treatments-xml/data/8C/C7/F5/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72.xml

<document id="E25403AC771C9314BC6B59B212ECD4E7" ID-CLB-Dataset="33801" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis &amp; Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Cyamon agnani Boury-Esnault 1973, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1732685788563" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0A1E2F65C05AABC36A51F8A79162F2AE">Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2F1708317E28DAA0AB592FBFAB2172A4">Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="04959BB5D985267D8446346783F16E83">Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="354594C54498F07DBE414F4043E6B069">Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037787" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C89796E34602097DFA1D37CCDE1AAADF" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="ABF5A05F6E70287FE148E1E65CC1E2D8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="816E3A4ADBEF3E5FA3BFB94322B2CD12" ID-CoL="32N29" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyamon_agnani" authority="Boury-Esnault, 1973" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E70B13F8CCF681BEE95ADF38A5ED012C" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 7 
<normalizedToken id="060A70B909A069EB73944795C8B3BDD0" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 8 
<normalizedToken id="D7E2D8B567BBAA5427A4CF086F2BCA7B" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="20C3AD6A5DC8F8F8D9324B58726A04AC" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="5AECBA5DDD9D73D24C36B40479136E86" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="DEEC1C47ED6AE7060BEA8F7A62AD1AE2" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Hymeraphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeraphia" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Hymeraphia</taxonomicName>
sp.; 
<bibRefCitation id="B17D1E0FB0285F97253F95B3F894D7BB" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 226 - 240, 307 - 324, 388 - 410, 458 - 479." url="10.1080/00222937608682035" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
: 391; 
<bibRefCitation id="AD026C8276E577165DC58041BF486D2E" author="Higgin, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam-yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 19: 291 - 299." url="10.1080/00222937708682143" year="1877">Higgin 1877</bibRefCitation>
: 296, pl. 14 fig. 9 (Grenada)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12C960E3DF12A73F8A44CACB95B69B9D" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="38474A8C5801F9E80BD4C11AEE2E2CAB" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Microciona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microciona quadriradiata" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="quadriradiata">Microciona quadriradiata</taxonomicName>
Carter, 1880: 42 (in part, only what was illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="3543A4A74496D240F86167B3760C740A" author="Higgin, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam-yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 19: 291 - 299." url="10.1080/00222937708682143" year="1877">Higgin 1877</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7F964F12E2CCC6CB3A90C124121DD15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="6430D09FBDB6F06DFDA7896CCDBC624E" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion wickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wickersi">Trikentrion wickersi</taxonomicName>
(sic); 
<bibRefCitation id="6240844B7004B55FBB7E8F0D767E0BA0" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="30 - 52" title="Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre." volume="2" year="1889">Topsent 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 4, fig. 2A (Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico); 
<bibRefCitation id="03139BFB3A4C920FFFC7754A26CBD07C" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="27 - 36" title="Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment." volume="7" year="1894">Topsent 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 35 (corrected to 
<taxonomicName id="9E14283E93DE17DF17636E0067047AD0" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Trikentrion vickersi</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E155D549A0DD5019FB91DB1156567C4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="7229297543527B08EB66EA2C60A14359" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
; De 
<bibRefCitation id="176F1F24D69806C83A6A8BCDD92B1BD1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 80 (
<taxonomicName id="B0D8E0991BC7E6908ABDAE55AE3A69F4" class="Aves" family="Ardeidae" genus="Florida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Florida" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Florida</taxonomicName>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="41D77940FA7D5BB10664AE4C6B79EB21" author="Little, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="31 - 71" title="The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf coast." volume="11" year="1963">Little 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 48 (Gulf of Mexico); 
