treatments-xml/data/A4/D5/2B/A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7.xml

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<mods:title id="2DA7FE785DD3818D6EB853BBFF698E2F">New species and records of Chapsa (Graphidaceae) in China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C69AE7FF095AFA1FA2DDC912B6DD403D">Dou *, Ming-Zhu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B9D6A29715BA694EEA986515BF3138BD">College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="940A5B6CFF9FBCAF2E281F85D3D4DBE6">Jia, Ze-Feng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D704F1BA96DB194DFB1FEF5788C617FA">College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191263871" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<subSubSection id="8E7E01F8E6977CEEFE3331DD129BF159" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6F157DC1F804177B3193F50189ABFE9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="35CFCBCA964F8EA82F8984461B310213" ID-CoL="TMK6" LSID="A4D52B9B-0B9F-562A-98A4-9C5C6DB8B6F7" authority="Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, Lichenologist 44 (3): 377 (2012)" authorityName="Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, Lichenologist 44 (3): 377" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">
Chapsa wolseleyana Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; 
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, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; 
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, Lichenologist 44(3): 377 (2012)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="54DACEC4F5F2E585A56643096A6EA728" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<figureCitation id="85F957689EB84EB4BE8C4634651E77F5" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Chapsa wolseleyana (LCUF FJ 19148 - b) A habit of thallus with apothecia B apothecia at different developmental stages C apothecium (part of pruina scraped off) D section of apothecium with periphysoids (direction of arrow) E paraphyses F young and mature ascospores. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 0.25 mm (C); 120 μm (D); 10 μm (E); 25 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.85.76040.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621465" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figure 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="92A3983D180009CE97B50B66E9322A09" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="03DFBBC2818927E03900BAD2919D2C49" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="FCB4E818F1C862E9F995D763DEF21559" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Astrochapsa" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Astrochapsa wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">Astrochapsa wolseleyana</taxonomicName>
(Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; 
<normalizedToken id="5B91EEB60862425C602D6C3A51361ECC" originalValue="Lücking">Luecking</normalizedToken>
) Parnmen, 
<normalizedToken id="F4E45F6B12964F80C834E385542A473E" originalValue="Lücking">Luecking</normalizedToken>
&amp; Lumbsch, in Parnmen et al., PLoS ONE 7(12): 10 (2012)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A90F33DDF56EAFBE1D944382CDE5DC8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="description">
<paragraph id="F050B3FBB8D0FA7C3F3B9EC2DF389336" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4060D51FA8CB5BCDBD9496E62EE784F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
Thallus crustose, corticolous, grey-brown, surface dull to slightly shiny, uneven, fissured. Apothecia erumpent, dispersed, sometimes two or three fused, mostly rounded to seldom slightly angular, 0.7-1.2 mm diam.; thalline margin raised to lobulate, lobes erected to recurved, inner part brown, covered with rose-red or white pruina; disc exposed, rose-red, covered with thick, rose-red pruina. Exciple fused, cupular, laterally 180-250 
<normalizedToken id="35B4CB2256B8C9F21B379BE587AD04F6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide, yellowish-brown to brown; epihymenium rose-red with granules, 20-50 
<normalizedToken id="6AF7C33DC0DA8BCEF51D55A5CF81ECC4" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
high, K+ green; hymenium 140-230 
<normalizedToken id="212C7D8F39FA4AD1A2017E35E244F1D4" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
high, clear, colourless, non-amyloid; hypothecium indistinct; paraphyses septate, tips rose-red and moniliform with oval or rectangular cells; periphysoides present, 50-100 
<normalizedToken id="33EEBA5CDDAA12266DA63C73530C90ED" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long. Asci clavate, 1-spored, 110-135 
<normalizedToken id="C105964299E72DC941FCAF0B20FAA45D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
35-50 
<normalizedToken id="56BFF1C3CBAE1BA066A8C62DB66A4D79" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
; ascospores densely muriform, oblong-ellipsoid, with hemispherical to roundish ends, 105-130 
<normalizedToken id="2B8CF1266B24B1B7CDAA4F1805B36FA6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
30-45 
