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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360725" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09D6EE2089CF3A13CE8004FECFE120A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/09D6EE2089CF3A13CE8004FECFE120A7" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1902" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1902" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">
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<treatment id="09D6EE2089CF3A13CE8004FECFE120A7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360725" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09D6EE2089CF3A13CE8004FECFE120A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/09D6EE2089CF3A13CE8004FECFE120A7" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
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<taxonomicName id="59E9EDC300CD84B9458CD7D08EA294D7" ID-CoL="34W2D" authority="Sollas, 1902" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1902" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken id="D9FE46B099F16E41EAC84C7893C3CBE6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Stoeba pauper Sollas, 1902
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper">Dercitus pauper</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, IBJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="210 - 221" title="On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900" volume="2" year="1902">Sollas 1902</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="FCD372F3BDB3C67504EA55687F7AD14B" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="ED9DD15288377E008AE21CBB5BEEF08E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="D37D0E4F2A7D6E77AD23536769CC38DE" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper">Dercitus pauper</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="7044F6367558A1D9AEC786B7CB3F1D3A" author="Sollas, IBJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="210 - 221" title="On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900" volume="2" year="1902">Sollas 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 218, pl. XVI fig. 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">None. Holotype specimen, collected by R. Evans from Great Redang Island, Malaysia, could not be found in BMNH (2009).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="0C834DFBB5F3360B634870DF11446366" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="FFA9CC60606FB0877EF8A3089A450D23" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA12E82CE7BDE46933EC12F810694A46" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">None. Holotype specimen, collected by R. Evans from Great Redang Island, Malaysia, could not be found in BMNH (2009).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="B60DE87E77A8A7C3205999495C985099" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="F4D8E4288611D551D36AAD30A3353695" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC899D297063577A6D86EAE41F8A2DEF" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(from Sollas, 1902). Sponge encrusting a dead coral fragment, 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="×5×1">x5x1-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="20B1D71BE9FA0AB2AE9784B50EF13A93" originalValue="×5×1">x5x1-</normalizedToken>
2 mm, surface smooth, shining; no oscules. Colour pink.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Spicules: Megascleres dominated by small dichocalthrops, but there are also small calthrops.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<paragraph id="0BF265379A3939A4210D318EF2E4BAF9" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Spicules: Megascleres dominated by small dichocalthrops, but there are also small calthrops.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3977785CC237FCE4988365D13C70C5D5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Calthrops have cladi of 60-70
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="300EF75DEDF491157097CD42B3A12592" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3E3B08B05635D19D276BC4F9B3CE551A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(computed cladomes 90-115
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="944B63CB63FFB80E69CF0D4EEEFE0DDE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diameter).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F1D57AA6821DACFA873A25E40EBAA280" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Dichocalthrops with protocladi 50-60
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F7BD130328AF197D2DC96A3CA356C7DB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0912D6F11FC47B8375E2197F1379DF14" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, deuterocladi 30
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5DF85784C0FB4BFFB4B8CB1E1CD50070" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and rabdome 80
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="261C191A2640A23029E5C673E15B54A1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(computed cladomes 160-180
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1EF1EFC3643D5DBD941285438CD3D137" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<paragraph id="EBE105F02F0172A3E962FC4817EF6CAF" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Sanidasters long and thin, with oxea-like shape: 15-20
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6576430A976C902B5102B6C5673E60EB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AC6B7F1CCC3DF3DAF5503D638614CC94" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Intertidal, occurring on dead coral fragments.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="663874BA8ECFA042B89BDE0411CD547C" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="83E5571717EA75D919EE01824E45B8F0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CFC3EAFB01419574A465AFAF5D42D58" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Intertidal, occurring on dead coral fragments.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">So far only known from Great Redang Island, one of the coral islands of the state of Trengganu at approx. 5°N on the E coast of Malaysia.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="A824CED41F758041CE554B70CC90C676" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="22193DAEACED479EAAED4F4992EA4C7B" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1826B3769886B74DAAD3B974571D2EE2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">So far only known from Great Redang Island, one of the coral islands of the state of Trengganu at approx. 5°N on the E coast of Malaysia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="BA8734CA69246D9CF700C8244C5D5718" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="1BCC0511426B703F865AA01EFCAF36F4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0227ADF8B7D19F9429DEFBA4EA78B00E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
By the small size of the dichocalthrops this species appears similar to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="occultus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="EFB318FBD1EBC9413A4099E4F6C7B0E0" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="occultus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus</taxonomicName>
(see below), but that species lacks calthrops, and details of spiculation appear different (longer protocladi and shorter deuterocladi in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="06AD680B3AEAD71E2BFCBC0A2148A4C1" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sibogae" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AEA17A42C74DD77E8EE23CDC76F313AF" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sibogae" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see below) also has small dichocalthrops, but this likewise lacks calthrops and the microscleres are differentiated in long and thin and short and fat sanidasters, not reported for
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1F8D49ACCFC8DBC23E0D0FF0446C0EF4" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
. All three species are tropical shallow-water sponges occurring in West Pacific - East Indian Ocean waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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@ -1,40 +1,40 @@
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<bibRefCitation id="1793988C749FAB46D50F3F426854FB49" author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="33 - 48" title="A collection of Porifera from Northern New Zealand, with Descriptions of Seventeen New Species." volume="15" year="1961">Bergquist 1961</bibRefCitation>
: 45, fig. 17
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis novaezealandiae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="novaezealandiae">Corticellopsis novaezealandiae</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="0AAB4BE480738D0D83A090A16D2DFB48" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="D42FE2808BD20AB18456B86938886E1F" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis novaezealandiae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="novaezealandiae">Corticellopsis novaezealandiae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="34202C70876FF7F584FCF1CC3D3438F5" author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 62, fig. 29, pl. 15 fig. C.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">None.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="D6C2E733165BB5CC52476AAA4BD8EDFD" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="4EC178DCCAA86803DA49EFA4C392D7B2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113E004E0F3E3D52FB60FBBD62438CE8" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="D8D7278773E506AF249238950998EAB2" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="149D650450879B030C64BC310DBE9118" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="48059938F49EC428031E915CE2D03FA8" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
(from
<bibRefCitation author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="33 - 48" title="A collection of Porifera from Northern New Zealand, with Descriptions of Seventeen New Species." volume="15" year="1961">Bergquist 1961</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="80C53511D7DBB241A588579F3DFBAED3" author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="33 - 48" title="A collection of Porifera from Northern New Zealand, with Descriptions of Seventeen New Species." volume="15" year="1961">Bergquist 1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="47AE569C81033267F51907C0FF4BC324" author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
). Encrusting to massive sponge, smooth but uneven surface. Consistency firm. Colour white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Skeleton: no data.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Spicules: calthrops, strongylasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph id="B17388B217FA25A51A9A29E879393748" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Skeleton: no data.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="746512BFD809F54E583E0A4CEAE519EC" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Spicules: calthrops, strongylasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2827059ED75001A0F02CB9714207BC6A" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Calthrops, occasionally with five or six cladi, 120-210
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="853C3A7667901154B3D15C9DFE658F0C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
26-38
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="70177CC3AAE36BFB2821B29154CDD476" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; &quot;occasionally with dicho-modifications&quot;; the 1968 illustration (Fig. 29) shows at least one proper short-shafted dichocalthrops.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<pageBreakToken pageId="64" pageNumber="65" start="start">Strongylasters</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="14517282D87447C10480E5087994EF54" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<pageBreakToken id="330B78FF1B7BBC0DB5BED6562A14A9C7" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" start="start">Strongylasters</pageBreakToken>
, rather irregular in shape, with stunted rays, but not with a thickly silicified centre, 11
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EE1C72B288E976D8F026A4BD778DFDE0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph id="4C9A191A62DE15BB04B8233620B1789C" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Oxyasters, 50-70
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C1635D4333BC6C49184858FB6CD57037" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(5-7 rays).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sublittoral fringe.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="50E1F673A1D408D23CE9DEAC11F55265" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="53D5798608C42B71EC49560BBD41AD45" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1E9FBFB64FD0375AD89A7B515F1F397" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sublittoral fringe.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Rangitoto Island, northern New Zealand.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="2169ED0C0890F96449D0C067473FB46E" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="35CC1AFFAF6A2DBAF6E48C1EA7CB2CE0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19FC8EB2169F6D7FB6CA6790F1E70730" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Rangitoto Island, northern New Zealand.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">The drawings and photos of the asters are limited to the rather irregular strongylasters, whereas no illustrations are available of the oxyasters. It is assumed these were regular and unremarkable.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C68AA6413AE8C33A1DD81F37558A6CC3" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="38DF5BB773516131043F08EE38FFC7F2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F05DE4DCDD28E1FFE802052BBD45D2A5" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">The drawings and photos of the asters are limited to the rather irregular strongylasters, whereas no illustrations are available of the oxyasters. It is assumed these were regular and unremarkable.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -1,251 +1,251 @@
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360742" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella simplex Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
<treatment id="24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360742" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Calthropella">
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<taxonomicName id="4B4628E68B8308ED794BD8E99DE41595" ID-CoL="Q4QX" authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella simplex Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="1FCEA82F633411F4C08196D71D34810B" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="18814C16BB10C55445B40915560A22E1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="40E130F1E1742D3D1CABE77C583ADBA3" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="3A00CDCD332CE7A6E0644A1CD313014C" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 107, pl. X figs 13-14, 21-29;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="4BBD3D9B20D9ED0A0C98E851E5471128" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
: 42, pl. VII fig. 9.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">None. Type material could not be found in the Natural History Museum (query in 2009).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="8AFB0029413451779749ADB03E1B596A" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="37C7363DA6759DED4CC3988234507196" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="387645B4ABFA7F0D73166ED2A7C1DEBB" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">None. Type material could not be found in the Natural History Museum (query in 2009).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<subSubSection id="D6BA12BDB11BC6257A021715C2B38087" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="23A33B297635F987BC50A15CEFD7A427" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A79900CB10E9F13897B04E259A05DA05" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
(from
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="434BCFEFAC8E3CF65FF61FB68AA7EB54" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="66908EE08BD4508BF2DBC317FBDA8C6E" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
). Massive, with irregular upper surface, in places with tuberculate oscules; pale yellow to grey. Size up to 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×4.5×">x4.5x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="31F73B499CD3199258EF0FE20CF19644" originalValue="×4.5×">x4.5x</normalizedToken>
3.8 cm (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sollas">Sollas'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="346C3AD94173C66BB55969A811086CF6" originalValue="Sollas">Sollas'</normalizedToken>
type). Ectosomal cover of globular asters. Choanosome cavernous, but densely spiculated with a mass of calthrops.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="023C238D00A6B379F12BDD93B342A909" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Spicules: calthrops, globular spherasters and
<normalizedToken originalValue="normal">'normal'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0363A79E74E1BBBDB6A7089B5FE155B2" originalValue="normal">'normal'</normalizedToken>
oxyspherasters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="D9E7DC344F2EB0FCE2690BDABA916744" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Calthrops, of widely different sizes, according to Sollas divisible into larger (cladi dimensions 800
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="29531B2C343DCA4DAA0CAE0D051C9BCA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
90
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CB573A3338F8BB09A7596FF630D8253F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and smaller (150
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B2B7FAF64F9DF8C2A45A8DD01BFAE789" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0B66ABCC3ED6674667B07404CF29602E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="1AAFA82CB1224557C7E31FAB8AC53E7F" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Spheroxyasters, considered a young stage of the tuberculated asters by Sollas, but identified as a proper separate aster-type by Topsent; no size given by either authors but according to Topsent the same size as the truncated asters, so 12-24
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7F6BDF33E7B53277A53D2E8283EF297D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<pageBreakToken pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">Globular</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="5BE64DBCEE31457FE444691DBF19BF0F" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<pageBreakToken id="6EB60A0A3EB6FE16BC8C1873A4A8E7BF" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">Globular</pageBreakToken>
spherasters with tuberculated rays, variable, often irregular, in a wide size range, possibly divisible in two size categories, 24
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1BBAB6B1F73141DCA6C82B5C6E5794AC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6AF1C5B61A5A22EA4F27DE9983564747" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection id="A1BF481E6D8DC6B69787058B3BC22630" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="5DA05BF76E2D469900B469DA80025EFD" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F7C6EB3DBEB678A13A15A040C029AC2" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Deep water, on gravel/sand bottom. Sollas provides no depth data,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8B0A059D38AD10E11E9D35223FC3EC5B" originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
material came from 454 -861 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cape Verde Islands (off Porto Praya, Santiago Island), Azores (38-39°N 30°W).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="166B08D01775343694B90C016DD934EE" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="68E6E77BF77F1EC61C8736D8C140A96E" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672609F741A76CD5DA6F18F3646A5E27" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cape Verde Islands (off Porto Praya, Santiago Island), Azores (38-39°N 30°W).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection id="6F702419608BC5B3B3D8F1FEDC9E054A" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="8961E2CF0C122004C4CCFD643F717575" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D20AFCCD8ED8BAD870A3A54B5C514AF" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
This species differs from the closely similar
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6B93E133E446951724908E67ED743333" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
in the lack of dichocalthrops (but these are small and rare in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="0C7A826B10A93EC4BA940FD28EAEF314" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
) and oxeas
<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="F78822F4891CCE3C91F2842B0A0F99AC" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
but these are an unstable complement not certainly proper in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="9D6A585E7F70E94D921460C9546867EA" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
). Apart from
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D5C7E04E5AC1C09B7346D9B1653B566D" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="272E8F96CB2D44867581CC1C8CEA5274" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
(who expressed doubts whether
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2DFE7B6777C0A16AA0AB918AF79BD8A4" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C73E098C3B8F8029D34B0877F1D40AA1" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
might be synonyms), no records of this species have been published. It is also closely similar to a new species from Indonesia,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xavierae" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E46BD4C6270CC80E24B25F8FC3C39C7A" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xavierae" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see below).
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent (1892)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="2D399234BA8FDF075F90708D384136E9" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent (1892)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished a variety
<normalizedToken originalValue="durissima">'durissima'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="989AF7AD4AE331D89B837491ECD35F4F" originalValue="durissima">'durissima'</normalizedToken>
for specimens with globular spherasters becoming entirely irregularly rounded in some specimens; these specimens are here assigned to a separate species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D44864CF0F0BA52D9A0AB79A24852B69" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<caption id="87349A3AB99C4ECFA629C1440837519B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="43CE4BFDE1FFA8A5303A3450858C9721" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Table 5. Spicule data for
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="96A6A0CA9613EFD33634AF2C111B445A" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<table pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">oxeas</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">tuberculated sphaerasters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">oxyasters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">dicho- calthrops</th>
<paragraph id="E99BFD90E528217410F5B0999902083F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<table id="F54C37E8ACE8AE47938E6340732AE5BC" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<tr id="D31A710D2311B5384EA6199620945A5A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th id="8213290B40A36DBFA768262A82515DE2" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th id="E421E44F5D1EF2F6E257A763939F5811" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th id="ACC2889B0358D0AD7A0BF75B3AD1F392" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">oxeas</th>
<th id="7715671EF62C8D852B1FD83CA1C37F61" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">tuberculated sphaerasters</th>
<th id="C3FBEEDFA9A7046173AEB896ABF7CECA" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">oxyasters</th>
<th id="0C3416409B665239314AFD4F7E756446" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">dicho- calthrops</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
<tr id="CB696895BF29153EE261DE1FEE524426" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th id="A932E4CB7498FA4D501CA1A3EAF20C13" colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="25051A27BB3CD5BDA5A7460A38FF2C66" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="6A25301B99B2C47C39FDE34C130A604C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td id="307BC625ED091284911753FC84F1C1C7" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CF6AD8D01558E3A0599FF1A996E7167E" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<tr id="E79318BD348DDB866C0971DA9D3C325F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th id="489260C7F4674248102B309941D78D1B" colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F7A3383908A862150E4175901C5F6773" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="7C4D8E15E2801B52506A80BDEE1B1D56" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td id="D7EF1A764A22EC0319986BBED68B81D7" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CD5112FED395E78816F12CAA15AA61F7" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="5D1B1F5F63B65BB7D0A8477E30F18B42" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="9C49BAF13A7020383F47FB269001F33C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td id="498F70663721CD4A8A71F714E60BDCAA" colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="C6B79C844C3E56CC3611E666FCE917AC" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
</td>
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sp. n.
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var. Topsent, 1897 (Ambon)
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Figs 19
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lutea" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lutea">Pachataxa lutea</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="5AE5138D6FA7CC46A98DFFA8F297C074" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lutea" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lutea">Pachataxa lutea</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="F9940A771CB11D5AA27E8F71BAA640A6" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 74, figs 8-9.
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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ZMA Por. 10100, Netherlands Antilles,
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, Boca Sami, 20 m, 12.142°N; 69.007°W, coll. P. Willemsen nr. C92 A20, July 1992.
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ZMA Por. 14080, Netherlands Antilles,
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, near Carmabi, in reef cave, 10 -20 m, 12.124°N; 68.974°W, coll. I. Wunsch nr. 84, January 1999.
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ZMA Por. 21692 (ex MNRJ 6678), Brazil, Das Rocas Atoll, Fenda, 3.8584°S; 33.8057°W, coll. E. Hajdu, M.V. de Oliveira &amp; U.S. Pinheiro.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6AB0AE647130B2C9D05F7458A23A2E50" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ZMA Por. 21692 (ex MNRJ 6678), Brazil, Das Rocas Atoll, Fenda, 3.8584°S; 33.8057°W, coll. E. Hajdu, M.V. de Oliveira &amp; U.S. Pinheiro.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
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The larger specimen (10100) is a thick liver-like mass (Fig. 19A) with flat smooth surface, 8
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3 cm in size, consistency compact, cheesy to rubbery.
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colour bright yellow, in alcohol dark brown. The preserved specimen shows a darker outer rim of 1-2 mm in thickness over a lighter coloured choanosome. This is not evidence of a cortex, it merely shows that the post-mortem discolouration does not penetrate evenly throughout the sponge. Our specimen conforms in all macroscopical aspects to
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type. The second specimen is smaller and thinner, approx. 1
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0.2 cm, dark glistening red, with a slightly bumpy surface. The Brazil specimen is sized 4
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4 cm, cut off from a much larger sponge.
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Skeleton: the ectosome has a dense layer of sanidasters and
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carried by a similarly dense mass of calthrops. In the choanosome the calthrops and sanidasters are less densely and confusedly distributed. There is no zonation or other structural arrangement of the skeleton.