<bibRefCitation id="610C524B7BFA945E53EFC001CC736A3A" author="Mothes, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 8" title="Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida)." volume="443" year="2004">Mothes et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 6 (Brazil).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7E5AF5565473AE34E770D197AB0D45F" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E429E020DE887726EA0295AFCB803680" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="vickersi" variety="toxifera">Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="2081945FDC899F844966E213D28480C0" author="Arndt, W" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 158" title="Kalk- und Kieselschwaemme von Curacao." volume="25" year="1927">Arndt 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 149, pl. 2 fig. 9, text figure 10 (
<normalizedToken id="1B96222CF8C797CDA2EE1BEB3147B095" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
) = mixture of 
<taxonomicName id="58F3FE9A417A16004A9ED20F5DE62CAF" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="904CB323E9E40EC80E8E16CCB1432358" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clathria (Microciona) ferrea" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Clathria (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
(de Laubenfels, 1936 as 
<taxonomicName id="BB8270201ACD3D0641402442144C801F" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Fisherispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fisherispongia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Fisherispongia</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78093BAA0614A3132792A7418A1D0D78" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="422084FC59FE02ECB75CCD0D4643986F" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon toxifera" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxifera">Cyamon toxifera</taxonomicName>
; de 
<bibRefCitation id="100935BC10F9AC0F3F04E98FB4757805" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 80.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="773CE052F693A399618B4917280CE562" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="C091785896A163C76C0D3AB6882201D6" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea agnani" order="Tethyida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Timea agnani</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="9050421A8BA3AFC349B4A0258D6AA7B7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Boury-Esnault 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 276, fig. 24 (N.E. Brazil).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0749E62E615238C39B1D904B66C0630A" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="81CCD61C80661187B637D94ED9642F04" lsidName="Not (Dictyocylindrus) vickersii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="vickersii" subGenus="Dictyocylindrus">Not: Dictyocylindrus vickersii</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="59A36F1CD8922D1D938F6F3831F6D563" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bowerbank 1864</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4FFD87E83DB56605EE1614399B140C90" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter 1879</bibRefCitation>
= 
<taxonomicName id="844756A3AD37CAA01A55C772AEC2B1A2" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CFFDBD1F0A02BF95A1EC7595770BB2B" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="07793F6652682BE0B1A434B355C4C1DF" genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Microciona) quadriradiata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="quadriradiata" subGenus="Microciona">Nec: Microciona quadriradiata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="739CCCE859EF47568314A32000113C0B" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 6: 35 - 61, 129 - 156." url="10.1080/00222938009458893" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
: 42 (in part: Gulf of Manaar specimen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0887BA2C3B19A53759924381083C8E4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4F402FF32AAE59DC6CDB9A42970228A4" genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) vickersi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="vickersi" subGenus="Cyamon">Nec: Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
; De 
<bibRefCitation id="B03522A61803416E95EA5F7763BFBE85" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 154" title="The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00227.x" volume="27" year="1950">Laubenfels 1950</bibRefCitation>
(Bermuda) = 
<taxonomicName id="60DB1B6A6DB970B9CEA38EE67F85B983" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6E1E6B5161C776BAEC897BDA86B240FE" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="remark">
<paragraph id="10D4D46F7E47871CA80E24E6FBE44227" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remark.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5926CB875BE216F53153AF79E761BB48" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
In view of the proposed major change in the status of 
<taxonomicName id="BDE7C0CB0B6F5DD4B35D390A5830A1DC" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
specimens reported from the Western Atlantic, description of the available material is presented in two sections, first the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="74E25CB163C278254AB98AD79BE3C078" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
, subsequently other specimens known from the area and proposed to be assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="B91BDDE2A8B627E734997D3B42182993" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="64040531406570B73B66179540AC1C15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="7EA53CB46B988C2EA5BEB9C3CDA676C2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description of MNHN holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFBEE6E23667F3952CEFDC34C3D41775" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Figs 7 
