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<mods:title id="84680FBF109809F1B879B8BF9ACA1E98">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3148779237B382F103A8C52ED3A7736E">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B09FF8CFF56FA85FEB7FF36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639388" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291110" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639388" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B09FF8CFF56FA85FEB7FF36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B09FF8CFF56FA85FEB7FF36" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B09FFB3FF56FA85FDAFFA59" box="[151,593,1404,1431]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FA85FDAFFA59" blockId="31.[151,593,1404,1431]" box="[151,593,1404,1431]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B09FFB3FF56FA85FDAFFA59" bold="true" box="[151,593,1404,1431]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FA85FDAFFA59" ID-CoL="3ZKMF" authority="(Nutting, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,593,1404,1431]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FA85FDAFFA59" bold="true" box="[151,593,1404,1431]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FA85FE70FA58" bold="true" box="[151,398,1404,1431]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melithaea squamata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FE5CFA85FDB7FA59" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[413,585,1404,1430]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref105110" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1911) The Gorgonacea of the Sib oga Expedition VIII. The Scleraxonia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie, 13 b, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1911">Nutting, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B09FFB3FF56FA38FC70F98F" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FA38FC2EFA16" blockId="31.[151,976,1473,1528]" box="[151,976,1473,1497]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B09FFB3FF56FA38FC2EFA16" box="[151,976,1473,1497]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B09FFB3FF56FA38FDBBFA16" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,581,1473,1497]" page="42" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FA38FDBBFA16" ID-CoL="3ZKP3" authority="Nutting, 1911: 41 - 42" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="41 - 42" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,581,1473,1497]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melitodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FA38FE9AFA16" box="[151,356,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melitodes squamata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FEABFA38FDBBFA16" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[362,581,1473,1497]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref105110" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1911) The Gorgonacea of the Sib oga Expedition VIII. The Scleraxonia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie, 13 b, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1911">Nutting, 1911: 4142</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 7, fig. 1&amp;1a; pl. 12, fig. 1 (Timor).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FA19FD42FA38" blockId="31.[151,976,1473,1528]" box="[151,700,1503,1528]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B09FFB3FF56FA19FD42FA38" box="[151,700,1503,1528]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B09FFB3FF56FA19FDACFA37" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[151,594,1504,1528]" page="14" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1987">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FA19FDACFA37" ID-CoL="3ZKMF" authority="Ofwegen 1987: 10 - 14" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityPageNumber="10 - 14" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,594,1504,1528]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FA19FE99FA38" box="[151,359,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melithaea squamata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FEACFA19FDACFA37" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[365,594,1504,1528]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen 1987: 1014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 36.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56F9DFFC70F98F" blockId="31.[151,910,1574,1600]" box="[151,910,1574,1600]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B09FF8CFF56F997FEB7FF36" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56F997FED7F947" blockId="31.[151,1436,1646,1745]" box="[151,297,1646,1672]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06F96BFC5EF91F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1646,1745]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF06F96BFC3AF963" box="[199,964,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">These Indian records are either unconfirmable or seem to be invalid:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC0BF96BFB5AF963" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[970,1188,1682,1708]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 23</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 5, figs. 1&amp;1c (SW coast);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FF28F94FFE03F91F" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[233,509,1718,1744]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FE9BF94EFE75F91F" box="[346,395,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 39
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1a,1b &amp;1c (SW coast).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06F906FE34F84B" blockId="31.[151,1436,1790,2032]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF06F906FE62F8D7" box="[199,412,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: Nutting erected this species under the original name
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FBC3F907FB13F8D7" box="[1026,1261,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FBC3F907FB17F8D7" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1911" box="[1026,1257,1790,1816]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melitodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">Melitodes squamata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
for a specimen collected in
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B09FFB3FEE7F8DBFE69F8F3" box="[294,407,1826,1852]" name="Indonesia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. The accounts of the Indian material by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FCB3F8DBFBD1F8F3" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[882,1071,1826,1852]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FBADF8DBFA8EF8F3" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[1132,1392,1826,1852]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FB21F8DAFAEAF8F3" box="[1248,1300,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
are identical, but instead of descriptive text there is a reference to the paper by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC2AF8BFFB5AF8AF" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[1003,1188,1862,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen (1987)</bibRefCitation>
where the sclerites of the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B09FFB3FF01F893FEDCF84B" box="[192,290,1898,1924]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are illustrated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FF8CFF06F877FEB7FF36" blockId="31.[151,1436,1790,2032]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The coenenchyme of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FE79F877FD63F867" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityYear="1987" box="[440,669,1934,1960]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FE79F877FD63F867" box="[440,669,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melithaea squamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only contains very small sclerites that are predominantly in the form of birotulates or double-discs along with short, broad-headed clubs, and the calyces contain only short knobbed clubs. Although the sclerite illustrations given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FD1CF82FFC65F83F" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[733,923,2006,2032]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC18F82FFB20F83F" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[985,1246,2006,2032]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FB8CF82EFB77F83F" box="[1101,1161,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
are exceedingly small, it is clear that they do not match those of the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B36FF8CFD1CFF6EFCC1FF7E" box="[733,831,151,177]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
as there are some large warty clubs, many long warty spindles, and a couple of disc-spindles or unilaterally foliate spheroids.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFC70FF42FB73FF1A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[945,1165,187,213]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFBC4FF42FBC2FF1A" box="[1029,1084,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
just lists the species and give references.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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