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<mods:title id="8C16362B482387B23E5BBB53512961EE">Marine benthic diatoms in the newly discovered coral reefs, off Basra coast, Southern Iraq</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7F7ED0A7E471748316A24FFFDF6D090D">Al-Handal, Adil Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="475FB653C7817EEA7F314323D7628F42">Thomas, Evan W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="464A1A5D483D4CA10E3DAA713B6F09B4">Biology Department, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, Illinois, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="66F04628BDA981F7C5AD145220F16882">Pennesi, Chiara</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D8E81DA30AF824EE8DA893A5BB52B943">Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9AF12CFF862F7CFF61F3BFFD70FC26" author="Smith, W." box="[136,670,915,940]" page=")" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" year="1853">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF862F7CFF61F3BFFD70FC26" authority="(Kutzing) W. Smith (1853: 39)" authorityName="W. Smith" authorityPageNumber="39" authorityYear="1853" baseAuthorityName="Kutzing" box="[136,670,915,940]" class="Insecta" family="Menoponidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sigma">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFF61F3BFFED0FC26" bold="true" box="[136,318,915,940]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">Nitzschia sigma</emphasis>
(Kützing) W. 
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(
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)
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFF61F396FF1EFC45" box="[136,240,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">References</emphasis>
: Krammer &amp; Large-Bertalot 1988, p. 32, pl. 23, figs 1–9; 
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Witkowski 
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFC7CF396FC28FC45" box="[917,966,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 404, pl. 206, figs 1–10; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF862F7CFAE0F396FA49FC45" author="Hein, M. K. &amp; Winsborough, B. M. &amp; Sullivan, M. J." box="[1289,1447,954,975]" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 303" refId="ref24413" refString="Hein, M. K., Winsborough, B. M. &amp; Sullivan, M. J. (2008) Bacillariophyta (diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19: 1 - 303." type="journal article" year="2008">
Hein 
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFAD7F396FA9EFC45" box="[1342,1392,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 60, fig. 3.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFF61F40FFF04FBB6" box="[136,234,1059,1084]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">Features</emphasis>
: Length 90–130 μm, width 6–12 μm, fibulae 
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10 μm, striae 
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10 μm.
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFF54F46BFEAFFBEA" box="[189,321,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">Description</emphasis>
: valves linear to linear lanceolate, slightly sigmoid, with curving acute apices. Raphe eccentric, fibulae small, equally spaced.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFF54F4A3FEF1FB22" box="[189,287,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">Remarks</emphasis>
: Several varieties of 
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFDE2F4A3FD80FB22" box="[523,622,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">N. sigma</emphasis>
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were described based on striae density and whether valves (in valve view) are sigmoid or straight. It is sometimes difficult to identify these varieties and some of them might belong to a different species, which requires further investigation of this complex using SEM diagnosis or molecular data. Striae density is rather variable and in some specimens, these are hardly counted under light microscope.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF862F7CFF54F533FE0FFAB2" box="[189,481,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="139">Ecology and Distribution:</emphasis>
A widely distributed species in marine and brackish water habitats. Previously reported from the Gulf (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF862F7CFED8F56FFE25FAD6" author="Hendey, N. I." box="[305,459,1347,1372]" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="101 - 168" refId="ref24607" refString="Hendey, N. I. (1970) Some littoral diatoms of Kuwait. Nova Hedwigia 31: 101 - 168" type="journal article" year="1970">Hendey 1970</bibRefCitation>
, Al-Yamani &amp; Saburova 2011, Al-Handal 2011). Common in 
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corals.
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