<normalizedToken id="72BF024D3AB493C489C1E4B813A67E9F" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABD302D316127BECBFE23387A716C334" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="0C34928BE909C144177944C99D677413" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31F7705D4E2B5E6D6164B73DF19429EC" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
HolotypeMNHN NBE 947, preserved in alcohol, Brazil, NE coast, Calypso stat. 97, 
<geoCoordinate id="1E2E1ED6E96C4E74BC29DD6461301D44" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.1667">21.1667°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C3782903702C68360CBE4C0047CADC2A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="-40.7">40.7°W</geoCoordinate>
, 12 m depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46516AF86282119BD112C9AA530E60FB" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="24064D77CBABFCBEF9FA657D326280DF" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8EF90DCA1BD13F9ADE537CD9ACFC685A" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Small hispid crust, color ochre. Detachable skin. The material borrowed from MNHN measured a few mm2 encrusting a small piece of coral.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C0D3E453AC54F7A660BA640802BBFF7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Skeleton: basal layer of polyactines, upon which megascleres are erected individually.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CC8BE751B7E89655E556A560228ADC5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spicules: long thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="11F6861541C8AC1B4DA730B9B4B465D4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Long thin styles, curved, variable in length, possibly in two size categories, but difficult to establish due to broken condition of most spicules, longest complete spicule 960 
<normalizedToken id="43269FDCDE8DC18B7E6A296743AC728E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7 
<normalizedToken id="753F99B1AF7BDD6D140A36E3DE82726B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(Fig 7A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4243470E472006618631526B09792594" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Short thin styles were not mentioned in 
<bibRefCitation id="69C6D38893C816A8FBC0DED42D0FF6FE" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, but there were a few small broken styles and one complete spicule measuring 210 
<normalizedToken id="0C96FA537EFC3E1965E2A609AFC225C1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4 
<normalizedToken id="FF3C85ABCB4C3D53581263473CDC8CE1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(Fig. 7C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1786751AC10B98FEA21BE055EDC1D897" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Short thick styles (Fig. 7B), curved in the upper half, ending in a slight tyle, smooth, slightly variable in length and thickness, 183 
<normalizedToken id="F11B0DBE1504850CC6CD0BBEB23132FE" originalValue="–236.7–">-236.7-</normalizedToken>
315 
<normalizedToken id="B843BB8918EAFDC128FE2D0B86DE5819" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7 
<normalizedToken id="CF2F78E862FE5B316B693495EC3CAFBF" originalValue="–9.3–">-9.3-</normalizedToken>
12 
<normalizedToken id="19F8E895EFAB846A09321B785E1391A1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DEAA20559BC405E58D32D6E12FC2742" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<pageBreakToken id="FB29BD86EDDC984CA9871380BA7E66ED" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">Polyactines</pageBreakToken>
(Fig. 7D), with three to five cladi (usually four), cladi lightly spined along the shaft but with heavily spined endings, with a blunt ending in the basal cladus, and slightly inflated rounded endings in the lateral cladi. Basal cladi 32 
<normalizedToken id="A37D9938D03D5427A6E81BFFE886B8FC" originalValue="–38.5–">-38.5-</normalizedToken>
48 
<normalizedToken id="3785608E077F6E80B4F7FDB5F8AAEFD5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3 
<normalizedToken id="FECB0BA4139428F7DE98C506CCDD430A" originalValue="–4.8–">-4.8-</normalizedToken>
7 
<normalizedToken id="8205D122D9FEC1CC4A2AD37CD9C49C37" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, similar sized lateral cladi, 30-40 
<normalizedToken id="09E93A6C506FB2CC8CE09ADC76BBE2CA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5 
<normalizedToken id="6072416B5F96E009F448F66B5286F1C4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5EA3D03DAE86CBC9DD976813902FC70A" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="C03365A406FF4E993056CDC3F5AFFFE1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Figure 7. 
<taxonomicName id="9E73FB9FE801A5DE22A339B26E9E65B5" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
(Boury-Esnault, 1973), holotype MNHN NBE 947, A long thin style A1 detail of head of long thin style B short thick style B1 detail of head of short thick style C short thin style D polyactines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B8FAB120BA3BCD0835000697E6944EC0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="9B8320D62D04F4168D19225CA5CA28F9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Figure 8. 
