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<subSubSection id="52AC3BD1FFF0FF8BFC02FBC6FA5AFB72" box="[928,1424,1149,1177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF0FF8BFC02FBC6FA5AFB72" blockId="35.[928,1424,1113,1177]" box="[928,1424,1149,1177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="4141DF36FFF0FF8BFC02FBC6FA5AFB72" allCaps="true" box="[928,1424,1149,1177]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFC02FBC6FA5AFB72" ID-CoL="7P2PW" authority="VREDENBURG, 1920" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[928,1424,1149,1177]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFC02FBC6FB53FB7C" box="[928,1177,1149,1177]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">CYPRAEOGEMMULA</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFB02FBC6FA5AFB72" author="Vredenburg, E. W." box="[1184,1424,1149,1175]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="65 - 152" refId="ref44262" refString="Vredenburg, E. W. 1920. Classification of the recent and fossil Cypraeidae. Records of the Geological Survey of India 51 (2): 65 - 152 [reprinted 1970 (?) by Bayside Press, Bayside, CA]." type="journal article" year="1920">VREDENBURG, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52AC3BD1FFF0FF8BFCC2FB78FA6FFAA2" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF0FF8BFCC2FB78FA6FFAA2" blockId="35.[830,1521,1217,1949]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFCC2FB78FBE0FB38" bold="true" box="[864,1066,1219,1245]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">
<typeStatus id="C50DD6F8FFF0FF8BFCC2FB78FC69FB38" box="[864,931,1219,1245]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
Species—
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFB88FB7AFA7BFB38" authority="Koenen, 1890" authorityName="Koenen" authorityYear="1890" box="[1066,1457,1217,1245]" class="Gastropoda" family="Triviidae" genus="Trivia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabriscula">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFB88FB7AFACBFB38" box="[1066,1281,1217,1245]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Trivia scabriscula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFAA4FB78FA7BFB38" author="Koenen, A. von" box="[1286,1457,1219,1245]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="281 - 574" refId="ref39259" refString="Koenen, A. von. 1890. Das Norddeutsche unter-Oligocan und seine Mollusken-Fauna. Lieferung II: Conidae- Volutidae-Cypraeidae. Abhandlungen zur Geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thuringischen Staaten 10 (2): 281 - 574, pls. 24 - 39." type="journal article" year="1890">Koenen, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFA60FB7AFA3AFB38" box="[1474,1520,1217,1245]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFCE2FB5EFB05FAE5" authority="(Gray, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[832,1231,1253,1281]" class="Gastropoda" family="Triviidae" genus="Trivia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabriscula">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFCE2FB5EFBE8FAE4" box="[832,1058,1253,1281]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Trivia scabriscula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFB9AFB5DFB09FAE5" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1080,1219,1254,1280]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="363 - 371" refId="ref37652" refString="Gray, J. E. 1827. Monograph on the Cypraeidae, a family of testaceous Mollusca. Zoological Journal 3: 363 - 371." type="journal article" year="1827">Gray, 1827</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], =
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFAA7FB5DFC3FFAC6" authority="Schilder, 1922" authorityName="Schilder" authorityYear="1922" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liliputana">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFAA7FB5DFA3AFAE4" box="[1285,1520,1253,1282]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Cypraea liliputana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFCE2FAB2FC3FFAC6" author="Schilder, F. A." box="[832,1013,1289,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="98 - 122" refId="ref41740" refString="Schilder, F. A. 1922. Contributions to the knowledge of tlhe genera Cypraea and Trivia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 15: 98 - 122." type="journal article" year="1922">Schilder, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy (of