<normalizedToken id="2B26D8F5225F6C51FB825D2B7DADF043" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, first reddish, becoming hyaline to slightly olive-brown at maturity, I-. Pycnidia not observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F8D934BDB33BE8A7B1594DE14592A124" doi="10.3897/mycokeys.85.76040.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621465" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="BA6D315396CCC086250360838A642343" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis id="9CA24BD4E979CE0A825A0051826EA7D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="762979FA58704433436D1DB16D2310E2" authorityName="Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, Lichenologist 44 (3): 377" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">
<emphasis id="FB3FF609DACF3F88BF174FCD343248B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chapsa wolseleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(LCUF FJ19148-b) 
<emphasis id="27A4099DCAACAB483B6E75D73A886A10" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
habit of thallus with apothecia 
<emphasis id="C8B06AB627E1BED6B8254D0FCF311CAB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">B</emphasis>
apothecia at different developmental stages 
<emphasis id="2E946B4EFE45C2EE02115E9FBD8F572B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C</emphasis>
apothecium (part of pruina scraped off) 
<emphasis id="153A9A0EE2B288F5C78887EE836BF379" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">D</emphasis>
section of apothecium with periphysoids (direction of arrow) 
<emphasis id="82CB68B2CF7FC1BF0B59D45641FE28F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E</emphasis>
paraphyses 
<emphasis id="38052A56C7637B545B5C189F12273D7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F</emphasis>
young and mature ascospores. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (
<emphasis id="16D17972133D5216D4E1384B5B537D0B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis id="6EE6672605636156E0DEB5FEEEBFDC95" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">B</emphasis>
); 0.25 mm (
<emphasis id="9668AEBA2D3D9AD02BFB5D716D14BC20" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C</emphasis>
); 120 
<normalizedToken id="2BC234453A22C1A74381397AE46F4DF0" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="32D7E959AE44EFB700DF6AB48880F397" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">D</emphasis>
); 10 
<normalizedToken id="AC0DC386A0276C8FC3156726C2F0290B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="1CC36774FDB8A133D5608FB309C7B4AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E</emphasis>
); 25 
<normalizedToken id="10FB2B9D6AB9DA6D414217EAF0870661" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="D717E659A29B21878D7C9E381B02D3B6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28E4D1DFB3C62A41B13669E73EECB879" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="chemistry">
<paragraph id="8705233EB8270F1C94BEAAEC88098F44" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chemistry.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A11837733D82E0883C86475316FE51CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">No substances detected by TLC but apothecial disc with pigment producing K+ yellow-green efflux, suggesting presence of isohypocrelline.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="938528BDF238A3F7991F6E4BA3E5E69F" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="F6A0501D4EF8C360910F5DC3DA78E548" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Ecology and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="412094E9E55BD89D30EE80299D588448" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
Growing on bark exposed to wind and high light intensity in montane forests. Worldwide distribution: Sri Lanka (
<bibRefCitation id="BA7519CD38CF2499447FCD35D8D8D591" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000892" author="Weerakoon, G" journalOrPublisher="The Lichenologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="373 - 379" refId="B29" refString="Weerakoon, G, Rivas, Plata, Lumbsch, HT, Luecking, R, 2012. Three new species of Chapsa (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) from tropical Asia. The Lichenologist 44 (3): 373 - 379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000892" title="Three new species of Chapsa (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) from tropical Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000892" volume="44" year="2012">Weerakoon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and newly reported for China.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="87B9A7D49F4D55658D9AFE0A69FDBD3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3439F15A07C1B9ADC811321AC2AFFD8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74EC67F5AC2BA337ABE6178D603A4A74" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<materialsCitation id="19B6A8FE3155C09F896B14F0D655D7E4" accessionNumber="MW009106, MW010270, MW010279" collectingDate="2019-07-05" collectorName="F. Y. Liu" country="China" county="Quanzhou City" elevation="1540" latitude="25.715834" location="Reflecting Pool" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="118.12056" municipality="Jiuxian Mountain" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fujian Province">
