<documentID-CLB-Dataset="9667"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583"ID-GBIF-Dataset="8e14a5b5-aa20-4050-b2b4-f393764fc6c7"ID-PMC="PMC7644702"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-981-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC"ID-PubMed="33199958"ID-ZooBank="5194AAC86B8A473F8A41470A60182A0B"ModsDocID="1313-2970-981-1"checkinTime="1604011718171"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Pall-Gergely, Barna, Sajan, Sheikh, Tripathy, Basudev, Meng, Kaibaryer, Asami, Takahiro & Ablett, Jonathan D."docDate="2020"docId="92ADF073031452A2B1D93D1072C3B8D2"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 981: 1-220"docOrigin="ZooKeys 981"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583"docTitle="Dicharax Kobelt & Moellendorff 1900"docType="treatment"docVersion="12"id="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC"lastPageNumber="1"masterDocId="7C44C797C4125A71BAE032A55E6FA5DC"masterDocTitle="Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue"masterLastPageNumber="220"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="1"updateTime="1732398552916"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="59E8BA7382EFBD8B164D369411D20F15">Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="763A26AEE9C7E3EB78AF8B82D9259E2C">Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Otto ut 15, Budapest, H- 1022, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="099E9B13A9EE012392D4B9E1EE9C6D59">Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India & Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 002, Uttarakhand, India</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="865B0A069CC694712FCE97665297FDA7">Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="65981BE7D62B9D36B7FA31AA2A7076CD">National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="EE96BA65BE7AA60E36A07140D4E22B77">Ablett, Jonathan D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="3C15E65BB4610D1E1A89FDB76C1CEC1A">Mollusca Section, Invertebrates Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museums, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="7DD4B90C40A7F83B77EE0FD1DDDFFC0B"LSID="92ADF073-0314-52A2-B1D9-3D1072C3B8D2"authority="Kobelt & Moellendorff, 1900"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<taxonomicNameid="C5AA8C7FA9CAA77ED0CD71EEEDF401E9"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">Dicharax</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="726E5C4D295E482A5A52F041E57DBD19"author="Thiele, J"journalOrPublisher="Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B213"refString="Thiele, J, 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena"title="Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1."year="1929">Thiele 1929</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="61F3FCE819BF35F1A35FCABC942ACAA5"author="Egorov, RV"journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B45"refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow"title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R."year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="C7B4599A14B178F9C3E7BEF056AB2EFB"author="Egorov, RV"journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B45"refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow"title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R."year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="6DF0D0D0A44DF36D9F0607DFF4F5F3BB"author="Egorov, RV"journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B45"refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow"title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R."year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="07E713A0C0E6812A27FC26F192B80EDF"author="Egorov, RV"journalOrPublisher="Egorov, Moscow"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B45"refString="Egorov, RV, 2013. Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R. Egorov, Moscow"title="Treasure of Russian Shells. Supplement 3. A review of the genera of the terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Part III. Littoriniformes: Liareidae, Pupinidae, Diplommatinidae, Alycaeidae, Cochlostomidae. R."year="2013">Egorov 2013</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="B5E9F36826F9B074C8267703A87F15DA"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">Dicharax</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="592766C9BC5FD755DFC9CC0185FC280C"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"author="Pall-Gergely, B"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 124"refId="B162"refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"volume="4331"year="2017">
<bibRefCitationid="425D88D9050867ED04DB9284CB7531A8"author="Pall-Gergely, B"journalOrPublisher="Venus"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 16"refId="B157"refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Asami, T, 2017. A new species of Metalycaeus hitherto undistinguished from M. vinctus (Pilsbry, 1902). Venus 75 (1-4): 1 - 16"title="A new species of Metalycaeus hitherto undistinguished from M. vinctus (Pilsbry, 1902)."volume="75"year="2017">
