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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.56162" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e34d4f5f-0ecc-4d06-b1e4-dce6ce1660a1" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-79-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F84D10CA9CFB570884209A6E4D1BB835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4255353" ID-ZooBank="3332E63BE38E4E62BE938B040BD10E20" ModsDocID="1314-2607-79-15" checkinTime="1604097883707" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fernandez-Triana, Jose, Kamino, Tetsuyuki, Maeto, Kaoru, Yoshiyasu, Yutaka &amp; Hirai, Norio" docDate="2020" docId="494FAECB6638557F95B27969F78E4453" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 79: 15-26" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79" docPubDate="2020-10-30" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.56162" docTitle="Microgaster godzilla , Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="4ED57AC8-A50E-4995-AA72-C55FF96DD31A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="F84D10CA9CFB570884209A6E4D1BB835" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="F84D10CA9CFB570884209A6E4D1BB835" masterDocTitle="Microgaster godzilla (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), an unusual new species from Japan which dives underwater to parasitize its caterpillar host (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Acentropinae)" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1678754633675" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Microgaster godzilla (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), an unusual new species from Japan which dives underwater to parasitize its caterpillar host (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Acentropinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fernandez-Triana, Jose</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0425-0309</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of insects, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cnc.braconidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kamino, Tetsuyuki</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Environmental Entomology and Zoology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University; 1 - 1, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599 - 8531, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Maeto, Kaoru</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1 - 1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657 - 8501, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yoshiyasu, Yutaka</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Environmental Entomology and Zoology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University; 1 - 1, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599 - 8531, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hirai, Norio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Environmental Entomology and Zoology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University; 1 - 1, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599 - 8531, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2020-10-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>79</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>15</mods:start>
<mods:end>26</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.56162</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.56162</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-79-15</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">3332E63BE38E4E62BE938B040BD10E20</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">F84D10CA9CFB570884209A6E4D1BB835</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4255353</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168745974" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ED57AC8-A50E-4995-AA72-C55FF96DD31A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/494FAECB6638557F95B27969F78E4453" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/4ED57AC8-A50E-4995-AA72-C55FF96DD31A" authority=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityName=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster godzilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="godzilla" status="sp. nov.">
Microgaster godzilla
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Microgaster godzilla, female holotype. A details of scutellar complex and propodeum B metasoma, dorsal C metapleuron and metasoma, lateral D details of ocelli dorsal E tarsal claw F hypopygium and ovipositor." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.79.56162.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/469277" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, Fernandez-Triana</figureCitation>
&amp; Kamino
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Microgaster godzilla, female holotype. A habitus dorsal B habitus lateral C wings D head, frontal E details of antenna F head and mesosoma, lateral G head and mesosoma, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.79.56162.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/469276" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Microgaster godzilla, female holotype. A details of scutellar complex and propodeum B metasoma, dorsal C metapleuron and metasoma, lateral D details of ocelli dorsal E tarsal claw F hypopygium and ovipositor." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.79.56162.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/469277" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-05-01" collectingDateMax="2017-05-13" collectingDateMin="2017-05-01" collectorName="T. Kamino" country="JAPAN" county="Honshu" location="Shoubu-ike Pond" municipality="Sakai City" specimenCount="♀" stateProvince="Osaka Prefecture" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry name="Japan">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
, OPU;
<collectingCounty>Honshu</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Osaka">Osaka Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Sakai City</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:494FAECB6638557F95B27969F78E4453:1B9A67D9133F88AB24F9CDB92F004517" country="JAPAN" county="Honshu" municipality="Sakai City" name="Shoubu-ike Pond" stateProvince="Osaka Prefecture">Shoubu-ike Pond</location>
,
<collectingDate value="2017-05-01">1.v.2017</collectingDate>
, ex.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1881" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Elophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophila turbata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turbata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Elophila turbata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<collectingDate value="2017-05-13">13.v.2017</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName>T. Kamino</collectorName>