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spicules: calthrops, sanidasters and compressed spheraster-like sanidasters (pseudasters).</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<paragraph id="3B401629943B08AC2F2313706A20A7F2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spicules: calthrops, sanidasters and compressed spheraster-like sanidasters (pseudasters).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70198D8AE1BCB7851F07C5EBAB48FE37" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Calthrops (Fig. 19B) are often three-claded, or even irregularly two-claded, some of the cladi may be straight, others are bifid terminally or wavy, of unequal length, stunt
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">ed</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="1B18B5DB0D2B546927779B59B133B729" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">ed</pageBreakToken>
, irregular, unevenly curved. No dichocalthrops. Cladi 60
<normalizedToken originalValue="120.2">-120.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="727CFBD2AFF14F612EC17C46B7C0A58C" originalValue="120.2">-120.2-</normalizedToken>
174
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="42AA045407DEF8DDFBFD6D66F459359A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9
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<normalizedToken id="6E1AEA1D921D04BA6F8223F1D6BA5D60" originalValue="14.9">-14.9-</normalizedToken>
21
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C10B3B4ABCDE531E98A78EF21C171B91" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(measurements of both specimens combined), cladomes 102
<normalizedToken originalValue="193.9">-193.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5CF7152869A83F2719FC5DCDC76ECA41" originalValue="193.9">-193.9-</normalizedToken>
264
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1AA90A669D321CF01E32A5E277DDA8F7" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="9B10861A009A559603C5452964F04692" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Sanidasters (Fig. 19C) highly variable in ornamentation and spination, spines not obviously concentrated at the apices, relatively more frequently concentrated in the middle region, 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="19.6">-19.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D33F4B6D116C86ED9E7C78C233A04C8E" originalValue="19.6">-19.6-</normalizedToken>
26
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<normalizedToken id="3521BDB89EBBF79D3F63B7FF3CD011F1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1
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<normalizedToken id="09F6EF50B1726C86490CB387C4CDF0A6" originalValue="2.3">-2.3-</normalizedToken>
4
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="127C135540700F917FF35F9D93594A30" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="29BDEAE9BB327E270AC25A62E5956B33" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Compressed sanidasters (Fig. 19D) are peculiar, irregular, multirayed, with a very thick center and very short rays, which appear spine-like rather than issuing from a common center, 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="7.7">-7.7-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DD64749AFA0023B6E31B2F5DF6769344" originalValue="7.7">-7.7-</normalizedToken>
9
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3E1A0B569BE5B1F394B2E0DA8FE7F3CF" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<caption id="B8CCF624AFCA5F378225962A28D38368" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="6CDE5F882CA5A754DA64F5D2172DA6B3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Figure 19.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1B7DC37481737D50D803C38478F66109" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
, ZMA Por. 10100, from Netherlands Antilles,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="487E22EEAB9DB3A97227C7CBD56E3AD7" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
, A habit B various calthrops C sanidasters D aster-like compressed sanidasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<caption id="71074CB7D87D635CEF5ADA7D48F22CFF" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="A389B67AF8075F7B57CDB1DB41B709C4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Figure 20.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D790D33760E766499B72FB03BAB8C9F5" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
, deviating specimen ZMA Por. 21692 (ex MNRJ 6678), from Brazil, Das Rocas Atoll, A habit (scale bar 1 cm) B short-shafted triaenes C overview of spicules D sanidasters E aster-like compressed sanidaster.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Open substrate in deeper parts of the reef, more shallow in caves.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="9BF205C77F4D4518A835E0982A11F83F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="21835986E2C7885CA76C3306DFF76ED9" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13C52685B26D1B6D20DA0FA4D0EBFED1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Open substrate in deeper parts of the reef, more shallow in caves.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Widespread Central West Atlantic: Puerto Rico, Southern Caribbean, Northeastern Brazil.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="37896ED8D24A9EA42E2DCF668397C42C" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="348161F26EF8B0BCC3EC4A24776203DD" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2ED1B314E46AA89B54DFBB7998BAB08A" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Widespread Central West Atlantic: Puerto Rico, Southern Caribbean, Northeastern Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="1582AFD934F37C5D54DED630980EF32D" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="CAFD43CA8579D2C06023D34838845480" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C69560F53E27BDB0C09898FEB536447" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
The
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F69D3CCC03D7B73C20B563D358BEC32A" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
material appears indistinguishable from the Puerto Rico type material (MSNG 47681, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 20-25 m) in overall morpho
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">logy</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="3D0B2E2F5CAFCE2FA63ADAC74CE8FB67" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">logy</pageBreakToken>
and spicules.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pulitzers">Pulitzer's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="94D32FBFAFB842D34F81D3E2F8BED7BB" originalValue="Pulitzers">Pulitzer's</normalizedToken>
material measures 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×5×">x5x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BA61AE81E8B4CF2DF474B1379BCD0E4A" originalValue="×5×">x5x</normalizedToken>
1.5 cm, turning from light yellow to dark brown in alcohol. Consistency was described as fleshy, firm, compressible. Cladi of the calthrops were given as 70-180
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7D2BDAA944EC610468F8782122F821C0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(60-174 in our material), sanidasters (called microrhabds by Pulitzer) were given as 8-26
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EF7AEDA05A27D5162F9FB046EC4E4BFF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-6
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="11F36F186A02809FB109E3B8DBAACC30" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(12-26
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1EB423B53B59377F2EFFB0655D6D9971" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-4
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D4C2B2BE4C212E55050DFCCDFABA37C8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in our material). Compressed sanidaster size was not given by Pulitzer but from his drawings can be estimated to be about 7-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="89B5B6431BC76DE47A529940D0D8D051" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(5-9
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="78A23D1A3EBC3AAB43AB471ACBFC320F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in our material).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="7A8BCCE864D0A50A675C036F58A675D0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Through the courtesy of Prof. Hajdu we received a fragment (Fig. 20A) of a fleshy specimen from the oceanic island groups east of North East Brazil, originally bright yellow, now dark brown in alcohol and staining the alcohol considerably. The fragment showed several differences with the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5F8AF18257E4BCBD2819F23319E5D0FE" originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
and Puerto Rico specimens (see also Table 4): calthrops (Figs 20
<normalizedToken originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CE01D1D8FEFD518362DCE4FC0F1347D1" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
) were often more like short shafted triaenes with one cladus considerably longer than the others; they were generally much more irregular and some appeared to have mesotriaene modifications. Length of cladi 33
<normalizedToken originalValue="82">-82-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="276563D98A3E90687732434F25FB08E0" originalValue="82">-82-</normalizedToken>
123
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F09C86C8099E7938E2BF400708898303" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4
<normalizedToken originalValue="7.5">-7.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9EB5570C1FF4DA4E048A81936D45ED49" originalValue="7.5">-7.5-</normalizedToken>
11
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="877686ECA953E91FF0660A15B419BB8D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Sanidasters (Fig. 20D) were only 10
<normalizedToken originalValue="14">-14-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="58E29961E3904A1433D1B01D97DD98DD" originalValue="14">-14-</normalizedToken>
19
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BCB4ABF10DFF04B6D14B74F3898F04AC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="1.1">-1.1-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0CCBBCAAB56A2134F71645798A3AEFE6" originalValue="1.1">-1.1-</normalizedToken>
2
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3D8C992A2135EC393679F29B989BF6CB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, and compressed sanidasters (pseudasters) (Fig. 20E) 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="7.2">-7.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6334E3BC96B61E15406A6E5D077314A8" originalValue="7.2">-7.2-</normalizedToken>
9
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7728DB8B67C962406CB49A705193EE5D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. These differences may eventually lead to a distinction of a separate Brazilian species but for the time being we emphasize the similarities.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<caption id="175468B7915B6D2598014B2254D75DDB" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="9F3D66185CADFD3CDE299A0F686F8140" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Table 4. Spicule data for specimens identification as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AE07C1F1E10EF50E4BEA9E974B06AD8D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra)</taxonomicName>
Luteus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<table pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<tr pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">sanidaster</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">compressed sanidaster</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">locality</th>
<paragraph id="B7B6484227BBE4E40D0B53D72D5E2F4C" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<table id="3DF67BBA58EDD4374993217193C30328" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<tr id="EE98B700FE70EE50AD7F92821FB28521" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<th id="0228BBD3152AEB4DC11569A1234B3D0B" colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th id="C26CA9FF2A10C7CF89B81FEBB27BC54E" colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th id="AC8B502567903AD98A58340F1328CC92" colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">sanidaster</th>
<th id="6F452982068663267E823B6F9E628506" colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">compressed sanidaster</th>
<th id="C45BBB9F2DA3DC8C00A596A5BA98F6BE" colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">locality</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<td colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="A2F767D7A07EEF16DFBD383DA1E83816" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<td id="C8EB5C0F67781485DE830CA248B7E6C3" colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EF1A81C6BB96531C91FF506E1565DB04" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pachataxa">'Pachataxa'</normalizedToken>
<paragraph id="496E946B4D67802FEBCB372B2498A72D" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<normalizedToken id="422CD4E9018CFC26908D3565409110BC" originalValue="Pachataxa">'Pachataxa'</normalizedToken>
lutea does not belong to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="26032ACA3D630A63447F5DD87D630F79" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa)</taxonomicName>
for two reasons (see also below): (1) it possesses sanidasters, (2) there are no ataxasters, and (3) the spherasters do not resemble true euasters, they are compressed derivations of the irregularly spined sanidaster-like acanthomicrorhabds. In any case, they seem to be morphologically very close to the Red Sea species
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F35D81A78A643A9851C479FB5340CC0C" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
Schmidt (1868 as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8798727A5C5BCE3007DE233AF6BFFAB6" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrella</taxonomicName>
) (see above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,120 +1,120 @@
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<mods:title id="F610AF8ADBB33BF7919618393C15A9E8">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="82C428B49383B0251931D162F69132E9" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella recondita" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="recondita">Calthropella recondita</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="2E8CFB695EE60AB784C327749B784E60" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 342, fig. 3.
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">None. Apparently the material that is left consists only of slides, of which the holotype is in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH 1971.7.23.1b).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8962389D60856F950E3200AF9159F072" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="159820B22B66A914A4F0D62DB7A0F3F1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">None. Apparently the material that is left consists only of slides, of which the holotype is in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH 1971.7.23.1b).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="29311890549FD4E03A6251816F081EAD" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</paragraph>
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(from
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="98E6E774DC2A214F8FECA950CA4893E5" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Thin encrustations on coral holdfasts, thickness a few mm. Consistency fleshy, compact. Colour white.
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Spicules: calthrops, oxeas, strongylasters (called
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), oxyasters.
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Calthrops in a large size variation and many showing abnormal or assymmetrical cladi (the latter distinguished as a separate category by Pulitzer), cladi 85-220
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7-17
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.
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Oxeas straight or curved, in a large size range, 100-1200
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7.5
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.
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Strongylasters, 8-12 rays, variable, 9-16
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.
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Oxyasters, six thin rays, 40-50
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.
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Collected at 12 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D69E57EA8F64671DCD89C1CB1B07B1B9" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86C910F2B784A2184668881EF463E93E" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Collected at 12 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Mediterranean (Naples region).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="578B7A20BB024467C5A63464325325C6" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4A926C34B1C36B8F5DEE4A38CC603E72" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B57564E1D47D79E3113697CC376431B8" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Mediterranean (Naples region).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<paragraph id="417BAB3EE6F4C6BD6487D39E28C25D82" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Remarks.</paragraph>
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The oxeas are explicitly stated as part of the spicule complement, but were not represented in the spicule drawings. It remains doubtful whether they are proper.
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admits that his species is similar in most aspects to
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<taxonomicName id="48CB81ECDF29F68AC8811E3CEEACCC83" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticella) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticella">Calthropella (Corticella) stelligera</taxonomicName>
. By its possession of oxeas, assuming they are proper, this species would appear to be valid, but the possibility that it is
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticella) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticella">Calthropella (Corticella) stelligera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AB12D5053C677ADB3D2137C3FAB05080" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticella) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticella">Calthropella (Corticella) stelligera</taxonomicName>
cannot be excluded.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba latex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="latex">Stoeba latex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Moraes, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1387 - 1393" title="A new species of Stoeba (Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from oceanic islands off north-eastern Brazil" volume="87" year="2007">Moraes and Muricy 2007</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="21D71BD104E5D404DF09B67C13DA1FB1" author="Moraes, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1387 - 1393" title="A new species of Stoeba (Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from oceanic islands off north-eastern Brazil" volume="87" year="2007">Moraes and Muricy 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 1388, figs 2-3.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">None.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="1D27FCC091F017749106384BF4F00A59" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="B7E5D22EF8EA620C418EF00D8D9CD02D" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6EAFA8CDAC1DAE745F5F47BAA5623E41" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="20F13A52415EAD6B4585D24375CEE76E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="F301FA4292F34356A25459C583D10FF0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B3828CE26ADD932D3D7224ED1DC02E0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
MNRJ 8559, Belmonte Islet Wall,
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="84F428554C4EB19831F96462B222C214" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Pedro e
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="70DE579A36F23B13C098C74E2C0007F8" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo Archipelago, Brazil, 0.9167°N; 29.35°W, 30 m depth, coll. F. Moraes, 15 July 2004.
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="1EFA98C7D036FDD27EB5AE3EFFA1EE78" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="C4B315A2C395146CE48991312C93A433" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FC996918CE20D86BEAA1E89B217D9BD" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
(from
<bibRefCitation author="Moraes, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1387 - 1393" title="A new species of Stoeba (Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from oceanic islands off north-eastern Brazil" volume="87" year="2007">Moraes and Muricy 2007</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="9B82ABB4A2336730A26D00800A66C7B7" author="Moraes, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1387 - 1393" title="A new species of Stoeba (Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from oceanic islands off north-eastern Brazil" volume="87" year="2007">Moraes and Muricy 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Thickly encrusting to massive, reddish- brown (darker in preservation), surface smooth,
<normalizedToken originalValue="stretched">'stretched'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6B763E5B2C2B2D8121DF03030879D8A5" originalValue="stretched">'stretched'</normalizedToken>
; oscules 0.5-3 mm, size up to 10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="51216F02A4EAE88A4573E863FE2B329C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20 cm. Consistency firm, rubbery. Ectosome provided with spherulous cells and sanidaster microscleres, choanosome compact, with randomly dispersed calthrops.
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Spicules. Calthrops 42-212
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="90B7657893ADA5756DC1E615072FA7D5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7.5-25
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Sanidasters 10-15
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1
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.
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vertical walls and overhangs, 4-30 m.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="7B569D4FA60E14C5ABC6AC154ABDAFB6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="A4BEDE5586C49521768A485BBF40644D" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7DA3D96C31B12B3EFF5B8CDF63A64CD" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vertical walls and overhangs, 4-30 m.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Offshore archipelagoes to the NE of Brazil.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="9415EC3902EBC12281E00E8A700C8829" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="741F5F0701CE14E4AA21A841FA076B47" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD7A3E26247062C4ACF691511A44CC98" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Offshore archipelagoes to the NE of Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<pageBreakToken pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
<subSubSection id="D703F6EA501FAEBAF8E43182501E2D77" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="remarks">
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<pageBreakToken id="BC9E05D49F98092B92F3FECF14939B0F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
.
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<paragraph id="AD3151C827CAEBCCECB62317CACFFB40" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
The red colour is shared with
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="64AB451FD05BADD718C5D05307E07D81" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., but this has dichocalthrops and the spicule sizes are also different. Below we report an undescribed
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<taxonomicName id="73D328CBADE8847E53FE9A59C3E760AD" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
spec. from Bonaire for which insufficient material was left after making preparation. It differs in habit (insinuating) and spicule size (calthrops cladi smaller, only up to 186
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A84F64E4F85D1A4F1CEB372532512400" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
16
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, and sanidasters slightly larger, up to 18
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3E3720897959C95B657D85900EF4C81F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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). Cladi of calthrops of the Bonaire material are frequently bifid and some?auxiliary oxeas were present in the slides. Nevertheless, similarities are close enough to reckon with the possibility that the two are conspecific members of a variable species.
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tenuicephala
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<taxonomicName authority="Hentschel, 1909" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1909" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="occultus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba occultus Hentschel, 1909</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus occultus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="occultus">Dercitus occultus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Hentschel, E" editor="Michaelsen, W" journalOrPublisher="Fischer, Jena" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="347 - 402" title="Tetraxonida. I. Teil" volumeTitle="Die Fauna Suedwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger suedwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905" year="1909">Hentschel 1909</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="BAD922055965C48F8A95D75A4455CF27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="FDA37539C31987D583DBC6862E8D4A9F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus occultus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="occultus">Dercitus occultus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="6CE116E1B7382A4DE3E4F8057E3A6146" author="Hentschel, E" editor="Michaelsen, W" journalOrPublisher="Fischer, Jena" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="347 - 402" title="Tetraxonida. I. Teil" volumeTitle="Die Fauna Suedwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger suedwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905" year="1909">Hentschel 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 352, text-fig. 1.
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="0BCA74AAD9719FFC11325D6E44DEF316" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="8AECB172FA9464AA2CE4E1B049BFCD14" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A497D33D8C868165718211F30BD5AE58" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
None. The type material collected by Michaelsen &amp; Hartmeyer from Shark Bay, West Australia could not be found in ZMB (listed as a slide ZMB 4492 in
<bibRefCitation author="Hooper, JNA" editor="Wells, A" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO, Melbourne" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 620" title="Porifera" volumeTitle="Zoological Catalogue of Australia" year="1994">Hooper and Wiedenmayer, 1994</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="AF429A3F376338551234FE0A5767E9F2" author="Hooper, JNA" editor="Wells, A" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO, Melbourne" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 620" title="Porifera" volumeTitle="Zoological Catalogue of Australia" year="1994">Hooper and Wiedenmayer, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 324).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">(from Hentschel, 1909). Endolithic within corals, filling tubular cavities of 1-2 mm diameter which connect to the outside in only a few places. Colour (in alcohol) a deep brown. The skeleton consists of dichocalthrops and sanidasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="CADE6DFA44DF93EB9F735D80C462829D" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="4E220D71D6CE565B362C462AB25DDD47" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58C5EF6A1DE80672FE580163975E6771" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">(from Hentschel, 1909). Endolithic within corals, filling tubular cavities of 1-2 mm diameter which connect to the outside in only a few places. Colour (in alcohol) a deep brown. The skeleton consists of dichocalthrops and sanidasters.</paragraph>
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Dichocalthrops relatively small, protocladi 20-28
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, deuterocladi 50-92
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6517B7A241F8565A7BD19449308082E7" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabd 86-105
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E8EAA29B4933D9F97FD9EC3312403BB7" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-18
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FDEF1EF6B062359F4F510892E5C80BD2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(computed cladome diameter 130-230
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4825A7090AFB63FB85E1938C91DFA413" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Sanidasters 13-21
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5
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. Spines are described as strongly developed and irregular, but only tiny drawings of these spicules are provided, which only show elongated rhabd shapes.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">An endolithic species from shallow coral reefs (0.5-3.5 m).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="26D748A6308A8800BC13ED72B1EC8F3B" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="77F9A5C94967BDC40ABFF03F8E7B62C8" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="053BD0E80B4253E1F6D1A0D4B744BA7D" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">An endolithic species from shallow coral reefs (0.5-3.5 m).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">West Australia, Shark Bay, shallow water.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="6EC69F859F81EA60245110D58B96F93C" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="CC1FC702A772F8D58D2675E417FFC633" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A071181E8A759D22F4DC772EEA965D6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">West Australia, Shark Bay, shallow water.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remark">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remark.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="1A4ED7E51693D8AFF785B0220F6C8BB4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remark">
<paragraph id="8A962DDD6E4FFEA4ED6BDFC2348E8216" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remark.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D70A6D02199A9C38E6130AD31941C47D" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
In spicule size this species appears close to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sibogae" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AE120C158E0DCC05420C24AE8ECA69EC" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sibogae" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see below), but that species has both
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and compressed sanidasters, and it is epilithic. Details of the cladi lengths of the megascleres are also different.