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFB41FAB2FA02FAC6" author="Vredenburg, E. W." box="[1251,1480,1289,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="65 - 152" refId="ref44262" refString="Vredenburg, E. W. 1920. Classification of the recent and fossil Cypraeidae. Records of the Geological Survey of India 51 (2): 65 - 152 [reprinted 1970 (?) by Bayside Press, Bayside, CA]." type="journal article" year="1920">Vredenburg, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: p. 114), early Oligocene, Lattorf, northern
<collectingCountry id="62A128CAFFF0FF8BFA92FA96FA68FAA2" box="[1328,1442,1325,1351]" name="Germany" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52AC3BD1FFF0FF8BFCC2FAF4FC58F942" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF0FF8BFCC2FAF4FB4CF9FF" blockId="35.[830,1521,1217,1949]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFCC2FAF4FBC0FA8C" bold="true" box="[864,1034,1359,1385]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
Minute, ovoid, with visible spire (= protoconch) with patterns of rhombs. Dorsal surface of teleoconch ornamented with granulated spiral ribs not representing prolongations of apertural crenulations. Aperture nearly straight, terminated at each end by small canal. (
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFC38F9BBFBBFF9FF" author="Vredenburg, E. W." box="[922,1141,1536,1562]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="65 - 152" refId="ref44262" refString="Vredenburg, E. W. 1920. Classification of the recent and fossil Cypraeidae. Records of the Geological Survey of India 51 (2): 65 - 152 [reprinted 1970 (?) by Bayside Press, Bayside, CA]." type="journal article" year="1920">Vredenburg 1920</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF0FF8BFCC2F998FC58F942" blockId="35.[830,1521,1217,1949]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFCC2F998FB8FF9D8" bold="true" box="[864,1093,1571,1597]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Geologic Range—</emphasis>
Middle lower Eocene (middle Ypre- sian), southwestern Washington (
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFB50F9FDFA2EF985" author="Squires, R. L. J. L. &amp; Goedert, S. R. &amp; L. T. Groves" box="[1266,1508,1606,1633]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="136 - 141" refId="ref43582" refString="Squires, R. L. J. L. Goedert, S. R. Benham, and L. T. Groves. 1996. Protoconch of the rare ovulid gastropod Cypraeogemmula warnerae Effinger, 1938, from the Eocene of western Washington. The Veliger 39 (2): 136 - 141, figs. 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1996">Squires et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
) and lowermost Oligocene, northern
<collectingCountry id="62A128CAFFF0FF8BFAA7F9D2FABDF966" box="[1285,1399,1641,1667]" name="Germany" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFA28F9D2FC4BF942" author="Schilder, F. A." pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="98 - 122" refId="ref41740" refString="Schilder, F. A. 1922. Contributions to the knowledge of tlhe genera Cypraea and Trivia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 15: 98 - 122." type="journal article" year="1922">Schilder 1922</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52AC3BD1FFF0FF8CFCC2F90BFE87FC25" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF0FF8BFCC2F90BFBABF878" blockId="35.[830,1521,1217,1949]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFCC2F90BFC3DF92F" bold="true" box="[864,1015,1712,1738]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Remarks—</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFC55F90BFB06F92F" author="Koenen, A. von" box="[1015,1228,1712,1738]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="281 - 574" refId="ref39259" refString="Koenen, A. von. 1890. Das Norddeutsche unter-Oligocan und seine Mollusken-Fauna. Lieferung II: Conidae- Volutidae-Cypraeidae. Abhandlungen zur Geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thuringischen Staaten 10 (2): 281 - 574, pls. 24 - 39." type="journal article" year="1890">Koenens (1890)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFB74F915FA1BF92F" authorityName="Koenen" authorityYear="1890" box="[1238,1489,1710,1738]" class="Gastropoda" family="Triviidae" genus="Trivia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scrabriuscula">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFB74F915FA1BF92F" box="[1238,1489,1710,1738]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Trivia scrabriuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a secondary homonym because Grays
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFA8CF968FC5AF8F4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1827" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabriuscula">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFA8CF968FC5AF8F4" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Cypraea scabriuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a triviid.
