1235,1256]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561C5799AFDDAFB53" box="[494,637,1235,1256]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. His concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B156330799AFC03FB53" box="[795,932,1235,1256]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B156330799AFC03FB53" box="[795,932,1235,1256]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was adopted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B15646C799BFB60FB53" author="PPG I" box="[1095,1223,1234,1256]" firstAuthor="PPG I" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Evol." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="563 - 603" part="54" refId="ref112966" refString="PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54: 563 - 603." title="A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" type="journal article" year="2016">PPG I (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Recent phylogenetic evidence (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1561A279BDFDB9FAB1" author="Kuo" box="[393,542,1268,1290]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuo" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics doi. org" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" refId="ref110871" refString="KUO, L. Y., Y. H. CHANG, Y. H. HUANG, W. TESTO, A. EBIHARA, G. ROUHAN, L. G. QUINTANILLA, J. E. WATKINS, Y. M. HUANG, &amp; F. W. LI. 2019. A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture. Cladistics doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12399" title="A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture" type="book" year="2019">Kuo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
) supports the divisions proposed by Iwatsuki, with a few refinements, notably that
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560F3785CFE99FA91" box="[216,318,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
is nested within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561CA785FFDCDFA90" box="[481,618,1302,1323]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561CA785FFDCDFA90" box="[481,618,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B156366785FFC71FA90" box="[845,982,1302,1323]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B156366785FFC71FA90" box="[845,982,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plus
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B156422785CFBC8FA91" box="[1033,1135,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
are sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B156050787EFF5BFAF7" box="[123,252,1335,1356]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B156050787EFF5BFAF7" box="[123,252,1335,1356]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plus a slightly revised
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561F4787EFDC3FAF7" box="[479,612,1335,1356]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Haplogramma</emphasis>
. We adopt the two-genus classification proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B156441787EFF38FAD5" author="Kuo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuo" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics doi. org" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" refId="ref110871" refString="KUO, L. Y., Y. H. CHANG, Y. H. HUANG, W. TESTO, A. EBIHARA, G. ROUHAN, L. G. QUINTANILLA, J. E. WATKINS, Y. M. HUANG, &amp; F. W. LI. 2019. A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture. Cladistics doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12399" title="A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture" type="book" year="2019">Kuo et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
, in which
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1560D57810FE20FAD5" box="[254,391,1369,1390]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560D57810FE20FAD5" box="[254,391,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561D97811FDF1FAD6" box="[498,598,1368,1389]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
) comprises seven species and is distinguished by irregularly anastomosing veins, or with regularly anastomosing veins, and three or more intersegmental areoles below the sinus. Thus defined, the genus is restricted to South and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFB79B15622878D5FDFBFA0A" box="[515,604,1435,1457]" name="China" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">East Asia</collectingCountry>
, while
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562B578D5FCB9FA0A" box="[670,798,1436,1457]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562B578D5FCB9FA0A" box="[670,798,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognized by free veins, or with up to two intersegmental areoles between main lateral veins, and is distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB79B1560B97896FE5DF927" blockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
In recent phylogenetic analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1561F77897FDD1FA48" author="Luo" box="[476,630,1502,1524]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Luo" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="81 - 88" part="376" refId="ref111646" refString="LUO, J., R. MO, H. J. WEI, X. L. DAI, Y. H. YAN, &amp; H. SHANG. 2018. Stegnogramma leptogrammoides (Thelypteridaceae), its discovery in China, and synonymy. Phytotaxa 376: 81 - 88." title="Stegnogramma leptogrammoides (Thelypteridaceae), its discovery in China, and synonymy" type="journal article" year="2018">Luo et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1562AA7897FC88FA48" author="Patel" box="[641,815,1502,1524]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1563127896FC73FA48" author="Kuo" box="[825,980,1502,1524]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuo" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics doi. org" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" refId="ref110871" refString="KUO, L. Y., Y. H. CHANG, Y. H. HUANG, W. TESTO, A. EBIHARA, G. ROUHAN, L. G. QUINTANILLA, J. E. WATKINS, Y. M. HUANG, &amp; F. W. LI. 2019. A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture. Cladistics doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12399" title="A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture" type="book" year="2019">Kuo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press),