</paragraph>
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The only other species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="05529E792CA148E08BE9CB1EEDD69816" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
from Australian waters,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xanthus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4FE50EF4C4CA7CEB66EB7BC658B576B0" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xanthus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus</taxonomicName>
Sutcliffe et al. 2010, differs sharply from the present species in the absence of dichocalthrops, in stead of which there are exclusively three-claded calthrops megascleres.
</paragraph>
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<mods:title id="0EEBC965CF36ECF9CCCB5E9925993E7B">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360721" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3A2CF60593108CB939956065137E2F9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A2CF60593108CB939956065137E2F9B" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName authority="Lendenfeld, 1894" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1894" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba lesinensis (Lendenfeld, 1894)</taxonomicName>
<treatment id="3A2CF60593108CB939956065137E2F9B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360721" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3A2CF60593108CB939956065137E2F9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A2CF60593108CB939956065137E2F9B" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
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<paragraph id="BBE20C5CE68A9EE31E05CFC449941D36" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="32021C66F8155CEE4AD9345ECD3258F3" ID-CoL="34W2B" authority="Lendenfeld, 1894" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1894" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba lesinensis (Lendenfeld, 1894)</taxonomicName>
Figs 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="06C5F65BAF9E11639D42B27AF9F9D38C" originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Pachastrella lesinensis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="D3BCC6E33F51EA391A62EE92D5D1BB5A" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3DEE1CA9AD098AF5D5E9F511252205D7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="1AF8345B211C9D12BB4A3934771428FF" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Pachastrella lesinensis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="5128E2EFFC29BE285A75571CCF902BB8" author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 18, pl. II fig. 18, pl. III fig. 44, pl. IV figs 67-68.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitancorina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitancorina lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Dercitancorina lesinensis</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="C366C55EAF9E344171C32E0CF2D412FA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="C16C8542363448CE8E064971F16CFDCC" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitancorina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitancorina lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Dercitancorina lesinensis</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Scientifique et Medicale de l'Ouest" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 18" title="Les Asterostreptidae." volume="11" year="1902">Topsent 1902</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="38F3C991E8A37CE71611E486E2E3710A" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Scientifique et Medicale de l'Ouest" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 18" title="Les Asterostreptidae." volume="11" year="1902">Topsent 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Stoeba lesinensis</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="CCD40062238893E486B65583E41C700C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="371E6ECD7380B146E430ED69AE6A3F18" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Stoeba lesinensis</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="9B2033DD3C7506F5A60B995B5C5BECA9" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 156.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Syntype fragment ZMB 2409, dredged near Lesina, Croatia.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="AC642B961120D0D5A278D28F312FFE92" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="CFA2DF0F2FC19AABBE1DA9D3780CDFE7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AA6EE9CD9090D5B654DFBA1CFE1ECC8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Syntype fragment ZMB 2409, dredged near Lesina, Croatia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Encrusting and insinuating among stones and coralline algae, with oscular elevations. The fragment examined by us was a thin rounded papilla-like extension (probably from the larger of the two type specimens described by Lendenfeld). Consistency slightly rubbery. Colour (alcohol) orange.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Skeleton: at the surface consisting of a dense crust of microscleres, subdermally the skeleton consists of a mass of calthrops, embedded in a fibrous-organic groundmass.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops and sanidasters, no complete oxeas are found in the fragment examined, but a few broken monaxones were present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<subSubSection id="5827A3177638C07213C419D178FD38F6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="7498932EC36DCD0C6FC577D179606E42" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F8E489D473301F0CBDBE2680ACB55FCC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Encrusting and insinuating among stones and coralline algae, with oscular elevations. The fragment examined by us was a thin rounded papilla-like extension (probably from the larger of the two type specimens described by Lendenfeld). Consistency slightly rubbery. Colour (alcohol) orange.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78281AB8002BC1A1B1532C91150A2F1B" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Skeleton: at the surface consisting of a dense crust of microscleres, subdermally the skeleton consists of a mass of calthrops, embedded in a fibrous-organic groundmass.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="155A91DCA217A42DE0DF088B013A2001" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops and sanidasters, no complete oxeas are found in the fragment examined, but a few broken monaxones were present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85E82B3A9AE194716071E953DE04785C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Calthrops (Fig. 7A), with occasional bifid cladus endings, cladi 92
<normalizedToken originalValue="130.9">-130.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A2EE81E9DC90785D16B1A60752986E99" originalValue="130.9">-130.9-</normalizedToken>
165
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E9CBDA653FB5EFB3BB1BC6B4C12A3D60" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14
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<normalizedToken id="B323BEC9BDA1013398D77DD79AE1D4FA" originalValue="21.3">-21.3-</normalizedToken>
31
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D3A746E66C4BEF237DACE06DC1988EC1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(Lendenfeld: up to 160
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5C13E657E4B8DC106F4C5AEBA4CEF387" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
40
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CF893444C395BAE0B58AE16BB9BDF0A6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), cladomes 180-210
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E9DFB1FB2FBB7200141BE9208ED94281" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="3647BF7B50FE6B1749326A55C6E008A6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Dichocalthrops (Fig. 7B), rare, small, mentioned by Lendenfeld, but no measurements given. Our preparations contained a few, with protocladi 16-18
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F60B44E4B49D652CD475071E5C4D6604" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6446C8267A5CCD37A48B815185646EFC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, deuterocladi 15-32
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="548F5338E4E3D6BC6B57BF367421C82B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-6 mm, cladome diameters 70-74
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BB2324D843249BA06C6FFF58B6F9178E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabdi 40-47
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9F911704466EDDE1D8AA901062F314D8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="F57B52C7EBF4A78D324AE03C2B813A57" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Sanidasters (Figs 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="CD">C-D</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F74BFFEEC38E02665287696AFD7DCAC8" originalValue="CD">C-D</normalizedToken>
), with short low spination, size 11
<normalizedToken originalValue="15.2">-15.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="42DB4E12C66D9B9CCB708EC11031173F" originalValue="15.2">-15.2-</normalizedToken>
18
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<normalizedToken id="D8FAD40C641F895DDE20A17B9AACFD4D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2
<normalizedToken originalValue="2.45">-2.45-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E88DDBD752F90809C52E97FE7D77B8EA" originalValue="2.45">-2.45-</normalizedToken>
3
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6D217CF7E3D4AD7AC067E146D7C8B5F4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(Lendenfeld: 12-15
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D7857175D3AADD9CCFEDBD81C5A7071C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D3A6F214414C44B62871079E849DD919" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<caption id="CC8C32A7681DF830E02D83371F0FC122" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="E6F98FF956966BD7AF6703E226124BFE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Figure 7.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B116C1FDBE6549A07FD457B49810D30A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis</taxonomicName>
, syntype ZMB 2409, dredged near Lesina, Croatia, A various calthrops B various dichocalthrops C mass of sanidasters D various sanidasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">No data.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="91609F6FD3D5CC212552CA07E9E85F3F" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="E1CB9ABC7B033CE6A2E49EB775D368FB" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DFA8E46CAA12D43B547D35096262A5D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">No data.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adriatic. So far there is only a single record of this species.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="FB7365BE03EEC9797200CBCF27BE8276" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="20C61192B4DB8335FFDBF800C927464C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0A27171F970905BADDABE646B721CB7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adriatic. So far there is only a single record of this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<subSubSection id="7DE522DB1159FB2CEDA439B409C64208" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="7D9F60D1BEB040B8F65A95F39C9AD091" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C04619122F4BAB014E91A199DAD6AF3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
A major difference with the original description is the lack of giant oxeas (4000
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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70
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), some centrotylote, reported and pictured by
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; also tylostyles and strongyles were reported. The fragment of the type specimen received from ZMB did not contain any such spicules, except for some broken fragments. For
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the alleged presence of oxeas in a species otherwise considered by him a typical
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was the reason to accept species with structural monaxone megascleres within the definition of
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. We maintain that such spicules, if they would be proper, are auxiliary, not structural.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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This species is similar in most respects to
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, but the orange colour has not been reported for that species (although
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mentions brown specimens of
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). Based on our observations of the sanidasters, it is possible that these are slightly different from
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in spination, with the latter having more profused spines. In view of this, we are forced to retain
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as a valid species for the time being.
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Subgenus
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus Gray, 1867</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="51D279D084CEB99C462BF5573E8EAF73" ID-CoL="84N4J" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus Gray, 1867</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="3B6555B5A8A9CE01F4CABB9EFA2A2D98" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="definition">
<paragraph id="4D9AFF3C1080DA705636DA35891CA8D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22A1E29DC26C17B7E6A9BD375A060470" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="ADF7117191119C377C693A967FDC83B9" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
possessing toxa-like microscleres and a single category of irregular sanidasters.
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="065DE6FC58FE779FBBE47315FB7ED963" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="type species">
<paragraph id="94FAD3A5BAD7B56AE8304FA492D9D071" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98781F6DF4B533A911F9444AF9C18019" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="E10F908C0FB60B2929EEE5A7217D676A" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
Bowerbank, 1858
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="key to the taxa of dercitus (dercitus)">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Key to the taxa of Dercitus (Dercitus)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="EA872318D6C585EBBB9B1E02C4050DD1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="key to the taxa of dercitus (dercitus)">
<paragraph id="B92E3EC34B94E0EB55B60EF97FFC056F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Key to the taxa of Dercitus (Dercitus)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EBF17AF8EC85640E4E3ECB51A516C3D" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C43274F70602C9185EE5FC0BAA2490B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table id="D5DFEA671D47C8DB94743A6637476155" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr id="DA178DF1234921EA09A671DAA6F08C39" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="6E45314E3E0184E75801FAA59CBE0700" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="86F9BD779ED97E2777B546D54A83D707" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
<tr id="138B2111EB4E14737C5A9596C8D7F54A" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="6E5BC490B491E0779DE4C3510932DDB4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="8A5017BABD8EDAD47A75B41BDBEDDEC2" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
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View file

@ -1,115 +1,115 @@
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Subgenus
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="545E88A34BFC222BF9E65DE0ABC693AE" ID-CoL="85K5R" authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="4CBF4A72A2930A9DC181D9A88E4DBAF0" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E66EE56A2E375D09752AC692D1629114" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="A8733667DC6520717A1A8075423E79F5" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="9AC7A0AC7B8D3A41486B95BC45AC4DD2" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 107.
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="definition">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="1B8774E55A63938FFEC179B5E05F280A" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="definition">
<paragraph id="C75C61798B8EAAB8508EDF484416DFC5" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8ED8DAF2B1890A59CBC57A4A377D3C70" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="1DC8A978C7BDA2923B0CF4626DB68310" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
with tuberculate spherasters.
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="F97C08589DC8419E2955227D22A63961" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="type species">
<paragraph id="FAFB04AEF9FBA8C9CBF5C7DD90E53BD9" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A360816980FFAADD82A73B616728368" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="3F23BC78790B7FCB091846671D0D3825" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
Sollas, 1888.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="key to the species of calthropella (calthropella)">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Key to the species of Calthropella (Calthropella)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella pathologica (Schmidt, 1868)</taxonomicName>
<treatment id="4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Calthropella">
<subSubSection id="1D30FB947C2F17F01FEEDD2847CE52AC" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="113BC4926D075010A9A5459263F96270" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="6812C389E7FA0421DD6E4811E71AE3BC" ID-CoL="Q4QW" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella pathologica (Schmidt, 1868)</taxonomicName>
Figs 26
<normalizedToken originalValue="AF">A-F</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5EA1585C5DE34CA30D788BFF88C5571B" originalValue="AF">A-F</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Stelletta pathologica</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="5D621875C3EE3BA03E081F5D6D296891" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BAA1ED7F0C75CEADEEFE817E48B9EA83" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="7CCFA1D5A824B3926EF9BE701E02EBD5" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Stelletta pathologica</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="E475654BCBD13B7D2A0A18AC69AE14F3" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 19, pl. III figs 3-4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="AD95EAA28156067720CB3EC70653AFF8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="34A17889DD130D0091B4296091F723CD" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 32" title="Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868" volume="758" year="1938">Topsent 1938</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="157587BDD8A873F1E6E894A46B3AB015" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 32" title="Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868" volume="758" year="1938">Topsent 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 24;
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet 1969</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A9365B2F87DF67B6ED6F22689B4146F7" author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 166, fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation author="Pouliquen, L" journalOrPublisher="Tethys" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="717 - 758" title="Les spongiaires des grottes sous-marines de la region de Marseille: Ecologie et systematique." volume="3" year="1972">Pouliquen 1972</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="082D3F4C9CC57BE19AF471D34146A1B3" author="Pouliquen, L" journalOrPublisher="Tethys" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="717 - 758" title="Les spongiaires des grottes sous-marines de la region de Marseille: Ecologie et systematique." volume="3" year="1972">Pouliquen 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 746, pl. 7 fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1131 - 1161" title="Demosponges of the red coral bottoms from the Alboran Sea." volume="26" year="1992">Maldonado 1992</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="74955D5270044C09E6E0B99D54ECED10" author="Maldonado, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1131 - 1161" title="Demosponges of the red coral bottoms from the Alboran Sea." volume="26" year="1992">Maldonado 1992</bibRefCitation>
: table 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Pachastrissa pathologica</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="535E4FB502645B027BFFB1E6D43BAA9E" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="17DDE4A5AC846D684788DA9AB256A3CB" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Pachastrissa pathologica</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C77BBB9771D0DC7F2AA86B6F1BE10BC7" author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 593.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="FA4EAAF12B9B9E6253727A76E6212D48" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="7DAF1AC20179008F024E26393DC94115" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDBAC18FE3CA51BEC0D7D07DEA804A6F" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Lectotype (designation herein), MNHN DT 753, Coast of Algiers,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Expédition">Expedition</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AB162A7468D07CA34E62B2A5949F7F2B" originalValue="Expédition">Expedition</normalizedToken>
Scientifique de
<normalizedToken originalValue="lAlgérie">l'Algerie</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DF3D0B6FA754E9A22A2B312987FED4ED" originalValue="lAlgérie">l'Algerie</normalizedToken>
, nr. 66, 1842. Paralectotype MNHN DT 754, from same locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="redescription">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Redescription</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="5ACB7035FD77F8114F32B682BC1A1646" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="8FE9D9DF51E5B097CCCE73EDF682BA49" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Redescription</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F2A8513FC19F522E1A83D35D15C30C5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
(partly from Topsent, 1938). Two specimens are present in the Schmidt collection of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EC772B36844ABBDAE2948A16FDE994B1" originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
National
<normalizedToken originalValue="dHistoire">d'Histoire</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7A7C65F2E4898F1F57086DA8CDF0CC11" originalValue="dHistoire">d'Histoire</normalizedToken>
Naturelle, Paris, the largest (MNHN DT 753) of which is 4.5 cm in widest size and 2-2.5 cm high, here chosen as the lectotype. The smaller specimen (MNHN DT 754), here designated paralectotype, size 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4137BA6E226CB38421BFB2897B04A161" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3 cm (now apparently reduced to 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="09C411D499EE2CA6B1C93EB91E8F2C6F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5 cm) was examined by us and we made SEM photos of the spicules. Both specimens have a rough surface (Fig. 26A). According to Vaclelet (1969) living specimens are white, but the type specimens we examined were yellowish in alcohol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Spicules: Calthrops, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<paragraph id="B90752C9C417C574ECF2DEAF6058EE5B" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Spicules: Calthrops, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3A348A3FF6C50BB7E3DCD26793E8E88" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Calthrops (Figs 26
<normalizedToken originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1FF6D9D515EE7390D9D65605B11F879E" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
): According to Topsent the skeleton includes calthrops with cladi up to 550
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FD779D0C5DDCC49DF7664D2DA367875C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
75
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0E2371819CE961E6A6FA540809FAAE9A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(but widely different sizes are present, including
<normalizedToken originalValue="microcalthropes">'microcalthropes'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FB782D9EB4F40FC5F1D205615E398ADC" originalValue="microcalthropes">'microcalthropes'</normalizedToken>
). We measured a size range of the cladi of 32-366
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="296F02AD58032E4D78F11ACDD1AC5C6C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-72
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A20FDC9DEC7D372AE318F48C1A117A9B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(cladomes 48-480
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9D80B4860982AD3210B61A16C9B6FB6C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) but no clear separation in smaller and larger size categories was apparent. The shapes of the calthrops was very variable with many 'short-shafted
<normalizedToken originalValue="triaenes">triaenes'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="16CEB8B589EB893694FC84FCB227FFA8" originalValue="triaenes">triaenes'</normalizedToken>
, mesotriaene modifications, curved and stunted cladi. No dichocalthrops are reported from this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<paragraph id="A70C8B2FF1F13C659E0DD50E6CA5F401" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
The megasclere complement also comprised thin oxeas of 15
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A35D986D892D59251E5B58F849C5F7A8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thickness (Fig. 26B). Cross sections of the type specimens examined by P.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6E4E0E22AB54591E7B8757A41A80DB3C" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
show scattered bundles of the thin oxeas running vertically to the surface, but their length still is difficult to determine. We are indebted to P.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D6C86F2EED5B70D7E816725959841B51" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
for this information. The largest unbroken piece we found in preparations of DT 754 was 2000
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8909D6EA7A21F3FF2B0E78FBE2B37295" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8D3767AB12FF67051093B25E9FB9CE4D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, which is in accordance with findings of
<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="236BB54423C58547AAE33548A66679E6" author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<paragraph id="3628F96E61723819CFC132768AC012C4" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Asters (Figs 26
<normalizedToken originalValue="DF">D-F</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="ED28FDCB0A914336E507953A13CF4CF6" originalValue="DF">D-F</normalizedToken>
) occurred in three distinct categories: thick-centred with spined-tuberculated rays, asters with thick pointed rays lighly spined, and small smooth oxyasters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<pageBreakToken pageId="52" pageNumber="53" start="start">Lightly</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="B305BA6D5B4E7E41591A6FEA25337272" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<pageBreakToken id="F62B87D2190FBBFB6D379B287E079FB8" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" start="start">Lightly</pageBreakToken>
spined oxyasters (Fig. 26E) with swollen pointed rays, often with bifid rays, not very common, diameter 23
<normalizedToken originalValue="24.9">-24.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="961901CFC6B5372B369AEEB9A1336FBE" originalValue="24.9">-24.9-</normalizedToken>
27
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5B5D469BFEBFA087625403965D53DBD2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<paragraph id="6429ABA1B68DBCCAED1936F3AB8F8AD6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Small, smooth oxyasters (Fig. 26F), often slightly irregular in ray length, diameter 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="10.2">-10.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3EFB20BC2ADD3C16B19178D488AF4881" originalValue="10.2">-10.2-</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="654A23C5D9B249300CED1101FF6E772B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<paragraph id="2CEFB6151EC12B4B82C292FAF42085D4" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Tuberculated asters with ornamented rays (Fig. 26D); compared to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F6AFB46DB9EED14821FC3D1595B4BBAE" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
the rays were relatively long; sizes highly variable, but overlapping without clear separation in smaller and larger asters, diameter 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="18.4">-18.4-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="587332C4E1269D7D89AA8B1537A3520F" originalValue="18.4">-18.4-</normalizedToken>
24
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="80F1D0C49F65660756872FE0A24E8EE5" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<caption id="55C3FFD6440B5D38808D790E084A034E" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<paragraph id="3678D1614050A9FA4AE78C0ECFF7AB5E" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Figure 26.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="9DD60814BF08C5FA1A44E88C33A61BF1" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica</taxonomicName>
, lectotype MNHN DT 753 and paralectotype MNHN DT 754, from Algiers, A habit of lectotype (grid is 1 cm)
<normalizedToken originalValue="BF">B-F</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F806DE66C118929CCD0ADB1084097251" originalValue="BF">B-F</normalizedToken>
SEM images made from the paralectotype, B overview of spicules C various calthrops including a pentactinal modification D tuberculated spheraster E large irregular oxyspheraster F small oxyaster.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<subSubSection id="6659CE096A8B3698713887DF6D946AF2" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="DD9E09A7107234ED43BEFE5C2A7C407C" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6805C7E81BFCE0E6CFAC17076C75A7F1" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Deep water, and in caves in more shallow water, depth occurrence at least 13-250 m.
