530 lines
43 KiB
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530 lines
43 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis & Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Cyamon agnani Boury-Esnault 1973, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1668154678110" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>239</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-239-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037787" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyamon_agnani" authority="Boury-Esnault, 1973" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="16" pageNumber="17">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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, 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Hymeraphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeraphia" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Hymeraphia</taxonomicName>
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sp.;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 226 - 240, 307 - 324, 388 - 410, 458 - 479." url="10.1080/00222937608682035" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 391;
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<bibRefCitation author="Higgin, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam-yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 19: 291 - 299." url="10.1080/00222937708682143" year="1877">Higgin 1877</bibRefCitation>
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: 296, pl. 14 fig. 9 (Grenada)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Microciona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microciona quadriradiata" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="quadriradiata">Microciona quadriradiata</taxonomicName>
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Carter, 1880: 42 (in part, only what was illustrated in
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<bibRefCitation author="Higgin, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam-yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 19: 291 - 299." url="10.1080/00222937708682143" year="1877">Higgin 1877</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion wickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wickersi">Trikentrion wickersi</taxonomicName>
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(sic);
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="30 - 52" title="Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre." volume="2" year="1889">Topsent 1889</bibRefCitation>
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: 4, fig. 2A (Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico);
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="27 - 36" title="Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment." volume="7" year="1894">Topsent 1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 35 (corrected to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Trikentrion vickersi</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
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; De
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<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 80 (
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Ardeidae" genus="Florida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Florida" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Florida</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation author="Little, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="31 - 71" title="The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf coast." volume="11" year="1963">Little 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 48 (Gulf of Mexico);
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<bibRefCitation author="Mothes, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 8" title="Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida)." volume="443" year="2004">Mothes et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 6 (Brazil).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="vickersi" variety="toxifera">Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Arndt, W" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 158" title="Kalk- und Kieselschwaemme von Curacao." volume="25" year="1927">Arndt 1927</bibRefCitation>
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: 149, pl. 2 fig. 9, text figure 10 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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) = mixture of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clathria (Microciona) ferrea" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Clathria (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
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(de Laubenfels, 1936 as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Fisherispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fisherispongia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Fisherispongia</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon toxifera" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxifera">Cyamon toxifera</taxonomicName>
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; de
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<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 80.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea agnani" order="Tethyida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Timea agnani</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Boury-Esnault 1973</bibRefCitation>
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: 276, fig. 24 (N.E. Brazil).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Not (Dictyocylindrus) vickersii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="vickersii" subGenus="Dictyocylindrus">Not: Dictyocylindrus vickersii</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bowerbank 1864</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter 1879</bibRefCitation>
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=
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Microciona) quadriradiata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="quadriradiata" subGenus="Microciona">Nec: Microciona quadriradiata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 6: 35 - 61, 129 - 156." url="10.1080/00222938009458893" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
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: 42 (in part: Gulf of Manaar specimen).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) vickersi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="vickersi" subGenus="Cyamon">Nec: Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
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; De
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<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 154" title="The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00227.x" volume="27" year="1950">Laubenfels 1950</bibRefCitation>
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(Bermuda) =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="remark">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remark.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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In view of the proposed major change in the status of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
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specimens reported from the Western Atlantic, description of the available material is presented in two sections, first the holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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, subsequently other specimens known from the area and proposed to be assigned to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description of MNHN holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Figs 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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HolotypeMNHN NBE 947, preserved in alcohol, Brazil, NE coast, Calypso stat. 97,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.1667">21.1667°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="-40.7">40.7°W</geoCoordinate>
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, 12 m depth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Small hispid crust, color ochre. Detachable skin. The material borrowed from MNHN measured a few mm2 encrusting a small piece of coral.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Skeleton: basal layer of polyactines, upon which megascleres are erected individually.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spicules: long thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Long thin styles, curved, variable in length, possibly in two size categories, but difficult to establish due to broken condition of most spicules, longest complete spicule 960
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(Fig 7A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Short thin styles were not mentioned in
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<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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, but there were a few small broken styles and one complete spicule measuring 210
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(Fig. 7C).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|||
|
|
Short thick styles (Fig. 7B), curved in the upper half, ending in a slight tyle, smooth, slightly variable in length and thickness, 183
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–236.7–">-236.7-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
315
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
7
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–9.3–">-9.3-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
12
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">Polyactines</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