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15604A7B49FF4DF9AE" box="[97,234,1536,1557]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15604A7B49FF4DF9AE" box="[97,234,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561307B49FE3CF9AE" box="[283,411,1536,1557]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1561307B49FE3CF9AE" box="[283,411,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are well-supported as sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562E17B49FCEFF9AE" box="[714,840,1536,1557]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562E17B49FCEFF9AE" box="[714,840,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Cyclogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a long branch, together forming the stegnogrammoid subclade, which diverged early within the larger cyclosoroid clade (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB79B1563837B68FC78F98D" box="[936,991,1569,1591]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1563837B68FC78F98D" bold="true" box="[936,991,1569,1591]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15640B7B68FB2FF98D" box="[1056,1160,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Dictyocline</emphasis>
group (
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560427B0AFD68F9E3" box="[105,719,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1560427B0AFEE0F9E3" box="[105,327,1603,1624]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">Stegnogramma australis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561657B0AFE16F9E3" box="[334,433,1603,1624]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griffithii">S. griffithii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1561927B0AFDF5F9E3" box="[441,594,1603,1624]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mingchegensis">S. mingchegensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562717B0AFD68F9E3" box="[602,719,1603,1624]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifolia">S. sagittifolia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15632A7B0AFCC7F9E3" box="[769,864,1603,1624]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilfordii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15632A7B0AFCC7F9E3" box="[769,864,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">S. wilfordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is subtended by a grade that includes the
<typeStatus id="54A58842FFB79B1560AD7B2CFF14F9C1" box="[134,179,1637,1658]" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">type</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1560967B2CFE9DF9C2" box="[189,314,1636,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aspidioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1560967B2CFE9DF9C2" box="[189,314,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">S. aspidioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B15615A7B2CFDA8F9C2" box="[369,527,1636,1658]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dictyoclinoides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B15615A7B2CFDA8F9C2" box="[369,527,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">S. dictyoclinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1562377B2DFD15F9C2" author="Kuo" box="[540,690,1636,1658]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuo" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics doi. org" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" refId="ref110871" refString="KUO, L. Y., Y. H. CHANG, Y. H. HUANG, W. TESTO, A. EBIHARA, G. ROUHAN, L. G. QUINTANILLA, J. E. WATKINS, Y. M. HUANG, &amp; F. W. LI. 2019. A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture. Cladistics doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12399" title="A global phylogeny of Stegnogramma ferns (Thelypteridaceae): generic and sectional revision, historical biogeography and evolution of leaf architecture" type="book" year="2019">Kuo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et al. in press), rendering subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1564147B2CFE98F927" authority="sensu Iwatsuki (1964 b)" authorityName="sensu Iwatsuki" authorityYear="1964" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1564147B2CFB6EF9C1" box="[1087,1225,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Stegnogramma</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFB79B1560B77BCFFE98F927" author="Iwatsuki" box="[156,319,1670,1692]" firstAuthor="Iwatsuki" journalOrPublisher="Biol." pageId="94" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 40" part="31" refId="ref110412" refString="IWATSUKI, K. 1964 b. Taxonomy of the thelypteroid ferns, with special reference to the species of Japan and adjacent regions. III. Classification. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 1 - 40." title="Taxonomy of the thelypteroid ferns, with special reference to the species of Japan and adjacent regions. III. Classification. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ" type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">Iwatsuki (1964b)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
non-monophyletic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB79B1460B97BE1FCC0FF6C" blockId="94.[97,1226,162,1792]" lastBlockId="95.[121,1250,162,311]" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">
In both coalescent and concatenated analyses of a large phylogenomic dataset (Fawcett et al. in press), two Hawaiian species, treated in the newly described genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB79B1562AA7B80FD72F965" box="[641,725,1737,1758]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Hoiokula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="94" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB79B1562AA7B80FD72F965" box="[641,725,1737,1758]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="84">Hoiokula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are sister to the rest of the stegnogrammoid clade. However, these trees were inferred using methods that assume bifurcating evolution. Evidence from individual gene trees, and plastid loci, suggests this lineage may be of deep hybrid origin involving