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFB90F94DFAE6F8F4" author="Vredenburg, E. W." box="[1074,1324,1782,1809]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="65 - 152" refId="ref44262" refString="Vredenburg, E. W. 1920. Classification of the recent and fossil Cypraeidae. Records of the Geological Survey of India 51 (2): 65 - 152 [reprinted 1970 (?) by Bayside Press, Bayside, CA]." type="journal article" year="1920">Vredenburg (1920)</bibRefCitation>
used Koenens name when describing the genus
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFB7CF8A1FA7EF8D3" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[1246,1460,1818,1846]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFB7CF8A1FA7EF8D3" box="[1246,1460,1818,1846]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The replacement name,
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFB92F886FA08F8B2" authority="Schilder, 1922" authorityName="Schilder" authorityYear="1922" box="[1072,1474,1851,1881]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liliputana">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFB92F886FAC4F8B2" box="[1072,1294,1851,1881]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Cypraea liliputana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFAB1F887FA08F8B2" author="Schilder, F. A." box="[1299,1474,1852,1879]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="98 - 122" refId="ref41740" refString="Schilder, F. A. 1922. Contributions to the knowledge of tlhe genera Cypraea and Trivia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 15: 98 - 122." type="journal article" year="1922">Schilder, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, for Koenens name was allocated to the genus
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF0FF8BFAEDF8DBFCB4F878" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF0FF8BFAEDF8DBFCB4F878" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="34">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF0FF8BFC08F838FB91F878" author="Schilder, F. A." box="[938,1115,1923,1949]" pageId="35" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 171" refId="ref41829" refString="Schilder, F. A. 1927. Revision der Cypraeacea (Moll., Gastr.). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 91 (A 10): 1 - 171." type="journal article" year="1927">Schilder, 1927</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF7FF8CFF32FF78FCECFEA2" blockId="36.[112,806,195,960]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFF32FF78FEA9FF3A" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[144,355,195,223]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFF32FF78FEA9FF3A" box="[144,355,195,223]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from only two species:
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFCA8FF78FF2EFEE4" authorityName="Effinger" authorityYear="1938" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="warnerae">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFCA8FF78FF2EFEE4" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">C. warnerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the NEP region and
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFDBCFF5DFD65FEE4" authorityName="Schilder" authorityYear="1922" box="[542,687,229,258]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liliputana">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFDBCFF5DFD65FEE4" box="[542,687,229,258]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">C. liliputana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from up- per Eocene (Priabonian Stage) in
<collectingCountry id="62A128CAFFF7FF8CFE5FFEB2FD94FEC6" box="[509,606,265,291]" name="Ukraine" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF7FF8CFDCFFEB2FCDFFEC6" author="Pacaud, J. - M." box="[621,789,265,291]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref40611" refString="Pacaud, J. - M. 2018 c. Premiere occurrence au Priabonien (Eocene superieur) de Dnipro (Oblast de Dnipropetro- vsk, Ukraine) de l'Ovulidae Cypraeogemmula liliputana (Schilder, 1922) (Mollusca: Cypraeoidea). Xenophora 162: 6 - 9, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="2018">Pacaud 2018c</bibRefCitation>
) and the lowermost Oligocene in
<collectingCountry id="62A128CAFFF7FF8CFE4EFE96FD91FEA2" box="[492,603,301,327]" name="Germany" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF7FF8CFDCBFE97FCC5FEA2" author="Schilder, F. A." box="[617,783,300,327]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" pagination="98 - 122" refId="ref41740" refString="Schilder, F. A. 1922. Contributions to the knowledge of tlhe genera Cypraea and Trivia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 15: 98 - 122." type="journal article" year="1922">Schilder 1922</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A09685AFFF7FF8CFF28FEEBFE87FC25" blockId="36.[112,806,195,960]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">
The following is a communiqué from P. Bouchet (
<collectionCode id="7CA7F09FFFF7FF8CFFDBFEC8FF19FE68" box="[121,211,371,397]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">MNHN</collectionCode>
, personal communication
<date id="6E084E9AFFF7FF8CFD8EFEC8FD72FE68" box="[556,696,371,397]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" value="1996-04">April 1996</date>
) to R.L. Squires: “Your recent paper in the last issue of the
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFD6EFE2DFCEAFE57" box="[716,800,406,434]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Veliger</emphasis>
