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<mods:title id="FFF4ABD3BCBDF226636871256E2581F8">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E8A13CC825949F9BE91AF978DC3FEDF2">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="23EF87EF56FC38BAE788ADB1F1573DE7">Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="610D6BE981FDE7C92AAA13D6E203C0AA">De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0F8C26E813F860287E800A94EB31EA83">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2D16F0804D0AAC5DC383C6B5BAA46BD9">68</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CD19485F49E5BBDD7B91624662008792" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E7523413DFE440B96EF688F9D3A2AC38" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360700" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E7523413DFE440B96EF688F9D3A2AC38" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7523413DFE440B96EF688F9D3A2AC38" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
<subSubSection id="B1CE9901845489D07B406D43B68295E1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8E8A7ED3934C0DA50263F9B80DA77A9E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="615014AD1872AC6AB86DD981409061DE" ID-CoL="34W27" authority="Sara, 1959" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1959" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken id="04026FB1533679049FD1A2F626DCD8AC" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Stoeba dissimilis (
<normalizedToken id="19D880E3461AA5FA9001BE1EF0F041DA" originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
, 1959)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A2F10C8DD1B115CCC1729003E25BD4A5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="56948C9452C9F9854AE31065AFC0D791" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Nethea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nethea dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Nethea dissimilis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="58F2D74373B3F1310196C33B154C8190" author="Sara, M" journalOrPublisher="Annuario dell' Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell' Universita di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 22" title="Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli." volume="11" year="1959">
<normalizedToken id="E91602E87487659BBAD7D78BBD444E3F" originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
1959
</bibRefCitation>
: 3, fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="455A7C116309E202C29CBC0417DEFF74" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="9AF5659C4C3EBD386DD67B7CC5FCB3CD" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Stoeba dissimilis</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C98A787330E53376AF075347F90FD3C5" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 156.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="282CAEEED72722677B6755381E5534D4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="3AE01F1C826CF9BA489BDB275C842840" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC3697C46B399472422DF45DAB22817B" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">None (no response from an online form request to the Stazione Zoologica, Naples).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9FD7C17F2B44438402724595B092244B" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="4306F0DA92B906D593E5288E7BD3B7CF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C016169C9BB6317FBFF618356EF85B51" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(from
<bibRefCitation id="79D17B1270F5F670F04EB65EEF4C79EE" author="Sara, M" journalOrPublisher="Annuario dell' Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell' Universita di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 22" title="Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli." volume="11" year="1959">
<normalizedToken id="42CBA0F4F4AE944B14338A9FEB55B12B" originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
1959
</bibRefCitation>
). Numerous specimens (but only one was preserved, the holotype GG907, present whereabouts unknown) in a cave, depth 0-7 m, 30 m from the entrance. Whitish encrustations filling interstices between oysters and barnacles. Individual size 1-6 cm2, total size of all specimens 43 cm2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3D93178BCB59A622785F816B02F1A17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Skeleton: no data.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CF67072B4CB481DD6514588ADA945DE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters, oxeas (but see discussion).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705B3C9998EDC41292209A6F2BAD691D" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Calthrops with the fourth cladus often shorter, occasionally triactines, cladi 45-175
<normalizedToken id="37BB72A32992E5EC4B477DCF07DFC348" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-21
<normalizedToken id="93E8CCB31696E1DC8549BA562BF5D830" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22E4121D98337C4CF230F42B4F0EC26D" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Dichocalthrops, cladome 77-102
<normalizedToken id="D67C1A393EC0553716830B71DF4EDD8B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, thickness of cladi 3.5-6
<normalizedToken id="EE22026862B07398BB8019759AB00CE5" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, no individual proto-, deuteroclad or rhabd measurements provided.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D13D7A7C52C7B1B318139A56253343F4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Sanidasters, amphiaster-like with spines concentrated on both sides, length 8-15
<normalizedToken id="2D003A67F7E6EA629E44CEB42370F784" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, thickness 3-4
<normalizedToken id="2B9FBB48104B3C62EC7E92B11A36FB43" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(with spines) 0.7-1.5
<normalizedToken id="68D57D07CEC0F263CAA9AA5DB6CB2C6C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(without spines).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C40BBB4C6CCBB79FA8AB0F032F6F8105" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Oxeas, extreme size variation, 65-930
<normalizedToken id="26B1367EE8A320C9243C3D5030E03491" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.8-21
<normalizedToken id="0463A263B45CC230D8D3800455DCA666" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, no indication what their structural position is within the sponge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EF70B16E77786C73A9DB37CC7198596" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Habitat. In shallow-water caves.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FC1F94A356220807F2F6EA5EF56B488" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution. Naples, Italy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1239F6453F067F4AAAA1E1E6699309C6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Remarks. Because no material has been examined and previous authors assigned this to
<taxonomicName id="AE30286CCC7B11BEE0FAF9B521B55D2F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
we retain this as a valid species of
<taxonomicName id="545EFB54095BFCC4AC46E6A846FE8364" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
for the time being on account of the reported oxeas. However, apart from the oxeas the description perfectly fits that of
<taxonomicName id="BF3C160C17E1A226C14ACC24A6A7695A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
(Schmidt, 1862) (see above). Especially the white colour, the Mediterranean occurrence and the combined presence of dichocalthrops and calthrops are telltale signs that they could be conspecific.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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