, voucher code: CNC924596
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-01-26" country="JAPAN" county="Honshu" location="Yagumo-Higashimachi" municipality="Moriguchi City" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Osaka Prefecture" typeStatus="Paratypes">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry name="Japan">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, CNC;
<collectingCounty>Honshu</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Osaka">Osaka Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Moriguchi City</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:494FAECB6638557F95B27969F78E4453:1E9627DE3EDFB5E4E77A401414FC5E9A" country="JAPAN" county="Honshu" municipality="Moriguchi City" name="Yagumo-Higashimachi" stateProvince="Osaka Prefecture">Yagumo-Higashimachi</location>
,
<collectingDate value="2017-01-26">26.i.2017</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
, T. Kamino, voucher codes: CNC924597, CNC924599,
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-01-01" collectingDateMax="2020-12-31" collectingDateMin="2020-01-01" country="Japan" county="Honshu" location="Yagumo-Higashimachi" municipality="Moriguchi City" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Osaka" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
OPU; same locality and date than
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
, voucher code: CNC924598
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-09-30" country="Japan" location="Niwakubo" municipality="Moriguchi City" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Osaka Prefecture" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, OPU;
<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Osaka">Osaka Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Moriguchi City</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:494FAECB6638557F95B27969F78E4453:4C7BB7C09C0990A9EE66AC8783BEBF05" country="Japan" municipality="Moriguchi City" name="Niwakubo" stateProvince="Osaka Prefecture">Niwakubo</location>
,
<collectingDate value="2016-09-30">30.ix.2016</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-09-15" country="Japan" location="Shimogamo" municipality="City" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kyoto Prefecture" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, OPU;
<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Kyoto">Kyoto Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Kyoto">Kyoto</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality>City</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:494FAECB6638557F95B27969F78E4453:A12B851A7DF54909AD59D8B94D6E3D8E" country="Japan" municipality="City" name="Shimogamo" stateProvince="Kyoto Prefecture">Shimogamo</location>
,
<collectingDate value="2017-09-15">15.ix.2017</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
Among all described species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this species can be distinguished because of its unique combination of morphological characters. Color patterns are distinctive, especially having all legs almost entirely yellow (only apical 0.1 of metafemur, apical 0.3 of metatibia and metatarsus are dark brown to black), tegula dark brown, pterostigma brown, and metasoma dorsally with T1-T2 black and T3+ orange-yellow. Very few
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have all coxae yellow, and then the color of the tegula and/or metasoma dorsally is usually different. Beyond color, the combination of flagellomeres with relatively distinct setae (bristly), eyes convergent ventrally, face dull due to transverse, rugose sculpture (including indication of vermiculate rugosities towards sides), notauli barely marked by impression or sculpture (and overall sculpture of anteromesoscutum with fine and relatively shallow punctures), scutellar disc mostly smooth, mesopleuron without strong crenulated sulcus, T2 and T3 about same length, T3+ smooth, all tarsi with last segment enlarged, and large but simple tarsal claws are also of diagnostic value.
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster godzilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares some features with the described species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most of which also have light-coloured legs, including all coxae in many species, large tarsal claws, and last segments of tarsi enlarged. However, most
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have the body depressed, notauli are strongly marked, antennae have three rows of placodes and the mesopleuron has a strong, crenulated sulcus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
Although there is no available key that covers all described
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we found that all Palearctic, Nearctic and Oriental species previously described in those two genera differ from the diagnosis provided above for
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. godzilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">M. godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by at least one (usually more) characters. To facilitate future work on the genus we provide one-to-one comparisons of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. godzilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">M. godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with every other previously described species of those two genera in the biogeographical regions relevant to the new species (see Suppl. material 5 for detailed comparisons).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Color</emphasis>
. Head and mesosoma black; metasoma dorsally with T1-T2 black, T3+ orange-yellow; metasoma ventrally entirely orange-yellow, including hypopygium; antenna light brown; palpi orange-yellow; tegula and humeral complex dark brown; all legs almost entirely yellow (only apical 0.1 of metafemur, apical 0.3 of metatibia and metatarsus are dark brown to black); metatibial spurs white; pterostigma and most veins brown.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Head</emphasis>
. Eyes convergent ventrally; face dull due to transverse, rugose sculpture (including indication of vermiculate rugosities towards sides); frons with transverse striation; gena mostly smooth; space between ocelli with weak sculpture (a short but vague carina is barely defined); flagellomeres bristly, with relatively distinctive setae.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Mesosoma</emphasis>