<figureCitationid="4FBB4C3205144E07E8D7DCA69F88D2B2"captionStart="Figure 13"captionStartId="F13"captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">13A</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="203D83E2B8D100E8BC019F2993B72323"DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12890"author="Gude, GK"journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B74"refString="Gude, GK, 1921. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. III. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assimineidae, Helicinidae). Taylor and Francis, London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12890"title="The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. III. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assimineidae, Helicinidae)."url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12890"year="1921">Gude (1921</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="856AE93E9D9E6FA5866756260955C531"captionStart="Figure 13"captionStartId="F13"captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">13B</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="104614B99FB87CC6E5993A4B19A5079B"captionStart="Figure 13"captionStartId="F13"captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">13C</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="C4900CB78FB530176975B1E28534E370"captionStart="Figure 13"captionStartId="F13"captionText="Figure 13. Type species of alycaeid genus-group taxa A Dicharax hebes (Benson, 1857) (SMF 109244; type species of Dicharax) B D. (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951) (NSMT 50125; type species of Awalycaeus) C D. (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902) (NSMT 263; type species of Cipangocharax) D D. (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943) (NSMT 78866; type species of Sigmacharax). Close-up images of the aperture are not to scale. All photographs: Barna Pall-Gergely."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure13"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468658"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">13D</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="894B934C67E4EAFF757056C483FBB803"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
Shell very small to very large (D: 1-11 mm), in most cases the spire low (dorsal side flattened), spire rarely elevated (shell globular); protoconch low in nearly all species, smooth or finely pitted, not spirally striated; R1 usually glossy, sometimes ribbed (ribs can vary from weak to strong), but spiral lines almost always absent; R2 of variable length, typically with prominent ribs which are bent in an anterior direction, but many species have smooth R2 or straight ribs; R3 well developed, often with blunt or sharp swelling, in some taxa reduced (mostly '
'). Operculum thin or with various outer funnel-like structure resulting from modifications of the multispiral lamina. Central tooth typical for the family: 5-7 cusps, broad, central cusp pointed.
<paragraphid="1EB0EE88B87DA5677045C147BAB58A88"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">This genus can be recognised by the absence of spiral striation on the entire shell (protoconch and teleoconch). Very few species with spiral striation are classified in this genus.</paragraph>
<taxonomicNameid="97F3C4A54173C24B9E0DEF1822094ADB"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
inhabits a large geographic area from the southeastern Himalayan region to Japan, and through the Malay Peninsula to the southern arc of the Malay Archipelago up to Sumatra and Java. There are also isolated occurrences in the Western Ghats of India and in the southwestern Himalaya (see Fig.
<figureCitationid="995FC9FC32471C93E6CABCF3CF3B9308"captionStart="Figure 14"captionStartId="F14"captionText="Figure 14. Distribution of Dicharax Kobelt & Moellendorff, 1900."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure14"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468659"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">14</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="19E375AD4E7EEEEB20577C63A6BEA2DF"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<bibRefCitationid="10A2446B4A34471130D73D506401966E"author="Kuroda, T"journalOrPublisher="Venus"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="7 - 11"refId="B101"refString="Kuroda, T, 1943. New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus. Venus 13 (1-3): 7 - 11"title="New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus."volume="13"year="1943">Kuroda (1943)</bibRefCitation>
. These characters were the extraordinary thickness of the operculum, and the closely coiled outer belt on the outer surface of the operculum. The Japanese
<bibRefCitationid="9976D1DA1FE7D9B00849D5E467C37E4D"author="Kuroda, T"journalOrPublisher="Venus"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="7 - 11"refId="B101"refString="Kuroda, T, 1943. New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus. Venus 13 (1-3): 7 - 11"title="New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus."volume="13"year="1943">
<bibRefCitationid="1A7C2455C4ACD958F285CD716F9676D7"author="Minato, H"journalOrPublisher="Chiribotan"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 3"refId="B125"refString="Minato, H, 1993. A key to the species of the genus Cipangocharax (Alycaeidae). Chiribotan 24 (1): 1 - 3"title="A key to the species of the genus Cipangocharax (Alycaeidae)."volume="24"year="1993">Minato 1993</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="DD5EDFC71D2C9ADC6C1316CDC0875912"authorityName="Minato & Abe"authorityYear="1982"class="Gastropoda"family="Alycaeidae"genus="Cipangocharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Cipangocharax kiuchii"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="species"species="kiuchii">
), therefore this character is also not stable within the genus. Moreover, the outer belt is known to be present and absent within the same species, or even population (see under
<bibRefCitationid="3D426B86E4978CC0C67EBFAD99BAF32B"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"author="Pall-Gergely, B"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 124"refId="B162"refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"volume="4331"year="2017">