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="8F450CBCB6ACA7A9CAA903E0268AAAF8" author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
reported that his specimen was insinuating in calcareous algae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Off the coast of Algeria, no further data; Cassidaigne, Marseille region; Sicily-Tunis region; Alboran Sea, 39°N -3°W; Rhodos, Aegean Sea, 36°N; 28°E.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="20F7B67484115A572A8A6FBA25FED33D" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4211614D2DCFB21E0D30FEAF1E4CF015" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C5A780A34D03E9F84CD0A20ECD7BCEA" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Off the coast of Algeria, no further data; Cassidaigne, Marseille region; Sicily-Tunis region; Alboran Sea, 39°N -3°W; Rhodos, Aegean Sea, 36°N; 28°E.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 32" title="Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868" volume="758" year="1938">Topsent (1938)</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="0ACEDE9DBCB0FBAB4DA7A54E69494582" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="69F7E3EE46600B50B24D378957B42517" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="713B67AF8EEE513C233938EC5156FD46" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="BA1B61440797EC7546EEDEAFB921C1CC" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 32" title="Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868" volume="758" year="1938">Topsent (1938)</bibRefCitation>
remarked that the specimens are similar in most aspects to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5A6E34C49BF8CC638789C41710E9B61E" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
but differ in the tendency of the calthrops to develop extra
<pageBreakToken pageId="53" pageNumber="54" start="start">cladi</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="B6848307BB82DE2C62C2DCE8444E39D1" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" start="start">cladi</pageBreakToken>
. In addition the tuberculated asters of that species have shorter rays (almost entirely consisting of tubercles). Oxeas are stated in
<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="704761D0DB1A8F6E01653E7CBE5AC0D4" author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
to be all broken, whereas
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="98492905E3EEA33DDB3A8C635ED29486" author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
notes 'wide axial
<normalizedToken originalValue="canals">canals'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2ECF661E8B90C51E75FAE2DEC161C6F7" originalValue="canals">canals'</normalizedToken>
, adding to the conclusion that they are not of structural significance. Nevertheless, the bundles reported by P.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7F68893DB3DDD1F51AA5953ECE665E2E" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
(in litteris) appear to indicate these oxeas are proper to the sponge. Possibly, they are a remnant of ancestral radiating oxeas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,234 +1,234 @@
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Figs 24
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="F2CA2367CE36C880261768B756B7862A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="02E2B7CAC434260B4DC9127530CC408D" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="893DB3E8C1F779470511D54BF01C8B52" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="95E1201E80553EE840D449C99966C17E" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
: 407, pl. XIV fig. 23.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodiides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodiides">Calthropella geodiides</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="8B438928B43F229CA94F33FD2784E918" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="7973D78DB4EDCD8E16968CD6CE8DA82E" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodiides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodiides">Calthropella geodiides</taxonomicName>
(sic);
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="CD311E27413A89326B85D10790B1C4AC" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 111.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Corticella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="37FC4CB099377365542A228BF9C18C0B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="F613F37460F240E8AC9E09B81671BFD2" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Corticella geodioides</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D769850A016ECB279556E2E7FC4DE3E9" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
: 77, pl. IV fig. 14, pl. X fig. 12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="B092C3277CD5E65C79E745B077600BC2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="189C4386EAD83CFF8F39F2B8B2928357" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton 1956</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="98E339DC12462D8B8E391517EFB7F0FA" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton 1956</bibRefCitation>
: 142.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrissa geodioides</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="B3D6F3EDD4D4E79EAFF1E44FA453CCFC" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="67AFB4A9621F45653023F3D990144C21" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrissa geodioides</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="1221DB6366DD1E5CDB49BD41A1FC19F2" author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 80;
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D9FB841CAD42106C6D1631DFC1447FD9" author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 132, fig. 2D.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<subSubSection id="03BA0DE0E39BFC4CC461611ACEEED61D" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="D61534357E1DB24B318C8049750E5BA0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F379A8A8E8E88C596458E11D98C8D187" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
ZMA Por. 21666, EMEPC/G3
<normalizedToken originalValue="D03AMa">-D03A-Ma</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="473D2DF8D6E7AC5145BC4631B87F0E25" originalValue="D03AMa">-D03A-Ma</normalizedToken>
012, Azores, Terceira Island, 38.4265°N; 26.8206°W, 1201 m, coll. J. Xavier, 18 May 2007.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="4D7B595F7F3BF273BE33A3AA83FE77A3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Specimens provided by Dr Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3
<normalizedToken originalValue="D01">-D01-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8B45D35C85A8F73401AE07E62E753170" originalValue="D01">-D01-</normalizedToken>
Ma005, Azores,
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F1EB9553EEFF0468EB1288E5B53F5B48" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Jorge Island, 38.48°N; 27.798°W, 1222 m, 17 May 2007; EMEPC/G3
<normalizedToken originalValue="D02">-D02-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FF99C81474EACFCE1839D35F7565EE40" originalValue="D02">-D02-</normalizedToken>
Ma006, Azores, Terceira Island, 38.5530°N; 26.7083°W, 744 m, 18 May 2007; EMEPC/G3
<normalizedToken originalValue="D33AMa">-D33A-Ma</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DF1B0B205D09AFBDB146AF661C59B990" originalValue="D33AMa">-D33A-Ma</normalizedToken>
011a, S of Azores, Cruiser Seamount, 32.2570°N; 27.553°W, 643 m, 4 June 2007; EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<subSubSection id="173ED1CAFCDE065D0DF530FA1BB346BB" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="5BCA62675EC6F3B1FA17CB3EB82A859F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D5BFC9467DEA1409E54C08973A9161B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Flat mounds (Fig. 24A) and thick crusts, rounded off at the edges. Size up to 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×3.5×">x3.5x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="175E390EE2DD695082467798F6B716EF" originalValue="×3.5×">x3.5x</normalizedToken>
1 cm. Surface generally smooth-looking and lacking obvious apertures. Rough to the touch, hard but crumbly. Colour white or cream (alcohol).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Skeleton: with a dense crust of microscleres carried by triaene megascleres, with scattered bundles of oxeas, which appear mostly broken and are sometimes entirely absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, (broken) oxeas, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="22A1EF7B3F16C0CB21CC0D28050216B4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Skeleton: with a dense crust of microscleres carried by triaene megascleres, with scattered bundles of oxeas, which appear mostly broken and are sometimes entirely absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D6F9F311DB997A0C4A8E7A867AC1B63F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, (broken) oxeas, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2912E23343C2E18539B87AA6C175647" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Calthrops (Fig. 24
<normalizedToken originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6B1E14649F403F1081BAB967522F7941" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
), with common triactine forms, in a wide size range, cladi 102
<normalizedToken originalValue="350.9">-350.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="478E1E7FFA1236ED5099ADEC7C314922" originalValue="350.9">-350.9-</normalizedToken>
705
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="66EE459D9B12148DF8C0D857F23E2C39" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
11
<normalizedToken originalValue="51.5">-51.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8C1F56EA0EF5C4F16EDA56EC98FB1467" originalValue="51.5">-51.5-</normalizedToken>
128
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7C1C61B415AA38699CBFB3990EECB3CC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladomes 150
<normalizedToken originalValue="471.4">-471.4-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9A7678A04ED4E7E1F93E411C6FEB3292" originalValue="471.4">-471.4-</normalizedToken>
1050
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CDB97DFE3979827CF26451C01E4F43A0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, possibly divisible in two categories (cladi lengths 102-180 and 434-705
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A295B3FFF65A553002FE243446A9674C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="5F8924816720100E8A61A8467478594B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Dichocalthrops (Fig. 24D), few (absent in some specimens) and fairly small: protocladi 75-92
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="41F2B48E52607F8A467EE2694919A5FB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8978FCF7941B9481052EC0D9C99903B8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, deuterocladi 28-31
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="016B62AE08A0668B46FE16F242342323" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabdome 92-120
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3199508CB99AAE8BE768E58280FB8193" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladome 128-183
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A141D5DCFD7823C86016A7FA96C01472" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="D104BA364E88901E78A5A75E0EE639D2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Oxeas (visible in Fig. 24B) invariably broken, at least 500
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D5E5164857F9E97BEFA1ED713B75B98C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in length and 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="638BDC27A2B2BC5EE21CA5915D8B0371" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diameter. Absent in some specimens (Sollas gives oxea size 736
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="530B4C5CD34D1E8AB9D2190CF5BDFC1A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A06D7330DD5B7EDE521E027CCD685364" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="412AB8D537E6D5E89FE03A7925FBC74C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Oxyasters (Fig. 24E) with conical rays, perhaps to be considered oxyspherasters, not common, 13-18
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DA95A1EBC1A528E4A17CF6297E2C0617" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<pageBreakToken pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Tuberculated</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="2B2783DCB215C7250B141273ED9FA5C9" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<pageBreakToken id="1613E928A7D057B13C15F6DBDB736D8E" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Tuberculated</pageBreakToken>
spherasters (Fig. 24
<normalizedToken originalValue="FG">F-G</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DBB118AE7BC57AA3D894311EC0B14B80" originalValue="FG">F-G</normalizedToken>
), quite variable, in some specimens entirely smooth and of irregular oval shape, usually in a large size range 7-28
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6DD453EFBBC7FC56307CCF690B27A813" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, possibly divisible in two overlapping size classes (7-12 and 23-28
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4CAC2E58CD7DAC7F75032334F2C0BC40" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<caption id="05D73A813B541FD93941B8E5D2F4076C" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="26FE1D37183D760DC0B30AF5DA4D22FC" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Figure 24.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5A85BCD4309488DDE5E189B7ECE0E3A3" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
, ZMA Por. 21666, from Azores, Terceira Island, A habit (scale bar 1 cm) B calthrops C overview of spicules, including broken oxeas D dichocalthrops E oxyaster F large tuberculated spherasters G small tuberculated spherasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">On rocks in deep water, 599-1222 m.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="86924DDF1A1036489EB983D3C0832173" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="D1280DBC808D9D69052A4D2D9270DADA" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29CC2C9362B8A76D52222AC050E9B424" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">On rocks in deep water, 599-1222 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection id="C7204E570DEA04E4D7032407B691A1D8" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7D6B8FD90E3E5C647A8A47002C761AE4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13223CF287D4A77D7E2A2BBB87D56F9D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Off Cabo
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9450FB963DB008AE370D9EAAA801C254" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Vicente, Portugal; Azores.
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton (1956)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F857A4C2AE4DFB0990DCC487F88B2291" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton (1956)</bibRefCitation>
lists the species for Madeira, but the basis for that is not clear.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="0625B9024F7937C47460C7ACBD406037" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="2B0D6566A63B6046B9F83FB87242F264" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2948CC1EEA9B91465B910F6810134CA0" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<bibRefCitation id="CC0BD45C5414D9323662761AEEB38E4C" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="38C0B7FB83136C25AC00E1E062939797" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
both point out the great similarity of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="41357D3486A5F123EEE69C17C8438E4D" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DBBC8966F362E5B4BF701DA213D46F78" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
. Points of difference apparently are the absence of dichocalthrops and oxeas in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2642B9F4C08354CD9E4917B038EA8AD4" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
. In our present series of samples we could not find any oxeas in samples Ma012 and Ma005 (see above) and in the other samples they were invariably single, not forming bundles or radiating towards the surface and appeared to be broken generally in all sections and spicule mounts. Possibly this was artefactual. Dichocalthrops were rare to extremely rare in all studied samples.
<pageBreakToken pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Dichocalthrops</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="9956B039E0365E10B94F7E1600860518" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Dichocalthrops</pageBreakToken>
that were encountered were all in the small size class of triaene megascleres (less than 200
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="125860F2FD6F2AFD965543383C2E70C1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
cladome size) and often were not
<normalizedToken originalValue="complete">'complete'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F489EF772D4CBF31ED1C6E56FEE15FA6" originalValue="complete">'complete'</normalizedToken>
, i.e. only one or two of the cladi were forked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">We believe that the two species simplex and geodioides could very well be the same species and could eventually be merged, but we will await further studies including molecular sequencing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
<paragraph id="50283D8DC81A4A5C17EB203E217FBE14" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">We believe that the two species simplex and geodioides could very well be the same species and could eventually be merged, but we will await further studies including molecular sequencing.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A781C5E5EF82AB9CBDD9DB0B0B837A0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<normalizedToken id="D44DDB2BD5C450C0D67FDC0C19BDB818" originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
(1897) variety of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CD80635C04B03E8E2B79C3253E005A62" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
from Ambon (Indonesia) is not close to the present species. It shares the presence of oxeas and dichocalthrops with
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="48C95FBFA9539E305A5B9D3432AC3565" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
but calthrops are much smaller (200
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="249418A5D6991A8C7D6DC7C2CB8EB8C2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and
<normalizedToken originalValue="thickcentred">thick-centred</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7CCDB0D6A9CCC6AC32F9ABED923F763B" originalValue="thickcentred">thick-centred</normalizedToken>
euasters are only 10-12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="57AC0BB51FCF5055F8F2E09FEA367E43" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. It is redescribed in
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="723 - 764" title="Revision de la collection d'eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonesie) constitue par Bedot et Pictet et conservee au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve." volume="88" year="1981">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="63F8C39A2877E6C9A590CD9346E01589" author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="723 - 764" title="Revision de la collection d'eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonesie) constitue par Bedot et Pictet et conservee au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve." volume="88" year="1981">
<normalizedToken id="AF9860AC5F7E0ECD535852437A5F4022" originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
(1981)
</bibRefCitation>
but remains ill-known (see below).