<collectingCountry id="2EE7D2D2A02318B316BC7672510225CB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="DC246E295CD763B4E316700C2BE5F2AF" country="China" name="Fujian">Fujian Province</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty id="5AD2D7C9AA102CE69950BC4E9641A5C6">Quanzhou City</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="B5DC014A13F70F3052BF8F6E4D5BB280">Jiuxian Mountain</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="76584B58D6D0BD41D8F876F125C58C06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7:76584B58D6D0BD41D8F876F125C58C06" country="China" county="Quanzhou City" latitude="25.715834" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="118.12056" municipality="Jiuxian Mountain" name="Reflecting Pool" stateProvince="Fujian Province">Reflecting Pool</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0AE717055D4EB9D3C1A2E6639AAA1BAD" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="57" value="25.715834">25°42'57&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="5A74DD6ABDE6A29877A266132A17F8E9" degrees="118" direction="east" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="118.12056">118°07'14&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 
<quantity id="E0AD1C20BA4A0B7658E01FC60DD2BC9B" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" unit="m" value="1540.0">
<elevation id="F05C07D97C4F4D5649C0D4F91957D9ED" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" unit="m" value="1540.0">1540 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, on bark, 
<collectingDate id="916047DB496829B8AE1E65936E067856" value="2019-07-05">5 Jul 2019</collectingDate>
, 
<collectorName id="2E60B12D6651DB738B820585F8DAB0A6">F.Y. Liu</collectorName>
FJ19148-b (LCUF) (GenBank 
<accessionNumber id="8AC72A063C7803F52A3DB6773F6F7DC1" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW009106">MW009106</accessionNumber>
for ITS, 
<accessionNumber id="A8D0C591169135096B406C9C31B23896" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW010270">MW010270</accessionNumber>
for LSU and 
<accessionNumber id="F74AC89C7D08245360652BB91A1F0ECE" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW010279">MW010279</accessionNumber>
for SSU)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="1DD606716B51DBBC465C46C00498DE4C" accessionNumber="MW009078, MW010273, MW010277" collectingDate="2019-07-25" collectorName="F. Y. Liu" country="China" county="Quanzhou City" elevation="1460" latitude="25.712223" location="Natural Observation Path" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="118.12139" municipality="Jiuxian Mountain" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fujian Province">
<collectingCountry id="BE88AFE9E186B6F1999E581F452FAAC6" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="119002F0748B371D7588696ED96C08B4" country="China" name="Fujian">Fujian Province</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty id="B7CE459192F3A66481425F07DED1D953">Quanzhou City</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="C8EB2F48E73A6FE7A6AFE76C5C0DFBA1">Jiuxian Mountain</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="033D24871237B4E8BE25710B7FE583C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7:033D24871237B4E8BE25710B7FE583C5" country="China" county="Quanzhou City" latitude="25.712223" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="118.12139" municipality="Jiuxian Mountain" name="Natural Observation Path" stateProvince="Fujian Province">Natural Observation Path</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="062343A3BDA6C2FDC76259D3EBD6405F" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="25.712223">25°42'44&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="90624381736EFE17708E63185DF472B5" degrees="118" direction="east" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="17" value="118.12139">118°07'17&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 
<quantity id="4D5722C8852B64BA7C4C389F10469B77" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" unit="m" value="1460.0">
<elevation id="6A0229EDEBB8D92B7EF46D7689C2DC33" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" unit="m" value="1460.0">1460 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, on bark, 
<collectingDate id="1A55889F6FF152C35291BA999E025F4F" value="2019-07-25">25 Jul 2019</collectingDate>
, 
<collectorName id="DBA9554C8027A81A679A615AAE9C8E08">F.Y. Liu</collectorName>
FJ19158 (LCUF) (GenBank 
<accessionNumber id="F06AB6F07AA2F7DFA8B239559966A741" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW009078">MW009078</accessionNumber>
for ITS, 
<accessionNumber id="1C957EBB0DC854FF3B5295BC1073D461" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW010273">MW010273</accessionNumber>
for LSU and 
<accessionNumber id="CB498A922F201834A5AF7DCC133503CF" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW010277">MW010277</accessionNumber>
for SSU)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="7E8AD8D814F486B2D368B20AA0095F10" accessionNumber="MW009078, MW010273, MW010277" collectingDate="2019-07-25" collectorName="F. Y. Liu" country="China" county="Quanzhou City" elevation="1540" latitude="25.715834" location="Reflecting Pool" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="118.12056" municipality="Jiuxian Mountain" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fujian Province">