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B1463A47DEBFBA8FF0C" box="[911,1039,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Leptogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1463A47DEBFBA8FF0C" box="[911,1039,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">Leptogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B1464167DEBFB16FF0C" box="[1085,1201,162,183]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Menisciopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1464167DEBFB16FF0C" box="[1085,1201,162,183]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">Menisciopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this hypothesis is the subject of ongoing investigation (Fawcett, Kuo, et al. in prep.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFB69B1460827DABFD3CFE8C" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFB69B1460827DABFD3CFE8C" blockId="95.[121,1250,162,311]" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1460827DABFEF0FF4C" box="[169,343,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">Constituent species</emphasis>
.—*
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B1461557DABFD14FF4C" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" box="[382,691,225,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aspidioides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1461557DABFDD6FF4D" box="[382,625,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">Stegnogramma aspidioides</emphasis>
Blume
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB69B1462EB7DABFCA0FF4C" box="[704,775,226,247]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[97,105,1752,1772]" captionTargetBox="[112,1215,163,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-8@24.[110,1215,160,1709]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG.4.A.Hoiokula sandwicensis,Aborn s.n. (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.Hoiokula pendens,Hobdy2664 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Leptogrammapilosa, Diaz 6621 (UC), abaxial pinna lobes. D. Stegnogramma aspidioides, Palmer 1035 (UC), abaxial pinna. E. Stegnogramma wilfordii, Boufford 20159 (VT), proximal portionof lamina,abaxial view." pageId="95" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1462EB7DABFCA0FF4C" bold="true" box="[704,775,226,247]" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4D</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
); *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B14630F7DABFBC2FF4C" authority="C. W. Chen &amp; L. Y. Kuo" authorityName="C. W. Chen &amp; L. Y. Kuo" box="[804,1125,225,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B14630F7DABFC2FFF4D" box="[804,904,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">S. australis</emphasis>
C.W. Chen &amp; L.Y. Kuo
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B14645C7DABFF51FEAC" authority="Ching" authorityName="Ching" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dictyoclinoides">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B14645C7DABFF13FEAD" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">S. dictyoclinoides</emphasis>
Ching
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B1461217C4BFD96FEAC" authority="(T. Moore) K. Iwats." authorityName="K. Iwats." baseAuthorityName="T. Moore" box="[266,561,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griffithii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1461217C4BFECBFEAD" box="[266,364,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">S. griffithii</emphasis>
(T. Moore) K. Iwats.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B1462687C4BFBA6FEAC" authority="(Ching) X. C. Zhang &amp; L. J. He" authorityName="X. C. Zhang &amp; L. J. He" baseAuthorityName="Ching" box="[579,1025,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mingchegensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1462687C4BFD7BFEAD" box="[579,732,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">S. mingchegensis</emphasis>
(Ching) X.C. Zhang &amp; L.J. He
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFB69B14643F7C4BFB7AFEAC" authority="(Ching)" baseAuthorityName="Ching" box="[1044,1245,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Stegnogramma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="95" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifolia">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B14643F7C4BFB2CFEAD" box="[1044,1163,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">S. sagittifolia</emphasis>
(Ching)
</taxonomicName>
, L.
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. He &amp; X.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1461737C6BFE1EFE8D" box="[344,441,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">S. wilfordii</emphasis>
(Hook.) Seriz
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(
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFB69B1462607C6BFD29FE8C" box="[587,654,290,311]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[97,105,1752,1772]" captionTargetBox="[112,1215,163,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-8@24.[110,1215,160,1709]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG.4.A.Hoiokula sandwicensis,Aborn s.n. (VT),pinna lobes,abaxial view.B.Hoiokula pendens,Hobdy2664 (UC),pinna lobes,adaxial view.C.Leptogrammapilosa, Diaz 6621 (UC), abaxial pinna lobes. D. Stegnogramma aspidioides, Palmer 1035 (UC), abaxial pinna. E. Stegnogramma wilfordii, Boufford 20159 (VT), proximal portionof lamina,abaxial view." pageId="95" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB69B1462607C6BFD29FE8C" bold="true" box="[587,654,290,311]" pageId="95" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4E</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB59B17604A7C14FE64FEC9" bold="true" box="[97,451,349,370]" pageId="92" pageNumber="82">Sphaerostephanos melanophlebius</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB59B1763547C29FB99FECA" box="[895,1086,352,369]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="82">Dryopteris melanophlebia</emphasis>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci, Bot.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB59B17643D7C32FF1EFE1D" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="82">Thelypteris melanophlebia</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB59B1763E87C62FBF4FE80" box="[963,1107,299,316]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="82">Thelypteris maxima</emphasis>
K. Iwats. &amp; M. Kato, Acta Phytotax.Geobot.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFB59B1763897F49FBDBFDAB" box="[930,1148,512,529]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="82">Pronephrium micropinnatum</emphasis>
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20:108.1972
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