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@ -1,211 +1,211 @@
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Genus
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="631FEAD9F3C495EDCEF5B01030683F31" ID-CoL="84M3J" authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="258D27DCA8047148F5B81554D71C0037" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F2CEEA88C3D190DEADC25FBD1BDD6425" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="0ECA8F377B367B605B9670D2C9268708" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="F6B366DB9A1C65827B18D2083DD94D82" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 107.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrissa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="89F7A7E0C8A5D8EE7C4573FDB5AE2656" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="2C9C01EDB7CC3055396A2AA4ED434B85" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrissa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="728BE5BCF23874CFA0C7CC033CF4BB39" author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 80.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">Pachataxa</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="78D0AE02C63F999356B1BE893F508587" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="51D6166DFE265303551A03F558564C00" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="2986ADB65B8B060ACD9B0DD0B2571020" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">Pachataxa</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="066E2FC90B068CCCD2E5E8808596AD85" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 179.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="4CCDF4F98505CDB38EB089EABF999D03" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="6898E35690D261C4091D50A85F29DD89" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="43788F075ED0C750C68100DA1A0E1FD8" author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 62.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Emended definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName family="Calthropellidae" lsidName="" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="family">Calthropellidae</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="6BB276C4EEF4DDF8C0B5CB80217C9211" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="emended definition">
<paragraph id="110B89623862A90080CC2D731A2FE815" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Emended definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C9B6169C75195005E44B2E79D437DBC" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="E89CE3CEC610BDDD28AAEC8DD6BBAFD9" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Calthropellidae</taxonomicName>
with calthrops or short-shafted triaenes and their dichotriaene modifications as megascleres, supplemented in some species with auxiliary thin oxeas. Microscleres euasters and in some members aster- or rhabd-derived microspined forms.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="DD212EB5A651F21FC0B1233F16BDC91E" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="type species">
<paragraph id="76C9054BDF98709665BB97446A861FC6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC6625B377EB9D56BCDB58299206411D" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="6896360B4BAC2B07D649022CE74247D8" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
Sollas, 1888.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<paragraph id="CC4F357E49AE7584B646EE3E0C58BA45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Comments:
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AF619E71187A0AD42679A19275478D46" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
species are diverse in megasclere and microsclere composition reflected in several generic names currently in use or considered synonyms. We propose to reassign
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="93EBA6BDD9C99F79D4C089C9225D2929" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
species as here employed, to three subgenera, including
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="01C54B070136EB05047252AE20618D53" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
, formerly a synonym, but now revived to encompass those
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BEDD121F731A2A1757136283A373EFB8" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
species having only
<normalizedToken originalValue="normal">'normal'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FC66547A8AF34B615FE4DFF76C108E95" originalValue="normal">'normal'</normalizedToken>
euasters,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1988B57D60A7429B718649E6D1967530" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
, formerly a valid genus, to encompass species with deformed microspined polyangular microscleres (
<normalizedToken originalValue="ataxasters">'ataxasters'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7A870180E63092E43153A2309D54D03D" originalValue="ataxasters">'ataxasters'</normalizedToken>
) along with normal oxyasters, and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A9C71BD09632C76982A6344991F9DF99" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
s.s. for species having globular asters with characteristically tuberculated rays next to normal asters. Several new species of all three subgenera have been found in various parts of the world and will be described below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<paragraph id="2E83529C30AE5830F05DA5FFF5EF4ED1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrissa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6BB573F6EF641ABCB02C14DA109A7184" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrissa</taxonomicName>
is subsumed into the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2E8DA54796D24A8B1022285F5249C2C9" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
because the type species,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DC849C2D19CB1BBAF54FAE8FBC93B19C" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrella geodioides</taxonomicName>
(cf. below) differs only from the type of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3266566F7DC66E41D4A792418418CF23" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="184FF1FEAF590E87EB586015F50160CC" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
, in possessing an unstable complement of single oxeas, without structural position in the skeleton, often broken, and occasionally absent. Below, we maintain separate species
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AF9DD212BBF980487B9426F2AF32F33D" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="FFD67E5825DB90D312D6C1268F2ACB1C" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
, because we did not examine the type of the former, but
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sollas">Sollas'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="910E2E5372287D507D1EC2397F4644BF" originalValue="Sollas">Sollas'</normalizedToken>
description of it makes it clear that it differs from
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E77FE932471B2D951E8FD30BD89E50A3" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
in two doubtful features, lack of dichocalthrops (rarely present in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="35EB0A0EF9083BFD544F0C4877C5D30F" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
) and oxeas (unstable presence in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="12FDF8D0F4AB6FB4B26478A96E5840E4" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
, see below). Especially the shape of the globular asters in both is so similar that conspecificity is likely. Likewise
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Pachastrissa pathologica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="19DBF74FA1865C281DE5ED80C147B1FB" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Pachastrissa pathologica</taxonomicName>
(Schmidt, 1868), and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Pachastrissa inopinata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CB9A15E6477D3E66E335E0A87C1EE073" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Pachastrissa inopinata</taxonomicName>
(Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) are returned to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3ED8601DD8FB3C559DFF36109F28ED65" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
, close to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3150BE60CA4716364D9ED0E10D3A0E7C" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<paragraph id="E060F9CDAB1087819AFAF532CE360157" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The junior synonymy proposed for
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrissa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4D7F8F17772AD41494E0C75B3B4961C0" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrissa</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D3AD3D7CD37F3EB867C975CEE9D53FBE" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
does not extend to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa hartmeyeri" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hartmeyeri">Pachastrissa hartmeyeri</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="32D37ECDAC3A65F3D610DA8F6A0C926F" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa hartmeyeri" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hartmeyeri">Pachastrissa hartmeyeri</taxonomicName>
Uliczka (1929) and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa nux" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nux">Pachastrissa nux</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7619558CE91CC43775A7A1382E4E64C2" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa nux" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nux">Pachastrissa nux</taxonomicName>
(de Laubenfels, 1954) as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Jasplakina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Jasplakina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Jasplakina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5A301E212D0ED05DF8393E9A302AD900" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Jasplakina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Jasplakina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Jasplakina</taxonomicName>
, both of which fit better in the ancorinid genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Penares" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Penares</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="188D501CD5DF7B7E02BF46E7281B6023" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Penares" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Penares</taxonomicName>
on account of the structural oxeas and the presence of ectosmal microxeas in these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<paragraph id="BC9D5C90B1410913598DEF7C6CFDC20E" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The newly defined genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="67E816831BED7E7365D2C932D02CD38E" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
is distinct from
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2A2C526B800526A2598B00500B5FF731" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
s.l. in the possession of true euasters, the lack of sanidasters, the lack of large darkly pigmented cells with inclusions, and in the harder less organic texture of most species (except subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5269A9C967A5E77276E8AF079534C5F9" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
). Calthrops are the dominant megasclere type, varying widely in size and shape (cladi 40-800
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="48545172242989399C3E02B3076278EA" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), with dichocalthrops so far known only from
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5DE48FD098A764FF402B0F87F1717CD7" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
and its Indonesian
<normalizedToken originalValue="variety">'variety'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AA4DCC9752153EB5FF5CB520D8119066" originalValue="variety">'variety'</normalizedToken>
. Asters are basically oxyasters, but they are often variable in shape with a strikingly high frequency of spheroxyasters with irregular shapes culminating in peculiar globular silica balls ornamented with tuberculated protrusions in some species. The subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="EA1A2424EEA5307194F39AA6D1F40C00" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
has asymmetrical,
<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">deformed</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="4EAB70A9E81C7F220205601F9D62E51C" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">deformed</pageBreakToken>
microspined siliceous microscleres which are derivatives of asters or microrhabds (which of these is unclear, so far). Differentiation in two aster types is usual. Like with several
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C439FF6E1BD92710C87F255E3080E53C" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
species, oxea megascleres are reported in several descriptions, with widely different sizes and usually in broken condition. The oxeas may be foreign, but the persistent reports of their presence in some species indicate otherwise. In any case they do not have a structural position in the skeleton and are here considered
<normalizedToken originalValue="auxiliary">'auxiliary'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AAFE99CD9FAADD01617D1834CE149FE1" originalValue="auxiliary">'auxiliary'</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="key to the subgenera of calthropella (see fig. 23)">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Key to the subgenera of Calthropella (see Fig. 23)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<table pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<tr pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<td colspan="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="3D34F5A10B89DDA0618117E3EF42F7AC" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="key to the subgenera of calthropella (see fig. 23)">
<paragraph id="55A520A10884F5BD835620407A914E9B" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Key to the subgenera of Calthropella (see Fig. 23)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FEE3A21F1FCD1A42ECFB229E9FC24E92" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC4328524245C1C57D2FB9E156C689C0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<table id="05B9DF421E0F58A359ED3A5AE405681C" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<tr id="A54263DB4543F3C6BD209498BE65ADAE" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<td id="4158DD5AD8B1952E615B7C8C9B747276" colspan="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="1478216410B500B31FCEB4897C43EF9F" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<td colspan="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
<tr id="B3801025C2D8828670ADAFC93F5CA2EC" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<td id="ACB435FB3B952612F1CFE24DE0C9D613" colspan="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="1013B848BC24885C8D55249FE1DF2CA5" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<td colspan="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="6B89B89218AB2E3C700B93E535FFDFD3" ID-CoL="CMLYN" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:253274" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole synanthropica Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="synanthropica">Pheidole synanthropica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AACEA4F97D97B2894BA480BD2587D0B8" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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@ -1,242 +1,242 @@
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1880" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
<treatment id="6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
<subSubSection id="C0D64FD27B7B4E4E1ACF231A6CF01F90" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="58BBDA0BE0241F027500B68164BF93F8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="56E2E6681ED47066E8424A602A8F67FD" ID-CoL="34W2J" authority="Carter, 1880" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken id="159C47F9A88960A43B5DE4E73F64F11B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Stoeba simplex (Carter, 1880)
</taxonomicName>
Figs 6
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<normalizedToken id="ECFA1D018A7E57E9D06A77C6C72505D1" originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samus simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Samus simplex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="35 - 156" title="Report on Specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren" volume="6" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="8EF6F6686E63DB4A9FCFD1AB7464D857" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BD69EC33DEE60A46130075133BAB34B5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="1A005A7C4D649EB0B36EA5E3B3F25D0B" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samus simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Samus simplex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="75AEFCBF9F060EA90E8C40DC3FC07B45" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="35 - 156" title="Report on Specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren" volume="6" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
: 60, pl. V fig. 26.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Stoeba simplex</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="ECBDF07CF50C3EACDF35F3C21DC14B66" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="FC0AFA1D12DA9942EBC267B20B49C54B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Stoeba simplex</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A93C17F79230C20EE19FE807C78BF841" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 102;
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="62F11058DA97612D734BD2DA0C7C356C" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 155, fig. 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1671EB7ED1FC985B7920230EA08A8D3A" originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Dercitus simplex</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="7DD3E7B11105C3E53DD1600DD272E606" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="73B16BCD74B14FB23AB08BF3F377AA6B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Dercitus simplex</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="19 - 80" title="Kieselschwaemme von Ternate. I." volume="25" year="1900">Thiele 1900</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="4982411FDE220499C340328583499F04" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="19 - 80" title="Kieselschwaemme von Ternate. I." volume="25" year="1900">Thiele 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 20, pl. II fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Stoeba plicata</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="C15C1F2555678BDF6A7EA8307112E3FC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="3D6628DFF4909005325B5D3247DAC4CE" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Stoeba plicata</taxonomicName>
var. simplex;
<bibRefCitation author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="457 - 478" title="Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family" volume="11" year="1915">Annandale 1915</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="78B38E538B4E5B23E171589122A01CA4" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="457 - 478" title="Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family" volume="11" year="1915">Annandale 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 458.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus var. simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="plicatus" variety="simplex">Dercitus plicatus var. simplex</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="7B1CE433B8D2F8907E3797A02936D490" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="6D0ADE8870D856E534A29F1C2AC29890" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus var. simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="plicatus" variety="simplex">Dercitus plicatus var. simplex</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I" volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao 1932</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="30305B7C20EE274A2B3ACADE2AFD206D" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I" volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao 1932</bibRefCitation>
: 309.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="E23DEB31EAE377220CAC291BF727A96E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="AE8341B0A97941034AC2EE3D17A77DD9" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="333 - 362" title="Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral and Coral Reefs" year="1972">Thomas 1972</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="938E3FEEB43E72045FDACE50B362A74C" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="333 - 362" title="Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral and Coral Reefs" year="1972">Thomas 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 353, pl. II figs 6
<normalizedToken originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="50A01B8BFFBA87BC3E95CF562F3F3887" originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH 1931.1.1.31a, Invisible Bank, Andaman Islands, slide only of which it is uncertain whether it represents the present species. Type: Indian Museum Calcutta? (not seen).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="01B680DB97A0206593CEC90239CC28EE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="779997913634F07E094D3535E8A75E6B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81976B900830E51218AC192882745CCC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH 1931.1.1.31a, Invisible Bank, Andaman Islands, slide only of which it is uncertain whether it represents the present species. Type: Indian Museum Calcutta? (not seen).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection id="C13860126E1817E53D2A1C33CAA0721F" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="E188336C4BA417B819A49F159C5C20F2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D6DC38D5FD0E88859C2C7DAB13034A5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
(from Carter and Sollas). &quot;Sponge excavating. Spicules: Megasclere dichotriaene, rhabdome 0.210
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DE7DA1298D075B2B5B120257E34848FE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.042 mm. Microsclere rod-like with numerous small spines 0.0127 mm in length. Habitat: Gulf of Manaar&quot;.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<caption id="3CE824890F2CE330749A8E536C40CB92" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="2E51B63C9559F14F95BC16213F427400" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Figure 6.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A08125FDD2B9E29531C0E3517E2AB8F4" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
microphotos,
<normalizedToken originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="413CFBA07F94B0685408F9E20B7C5814" originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="42F8896D2B58D8510B3EB698B68DBBD1" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
, BMNH 1931.1.1.31a, slide of specimen from Invisible Bank, Andaman Islands, A overview of dichocalthrops (scale bar 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4BD3D771A2446A74A4788C146D0492DD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) B sanidasters (scale bar 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4FD618CD1D5E31B4162DD56E2CD176E3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
)
<normalizedToken originalValue="CF">C-F</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="72B6A0C69789177272D138CE55B7815B" originalValue="CF">C-F</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="90EEFF502C050460AD3E1E14DFB4B7CA" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
, holoype MNHN DT 3635, with schizotype BMNH 1868.3.2.1. (slide only), from Algiers 1868, C photo of holotype, made by P.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C17A75986DC1F9F6D3F0FF05B8C6849B" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
(scale bar 1 cm) D overview of spicules in BMNH type slide (scale bar 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1FB55A615A51C8485D4DDA7F7B3A6C74" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) E SEM photo of megascleres from holotype F sanidasters from holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">The exact properties and variation of this species have not been established so far, so we can only provide a discussion pending a proper revision. The type material has not been reexamined and its precise whereabouts are uncertain.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="457 - 478" title="Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family" volume="11" year="1915">Annandale (1915)</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="4C5F8381EAA0386DA01A07ABF8648C30" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="0E08E2F9569D0281DDD9E1F9E759AA8B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F55FCE4EEBC53EA4AF618D4B37C058B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">The exact properties and variation of this species have not been established so far, so we can only provide a discussion pending a proper revision. The type material has not been reexamined and its precise whereabouts are uncertain.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="934DBDD690EFEF7838A1FA6768BEDDCE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="93648206597C1C0A357451D93EB98979" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="457 - 478" title="Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family" volume="11" year="1915">Annandale (1915)</bibRefCitation>
described specimens from the Mergui Archipelago (now Myanmar) as similarly
<normalizedToken originalValue="excavating">'excavating'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1E7311F60F008E5869A0E4814A2B015C" originalValue="excavating">'excavating'</normalizedToken>
(they are insinuating dead corals and filling spaces presumably made by clionaid sponges) and having dichocalthrops, and a single calthrops, as megascleres (sizes not given); sanidasters 16.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A01439C7F777066BAECFA0F108E10764" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="333 - 362" title="Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral and Coral Reefs" year="1972">Thomas (1972)</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="954ECBA7C64E5872B1994491D5F793A3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="CEBC7A54937B0DA93B623F07A0F5D099" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="333 - 362" title="Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral and Coral Reefs" year="1972">Thomas (1972)</bibRefCitation>
described 'coral
<normalizedToken originalValue="boring">boring'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="25F886DC436A935988B942F14AE1C5FD" originalValue="boring">boring'</normalizedToken>
material from the Gulf of Manaar, insinuating, with dichocalthrops having protocladi 33
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="21BD733A0BDF7010437087F9DED9114D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2, deuterocladi 79
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="41CD8C60403AA6B35F98C40E0B990403" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
16, rhabdome 63
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BC80A0FDCE60476E2D16BDC17F74991C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
16 and cladome 210
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="58B34D6450A3415814CE9F4F5DDEE185" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. The rhabdome is clearly shorter than in the other described specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="FC15F08906007C5E595FFE2CCDD743F0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In contrast to previous descriptions,
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="19 - 80" title="Kieselschwaemme von Ternate. I." volume="25" year="1900">Thiele (1900)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="8F1CD43899AD62D346DC026745CDF56D" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="19 - 80" title="Kieselschwaemme von Ternate. I." volume="25" year="1900">Thiele (1900)</bibRefCitation>
recorded this species from Ternate (Indonesia, Halmahera) as forming a black encrustation likened to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1A91576E4747180E17DBF926973511C5" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
. Spicule dimensions provided were: rhabdome of dichocalthrops 150
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B856EAFDB59645320D07947894B6D1E6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
25
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="97E67FCAB810157C2D3FD6F154425439" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladome also similar in size, sanidasters 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="27E1DB009C5E40D82676F66ABEDE3A44" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, provided with 'numerous clear
<normalizedToken originalValue="spines">spines'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="955E9EB006B54EB9E072B2106535FBDE" originalValue="spines">spines'</normalizedToken>
. Thiele also mentions the presence of large (12-35
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9E921E9452470CA43512B648ADDE713F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) pigment cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado (2002)</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="1FBE360CD7E41961097EE9FFDF68F42D" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="A2FFD596FA6C474903E63469093CF5BD" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado (2002)</bibRefCitation>
gave a description of an Indian specimen from the Andaman Islands, supposedly of this species, but not the Gulf of Manaar type specimen itself. It is presumed that he described the specimen mentioned in
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I" volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao (1932)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="2C3E3416105F4E949288AB06F5421FA9" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I" volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao (1932)</bibRefCitation>
. We borrowed the same slide from the NHM collection (BMNH 31.1.1.31a). It is possible that this specimen which according to Burton and Rao (l.c.) in external form resembled
<bibRefCitation author="Dendy, A" editor="Herdman, WA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="57 - 246" title="Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902" volumeTitle="Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar" year="1905">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dendys">Dendy's</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="1858930FE6C5FAECD7F2598960AE1D51" author="Dendy, A" editor="Herdman, WA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="57 - 246" title="Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902" volumeTitle="Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar" year="1905">
<normalizedToken id="69056C17B2229B3C372200D6BB1C81AB" originalValue="Dendys">Dendy's</normalizedToken>
(1905)
</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="60870B86D0526FAA4209C2229FF90B1E" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
more than
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3CB37826D5C5840103B89F898233FF39" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
may indeed have been of another species as there is a big difference between the original description of Carter and the Burton and Rao slide in the size of the microrhabds: 12.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CDAF1A10F3F7437DFDA1F38E229CA0B6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in the type, 18-28
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2F43C85642685DD39BC4623882A02C2B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-7
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="251F7E694D88337C7FA7ADAF414E35F9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in the Andaman specimen (Fig. 6B). The rhabd of the dichocalthrops of the type is given as 210
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F703DB9EA08969FA92F782ECA3C5E346" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
42
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F640DA10431BAA2B0B2704AB320ABACE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
whereas Maldonado gives 40-225
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9BBEF1D3E043AB1151FB8E6AE101E07B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
60-75
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4AAF09F7700CED7136DE04EA18F5B9D8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in the Andaman specimen (remeasured by us 75
<normalizedToken originalValue="251.5">-251.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="86574B5E09F09BC6C282BF5064EA81C1" originalValue="251.5">-251.5-</normalizedToken>
317
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3B184E74D6F3163C65B7F4261604FF98" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="39.8">-39.8-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EC2D5463B4C559D6BFD8854C5F569D01" originalValue="39.8">-39.8-</normalizedToken>
52
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2BD211F22B74ACABAACA1E50E5753E23" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) (Fig. 6A). Maldonado additionally gives protocladi as 30-50
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="237511C05B9163DB26D98505727DF876" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-60
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EE443ED15F5D3963E053978FC0123FF3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(remeasured by us: 53
<normalizedToken originalValue="84.3">-84.3-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6CEDDE83E4F9F849836DEB10036989D6" originalValue="84.3">-84.3-</normalizedToken>
117
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D9168BB57885E8EF317F0619CFAA4144" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14
<normalizedToken originalValue="39.7">-39.7-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C23EFDB5B565A188FC616AAF1E286F85" originalValue="39.7">-39.7-</normalizedToken>
51) and deuterocladi as up to 150
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="293F3F93FEDE34E093A3B9EEB50D4632" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
35-40
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D17B4E2239E983DB472E72AE571EAC7C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(remeasured 15
<normalizedToken originalValue="105.0">-105.0-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D1BD25DC725BF7031C61E3DE470FE53A" originalValue="105.0">-105.0-</normalizedToken>
157
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E3D634A5C761536E58E7888A5DA051B6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8
<normalizedToken originalValue="29.4">-29.4-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="91C007D4CD3E563E4B804DA061728E9E" originalValue="29.4">-29.4-</normalizedToken>
38
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="409BDBE20EC3FFA1840E5381CC05F41F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
). Cladomes 128
<normalizedToken originalValue="386.8">-386.8-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A47E20B8AE9CF4ADD5B9594745012353" originalValue="386.8">-386.8-</normalizedToken>
492
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0238FF1F41DB5F98718FB794C938087D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Small dichocalthrops were rare in the slide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">If all these specimens are members of a single species, then it occurs on both sides of the Gulf of Bengal as well as on the islands in the middle of it and to the east into Indonesia. However, specimens need to be reexamined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45BC626BF170BF7D990E789DF2116913" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">If all these specimens are members of a single species, then it occurs on both sides of the Gulf of Bengal as well as on the islands in the middle of it and to the east into Indonesia. However, specimens need to be reexamined.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -1,205 +1,205 @@
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360711" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6CD1FBF6899DACD2C7F73C666C21F5D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6CD1FBF6899DACD2C7F73C666C21F5D4" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authority="Dendy, 1905" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="23" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
<treatment id="6CD1FBF6899DACD2C7F73C666C21F5D4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360711" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6CD1FBF6899DACD2C7F73C666C21F5D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6CD1FBF6899DACD2C7F73C666C21F5D4" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
<subSubSection id="8C7647C0171A5C38D8341EA226D89D90" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5221DE7239B3F20A177BDFB143B5E49B" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="DB71BF74656ACAD19A09DAAD0B69D3FF" ID-CoL="34W28" authority="Dendy, 1905" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken id="386C4C88B8C8D223E7006B860403781D" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Stoeba extensus (Dendy, 1905)
</taxonomicName>
Figs 11
<normalizedToken originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="898D3203A6C221C9845F845824C4F772" originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba extensa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensa">Stoeba extensa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Dendy, A" editor="Herdman, WA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="57 - 246" title="Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902" volumeTitle="Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar" year="1905">Dendy 1905</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="4D785C5DEDF9883A8FA025DF80A3E356" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0A1DF329C7B22EA7A7F5D94F4BB657CC" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A3DD072F41B2A16608210F6B7C659202" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba extensa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensa">Stoeba extensa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="3D4CFBBA80EF9C1D6C831160A84EACD1" author="Dendy, A" editor="Herdman, WA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="57 - 246" title="Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902" volumeTitle="Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar" year="1905">Dendy 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 70, pl. V fig. 1;?