<collectingCountry id="3365D2DA1FC9FD8A61DC4693A5EB753F" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="452F0E9821CE387DFA4C2E1AEB809CD0" country="China" name="Fujian">Fujian Province</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty id="51C3ACB0C01E0D3A1EE959703B2C6F16">Quanzhou City</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="41ADE7C5EE4F6A05C836EC794B2F2D3C">Jiuxian Mountain</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="A66285A9CB16D7FDB2D68C221BA6E57C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4D52B9B0B9F562A98A49C5C6DB8B6F7:A66285A9CB16D7FDB2D68C221BA6E57C" country="China" county="Quanzhou City" latitude="25.715834" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="118.12056" municipality="Jiuxian Mountain" name="Reflecting Pool" stateProvince="Fujian Province">Reflecting Pool</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4C8F0FBE5F5741F0F5057C20EAED214" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="57" value="25.715834">25°42'57&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F1B62C32643C41D37D32549D159C66F6" degrees="118" direction="east" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="118.12056">118°07'14&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 
<quantity id="A809FD52AC888F53F21DE2AD7EDE82DE" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" unit="m" value="1540.0">
<elevation id="2E43FD48220E9C4D1AA6672A1A882191" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" unit="m" value="1540.0">1540 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, on bark, 
<collectingDate id="699B5ECDF669F0611FBC95578AB4636B" value="2019-07-25">25 Jul 2019</collectingDate>
, 
<collectorName id="866D45F6FB82AC800E3AACB46A828601">F.Y. Liu</collectorName>
FJ19127-2, same locality, FJ19128-2, FJ19141-2 (LCUF)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EE2130F5B2EA6B92049707269284B32" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="notes">
<paragraph id="A658FEDB252E1A2843EAE3F85E0C1497" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1C484670A10EF3F2A952C60E71F2F3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="CEB46F550C9D41ABED812D65E7B45C0C" authorityName="Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, Lichenologist 44 (3): 377" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">
<emphasis id="B72ACD9EA4889BD297A0C70F6D36A18A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chapsa wolseleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterised by its grey-brown, uneven thallus, apothecia with raised to lobed thalline margin, rose-red discs with similar coloured pruina, rose-red epihymenium and paraphyses tips, distinct periphysoids, 1-spored asci, muriform ascospores, red when young and hyaline to olive-brown when old. Only a few species of 
<taxonomicName id="0ACB82A9AAA27C37B1656A205A004637" authorityName="A.Massalongo" authorityYear="1860" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="513402F363506BA76F4FC089E5482759" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chapsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have pigmented discs and among them 
<taxonomicName id="8805E7170E6A6CF6D42D62AA1CED8A4A" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="C. rubropulveracea" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rubropulveracea">
<emphasis id="35455C00199DE41264A5F78E0D5B64A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C. rubropulveracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hale ex Mangold, 
<normalizedToken id="789FBE7425C54C1CD9A5A196F974EC65" originalValue="Lücking">Luecking</normalizedToken>
&amp; Lumbsch is morphologically most similar to 
<taxonomicName id="063D720EC31C5537301CF0965D1C022D" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="C. wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">
<emphasis id="EFC0C1BE477B719C18C87D020AC81CB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C. wolseleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but its thallus is farinose and its ascospores are 8 per ascus, smaller (15-20 
<normalizedToken id="DD9EFF48E596C4B224A022808FEA7A73" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-6 
<normalizedToken id="74F4B65F93F7945160978817F345C0E8" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
) and transversely septate (
<bibRefCitation id="37EF93DA945CB0660DD136894A1B4568" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1" author="Lumbsch, HT" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="36 - 40" refId="B15" refString="Lumbsch, HT, Ahti, T, Altermann, S, De Paz, GA, Aptroot, A, Arup, U et al., 2011. One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity. Phytotaxa 18: 36 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1" title="One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1" volume="18" year="2011">Lumbsch et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7945AB62072EFF101AD145D664FCB33D" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="BF0A5DBD16C48F0BDC67AF7AA80C543A" authorityName="Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, Lichenologist 44 (3): 377" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">