. Overall sculpture of anteromesoscutum with fine and relatively shallow punctures; notauli barely marked by impression or sculpture; scutoscutellar sulcus deep and broad, with strong crenulae; scutellar disc mostly smooth, with very shallow and sparse punctures; propodeum entirely sculptured with coarse reticulation and a median, longitudinal carina; mesopleuron mostly smooth and shiny on dorsal third, mostly sculptured on ventral 0.6, without strong, crenulated sulcus; metapleuron coarsely sculptured.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Metasoma</emphasis>
. T1 and T2 strongly sculptured; T3+ smooth; T1 very broad, its width at posterior margin twice that at anterior margin, its median length 0.9 its width at posterior margin; T2 rectangular and about same length as T3; hypopygium mostly inflexible, with a weakly defined and small fold apico-ventrally; ovipositor sheaths with relatively long setae the setose part roughly half the length of metatibia.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Legs</emphasis>
. All legs with simple and large tarsal claws; all tarsi with last segment enlarged.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Wings</emphasis>
. Fore wing with relatively large and quadrangular areolet, vein R1 longer than pterostigma length, vein r longer than vein 2RS and much longer than areolet height, vein r arising beyond mid point of pterostigma; hind wing with vannal lobe entirely setose.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Body measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 3.3; fore wing length: 3.2; ovipositor sheath length 1.28; metatibia length 0.62; metafemur length/width: 0.99/0.28; flagellomere 2 length/width: 0.26/0.07; flagellomeres 13+ missing in the two female specimens (holotype and one paratype) available to JFT for study and species description.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4255355" doi="10.3897/jhr.79.56162.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/469276" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster godzilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female holotype.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
habitus dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
habitus lateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
wings
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
head, frontal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
details of antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">F</emphasis>
head and mesosoma, lateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">G</emphasis>
head and mesosoma, dorsal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">The species has only been collected in the prefectures of Osaka and Kyoto in Honshu, Japan.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster godzilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has been reared from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1881" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Elophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophila turbata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turbata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Elophila turbata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Butler, 1881) (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acentropinae">Acentropinae</taxonomicName>
), whose larvae are aquatic. Each larva constructs a portable case from fragments of aquatic plants (e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Azolla" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Azolla" order="Salviniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Azolla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" genus="Trapa" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trapa" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Trapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Spirodela" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spirodela" order="Alismatales" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Spirodela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) and lives inside the case which is found slightly above or slightly under the water surface (
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshiyasu, Y" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectural University Agriculture" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 162" refId="B28" refString="Yoshiyasu, Y, 1985. A systematic study of the Nymphulinae and the Musotiminae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectural University Agriculture 37: 1 - 162" title="A systematic study of the Nymphulinae and the Musotiminae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." volume="37" year="1985">Yoshiyasu 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. godzilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">M. godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
walk over the floating plants while searching for hosts. Once the wasp finds a case, it repeatedly probes it with its antennae and moves around, eventually forcing the larvae to come out of the case, when it is parasitized by the wasp by quickly inserting its ovipositor. In some cases,
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. godzilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">M. godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
completely dives underwater for several seconds, in order to search for the submerged caterpillar and force it out of the case. In all cases we observed, oviposition occurred above water, where the host larvae went trying to escape the wasp (Suppl. material 1-3). The wasp can also pierce through the case for oviposition and this behavior is almost equally frequent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="molecular data">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Molecular data.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
Four DNA barcodes were obtained (two of them almost full length at 631 bp, the other two specimens rendered partial barcodes of 421 bp each). Those sequences correspond to BINBOLD:ADO8283 and are unique among all available sequences of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1862" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
in BOLD, with the closest BIN (an undescribed
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from Papua New Guinea) differing by 34 bp (5.2%) (Suppl. material 4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
The species is named after Godzilla (Japanese:
<normalizedToken originalValue="ゴジラ">ゴジラ</normalizedToken>
, Hepburn:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gōjira">Gōjira</normalizedToken>
), a fictional monster (kaiju) that became an icon after the 1954 Japanese film of the same name and many films afterwards. The wasp name is intended to respectfully honour one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide. The
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