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Tethys, Supplement" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="51 - 126" title="Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar)." volume="1" year="1971">Vacelet and Vasseur 1971</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="6DB774311E7C2814151B82721F4A1AA1" author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Tethys, Supplement" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="51 - 126" title="Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar)." volume="1" year="1971">Vacelet and Vasseur 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 70, fig. 13.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="F68AD96F082F92D020C56FB3B596231A" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="E5AF172029898A057FF90658A8A85C9D" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="202 - 209" title="On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species" volume="12" year="1970">Thomas 1970</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="49E1BE4251CB59DF43F2BD98B3C9BE95" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="202 - 209" title="On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species" volume="12" year="1970">Thomas 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 207, fig. 9.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">BMNH 1907.2.1.5a, two slides from type, R.N. 167, Gulf of Mannaar, Sri Lanka.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="DDEDF9B30C3F8A9E4F4B0128A952299C" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="4FF001CD5FBA5A80AD17A94325A88274" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0981FC20AA48D10A1367CD4D30E7BCD2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">BMNH 1907.2.1.5a, two slides from type, R.N. 167, Gulf of Mannaar, Sri Lanka.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection id="9DD3743D0E1768995643BE06E4437304" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="42CCDA8F24928B52D01C344E681BE761" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA0DB651ECAC605A04AE0189DFC38C90" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
(partially from Dendy, 1905). Encrusting extensively over calcareous algae and filling crevices, 4.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6CB1D4601711B6EA0EFF9F5CCA7798F0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.3 cm in lateral expansion. Surface smooth, no apertures. Colour pale grey (alcohol). Consistency tough, fleshy. Dendy mentions the presence of large cells with inclusions (cystencytes) of 60
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="99AC4BEF767751B6203EFE3F1996AF89" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">The two slides contain thin cross sections of the peripheral regions.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Skeleton (Fig. 11A): irregular mass of short-shafted triaenes covered by a thin ectosomal crust of microscleres.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spicules: megascleres predominantly dichocalthrops, but also normal calthrops or calthrops with one or two bifid cladi, sanidasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph id="4EEF77942965A6720357CE8517FF71AE" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">The two slides contain thin cross sections of the peripheral regions.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE741655A57D98D74DE4B6060D342F33" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Skeleton (Fig. 11A): irregular mass of short-shafted triaenes covered by a thin ectosomal crust of microscleres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E2FEBAE11621B7C48CFC7DA9E4D31BF" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spicules: megascleres predominantly dichocalthrops, but also normal calthrops or calthrops with one or two bifid cladi, sanidasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D71A7216704DABA179F1C18301517FB2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Calthrops (Fig. 11C), cladi 57- 87.0-123
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7B11AD7D476E121AE284F66150DCF274" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8
<normalizedToken originalValue="14.9">-14.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="63E08E4A1EAFE6DEF970DB54952E333A" originalValue="14.9">-14.9-</normalizedToken>
23
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0C4FC7F65CFEE67F6DF168E952EB921B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladomes 108
<normalizedToken originalValue="158.9">-158.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DFA276FF5D34C01DA2E32AE9A5E75BC0" originalValue="158.9">-158.9-</normalizedToken>
210
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="40D90E1CE11359379221C16294DBEAC3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph id="8964D9BB4995D1AB1AAD897DCEB25696" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Dichocalthrops (Fig. 11B), protocladi 39
<normalizedToken originalValue="46.9">-46.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="13D18EB950AF7A80C177D99060407181" originalValue="46.9">-46.9-</normalizedToken>
54
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FF4E258ECDF48DFD9B0B795F77D92BCF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5
<normalizedToken originalValue="15.5">-15.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8CF8584B91766B7CEE356A7E2BF39575" originalValue="15.5">-15.5-</normalizedToken>
21
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8C583154456770609DD2D2076F5C8287" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, deuterocladi 8
<normalizedToken originalValue="37.9">-37.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5DBD169353C65FC3C10641B83F093689" originalValue="37.9">-37.9-</normalizedToken>
61
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0A18385E5CC2C7E1BB72CFCA8473D770" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4
<normalizedToken originalValue="11.1">-11.1-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4CD1C5704A4EE9E611E0024B87A8D971" originalValue="11.1">-11.1-</normalizedToken>
18
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F48B50FAB5EE610600669B20460E40A6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabds 24
<normalizedToken originalValue="65.6">-65.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3FDA17BF95B505EB16F2918842DCD587" originalValue="65.6">-65.6-</normalizedToken>
124
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1AF711516575CB7B6157C641A646A937" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5
<normalizedToken originalValue="15.1">-15.1-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="635BFA54412991EADFC63F3CC05E86A5" originalValue="15.1">-15.1-</normalizedToken>
27, cladomes 84
<normalizedToken originalValue="155.2">-155.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9657C4DFA58C2D2954C0F7E144A82D7E" originalValue="155.2">-155.2-</normalizedToken>
192
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8F9E1BF1CBE81BA3AD7592EDD36373FB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">Sanidasters</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="8E349DE413321162C2873A0BB84B3D5E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<pageBreakToken id="8C5F88768A7B957D2F37C8A341176883" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">Sanidasters</pageBreakToken>
(Fig. 11D), oxea-like (Dendy:
<normalizedToken originalValue="microxeas">'microxeas'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3CC1E6F0D61AAA4F899E7AE5A582AC79" originalValue="microxeas">'microxeas'</normalizedToken>
), 14
<normalizedToken originalValue="19.6">-19.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6AA0FA473FC7831AA7C93E137062EBED" originalValue="19.6">-19.6-</normalizedToken>
26
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="11D1621549C5E29D3B163323D6280E27" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1
<normalizedToken originalValue="1.55">-1.55-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C6F8F3EA54BEF2326F6CB34EF7E094EC" originalValue="1.55">-1.55-</normalizedToken>
2
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="341414A15FFB0350A1207719FE42BEE1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<caption id="D50BD084F01313786F2B96E70A958CE5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<paragraph id="FD5540F15C0DA4D2F37C7A398CEB7E8A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Figure 11.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="59DD94309F3D928A4E5E06DB4EAF3830" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
, slides from type BMNH 1907.2.1.5a, Gulf of Mannaar, Sri Lanka, A overview of peripheral skeleton (scale bar 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BFC3DF4B2173A9460D10E2A7AE39734E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) B dichocalthrops (scale bar 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C7741A266BFCEE46FE324EA65E13DFB2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) C calthrops (scale bar 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1190A6B6D8C220C3BD989AC5E06CE42B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) D surface view of sanidasters (scale bar 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5C9C59E8E8E3F621C9E896C739C7ABB4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Encrusting calcareous algae at depths of 18-63 m.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C14D720D66C95002A2FA2BA7F16F28B1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="3ACFBC8F96E422260BC86B5DA7EBE33C" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D8218F311C02FF87C4D4082EAFD8F63" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Encrusting calcareous algae at depths of 18-63 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sri Lanka,?Madagascar.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="65D3E1AE5FB4F95CE36078D2823DB5F7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C5D7EE92ED99714C92D3954A355447C5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3592DFFBD655385231997BC4BB03FB16" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sri Lanka,?Madagascar.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection id="C838DA176CA1B45EBD5C0725BAE15D12" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="CB58DD3FF9FA02E760884321F6CC33EF" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F507286567D3026D21CE6095F10A0EF6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The spicule complement reminds of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A5FA5297C7EAF044B213AF71A4252158" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
Sollas (1902), but the cladi and rhabds of the triaenes in this species are distinctly thinner (5-27
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9A0DA0F32BF067A223DB0360AF374193" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in extensus, 3-10
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E741CD611A7514A29BD31B52D20DDBB9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in pauper), precluding synonymy of the two species for the time being, until variation of these features is better established.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<paragraph id="248B0893F0E257B6DDD62B362177C4E3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
It is likely that the record of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F5C59B71A4054F7D6714670F2B66417B" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="202 - 209" title="On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species" volume="12" year="1970">Thomas (1970)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="B952CD61F14242894C8CE675205DB673" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="202 - 209" title="On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species" volume="12" year="1970">Thomas (1970)</bibRefCitation>
belonged to the present species as most descriptive remarks fit except for the upper size of the cladome (
<normalizedToken originalValue="chord">'chord'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="54C5AB02DAC94A9E3A3F2B63D164050E" originalValue="chord">'chord'</normalizedToken>
) of the dichocalthrops which was quoted as 330
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="175124076EF4D37C4E7DD06581C90C47" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Tethys, Supplement" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="51 - 126" title="Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar)." volume="1" year="1971">Vacelet and Vasseur (1971)</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="2D668980CE56C125C38B2F6BCB7342B4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="3F9F73B916341765691F234DEFC7C8BB" author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Tethys, Supplement" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="51 - 126" title="Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar)." volume="1" year="1971">Vacelet and Vasseur (1971)</bibRefCitation>
reported this species from Madagascar. Live colour was noted as black, which was maintained in alcohol. Dichocalthrops measurements provided were: protocladi 20-40
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9AADC514CB73CBFCAB2D8BC205671DDB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, deuterocladi 60-80
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="99B5F5697068209E3F67658DBA40ADF4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabds 150-180
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F89BDD99554B63268E050921F3D45AC4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Sanidasters were 25-30
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="98534DDC4E165E39C3663E4888936610" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. No mention of calthrops. No further spicule data. The colour difference, lack of calthrops, and slight differences in spicule sizes and shapes render it doubtful whether this material belongs to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4FD37DBF6597A5EF6FC46B38A390EB68" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,110 +1,110 @@
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360710" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E728DFF5B72EED358EFB5CF798CBDA1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E728DFF5B72EED358EFB5CF798CBDA1" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<treatment id="6E728DFF5B72EED358EFB5CF798CBDA1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360710" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E728DFF5B72EED358EFB5CF798CBDA1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E728DFF5B72EED358EFB5CF798CBDA1" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_genus="Dercitus" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Dercitus">
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<paragraph id="FBA3B7407DBE3ADC9BF3A580E3DA35F1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Sungenus
<taxonomicName authority="De Laubenfels, 1936" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Halinastra">Halinastra De Laubenfels, 1936</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">De Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="7F8DBEC2FF4097604A73E8FE246B7AE4" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="311C64216721D0694CF44B8D0D60B526" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="9A6E103908199663FC5D59B3F7F0741F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="75883D5E83B848C0DB5A61D44841515A" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">De Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 179.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="definition">
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="F7DEA9B3503B0B80EC6B6E4D523CBE99" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="definition">
<paragraph id="A9B227EBEA2C50397D109EA8A2ACF3EF" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0658641DEA35008264726352FF08D5AB" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="0A83C9B1742646A07A8268F830F26F1A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
with clear subdivision of the sanidaster microscleres into longer, thinner irregular sanidasters and shorter, fatter, compressed, often aster-like forms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachastrella exostotica</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="156FF75DB42D319A4C834069F26CDF1E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="type species">
<paragraph id="C2146E355F46B191541010138FC3D393" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D3C68D16BE0A9773595DC151427F08D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="DD98078B77AE1314CB3631E015FDC06B" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachastrella exostotica</taxonomicName>
Schmidt, 1868 (by original designation).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="key to the species of dercitus (halinastra)">
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Key to the species of Dercitus (Halinastra)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<table pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<tr pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<td colspan="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="82C53EC68FB472610132447177E609B8" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="key to the species of dercitus (halinastra)">
<paragraph id="804434564F881537C8B5C61AB372A7E8" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Key to the species of Dercitus (Halinastra)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D96AF8F28CBFDC53A61F0CE6829243E1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D33DCABF03968AAA9FBF4E89FCB3895F" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="86A7891C0D1721CFDCDAA5003AB9E1E2" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) berau" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="berau" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) berau</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="87A0A1F5E173EAC9BDC5AE8251711A4D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) berau" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="berau" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) berau</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) japonensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="japonensis" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus(Halinastra) japonensis</taxonomicName>
<tr id="39D68A08390B16B0BB234FC246078B5C" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<td id="24AFE2B1A7EA87046547DC668FA28438" colspan="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2F96DEB2EB7F426DB2AD47AAEC8DAC8D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) japonensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="japonensis" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus(Halinastra) japonensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<td colspan="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
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<td id="308DFF2ED344192FE727976585086D40" colspan="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E186225FC028B40CCA7728B75F393C2A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) arubensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arubensis" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) arubensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sibogae" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae</taxonomicName>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>

View file

@ -1,168 +1,168 @@
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Dercitus Stoeba reptans
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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&amp; Van Soest, 1997
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus reptans" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reptans">Dercitus reptans</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="379 - 467" title="Shallow water Demosponges of the Galapagos Islands." volume="104" year="1997">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
<subSubSection id="4263A12D62ED67EB28D0A6E201443361" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="CBAAC572AD21A5530A1F74DCBC47BCCC" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="650522B511B685F56FB6F62A2C7B5540" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus reptans" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reptans">Dercitus reptans</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="23AA27A9F1914FC8DF43439AD5DF55F3" author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="379 - 467" title="Shallow water Demosponges of the Galapagos Islands." volume="104" year="1997">
<normalizedToken id="4C8F9912074B9655DA8BA24321D02E74" originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
and Van Soest 1997
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: 402, Figs 50-52.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Holotype USNM 43170, Galapagos Islands, Albemarle Island, 0-3 m, 0.25°S; 91.4833°W, coll. Anton Bruun Cruise 16-66139, 25 May 1966 (slides and fragments of the holotype are present in MHNG, nr. 18963). Paratype ZMA Por. 11215, three fragments from the same locality.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="BB6864F1E48F2ECBEEE291839D5C838F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="29A8E76DCD8ED45F2D7637F355C11021" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C68019B45ABE2F3217E7880D6811FCA" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Holotype USNM 43170, Galapagos Islands, Albemarle Island, 0-3 m, 0.25°S; 91.4833°W, coll. Anton Bruun Cruise 16-66139, 25 May 1966 (slides and fragments of the holotype are present in MHNG, nr. 18963). Paratype ZMA Por. 11215, three fragments from the same locality.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="2A2A710D93B4E30BE3608EA6711C2D4F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="6FD00CF2A4D0BE921821D7BDDA41EB7B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9786AB7BB57FF8A51931F7FDBA28051" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
(from
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="379 - 467" title="Shallow water Demosponges of the Galapagos Islands." volume="104" year="1997">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="3B4025B6C8E34F0618FD5E22637D3716" author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="379 - 467" title="Shallow water Demosponges of the Galapagos Islands." volume="104" year="1997">
<normalizedToken id="E5CC209EFEBC9C91D44C923F72F16A1D" originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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). Creeping branches encrusting corals. Surface micronulose, no oscules, whitish pink (preserved condition).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Skeleton: thick ectosomal crust of microscleres. Choanosomal skeleton confused mass of megascleres.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters. Some spicule types are remeasured to provide additional data and to correct a remarkable error in the original description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<paragraph id="5F07B6FCA890F182292E750BC6D60630" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Skeleton: thick ectosomal crust of microscleres. Choanosomal skeleton confused mass of megascleres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C1C0A23AE743D839D09B7134B6985D1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters. Some spicule types are remeasured to provide additional data and to correct a remarkable error in the original description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6DE43C41414749981787495A4E513484" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Calthrops robust, variable in size, cladi 344
<normalizedToken originalValue="484">-484-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3019FA995045B3B2E48C748B1E37CE5A" originalValue="484">-484-</normalizedToken>
648 (remeasured 39-648) x 16
<normalizedToken originalValue="27">-27-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2BDFB69EFC8431CBC1576C0BE3009FF6" originalValue="27">-27-</normalizedToken>
50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DB76E855B74B05C83A6819BEE0E74049" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(remeasured 6-50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="66025CDA9FD587D787A760DCBF603335" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) (cladome up to 670
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FCFE414C3A24DFD9FFCBC275B5D8607B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, remeasured 60-680
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5BFDA622F006937487C357D32BF08C78" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
). The smaller calthrops category reported here is rare.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<paragraph id="2E7431E873444EA82A28A9B59C59267E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Dichocalthrops, or short-shafted dichotriaenes, small, cladome 156
<normalizedToken originalValue="164">-164-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C90EDCB421D6692609EE07FDA5410E09" originalValue="164">-164-</normalizedToken>
170
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4F6339258702E70F6F8AB81F4D6A657A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(remeasured 141
<normalizedToken originalValue="154.5">-154.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A3AD135D12A3FB25C2957AFE72558C3B" originalValue="154.5">-154.5-</normalizedToken>
180
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="52E149FAC6BB99AC302F8B33F4D5980E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), individual cladi up to 90
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="315A4DB2AE63FFB1192208805FCBA40C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8-9
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FE234D035E999C885F98276908AEE285" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(remeasured: protocladi 27
<normalizedToken originalValue="33.8">-33.8-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="17DBBC9369185A4F9DBD869534C19CA5" originalValue="33.8">-33.8-</normalizedToken>
36
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2EA04E9116C925C0BBA864B54CD18912" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9
<normalizedToken originalValue="10.4">-10.4-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="086168720BC8AB866CB27DC813C076D8" originalValue="10.4">-10.4-</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3F5BB1FE608671DDA95A9F2A14208ADD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; deuterocladi 35
<normalizedToken originalValue="47.2">-47.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="85E7134D8F632A53FDF19CFC2C3E55AE" originalValue="47.2">-47.2-</normalizedToken>
69
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C14164D0347742EB1AB8A8157EE83F27" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6
<normalizedToken originalValue="8.2">-8.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A0407E76948E3383EA7451965DE464E8" originalValue="8.2">-8.2-</normalizedToken>
11
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="930692E22061449CB475C903031F48A5" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; rhabds 57
<normalizedToken originalValue="74.5">-74.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="489C03B568F4CC700F1321FA2D8AEB43" originalValue="74.5">-74.5-</normalizedToken>
106
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="178E1BE83A371F5CA79CAE7BF6B031D3" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9
<normalizedToken originalValue="11.0">-11.0-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F6715D43D0CFB0A024B4BAC37600B155" originalValue="11.0">-11.0-</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E95F4DDF601D2070A83537BA06C53E58" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<paragraph id="1A1CF13ECF3A7B907EDBE7AFD1107CD1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Sanidasters: short and slim, with blunt apices. Remarkably, they were quoted to be 15-74
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8B0164914576F70E80F2AB6A1C0FF155" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="946F4E04CCED0676C3D9D15C2C13C8C9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in size, but this is an obvious error. Remeasured they appear to be highly uniform in size and shape: 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="12.8">-12.8-</normalizedToken>
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, which is also in accordance with the size and shape of the figured sanidaster (fig. 52).