<emphasis id="635C46FD9BC794FA4E0767669771CA07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chapsa wolseleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="917051B2D1ADDA8EEAE8D2BEDCBC02C5" authorityName="S.Parnmen, R.Lucking &amp; H.T.Lumbsch" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Astrochapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Astrochapsa" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F0335A9FEB1E6D9084893335C95EC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Astrochapsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on a phenotype-based analysis (not molecular phylogeny) (
<bibRefCitation id="D1D4288E60545F0BADBA5FC1438846C1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051392" author="Parnmen, S" journalOrPublisher="The Lichenologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" refId="B20" refString="Parnmen, S, Luecking, R, Lumbsch, HT, 2012. Phylogenetic classification at generic level in the absence of distinct phylogenetic patterns of phenotypical variation: a case study in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota). PLoS ONE 7(12): e51392. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051392" title="Phylogenetic classification at generic level in the absence of distinct phylogenetic patterns of phenotypical variation: a case study in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota). PLoS ONE 7 (12): e 51392." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051392" year="2012">Parnmen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). However, our phylogenetic analysis shows that this species belongs in 
<taxonomicName id="86B80D779509FA61A79B9D73563F45DD" authorityName="A.Massalongo" authorityYear="1860" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E27FBC3A8FDDF4EABE506E37F37917BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chapsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than 
<emphasis id="9861B00818FD5E5FD5DE00FC6D334F70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="0D752590482D2FA5DE10AEBC6A526A7A" authorityName="S.Parnmen, R.Lucking &amp; H.T.Lumbsch" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Astrochapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Astrochapsa" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Astrochapsa</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4F45D726B10756E70802D248CE90712F" authorityName="Weerakoon, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, in Weerakoon, Rivas Plata, Lumbsch &amp; Luecking, Lichenologist 44 (3): 377" authorityYear="2012" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Chapsa wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">Chapsa wolseleyana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was associated phylogenetically with a strongly-supported clade (100/1) with 
<taxonomicName id="82757A7CC805DEE59AF9EC9CC57BF3B3" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="C. patens" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="859D5BCF521074DA648F39FBAA4CEB29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C. patens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but with sufficient distance to be considered a distinct species. In addition, the latter differs from 
<taxonomicName id="7DD66CB80A76971A6C4441448D9CE84D" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Chapsa" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="C. wolseleyana" order="Ostropales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="wolseleyana">
<emphasis id="AD1D8F510778D3BBDDF77405C1EAB825" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C. wolseleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having larger pale brown apothecia (up to 2 mm diam.) with white pruina, unpigmented epihymenium and unpigmented paraphyses adspersed with fine greyish to brownish granules, hyaline ascospores (Frisch et al. 2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="2FC7E8B4F6F1A8B6B8A4516050E849D4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5248/120.23" author="Joshi, S" journalOrPublisher="Mycokeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" refId="B7" refString="Joshi, S, Upreti, DK, Nayaka, S, 2012. The lichen genus Chapsa (Graphidaceae) in India. Mycotaxon 120: 23-24, 27, 31, 32. https://doi.org/10.5248/120.23" title="The lichen genus Chapsa (Graphidaceae) in India. Mycotaxon 120: 23 - 24, 27, 31, 32." url="https://doi.org/10.5248/120.23" year="2012">Joshi et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3458F55FE6A9FA0CFDD99629A4E3F77D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282918000439" author="Joshi, S" journalOrPublisher="The Lichenologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="634 - 639" refId="B8" refString="Joshi, S, Upreti, DK, Divakar, PK, Lumbsch, HT, Luecking, R, 2018. A re-evaluation of thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) in India. The Lichenologist 50 (6): 634 - 639, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282918000439" title="A re-evaluation of thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) in India." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282918000439" volume="50" year="2018">Joshi et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>