very appropriately places
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFE1AFE01FD44FE33" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[440,654,442,470]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFE1AFE01FD44FE33" box="[440,654,442,470]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the fam- ily
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFF3AFE67FEC0FE13" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" box="[152,266,476,502]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ovulidae</taxonomicName>
. You did not cite
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFE49FE60FDBDFE12" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[491,631,475,503]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Pedicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFE49FE60FDBDFE12" box="[491,631,475,503]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Pedicularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but you will be astonished by the similarity of the juvenile/subadult
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFFD2FD9AFF36FDD8" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[112,252,545,573]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Pedicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFFD2FD9AFF36FDD8" box="[112,252,545,573]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Pedicularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFE9AFD98FDC4FDDA" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[312,526,547,575]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFE9AFD98FDC4FDDA" box="[312,526,547,575]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFDFDFD9AFD21FDD8" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[607,747,545,573]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Pedicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFDFDFD9AFD21FDD8" box="[607,747,545,573]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Pedicularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFFD2FDFDFECEFD87" authorityName="F. A. Schilder" authorityYear="1936" box="[112,260,582,610]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFFD2FDFDFECEFD87" box="[112,260,582,610]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feed on stylasterids and occur in bathyal environments (
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFE93FDD3FE77FD61" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[305,445,616,644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Pedicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFE93FDD3FE77FD61" box="[305,445,616,644]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Pedicularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also in shallow water). This could shed light on the paleoecology of
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFDDEFD36FEEAFD2F" authorityName="Effinger" authorityYear="1938" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="warnera">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFDDEFD36FEEAFD2F" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeogemmula warnera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFE91FD15FE99FD2F" box="[307,339,686,714]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">sic</emphasis>
].” Based on its similarity to modern species,
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF7FF8CFF7FFD68FE42FD08" author="Fehse, D." box="[221,392,723,749]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" pagination="25 - 35" refId="ref37199" refString="Fehse, D. 2018. Fossile Cypraeidae und Eocypraeidae, Ovulidae, Pediculariidae, and Eratoidae. Club Conchylia Mittelungen 31: 25 - 35, figs. 1 - 3, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="2018">Fehse (2018)</bibRefCitation>
stated that
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFD8AFD68FCCBFD0A" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[552,769,723,751]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFD8AFD68FCCBFD0A" box="[552,769,723,751]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFE80FD4EFE64FCF4" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[290,430,757,785]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Pedicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFE80FD4EFE64FCF4" box="[290,430,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Pedicularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, although similar, a total lack of any possible molecular evidence for the ex- tinct
<taxonomicName id="DDB613D9FFF7FF8CFF0CFC86FE49FCBC" authorityName="VREDENBURG" authorityYear="1920" box="[174,387,829,857]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pediculariidae" genus="Cypraeogemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C2B448FFF7FF8CFF0CFC86FE49FCBC" box="[174,387,829,857]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="35">Cypraeogemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes this purely an assumption.
<bibRefCitation id="7E2715ABFFF7FF8CFFD2FCDBFE61FC9F" author="Lorenz, F. &amp; D. Fehse" box="[112,427,864,890]" pageId="36" pageNumber="35" refId="ref39581" refString="Lorenz, F. and D. Fehse. 2009. The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae, Eocypraeidae. ConchBooks, Harxheim, Germany. 651 pp., numerous figs., 203 pls." type="book" year="2009">Lorenz and Fehse (2009)</bibRefCitation>
note that “taxonomy is based on geography, the shell sculpture, and morphometry” in Holocene species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>