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Shallow water.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB25AE77AF0B0D5FCBF3F344B7BB84DC" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="75A7885F97E4C533DFD94195C3D7DB25" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Shallow water.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Only known from the Galapagos Islands.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="AB4C44B64C455B4BE8CE12FD27F3940A" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9036F583D710DF6B16551ECAC3B74C7B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F41B5885EA6D71034C4D02232498B5B4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Only known from the Galapagos Islands.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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By its large calthrops this species stands out among
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species with a complement of small dichocalthrops. None of the extant species are morphologically close.
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<paragraph id="45581656C364ED32F55E3F41224D1671" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="004F46C4A881E686EC690F4EC455719C" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Calthropella inopinata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="66F226CD82D4224E96B548558360B777" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 464, figs 9-10.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">None.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="DE4E4034ECF2739061C98CFD4512C5B3" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="E6212D3B3FC6DD9E0C9D86CA7F04AD4D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F333A0BBF76D40C5E4E00731F99D00D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">MSNG 47158, off Camogli, N Italy.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="23B06B2C05779CF3395073C2A69696D2" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="B66656155CD812921007180DC2609DBF" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E0178CA05BF4135FFDFBE4306F8732A" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">MSNG 47158, off Camogli, N Italy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<subSubSection id="013AFD9895209E7F17CF078993A74670" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="18F217D6E59CD6FB8F58C371BC5D2395" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D5266CD4EA16F0CF2F482BF0BC598B4" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
(from
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<bibRefCitation id="72C90BA216B8B4288AF7ABC6330FE24E" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Irregularly lobate, stony hard sponges, size up to 15
<normalizedToken originalValue="×12×">x12x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="54B8340418C273391D93FD676D33FBA6" originalValue="×12×">x12x</normalizedToken>
2 cm. Surface
<normalizedToken originalValue="even">'even'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3E2CB74346F711A31BDEAC5E49C79C15" originalValue="even">'even'</normalizedToken>
, no apparent oscules. Light yellow in dry condition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Spicules: calthrops, oxeas, strongylasters to spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="3C115F5D5604BB6B81E79D5ABC6CFB63" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Spicules: calthrops, oxeas, strongylasters to spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F61C7608BDFA6A818F4AAD4F953E2E63" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Calthrops, extremely variable in shape, with many reductions and malformations, size variation also considerable, 34-600
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="38379475449650FA2BBADE57AC41EDE0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(no thickness given).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="62FEDBD7FB4CC7DD2BE10F95C4FA03F5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Oxeas, with extremely elongated, flexuous points, all broken in the slide, but at least 2000
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8334786759F65D8F709E0E24202EC921" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
15
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="528ADA64380B1CF2DFF8DD466903CCF4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="58C0396CA7080F4B945DF2E3E5C5AC8D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Oxyasters, without centre, with two to six microspined rays, 8-17
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BEE04812ACE546394503DF728BB48635" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="0932CC2CFBE847CF1F8B5FF333BC41DC" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Strongylasters to spherasters, variable in shape, irregular with tuberculated rays or lobate, 5-22
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9735F07BECDCB5D52A8B5C2256D3A5CA" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Trawled from 60 m depth.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="17ACDFACC4D857E1ACE6A85D47F77D0D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="E1C1B52939B5D4F330AF71F9D43EBEDD" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9FEA8621BF360B52A26BABDCF46B8682" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Trawled from 60 m depth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Known only from the type locality off the coast of Genoa, 44°N; 9°E.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="43238EF1BF10FB59D2DEF9E8EA90B46A" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="347C4E960D4D48F8EE7063F35AC035C8" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B9F68778FD85A8CB11755795B96F5FE" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Known only from the type locality off the coast of Genoa, 44°N; 9°E.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<subSubSection id="1148D5451D372413909F3AECF06D32D0" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="E2B44FF7C77F5BA962784992C24C9076" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B012BCD087E146441F03EFC2C868A78" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
This species is similar to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C78500728410FC7ABBE22507F2121E67" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
in most aspects. Oxeas are stated to be all broken, so chances are they are not proper or only auxiliary. Nevertheless their great length and peculiar endings are the main reason to distinguish this species as separate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="EC14D92C55B0BBC484D86780308CCD66" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Pulitzer (l.c.) suggests that
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5C40D4251E3A2F903EA5C84E65F85181" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CE8C5EC046E080C4126FFF399E2FA3E5" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7E8C7C082E58515E242C123D1D0530DF" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
and his new species
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Calthropella inopinata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B303C23635367E3F249BB37E1A2056BA" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Calthropella inopinata</taxonomicName>
could be all members of the same species. For us, this suggestion has merit, at least as far as a possible synonymy of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3CEFFC41DE81325186A431C163848C67" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Calthropella inopinata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="14889C8D797747FA1D3AC880FBD6CD02" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Calthropella inopinata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="79396DA5098A35EB26A75C98094C2524" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="39882E0E618D043C0A4EF27EAA5A7F0C" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
is concerned. A further North Atlantic species,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="07F1042DA71606DF4DE76B1185090A9D" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
differs clearly in having peculiar silicified microscleres derived from the tuberculated asters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<pageBreakToken pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">Subgenus</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName authority="de Laubenfels, 1936" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pachataxa">Pachataxa de Laubenfels, 1936</taxonomicName>
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<pageBreakToken id="FFB2324851CD7EDCCD6D5470FE6DFB63" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">Subgenus</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName id="B6B35D5C5A53C0DF80802D299028B3BA" ID-CoL="85K5T" authority="de Laubenfels, 1936" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pachataxa">Pachataxa de Laubenfels, 1936</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="DE9EEAEB4B0BB4BF708A92739FE7B677" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="CCCEC2BE7CE35264217F2BE100CE8CB1" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachataxa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="89096DBB249C873F533838D94997DF9B" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 179.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="definition">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="BAECF659BB97149E1EEF4C65FA3FE6C4" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="definition">
<paragraph id="778D49E5338C2F9D8DE1E17499431DF1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Definition:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6CF2A0C622031D6DA0213F02D60FF1F4" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="1579B1C7FF05B7F4E5DDF5D371298C52" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
with ataxasters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina">Pachastrella lithistina</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="D8379D86ABF897C4301284C4BF101AC3" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="type species">
<paragraph id="3B48BEE4B7C0E05B1DB6F0ADDAC52F81" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D12CD9B14FDEBC38A5C5CDDDD17176D" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="A985FFDA3793527E2346F11EAD954307" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina">Pachastrella lithistina</taxonomicName>
Schmidt, 1880 (by original designation).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="key to the species of pachataxa">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Key to the species of Pachataxa</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<table pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<tr pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<td colspan="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) pyrifera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pyrifera" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) pyrifera</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="C04217FFCE570CCBA7E99A5F42401F3E" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="key to the species of pachataxa">
<paragraph id="40BD8B5E8DF7AA3B9AEB72DE62E8FB0B" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Key to the species of Pachataxa</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51582F21C216DC9B6894DEF7453FD6ED" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="766318379996D33747ADAB7C96A63B2C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<table id="4E229B5E631F236859DBBAA6C8A471F9" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<tr id="73168A7A8A349CF91A82307CEF2888FE" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<td id="E3C3E4334B4E5B1961F26B2355BF4BBB" colspan="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="28BAE41B9FFF9AC0DB412050BCF62513" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) pyrifera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pyrifera" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) pyrifera</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<td colspan="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina</taxonomicName>
<tr id="6124CF00D67E10A9AE514B8AC305246C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<td id="7E0E2344941CBAF37C70157D25F88022" colspan="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9D12656D6F2A5301C8D8D2FF2F1DB675" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<td colspan="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) enigmatica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="enigmatica" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) enigmatica</taxonomicName>
<tr id="9FF674CC212234A9C8AAFA99091BFA43" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<td id="263D9539C5FBB7C05F56DDAE15C58898" colspan="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="4DA89ADBDDB138F14C7D3231989EC415" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) enigmatica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="enigmatica" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) enigmatica</taxonomicName>
</td>
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View file

@ -1,184 +1,184 @@
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<paragraph id="C180B7D65CA8B874FFBB35AEE52772F1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Genus
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus Gray, 1867</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B1819BCD9411EE7903A5F791F0E6B262" ID-CoL="84N4J" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus Gray, 1867</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Battersbyia</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">Bowerbank 1874</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="87DD17F29166BDB81A193A8564B392AC" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="3ABDC53A1C06B9806759CEFCDCE628DE" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Battersbyia</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="7DFC71BEC6A340A178007B2D04EF9B4A" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">Bowerbank 1874</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="40D005BA39BF1C576700376839729696" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="0977D918AB8CEECF2D7C565A618C1063" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="9DEAFAED1CAC62B08EDAF0720A8BAF63" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Calcabrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcabrina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calcabrina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="8487940A781B92FF674438DA1950A245" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="41B151A5CB57684DE1A4490CE672426A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Calcabrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcabrina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calcabrina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="775E05100BAEE83D5A0B2FF1DA0A1F7D" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="4B9EE5861DD1B466F191519DDC3950D5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="BB132111148C357918AA64972F6129AB" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="BC60A97BDBBB2FC994EC99BD890EAD2E" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitancorina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitancorina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitancorina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Scientifique et Medicale de l'Ouest" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 18" title="Les Asterostreptidae." volume="11" year="1902">Topsent 1902</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="59886A5CC472BE22C74CBBB47E9A5F5D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="24485535A751EFF137C852F09A804FBF" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitancorina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitancorina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitancorina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="AA5AF0A2921B87C5AB941B53AF657AEA" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Scientifique et Medicale de l'Ouest" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 18" title="Les Asterostreptidae." volume="11" year="1902">Topsent 1902</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="CEB757A23570971F4AA5585B3DD0DFE3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="type species">
<paragraph id="2CC6D5EF87CBF49E99CAD4E401A2E64C" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA818E6952A6C9744E1E9B84FC35F269" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="9E93D8A09EDCB33B3F04B471903343F9" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
Bowerbank, 1858.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="definition (emended)">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Definition (emended):</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName family="Pachastrellidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="2F5E42613538370FFB8E760884297CE5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="definition (emended)">
<paragraph id="D0016266A83F8310C85234D900BF6CBE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Definition (emended):</paragraph>
<paragraph id="804EE90E9C2BBB220AC06057DFB2FE12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="B4AE9C3642124E1566E3590BE07D6297" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
(?) with calthrops or dichocalthrops as megascleres and possessing irregular acanthomicrorhabd-like sanidasters with a thick central axis relative to the actines; further microscleres may include smooth toxa-like forms and aster-like compressed forms; no structural oxea megascleres.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comments:</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="0B062B193B52100F14978D6D97AFDB27" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="comments">
<paragraph id="3182074D5A21175B3135AA3F2E03B88E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comments:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="645DAFCDF457988012B5EB8C441D7234" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Many authors have pointed out the similarities of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="27991B1FBD723EADE13BDB2F9009EF8F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="21AE2D8B5CC1BD82FC2709F709636178" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
, the distinction of which rests entirely on the presence of unique toxa-like microscleres in the type species of the former. The similarities are the shape and size of the calthrops/short-shafted triaenes, the shape of the irregular sanidasters, the absence of any structure in the skeleton, the compressible liver-like texture, and the presence of large cells (60
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="708E83F714FCB972BCA7C01954C3153E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) with inclusions reported for various
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3C2B685D34D19923EF889055B9394845" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
species as well as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6F4A3F4B110361A2FF1163AB829E83C0" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
. The majority of past authors recognized only
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DD7AC0E3AE5BDEC08B79CD2178F589F3" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado (2002)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="23DD7F125484E900D7558F1998EA21BE" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado (2002)</bibRefCitation>
insisted on retaining the distinction at the genus level. Since there are dozens of species conforming to the above given definition and only a single North Atlantic species possesses the toxas, it appears unnecessarily formal to keep the use of two genus names for such similar species. It also would confound biogeographical analysis having a single unique character place an endemic genus in an area of the world (Celtic Seas and Lusitanian waters) where such higher taxa endemism in sponges is virtually nonexistent. Ultimately, we need independent molecular evidence to demonstrate that both are members of the same clade, but pending such results,
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">we</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="04B8E4BCF404ED0CF0618633F9243E4F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">we</pageBreakToken>
propose here for practical reasons to lower the status of the genera
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D0DB656C7EA85670C23FD2E2C7A9D863" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="34F534156F215EAB97AFD899A8F8E25E" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
to the level of subgenera.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4FE76DE8B4DAFD8F8F2E9F8C4DD2B43A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
being the senior name, the subgenera will be
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3703E63D78F8F7FBC81B660454BD8C47" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus)</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4D410091719A49E24D3E6E43CC3701C1" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
. A third subgenus proposed is the suppressed
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="12684599B84468AB01D05606EA9E8635" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
de Laubenfels (1936). The subgenera will be defined below and are keyed out in Fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph id="4F2CA06658821AE915F1848ED0D052C4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Calthrops are characteristically variable in size (cladi measuring from 25 - 648
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0F3CE0E21F28C10D7624A0B0C585B7B1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), and shape, with conical-straight, curved, stunted, deformed, bifid cladi, frequently one of the cladi being longer than the others, sometimes lacking one (
<normalizedToken originalValue="tripods">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9ADC0554722E6851BA1E0479434E6296" originalValue="tripods">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
) cladus or with one or more reduced cladi, occasionally with five or more cladi. Short-shafted dichotriaenes (dichocalthrops) are present in twelve of the currently named and recognized species, and in five of these have replaced the calthrops entirely. When both megasclere types are combined in a single species, dichocalthrops are often distinctly smaller than the calthrops and the proportion of the two varies among individuals of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph id="C33F70A20BBFE258C7937C496C745E2D" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Natural products: three unrelated compounds with biological actitivity, such as anti-tumor or antibiotic activity, have been extracted from species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BA59DED8D751354174DC1D08CF0738B7" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
, viz. methylaplysinopsins from a Belize specimen of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2D2C1FDD81B2042244F323CB8E8CEAE8" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
sp. (cf.
<bibRefCitation author="Djura, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Organic Chemistry" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="735 - 737" title="Metabolites of the marine sponge Dercitus species." volume="45" year="1980">Djura and Faulkner 1980</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="5355944013F848B7EC4F751F04FF3410" author="Djura, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Organic Chemistry" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="735 - 737" title="Metabolites of the marine sponge Dercitus species." volume="45" year="1980">Djura and Faulkner 1980</bibRefCitation>
) and the acridine alkaloid dercitine and a dimethyldihydroxylindoliniumchloride from
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CB3CF0D7DC789B4B516CFF178372C5AD" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (
<bibRefCitation author="Gunawardana, GP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Chemical Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="4856 - 4858" title="Dercitine, a new biologically active acridine alkaloid from a deep water marine sponge, Dercitus sp." volume="110" year="1988">Gunawardana et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="BCECDD5CA7A20B6716FE3FCCCDE1589E" author="Gunawardana, GP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Chemical Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="4856 - 4858" title="Dercitine, a new biologically active acridine alkaloid from a deep water marine sponge, Dercitus sp." volume="110" year="1988">Gunawardana et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Burres, NS" journalOrPublisher="Cancer Research" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="5267 - 5274" title="Antitumor activity and nucleic acid binding properties of Dercitin, a new acridine alkaloid isolated from a marine Dercitus species sponge." volume="49" year="1989">Burres et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="9CD7B61E240CB8CF5094BD8074BDB92D" author="Burres, NS" journalOrPublisher="Cancer Research" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="5267 - 5274" title="Antitumor activity and nucleic acid binding properties of Dercitin, a new acridine alkaloid isolated from a marine Dercitus species sponge." volume="49" year="1989">Burres et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Kohmoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 86" title="1,1 - Dimethyl- 5,6 - dihydroxyindolinium chloride from a deep-water marine sponge, Dercitus sp." volume="44" year="2005">Kohmoto et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="73985DC7A6BBE9D4E6AEFD4AE12426E9" author="Kohmoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 86" title="1,1 - Dimethyl- 5,6 - dihydroxyindolinium chloride from a deep-water marine sponge, Dercitus sp." volume="44" year="2005">Kohmoto et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CFA44C39C4929BFE6F48C55A28D6A55B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dercitus</taxonomicName>
sp.). The furanosesterpene shinsonefuran was reported from
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) japonensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="japonensis" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) japonensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C5EB47757601CC027FDBB7D3FED51A86" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) japonensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="japonensis" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) japonensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (
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, as
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).