<taxonomicName id="8F1494FE563E942C4BBD2354097FDCB9" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
(Boury-Esnault, 1973), ZMA Por 10539 from NE Colombia A1 shape (scale 1 cm) A2 cross section of skeleton B long thin style B1 detail of head of long thin style C upper part of short thin style D short thick style D1 detail of head of short thick style E polyactines F incipient polyactine showing smooth cladi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="560F013ED8721784985051FE55085931" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="583E6F94042191A3A6ADF467309B67B1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23CFCD62294244F53C7F6815AACA22C4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The 
<taxonomicName id="684745818DFBF2AE7B08D790D1B5AE22" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
nature of this material was previously detected by 
<bibRefCitation id="D0659475BF893207F266987238ED0C74" author="Mothes, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 8" title="Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida)." volume="443" year="2004">Mothes et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, who examined the present type material. Their conclusion was corroborated by 
<bibRefCitation id="5FFB03AA32614BCD43417F19010A2FEF" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 40" title="New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae)." volume="2107" year="2009">Van Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
in his discussion of 
<taxonomicName id="3ABFF8CC66825741D3F8B4E835FEA2BE" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
species of the West Atlantic region. 
<bibRefCitation id="F909463204F995565E35DE14990D6445" author="Mothes, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 8" title="Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida)." volume="443" year="2004">Mothes et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
proposed to assign 
<taxonomicName id="EF89A958AB9E47325A049C122B88D834" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea agnani" order="Tethyida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Timea agnani</taxonomicName>
to the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="0EF124755BFE7D148B52B9900F31E470" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
, but as explained above, that species differs in spiculation and geographic distribution. Despite the scanty available type material and the poor representation of short thin styles, it looks as if the categories, sizes and shapes of the spicules are broadly similar between the type of 
<taxonomicName id="4092201FC2859A8536E38D04915C9AD3" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
and Caribbean and Carolinian specimens recorded as 
<taxonomicName id="64ED8203CACC8CDDC3C35ED475B80BB7" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
(see for details below). It is proposed here to consider all these Western Atlantic specimens as members of a widespread 
<taxonomicName id="593925B73628F120CE1DE00AD5DC1E61" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A8DC64972969A62CF098FE9E2A778C35" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="CFD699C0E6C9883CC916A45E53435BC6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<pageBreakToken id="3327CF15291352BEFDF42D58B2A278B4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
of ZMA material and discussion of further Western Atlantic records.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3421005FD501E57E48B7A2E7B1F24564" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Figs 8 
<normalizedToken id="BD66AC663ED37FCAC91582E9496F9670" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="03B1A17FF5C46A28CB32085143974387" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="1AA154B439CE1714341845F037B83076" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BC1FDF464C18C7478107FFC78AA3263" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
ZMA Por. 00828, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="2513A0596B9D08CA242BE5E0841BF361" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
var. toxifera, preserved in alcohol, from 
<normalizedToken id="E80F4B5F1845A0E6DFEAC8E6FD68E886" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
, Spaanse Water, on dead 
<taxonomicName id="54E5B2A7301FF1BA8EDD4726B5E8C73A" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porites" order="Scleractinia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Porites</taxonomicName>
coral, 
<geoCoordinate id="74D2C46A61CFD444F5B64CD527F07829" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="12.076">12.076N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F50542EB241264A63642D945646769CD" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-68.858">68.858W</geoCoordinate>
, coll. C.J. van der Horst, field number 65a, 19 
<normalizedToken id="23DC496C2BEFE0F8D1540380CF8CAA3D" originalValue="–05–">-05-</normalizedToken>
1920.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54E328DABF530EBC8BA0E733B7E99E13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