<bibRefCitationid="E330C94B95EB80D0E6918EDAC73BFA57"author="Kuroda, T"journalOrPublisher="Venus"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="7 - 11"refId="B101"refString="Kuroda, T, 1943. New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus. Venus 13 (1-3): 7 - 11"title="New land shells from Tyūgoku District (1) A new species belonging to a new subgenus of the genus Chamalycaeus."volume="13"year="1943">Kuroda (1943)</bibRefCitation>
), indicating that the morphological variation is very high between species. Consequently, among the Japanese species with unstriated protoconch, it would not be legitimate to classify certain species into separate (sub)genera from the others. Furthermore, the species classified into the genus
also do not differ considerably from the rest of Japanese species with a smooth protoconch. Therefore, based on the absence of the spiral striation on the entire shell, these species are classified in the genus
<taxonomicNameid="5D0B570D6074A32CA6DD4B66185ECCF8"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<figureCitationid="5A971B1F094F42FF770432DADA8A211D"captionStart="Figure 15"captionStartId="F15"captionText="Figure 15. R 2 ribs of Japanese Dicharax Kobelt & Moellendorff, 1900 species A, B Dicharax (?) abei (Kuroda, 1951), NSMT 50125 C, D Dicharax (?) biexcisus (Pilsbry, 1902), NSMT 263 E, F Dicharax (?) itonis (Kuroda, 1943), NSMT 78866. All images: Barna Pall-Gergely."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.981.53583.figure15"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/468660"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">15</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="BB16758B12E80D489979307E3F051340"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<bibRefCitationid="2213446D0826ED65E5AA26E98C28EF93"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"author="Pall-Gergely, B"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 124"refId="B162"refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Hunyadi, A, Đỗ, ĐS, Naggs, F, Asami, T, 2017. Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus. Zootaxa 4331 (1): 1 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"title="Revision of the Alycaeidae of China, Laos and Vietnam (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea) I: The genera Dicharax and Metalycaeus."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4331.1.1"volume="4331"year="2017">
<taxonomicNameid="7BCF59C1F70900BC6AC85EB08C5517ED"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
(especially in northeastern India and in the Malay Archipelago) is so large, that at the current time we do not find it meaningful to separate the Japanese and Korean species into a separate subgenus within
<taxonomicNameid="A9DCDEA27E817BC2258641ABD121703C"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<taxonomicNameid="CDFD44FD6F2E60E1BAE8B6D4F84655E7"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<taxonomicNameid="11FE324DC7180A8F66F9F59F4DA77ECC"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<taxonomicNameid="7397D8909DA99C284A775535B58E1581"authorityName="Yano & Matsuda"authorityYear="2016"class="Gastropoda"family="Alycaeidae"genus="Awalycaeus"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Awalycaeus yanoshokoae"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="species"species="yanoshokoae">
and the rest of Japanese alycaeids which have a smooth protoconch. Given that the other shell characters (absence of spiral striation, merged R2 ribs) are similar to the other Japanese species, we also treat
<taxonomicNameid="674052571CCF1EE8B9327D25FAFA65CF"authorityName="Kobelt & Moellendorff"authorityYear="1900"class="Gastropoda"family="Cyclophoridae"genus="Dicharax"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Dicharax"order="Architaenioglossa"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<bibRefCitationid="C24A4D206702577874D95BE5B7EFD580"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/127/1998/21"author="Nordsieck, H"journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="21 - 32"refId="B152"refString="Nordsieck, H, 1998. Critical revision of the system of the Japanese Phaedusinae, proposed by Minato (1994) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae). Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde 127: 21 - 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/127/1998/21"title="Critical revision of the system of the Japanese Phaedusinae, proposed by Minato (1994) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae)."url="https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/127/1998/21"volume="127"year="1998">Nordsieck (1998)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the Japanese clausiliid genera and subgenera correspond only to subgenera and species groups of Western Palaearctic clausiliids. This claim was confirmed by recent molecular phylogeny (
<bibRefCitationid="23C19BA40E8B7B29339EB9E3FBD3D8FA"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx023"author="Motochin, R"journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="795 - 845"refId="B148"refString="Motochin, R, Wang, M, Ueshima, R, 2017. Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (4): 795 - 845, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx023"title="Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)."url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx023"volume="181"year="2017">Motochin et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
For the sake of simplicity, this genus is divided into three sections: typical (with curved R2 ribs), atypical (without the typical R2 sculpture), and those species from Japanese and Korean localities (including species formerly classified into