(Fig. 7D), with three to five cladi (usually four), cladi lightly spined along the shaft but with heavily spined endings, with a blunt ending in the basal cladus, and slightly inflated rounded endings in the lateral cladi. Basal cladi 32
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–38.5–">-38.5-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
48
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
3
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–4.8–">-4.8-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
7
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, similar sized lateral cladi, 30-40
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 7.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Boury-Esnault, 1973), holotype MNHN NBE 947, A long thin style A1 detail of head of long thin style B short thick style B1 detail of head of short thick style C short thin style D polyactines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 8.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Boury-Esnault, 1973), ZMA Por 10539 from NE Colombia A1 shape (scale 1 cm) A2 cross section of skeleton B long thin style B1 detail of head of long thin style C upper part of short thin style D short thick style D1 detail of head of short thick style E polyactines F incipient polyactine showing smooth cladi.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
|||
|
|
The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
nature of this material was previously detected by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Mothes, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 8" title="Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida)." volume="443" year="2004">Mothes et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, who examined the present type material. Their conclusion was corroborated by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 40" title="New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae)." volume="2107" year="2009">Van Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
in his discussion of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species of the West Atlantic region.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Mothes, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 8" title="Timea bioxyasterina sp. n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida)." volume="443" year="2004">Mothes et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
proposed to assign
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea agnani" order="Tethyida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Timea agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to the synonymy of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but as explained above, that species differs in spiculation and geographic distribution. Despite the scanty available type material and the poor representation of short thin styles, it looks as if the categories, sizes and shapes of the spicules are broadly similar between the type of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and Caribbean and Carolinian specimens recorded as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(see for details below). It is proposed here to consider all these Western Atlantic specimens as members of a widespread
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
of ZMA material and discussion of further Western Atlantic records.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
Figs 8
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="material examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
ZMA Por. 00828, holotype of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
var. toxifera, preserved in alcohol, from
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, Spaanse Water, on dead
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porites" order="Scleractinia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Porites</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
coral,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="12.076">12.076N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-68.858">68.858W</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, coll. C.J. van der Horst, field number 65a, 19
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–05–">-05-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
1920.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
ZMA Por. 10539, preserved in alcohol, Colombia, Santa Marta region, El Morro, 15 m,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="11.25">11.25N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-74.2167">74.2167W</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, coll. B. de Jongh, 26
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–10–">-10-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
1989 (Fig. 1A2).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">USNM 22456, preserved in alcohol, Florida, SE of Loggerhead Key, on a block of limestone dredged from 70 m, coll. M.W. de Laubenfels, 26 June 1932.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
USNM 221078 (23563), preserved in alcohol, Florida, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Apalachee Bay, rock and sand, 29.785 -
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="29.8">29.8°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-84.325">84.325°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 11 m, coll. F. Little, 1956-57;
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
USNM 33518, preserved in alcohol, off South Carolina, RV Oregon (S.C. Mar. Res. BLM), stat. 0SO6,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.4883">32.4883°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-78.8217">78.8217°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 48 m, collected by grab, 4 May 1981.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
(Based on ZMA Por. 10539). Irregular encrustation (Fig. 8A1), with hispid, bumpy surface (preserved condition). Size 3
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2.5 cm in lateral expansion, 3-5 mm in thickness. Colour (alive) red, (alcohol) red-brown. Consistency soft.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
Skeleton (Fig. 8A2): basal mass of polyactine spicules penetrated by single short thick styles erect with heads embedded in the substrate. Long thin styles also erect on the substrate with rare short thin styles arranged around the peripheral protruding apices. This
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘raspailid’">'raspailid'</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
feature was only observed in a few places.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
Long thin styles (Figs 8B, B1), complete ones with a wavy outline (Fig. 8B), but mostly broken in the slides, largest complete style 2065
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, with smaller pieces varying down to 1170
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
7
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
Short thin styles, straight (Fig. 8C), 423
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–486.6–">-486.6-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
658
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.2–">-2.2-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2.5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
. We were unable to find a complete spicule on the SEM stub, so we only show a broken spicule in Fig. 8C.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
Short thick styles, (Figs. 8D, D1) curved in the upper half, with a faint tyle, smooth, in a large size range, 174
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–358.2–">-358.2-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
489
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–14.4–">-14.4-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
21
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
Polyactines (Figs 8
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
), with three to five cladi (usually four), typically with all cladi mostly smooth but ending in a spined apex, the basal cladus usually bluntly pointed, the lateral cladi with inflated endings (Fig. 8E), early growth stages smooth and with all cladi pointed (Fig. 8F), cladi often of unequal length but without clear pattern of variation, basal cladi 39
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–56.4–">-56.4-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
66
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
6.5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–8.3–">-8.3-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
10
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, either longer or shorter than the lateral cladi, 36
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–61.6–">-61.6-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
87
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
4.5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="–7.6–">-7.6-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
10
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, N.E. Brazil.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates, 0-70 m.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="30 - 52" title="Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre." volume="2" year="1889">Topsent (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
records thinly encrusting specimens of the species under the name
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion wickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wickersi">Trikentrion wickersi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. This was apparently a common species on the Campeche Bank in the Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico. His specimens were violet or blackish brown in color (preserved) and he observed that next to four-claded spicules also five-claded and three-claded occurred, though rarely. His drawings of the polyactines conform closely to those of our material, but no spicule sizes were given.