ZMA Por. 10539, preserved in alcohol, Colombia, Santa Marta region, El Morro, 15 m, 
<geoCoordinate id="82A2F749558C72EDE34F870194541DF9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="11.25">11.25N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3E40362A1FE9E13C41145CF2E470DF73" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-74.2167">74.2167W</geoCoordinate>
, coll. B. de Jongh, 26 
<normalizedToken id="1007D992372A7B098055C0A8420DD6F9" originalValue="–10–">-10-</normalizedToken>
1989 (Fig. 1A2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3EA258D9FCB98E7A403F7954D0953FE8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">USNM 22456, preserved in alcohol, Florida, SE of Loggerhead Key, on a block of limestone dredged from 70 m, coll. M.W. de Laubenfels, 26 June 1932.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="906581331E91D850F6A7723CEC258681" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
USNM 221078 (23563), preserved in alcohol, Florida, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Apalachee Bay, rock and sand, 29.785 - 
<geoCoordinate id="C8A0D224CD56B3A55F10F1B56DF18F53" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="29.8">29.8°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="FDCCFFEBD624FEDEFB8860A95825893B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-84.325">84.325°W</geoCoordinate>
, 11 m, coll. F. Little, 1956-57;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02C9F92459978BB96824A9AD26D0DEEF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
USNM 33518, preserved in alcohol, off South Carolina, RV Oregon (S.C. Mar. Res. BLM), stat. 0SO6, 
<geoCoordinate id="F229CF80DB9F2949736EE296D9C5506E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.4883">32.4883°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="967BA78A4519BB4BC3C216E26EF7E2AD" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-78.8217">78.8217°W</geoCoordinate>
, 48 m, collected by grab, 4 May 1981.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC840519298AF7466D03A74613AB7557" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="5768E78A8D77FFBB4C10830F7E033B02" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="174E8A7C373ECBAE763CBB66B6A23CA2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(Based on ZMA Por. 10539). Irregular encrustation (Fig. 8A1), with hispid, bumpy surface (preserved condition). Size 3 
<normalizedToken id="0D53848245B2149E55D99321DFF412FB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5 cm in lateral expansion, 3-5 mm in thickness. Colour (alive) red, (alcohol) red-brown. Consistency soft.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="939A5180EF16ADBCD2A08097F6685119" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Skeleton (Fig. 8A2): basal mass of polyactine spicules penetrated by single short thick styles erect with heads embedded in the substrate. Long thin styles also erect on the substrate with rare short thin styles arranged around the peripheral protruding apices. This 
<normalizedToken id="F495DBB6667255C9F3E6EAE676806ACA" originalValue="‘raspailid’">'raspailid'</normalizedToken>
feature was only observed in a few places.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0FB2D85F83736FE444C49A37F5E495E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FAE2696AFE13A1725295CC437C6392EF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Long thin styles (Figs 8B, B1), complete ones with a wavy outline (Fig. 8B), but mostly broken in the slides, largest complete style 2065 
<normalizedToken id="ED861318AD07B9DACADF6BB40D8141E0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9 
<normalizedToken id="D8354DCE7D92523DDE1408CB9553E8EA" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, with smaller pieces varying down to 1170 
<normalizedToken id="37AF9EAA3B9B86954812D4F464CC5B4E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7 
<normalizedToken id="435BCC8ED1EEA7B5FC599FD8DD1F0FA7" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4BE510B5FBBBE1B4BAD33D806D929816" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Short thin styles, straight (Fig. 8C), 423 
<normalizedToken id="4A493BEC37B164E1A589C6DEFD682116" originalValue="–486.6–">-486.6-</normalizedToken>
658 
<normalizedToken id="CD7D6A4CA7B4606DA50146A53AF0AE68" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 
<normalizedToken id="F621A8F27EE760A878F15A10332B8C0D" originalValue="–2.2–">-2.2-</normalizedToken>
2.5 
<normalizedToken id="4CBB0396F713DA220DE433E70C5CA5E5" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. We were unable to find a complete spicule on the SEM stub, so we only show a broken spicule in Fig. 8C.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A169D4A1284DD0F309627E1B659FB02" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Short thick styles, (Figs. 8D, D1) curved in the upper half, with a faint tyle, smooth, in a large size range, 174 
<normalizedToken id="D644802732BED042C0B9A00899FDADE5" originalValue="–358.2–">-358.2-</normalizedToken>
489 