parasitization behaviour bears some loose resemblance to the kaiju character, in the sense that the wasp (after diving underwater to search for its host, a moth caterpillar) suddenly emerges from the water (to parasitize the host), similar to how Godzilla suddenly emerges from the water in the movies. Additionally, Godzilla has sometimes been associated, albeit in different ways, with Mothra (Japanese:
<normalizedToken originalValue="モスラ">モスラ</normalizedToken>
, Hepburn: Mosura) another kaiju that is typically portrayed as a larva (caterpillar) or adult moth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="the generic boundaries between microgaster and hygroplitis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
The generic boundaries between
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
There is some evidence that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may just be a species-group of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.920.39128" author="Fernandez-Triana, J" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 1089" refId="B4" refString="Fernandez-Triana, J, Shaw, MR, Boudreault, C, Beaudin, M, Broad, GR, 2020. Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). ZooKeys 920: 1 - 1089, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.920.39128" title="Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.920.39128" volume="920" year="2020">Fernandez-Triana et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Data based on DNA barcodes strongly suggest so (e.g., Suppl. material 4; see also
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12038" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology Resources" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="168 - 176" refId="B22" refString="Smith, MA, Fernandez-Triana, J, Eveleigh, E, Gomez, J, Guclu, C, Hallwachs, W, Hebert, PDN, Hrcek, J, Huber, JT, Janzen, DH, Mason, PG, Miller, SE, Quicke, D, Rodriguez, JJ, Rougerie, R, Shaw, MR, Varkonyi, G, Ward, D, Whitfield, JB, Zaldivar-Riveron, A, 2013. DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae): impacts after eight years and nearly 20,000 sequences. Molecular Ecology Resources 13: 168 - 176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12038" title="DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae): impacts after eight years and nearly 20,000 sequences." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12038" volume="13" year="2013">Smith et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could represent a derived group, specialized in parasitizing aquatic or semiaquatic microlepidoptera; in fact one of the two previously known aquatic microgastrine species belongs to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Morley, 1936). The presence in this genus of simple tarsal claws, which are elongate and strongly curved (like in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Microgaster godzilla, female holotype. A details of scutellar complex and propodeum B metasoma, dorsal C metapleuron and metasoma, lateral D details of ocelli dorsal E tarsal claw F hypopygium and ovipositor." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.79.56162.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/469277" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">2D-F</figureCitation>
), has been suggested to be one of the main characteristics that allows hymenopterans to grip the substrate when entering the water looking for hosts (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9036-y" author="Bennett, AMR" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="529 - 534" refId="B2" refString="Bennett, AMR, 2008. Global diversity of hymenopterans (Hymenoptera; Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 529 - 534, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9036-y" title="Global diversity of hymenopterans (Hymenoptera; Insecta) in freshwater." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9036-y" volume="595" year="2008">Bennett 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4255357" doi="10.3897/jhr.79.56162.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/469277" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster godzilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female holotype.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
details of scutellar complex and propodeum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
metasoma, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
metapleuron and metasoma, lateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
details of ocelli dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
tarsal claw
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">F</emphasis>
hypopygium and ovipositor.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Fernandez-Triana &amp; Kamino" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster godzilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="godzilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster godzilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. could be considered to be intermediate between those two genera but is not the first
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported to be like that. Another species,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster deceptor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptor">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster deceptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nixon, 1968, has similar simple tarsal claws which are relatively large, and it was also considered as intermediate between
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9950" author="Nixon, GEJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="33 - 72" refId="B15" refString="Nixon, GEJ, 1968. A revision of the genus Microgaster Latreille (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series 22: 33 - 72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9950" title="A revision of the genus Microgaster Latreille (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9950" volume="22" year="1968">Nixon (1968</bibRefCitation>
: 55), who treated
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as only a species group of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Solving the generic boundaries between these genera, or perhaps synonymizing
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Hygroplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hygroplitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hygroplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is beyond the scope of this paper; in any case, for the time being we prefer to place the new species within
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microgaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Microgaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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