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">Topsent</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
(l.c.) believed that the similarities between
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were too great to keep them as separate genera, but his choice of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as the valid name for the group is incorrect as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is the older name.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">De Laubenfels (1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 80) recorded the species from Florida from a depth of 70 m as a bright orange crust with lateral expansion of 7 cm2 and thickness of 1 mm. This specimen, USNM 22456, which was received on loan from the Smithsonian Insitution, showed long thin styles up to 2 mm (one complete spicule measured 1939
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
); short, straight, thin styles 270-590
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
1.5-3
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
(not mentioned by De Laubenfels); short thick styles 420-602
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
27-32
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
(also not mentioned by De Laubenfels);
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">polyactine</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
spicules (three-, four- and five-claded) with basal cladi 51-63
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9-14
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and lateral cladi 39-51
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 154" title="The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00227.x" volume="27" year="1950">De Laubenfels (1950</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 68, fig. 30) also reported the species from Bermuda (as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
), depth not given. The specimen was probably not a
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, because the drawings of the polyactine spicules appear to be rather those of a
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
aster with proliferated rays. The Bermuda occurrence must thus be considered suspect.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Little, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="31 - 71" title="The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf coast." volume="11" year="1963">Little (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
recorded
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as an orange encrustation from the Gulf of Mexico, depth 11 m. His description is obviously copied from De
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Laubenfels (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, as he gives exactly the same measurements of the spicules and also omitted to mention the short thick styles. We were able to examine this specimen, USNM 221078, thanks to a loan from the Smithsonian Institution. It has long thin styles 1050-1563
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
9
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, short thin styles 330-345
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2-3
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, short thick styles 270-332
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
13-20
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, polyactines (three-, four-, and five-claded) with basal cladi 36-60
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
7-12
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and lateral cladi 33-61
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
7-10
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
|||
|
|
The loan from the Smithsonian also included an undescribed specimen from South Carolina, USNM 33518. This had long thin styles of up to 2 mm, short thin styles 360-426
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2-2.5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, short thick styles 410-500
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
22-23
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, and polyactines (three- and four-claded) with basal cladi 48-93
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
12-15
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and lateral cladi 45-49
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
12-14
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Alcolado (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
in an unpublished list of Cuban sponges lists
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Cuban waters, which presumably concerns also the species we here propose to call
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
|||
|
|
We investigated the type material of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
var. toxifera Arndt, 1927 (the name should be corrected to toxiferum to match the gender of the genus), ZMA Por. 00828, from Spaanse Water,
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, and discovered that the toxas forming the basis of
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Arndt’s">Arndt's</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
variety are clearly foreign. They form part of the spiculation of a microcionid sponge, readily identified as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clathria (Microciona) ferrea" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Clathria (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(De Laubenfels, 1936 as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Fisherispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fisherispongia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Fisherispongia</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) by its characteristic polytylote subtylostyles (see also description of
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
material of that species in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 173" title="Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities, Part III. Poecilosclerida." volume="62" year="1984">Van Soest 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). This discovery means that the name
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon (Microciona) ferrea" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Cyamon (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is threatened by
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Arndt’s">Arndt's</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
variety. The material is so scanty, that any trace of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
polyactines has now (2012) disappeared from the sample.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="21">De Laubenfels (1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: 80) elevated
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Arndt’s">Arndt's</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
variety to specific rank; needless to say that this is unwarranted.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
|||
|
|
The spicule complement and the shape of the polyactines is broadly similar in the Brazilian type of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and specimens recorded from Caribbean and Carolinean waters as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but the latter may have long thin styles up to twice as long. The short thick styles and the polyactines also are on average clearly longer and more robust in Caribbean specimens. The geographic separation caused by the Amazonian outflow could be a barrier to gene flow between these shallow-water sponges, and the differences may thus have a genetic background. On the other hand, the Brazilian type material is only a single small specimen and variation in Brazilian waters may turn out to be as large as that in the Caribbean. Thus distribution and ecology for this species may be summarized as: tropical waters of Brazil, the Greater Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, known from 0-70 m depth, usually encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|