<normalizedToken id="FC4724B04F4449301611993199CEF483" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9 
<normalizedToken id="E4E470467228D2146C37205A9E9F880A" originalValue="–14.4–">-14.4-</normalizedToken>
21 
<normalizedToken id="1FD0340C0694D0A92C73E2A77DCFF7AD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C57D94D84D480DBD1496429224508B1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Polyactines (Figs 8 
<normalizedToken id="CD46F953A0109F2540D77AEB5476577C" originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
), with three to five cladi (usually four), typically with all cladi mostly smooth but ending in a spined apex, the basal cladus usually bluntly pointed, the lateral cladi with inflated endings (Fig. 8E), early growth stages smooth and with all cladi pointed (Fig. 8F), cladi often of unequal length but without clear pattern of variation, basal cladi 39 
<normalizedToken id="A3EB61C2376DAF70D3805BBF7950622A" originalValue="–56.4–">-56.4-</normalizedToken>
66 
<normalizedToken id="7AAB2E9AB6E332BA9C45AF2DF052D5A5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.5 
<normalizedToken id="3B80DC0D0A63025441E1B8F334F6677F" originalValue="–8.3–">-8.3-</normalizedToken>
10 
<normalizedToken id="6439FDA4291BC6F093918854703DEE36" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, either longer or shorter than the lateral cladi, 36 
<normalizedToken id="7A2EC8C3CD389B27A01D06836F629C43" originalValue="–61.6–">-61.6-</normalizedToken>
87 
<normalizedToken id="15E77A34CECAA658EF61AE98F0426A03" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.5 
<normalizedToken id="6BBC83D156EE6CDC63417C29187A0B79" originalValue="–7.6–">-7.6-</normalizedToken>
10 
<normalizedToken id="7665AF3D6021D28D8516DD672C360ED8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BD9322004A2DB83B105301A8758400B7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="52F978CBF1617D2120A22B2B5E170ECA" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A230F47C60881B120AE556D5ABF1333" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, N.E. Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14353B646E1B2EF38DF744306C929707" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="D2EB00A974D1F5D8C4E6B2DDA8528938" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8CA49B7A77A32F989235ADBAFC6EA179" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates, 0-70 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC55BB80EA8E0A5E1ABDE8B9C0BA85F9" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B27A5A1BA8863F4B9EC2A0D8E4DD10EF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3BF659EDC51B8ECFDDA9D511D27252F9" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<bibRefCitation id="C3EA5C78545040521F2CE3E657D82F55" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="30 - 52" title="Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre." volume="2" year="1889">Topsent (1889)</bibRefCitation>
records thinly encrusting specimens of the species under the name 
<taxonomicName id="C57D7AD01DB1223326F9DA7B30C0AEE5" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion wickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wickersi">Trikentrion wickersi</taxonomicName>
. This was apparently a common species on the Campeche Bank in the Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico. His specimens were violet or blackish brown in color (preserved) and he observed that next to four-claded spicules also five-claded and three-claded occurred, though rarely. His drawings of the polyactines conform closely to those of our material, but no spicule sizes were given. 
<pageBreakToken id="2298CE606F8EC71B97CD02440165670F" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">Topsent</pageBreakToken>
(l.c.) believed that the similarities between 
<taxonomicName id="F499F6C58775FDA48AFE7A4ED97E916B" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2BFA09BA44DBBF55617AE91093E2B14C" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
were too great to keep them as separate genera, but his choice of 
<taxonomicName id="A3E79A1C1AFB13ED133B93DCA7E2E415" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
as the valid name for the group is incorrect as 
<taxonomicName id="8ECCC2FE76EAA60B822C68DE41513969" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
is the older name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="60D763D40ED9061F9588C8AEB449B026" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<bibRefCitation id="9D6FFAB1CF92D8BB22A71C79A19EB543" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">De Laubenfels (1936</bibRefCitation>
: 80) recorded the species from Florida from a depth of 70 m as a bright orange crust with lateral expansion of 7 cm2 and thickness of 1 mm. This specimen, USNM 22456, which was received on loan from the Smithsonian Insitution, showed long thin styles up to 2 mm (one complete spicule measured 1939 
<normalizedToken id="4A0574E3FCFFFFD26CF6BEA2AE84B456" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9 
<normalizedToken id="E6C13CEF3C67C7EF5617D16F8B67088E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
); short, straight, thin styles 270-590 
<normalizedToken id="0934F990AEB0CFB7B481F17C1704A2C3" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-3 
<normalizedToken id="AA55619CF7FBF869559AA4EF46732DCC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(not mentioned by De Laubenfels); short thick styles 420-602 
<normalizedToken id="24D7F793010B8F1A7407B3D500508417" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
27-32 
<normalizedToken id="190C93E7E51AC39917F4D117713BCF9B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(also not mentioned by De Laubenfels); 
<pageBreakToken id="2C9AC9965D266D2DE84185BC61044170" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">polyactine</pageBreakToken>
spicules (three-, four- and five-claded) with basal cladi 51-63 
<normalizedToken id="6F55867570E327893CB9B12CA2201234" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9-14 
<normalizedToken id="D784FD00EEB0C27E138405DCFB82E2FB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and lateral cladi 39-51 
<normalizedToken id="454C2EABBF5D3B14E307DEF135C4E0A0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D5D33DC5BD279752127349485EEF297" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<bibRefCitation id="FA0B80ACF610F887736D31A5941DBE2E" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 154" title="The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00227.x" volume="27" year="1950">De Laubenfels (1950</bibRefCitation>
: 68, fig. 30) also reported the species from Bermuda (as 
<taxonomicName id="138D6F8C54E467EE410AA88C38E51959" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
), depth not given. The specimen was probably not a 
<taxonomicName id="68994BFFFF5BE1B39EEBFFEE9E24B3E3" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
, because the drawings of the polyactine spicules appear to be rather those of a 
<taxonomicName id="0DE06D42563DCFA377794C1AABF1230E" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
aster with proliferated rays. The Bermuda occurrence must thus be considered suspect.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C2F4F0DA0F334E69D98E9394DFA192F" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<bibRefCitation id="6987B07760A0CAEAD5124A1611970727" author="Little, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="31 - 71" title="The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf coast." volume="11" year="1963">Little (1963)</bibRefCitation>
recorded 
<taxonomicName id="122165E5DE726EA1157D487DB19744A9" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
as an orange encrustation from the Gulf of Mexico, depth 11 m. His description is obviously copied from De 
<bibRefCitation id="1672CB102A219B138C91842964B71C5A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Laubenfels (1936)</bibRefCitation>
, as he gives exactly the same measurements of the spicules and also omitted to mention the short thick styles. We were able to examine this specimen, USNM 221078, thanks to a loan from the Smithsonian Institution. It has long thin styles 1050-1563 
<normalizedToken id="E9A6CC72406A950A041BEFF8367458C5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9 
<normalizedToken id="467EBD90EA2ADEA24281BE3A64076395" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, short thin styles 330-345 
<normalizedToken id="6DA6265DA21D48782677276803966CEB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-3 
<normalizedToken id="E22869163F55740FCEEAA14359521C35" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, short thick styles 270-332 
<normalizedToken id="EB4FCA2305BF7A5DB3B9EAC05C345576" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
13-20 
<normalizedToken id="82ED7FCAA1F5A4D15EC8FA3B310CB49A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, polyactines (three-, four-, and five-claded) with basal cladi 36-60 
<normalizedToken id="AE434E2BE6C78EEC382F5EAE4F4C884B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-12 
<normalizedToken id="93EDA83817C61CDAAF63C5EFD2D141D0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and lateral cladi 33-61 
<normalizedToken id="CEC9D5B040CFC710415E27E37AAED9E4" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-10 
<normalizedToken id="7DE49E191A94BADFDBCA16C1D4F4AA8F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3150221FDAAEE4724F59D4603D858BD" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The loan from the Smithsonian also included an undescribed specimen from South Carolina, USNM 33518. This had long thin styles of up to 2 mm, short thin styles 360-426 
<normalizedToken id="9162F8BBFC2450161D2CB44417803E04" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.5 
<normalizedToken id="D468419659795395F20CCBE925C19278" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, short thick styles 410-500 
<normalizedToken id="340873614F00A6ED0F229229438352FA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
22-23 
<normalizedToken id="C32AE682BA20B4F4C87D88B2F4BA8552" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, and polyactines (three- and four-claded) with basal cladi 48-93 
<normalizedToken id="FB7415065ECB3B64C5AE07A28A4C2CDA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-15 
<normalizedToken id="BB37E39E9A01E97212F4EBC0DBD96252" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and lateral cladi 45-49 
<normalizedToken id="8058EF99215F536B0F61E9B4AE8860C4" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-14 
<normalizedToken id="603861DB4FA5BB4AB80A064748CE0754" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57B76CDC3B33F57C967D578B5CDD2EFD" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<bibRefCitation id="61EC0CE2FA31BDBA44DDF2E84747A482" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Alcolado (1994)</bibRefCitation>
in an unpublished list of Cuban sponges lists 
<taxonomicName id="00FEB80858B2E5B171D046BE4F84CC60" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
from Cuban waters, which presumably concerns also the species we here propose to call 
<taxonomicName id="07AD4DC385EA2DF487B66CBE0DE77997" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B0E75AA1BAEBC48281A008457E654327" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
We investigated the type material of 
<taxonomicName id="1C6ED6DE1690C8A2B5D67761EDF9F6FB" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
var. toxifera Arndt, 1927 (the name should be corrected to toxiferum to match the gender of the genus), ZMA Por. 00828, from Spaanse Water, 
<normalizedToken id="CF408A4556199248BF4AD8723F008C6D" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
, and discovered that the toxas forming the basis of 
<normalizedToken id="3CA1C6D87E442E55D02EB398B33B5020" originalValue="Arndt’s">Arndt's</normalizedToken>
variety are clearly foreign. They form part of the spiculation of a microcionid sponge, readily identified as 
<taxonomicName id="8878ED0791A5C41D87CC7A5E52C1D8A2" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clathria (Microciona) ferrea" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Clathria (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
(De Laubenfels, 1936 as 
<taxonomicName id="6D3FF5BA803C16BCC68E1EE723CD48E5" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Fisherispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fisherispongia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Fisherispongia</taxonomicName>
) by its characteristic polytylote subtylostyles (see also description of 
<normalizedToken id="D6558314FF1319CD880E33112F097DBC" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
material of that species in 
<bibRefCitation id="DF87156B5532912ABCA2FBC005A7B329" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 173" title="Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities, Part III. Poecilosclerida." volume="62" year="1984">Van Soest 1984</bibRefCitation>
). This discovery means that the name 
<taxonomicName id="DF15294E9CF4BC2036560A14E087DDA6" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon (Microciona) ferrea" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Cyamon (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
is threatened by 
<normalizedToken id="B5AF6B93EBE477B6665E135626423C1B" originalValue="Arndt’s">Arndt's</normalizedToken>
variety. The material is so scanty, that any trace of 
<taxonomicName id="7621F047646E88E6038CA9513541F977" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
polyactines has now (2012) disappeared from the sample. 
<bibRefCitation id="CEB29CF88133682CB9F49A9EC5E90F79" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">De Laubenfels (1936</bibRefCitation>
: 80) elevated 
<normalizedToken id="4242F33F9E729C0188F2E11CB5F6E472" originalValue="Arndt’s">Arndt's</normalizedToken>
variety to specific rank; needless to say that this is unwarranted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2F63DDA6FD40437BCBA00E1E71FA700" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The spicule complement and the shape of the polyactines is broadly similar in the Brazilian type of 
<taxonomicName id="AD8EA875BD721B5ACEACB25F0F20C362" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
and specimens recorded from Caribbean and Carolinean waters as 
<taxonomicName id="FEC4D4A0318037CDB3CC68E5777E9551" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
, but the latter may have long thin styles up to twice as long. The short thick styles and the polyactines also are on average clearly longer and more robust in Caribbean specimens. The geographic separation caused by the Amazonian outflow could be a barrier to gene flow between these shallow-water sponges, and the differences may thus have a genetic background. On the other hand, the Brazilian type material is only a single small specimen and variation in Brazilian waters may turn out to be as large as that in the Caribbean. Thus distribution and ecology for this species may be summarized as: tropical waters of Brazil, the Greater Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, known from 0-70 m depth, usually encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>