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Key to the subgenera of Dercitus (see Fig. 1)</paragraph>
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Figure 1. Key to the subgenera of the genus
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:classification id="273824EFAB6CD7BB40309E17060B422F">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="10757AD028C3205793064A21A4729AAB" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8F36CCB69B1C68EBEBC7BEFD4E68BC70" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:983063484F110CF89514955E6D9D9590" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/983063484F110CF89514955E6D9D9590" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
<treatment id="983063484F110CF89514955E6D9D9590" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:983063484F110CF89514955E6D9D9590" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/983063484F110CF89514955E6D9D9590" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Dercitus">
<subSubSection id="72448758AC3F80A31B3F0D3E8B1482DF" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="23B00EBC6496952A384018682CF91CEF" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="39255C992AB106580359E359A005B4F9" ID-CoL="34VZZ" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken id="9A3046BD302E23B2E260FABF415E3107" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Stoeba exostoticus (Schmidt, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
Figs 14
<normalizedToken originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="290D5C9CC453EAAAB21C5D88DF46CAC2" originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachastrella exostotica</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="994A4E9019A88DFBF4163BB475E579DF" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8EFA6AC82B2E2333FDC021BF4385310A" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="74BC43D89B9A8F1613E7027C59F8F71B" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachastrella exostotica</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="76AE006AAAB7D9D997EB5DB81BC1CB70" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 16, pl. III fig. 12;
<bibRefCitation author="Keller, C" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="294 - 368" title="Die Spongienfauna des Rothen Meeres (II. Halfte)." volume="52" year="1891">Keller 1891</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="DCA9B85FACEE40AF039C2A470689FBD2" author="Keller, C" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="294 - 368" title="Die Spongienfauna des Rothen Meeres (II. Halfte)." volume="52" year="1891">Keller 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 343, pl. 19 fig. 53, pl. 20 fig. 54.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella exostitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostitus">Calthropella exostitus</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="CA83B3165002009B55CC4935CFD948D3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="CA3902C6D50CBB96135B648B698F1AFE" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella exostitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostitus">Calthropella exostitus</taxonomicName>
(sic);
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="851BE9EBF4A0B50AE1B846A342FAA5DD" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 111.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella (Pachastrella) exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica" subGenus="Pachastrella">Pachastrella (Pachastrella) exostotica</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="50E0B7C6622F62A5FFD4F7185BBC15D3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="75B808F723990E7422872A46FD5125C5" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella (Pachastrella) exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica" subGenus="Pachastrella">Pachastrella (Pachastrella) exostotica</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="5248992431F087617971D057304DB99E" author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 75.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Halinastra exostotica</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="C2A612B618771CF9E141D0F542575AA4" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="6F3C89AE86CC6390887F407EF1CCB29D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Halinastra exostotica</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E8A78E890B507DAD8BC09BD5141E62D0" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 179.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba exostita" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostita">Stoeba exostita</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="B58D06376AB5E7D54E55D7CACBE2D3D6" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="B75B343049D003A79465510FA397DB39" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba exostita" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostita">Stoeba exostita</taxonomicName>
(sic);
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="8B04A38D1E94DF48A384E9C1221B53F5" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 156. Figs 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="FG">F-G</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3E2BFF5A9107CCC1A545EB7487853463" originalValue="FG">F-G</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Holotype, ZMB 287, Eritrea, Dahlak Archipelago, near Perim Island, Red Sea, 16.75°N; 40.05°E, 52 m, coll. Siemens.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="CAABDC469D44F626EEB8E18DADDD06BF" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="5545117616D9E81212F83560D3B57F26" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="013135BB7DA063A5291893B34680AA8C" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Holotype, ZMB 287, Eritrea, Dahlak Archipelago, near Perim Island, Red Sea, 16.75°N; 40.05°E, 52 m, coll. Siemens.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="5EBD22A80504C104B22D32612C655DEB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="6FA7C04A919009F3A363131B8ECF1F73" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="788A59C36E2B6C37564E836C0224D0FA" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Black mass (in alcohol) of 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×3×">x3x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B701EA4F4D693759FA5F7E6895E0DD2D" originalValue="×3×">x3x</normalizedToken>
0.5 cm (Fig. 14A). Surface irregular granulated, grooved, no apparent oscules. In cross section, only the surface region is darkly pigmented, but the choanosome is much lighter coloured. According to Keller choanocyte chambers are crowded in the lower parts of the choanosome, size 25
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9F0B3F25E390C62CA3617E2B1AB35173" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="514A8BF7FB7B535562A0E54CDA211844" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Skeleton: a confused, dense mass of calthrops with a cover of microscleres at the surface. A few oxeas of widely different sizes were noted by Keller, but these were limited between approx. 100-120
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BAF544AD188A6184BD28CB599DE5A00F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6BA59E0B7ADD7634F720A7756479B321" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
of a typical haplosclerid type, in the slide examined by us.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spicules: calthrops, sanidasters, compressed sanidasters (pseudasters).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="D9667B4D4E89A69FA6660D547FF9A216" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spicules: calthrops, sanidasters, compressed sanidasters (pseudasters).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="754B3D88F391E89701A9C376BF1F9D29" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Calthrops (Fig. 14B), generally regularly shaped, in a wide size range, usually with one of the cladi slightly longer than the other three (short-shafted triaenes): 45
<normalizedToken originalValue="128.2">-128.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D7C174AA1F59F65A6A31ED1F62C4589D" originalValue="128.2">-128.2-</normalizedToken>
275
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7261AFA42D87AD0C2FF6BB54CD1D374D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5
<normalizedToken originalValue="18.2">-18.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="838F30AF9F01EC659F3D846003257574" originalValue="18.2">-18.2-</normalizedToken>
35
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DFE972640DD934A5B8845D8F46B07DF3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="B991A4AC4A0734A88A8B33541DC409E7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Sanidasters (Fig. 14C), variable in thickness and spination, but relatively uniform in length, generally
<normalizedToken originalValue="stocky">'stocky'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0B338CA229300E96E7E4E3772B4F8F39" originalValue="stocky">'stocky'</normalizedToken>
, 15
<normalizedToken originalValue="23.1">-23.1-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6AE34BF9C50A964C617AFFD553A13110" originalValue="23.1">-23.1-</normalizedToken>
27.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6D9E4937BA4973379D3A1DF75149EE35" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="5.3">-5.3-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CCA62DFC0BE93A8EB73D9AC7BCA2EED0" originalValue="5.3">-5.3-</normalizedToken>
7.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4C45936B066A7903B97F7D5ED92250B0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="A933D7FF2ED3582C3ED65929960EBC01" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Compressed sanidasters (pseudasters) (Fig. 14D), globular, irregular in shape (Keller called these 'Sterraster oder
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sphaeraster">Sphaeraster'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="589008FC137C593EC8C5DAD4263AE64E" originalValue="Sphaeraster">Sphaeraster'</normalizedToken>
), 7.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="10.5">-10.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FDCF7E23DC2CEC0F0F43F04712A5A20A" originalValue="10.5">-10.5-</normalizedToken>
12.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BE4281E4A039CED4769C5DE319900063" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<caption id="2BB9681CE9C183D17801B84345032AD8" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="A052CB1593205246A6A5E815E41C6DB7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Figure 14.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B2E96DAE669821461A6BC4D522A100EB" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
, holotype ZMB 287, from Eritrea, Dahlak Archipelago, A habit B various calthrops C various sanidasters D various aster-like compressed sanidasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Deeper water, beyond the reefs</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="D826C6AFB83AF9F0DB6750BD33A5309E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="156C194080B78578D9F092CF25C1469A" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9C4D360B5D6CB27F9E50037D980D7CB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Deeper water, beyond the reefs</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Known only from the Southern Red Sea.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="ECBDB574E41CB4B7BE693D43AB81CEAB" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="38452FDDBEA295F79B1142E227480F6E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="726EA3B19A2634CF2F8935CB57CBD310" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Known only from the Southern Red Sea.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="2C307379084E0E91F2AB7C228AA8162E" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="0A141114081CD79F1207DEC39B1DB8B9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABE0759E809A72688AEAC31719A32B7E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="082DB074FAB8DAB5C1C8CA81E550C877" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
gave hardly any description (some vague remarks on the megascleres of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella monilifera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">Pachastrella monilifera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20F47A4ACF5EC24B1D2A645D0BDD32FF" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella monilifera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="monilifera">Pachastrella monilifera</taxonomicName>
grading into a statement on the Red Sea specimen), but the drawings of the microscleres show a sanidaster and a globular aster. Keller claims to have had access to
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5496C5D82604042AC94E48D67276F987" originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
type specimen, but he faithfully reports that there is a discrepancy between
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0AE11ED2D835526E38BA20307D09F754" originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
original label and the label of his redescribed specimen, e.g. the original collector was stated to be Ehrenberg by Schmidt, but Keller states it is Siemens, which is probably the correct one.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">Maldonado</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="360FF9533EB2DBE669081F9205675CCE" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<bibRefCitation id="DAB223842593117E0796C8BFA0E70CD3" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">
<pageBreakToken id="92CF6BDE464722EA3488A1F1365604D6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">Maldonado</pageBreakToken>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
assigned
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachastrella exostotica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DD78A7DA595E69D1DFCC40F7F38B22FA" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachastrella exostotica</taxonomicName>
to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D12C59E25BC7BFF3E4B3E14358CB1C0D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
and declared
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AF20CDDCCF1BC4C1A28F36633A0FABAC" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
a junior synonym of that genus. However, he possibly overlooked that
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pulitzer-Finalis">Pulitzer-Finali's</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="1277B4CDE11CFF4D3BCB0C0FD9FA573A" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">
<normalizedToken id="FFB68614888C8CCB950EBD898A868A61" originalValue="Pulitzer-Finalis">Pulitzer-Finali's</normalizedToken>
(1986)
</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lutea" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lutea">Pachataxa lutea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A06F2C91AF65998D006C40C4F38720B2" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lutea" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lutea">Pachataxa lutea</taxonomicName>
possesses similar spiculation as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachataxa exostotica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5E8260A11C55B1F1C911E7FCC768C641" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa exostotica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostotica">Pachataxa exostotica</taxonomicName>
(see below). With at least two species sharing the peculiar aster-like compressed acanthorhabds, (and several further species with diversified aster shapes, see below) there is good reason to maintain
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="137B30F4EA22804F4763A0F3821A6BC1" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Halinastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halinastra" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halinastra</taxonomicName>
as a distinct taxon, proposed here to be a subgenus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,183 +1,183 @@
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<taxonomicName authority="Topsent, 1892" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella durissima Topsent, 1892</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="5BB4CCDBCD0835134517CCD75F704FF0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="B5714F5BACEFC672A764067730BD05D1" ID-CoL="Q4QT" authority="Topsent, 1892" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella durissima Topsent, 1892</taxonomicName>
Figs 25
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<normalizedToken id="F49A1EEDF4AB50578B1A05EFB604AAE2" originalValue="AF">A-F</normalizedToken>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex var. durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="simplex" variety="durissima">Calthropella simplex var. durissima</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="265735771A146B4B4BF0743A58086A8F" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="D08DBE1DC31F743826579F2630356AFD" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex var. durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="simplex" variety="durissima">Calthropella simplex var. durissima</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="5C73C2BE2696877E2B2329F3F3E64D7C" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
: 43, pl. V fig. 14, Pl. VIII fig. 9.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Specimen provided by Dr. Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="48D9E8A3908122E0E335579BB3F31C1D" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="C9FCAED62040AACFB59668657A0ADCB0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="159BA1A4FAECC239FF6FEDD4EA7F6593" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Specimen provided by Dr. Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<subSubSection id="280BB23311E873A84F6B31274CE15A6B" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="2734DF2AF2A728C08997796C1034ED97" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8859B7354A9AD05F8AE3E261FE74392" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Not examined. Dr. P.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1E4FA7E98854A271937E125ED29C139E" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
(in litteris) reports the existence of a slide, MNHN DT 883.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<paragraph id="758315DABBE8C294F0045D57DAE96D07" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CB744D04AFC1002CB4A152795A09F74" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
White, massive lump (Fig. 25A), encrusting volcanic rock, with optically smooth surface and hard consistency. Size approx. 2
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1 cm.
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Skeleton: largely confused interiorly, with a densely crowded outer layer of microscleres.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spicules: calthrops, two types of oxyasters, tuberculated asters, lumpy asters; some broken oxeas.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<paragraph id="4DBB34CE8E6149C9F2543179EA5AD606" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Skeleton: largely confused interiorly, with a densely crowded outer layer of microscleres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A6BEDD8608F092E09CC7A34738CCF97" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spicules: calthrops, two types of oxyasters, tuberculated asters, lumpy asters; some broken oxeas.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1DEE444BCC2F1FFE976DD7C97C94AF78" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Calthrops (Fig. 25
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<normalizedToken id="1729F62E696EECA03C4EA5BAE76ADC07" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
) variable in size and shape, possibly divisible in two broadly overlapping size categories; the largest are often
<normalizedToken originalValue="tripods">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
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(
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calthrops) (Fig. 25
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), among the smaller are
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modifications with one or more cladi shorter or vestigial, cladi 61
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<normalizedToken id="B9840CBC929D43F8E52D14D3434C5270" originalValue="327.3">-327.3-</normalizedToken>
679
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4
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96
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(cladomes 98-955
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), smaller with cladi in the range 61-198
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="82950BB4D431C1EF8E20FA60558F00AE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
are usually normal calthrops, larger with cladi in the range 297-697
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0914A195E9A48C2D92BDAEECC2B457D8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
are predominantly tripods.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A35C5E26997A96A11D7B69E6579BF991" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Oxeas (Fig. 25B), few in number and invariably broken, smallest / largest fragment 800-1450
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<normalizedToken id="4A4B699FE5CB72BC3D423698DF3B5951" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9-13
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D25C571A7BB6896B48352F22BD00CB4C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<paragraph id="B7505E6541D79D884BB6F2BF2C271856" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Oxyasters, occurring in two distinct types: small oxyasters (Fig. 25D) with small center and long conical but thin rays, diameter 11
<normalizedToken originalValue="13.7">-13.7-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3D2EA9B5BEC8E449A5328B65CCFF5312" originalValue="13.7">-13.7-</normalizedToken>
18
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="086DC2067B5E591ABC1FE0061B71E7FD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; larger spherasters (Fig. 25E) with conical smooth rays ending in a single spine, relatively rare, diameter 18-24
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7591A11A5D2E7F5A69B6F9BD1A5B9676" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(N=5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<paragraph id="F970E3763EABEEE98AB8E3E8D3648991" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Tuberculated asters (Fig. 25F) with short rays (almost entirely taken up by the tubercles), rare and grading into lumpy asters, diameter 7-30
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C8AE48BB5A912301C10B79F519B3187C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(N=4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<pageBreakToken pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Lumpy</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="C2EF45BCE8545DD566D499C797200EFC" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<pageBreakToken id="36FBC32B5A698F999F599296E87E7FB7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Lumpy</pageBreakToken>
, irregular aster-derived silica bodies (Fig. 25F), probably derived from tuberculated asters, but most become entirely irregularly rounded: 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="21.5">-21.5-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="79E4D24F7238631664F16EF80B1874AF" originalValue="21.5">-21.5-</normalizedToken>
36
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="176C2EF89377BDC885AE34CC465DAD69" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. These asters were named
<normalizedToken originalValue="spherochiasters">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F7CF5BD523BA226607B1C12D8BBFAB40" originalValue="spherochiasters">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="922204F6121D1C81DF56ADFC63571786" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<caption id="5DAEAC4E3BDF94E164CFC239B35260F1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<paragraph id="6BF0D33DE53027781B5E13E22FB3172B" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Figure 25.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C281AE8987A4E629EF567D3C42DB9CD5" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
, specimen EMEPC/G3/08.30, from S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount A habit B
<normalizedToken originalValue="tripod">'tripod'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DC1A3482C0DFBAE7DFDD830853FAAA00" originalValue="tripod">'tripod'</normalizedToken>
and calthrops C overview of spicules D oxyaster E smooth spheroxyasters F tuberculated spheraster and various derived slica bodies.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Deep water, 450-1132 m.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="D77BBDB7A220E6055E4B521DF27BE493" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="C69B361B5545B7AB8A1B4D6C1D7BE876" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="636995FE3818F4F85362152F44990D36" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Deep water, 450-1132 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">W of Flores and seamounts S of the Azores.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="4D3D8CD9D9D2E10F4067222FF2BB0E45" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6A4FA59FA5EE57B5357B183019EB4FB3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6EAA60231F64890043CCDBBDFA1BB2E6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">W of Flores and seamounts S of the Azores.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
<subSubSection id="541BA68CA8223E5713AAF28966874B29" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="E814CBE149ABA5CBAF47FB5E7EDC8F0B" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D47E80A033F4E0C3B2E54AAB3108E394" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<normalizedToken id="309EF2A6F4686AA84AAB9554E3B28547" originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
variety durissima (type specimen MNHN DT 833 from deep water off the Azores) is here raised to species rank because of the peculiar modification of the tuberculated asters into small irregular silica-balls, which are also larger than those of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C8866A7BE774D2F82774F89E18C69E50" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A6554C113F63EEC88CB3EDCF91D8DB26" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="599CF53620545C31C0333CC15C08C9FD" originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
type material was more extensive (largest specimen had half the size of a fist) and the surface more elaborate (
<normalizedToken originalValue="rugueux">'rugueux'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C65A8E48E4D0CB07DF2EEC7617F85A65" originalValue="rugueux">'rugueux'</normalizedToken>
, oscules sometimes on a papilla). In 1904, Topsent retracted his variety durissima as he had become convinced that the lumpy asters were derived from the tuberculated asters and probably subject to considerable variation. Having
<pageBreakToken pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">examined</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="DACAE9D4D135FBE0D7B1BB8C11F7C312" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">examined</pageBreakToken>
the variation of these asters, we disagree with the retraction of durissima and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="637DAAD8855260090827D4FDD6C84C2A" originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
assignment of it to the variability of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="441418ED564015346AD54CA91F7920A0" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
. The predominance of three-claded calthrops and the absence of dichocalthrops combined with the presence of the lumpy entirely spined
<normalizedToken originalValue="spherochiasters">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1B178FDF478AA54A7CA3768ED55E5F78" originalValue="spherochiasters">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
is sufficient evidence for specific distinction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,123 +1,123 @@
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<taxonomicName authority="De Laubenfels, 1930" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1930" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) syrmatitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="syrmatitus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba syrmatitus De Laubenfels, 1930</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus syrmatitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="syrmatitus">Dercitus syrmatitus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="(Abstracts of dissertations for the degree of doctor of philosophy) Stanford University Bulletin (5)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="24 - 29" title="The Sponges of California." volume="5" year="1930">De Laubenfels 1930</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="2EAB9D1B840D248B22657FFEBF673ED4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="89707E8B3B45251475D6599B8E0A4B3F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus syrmatitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="syrmatitus">Dercitus syrmatitus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="FF10240B824ED67BD7C5C22E6BD30A40" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="(Abstracts of dissertations for the degree of doctor of philosophy) Stanford University Bulletin (5)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="24 - 29" title="The Sponges of California." volume="5" year="1930">De Laubenfels 1930</bibRefCitation>
: 26; 1932: 38, fig. 17.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba syrmatitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="syrmatitus">Stoeba syrmatitus</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="D54ECA7527981942037D40B95E1BB131" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="02469AEDB60AA1B3B63CDB2564EDF02F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba syrmatitus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="syrmatitus">Stoeba syrmatitus</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lee, WL" journalOrPublisher="Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="The sponges of California" volumeTitle="A guide and Key to the marine sponges of California" year="2007">Lee et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C800503CF2A283440A20BB85139B5208" author="Lee, WL" journalOrPublisher="Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="The sponges of California" volumeTitle="A guide and Key to the marine sponges of California" year="2007">Lee et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 213.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">None.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="9FF82F463543AC5EAB90F6F9B702C30C" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="5B9C3F8DD1B20F656E0A0318DE8C9B9F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EC0F0C905D5762B057AA6F65CDECBB5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">USNM 21438, United States, California, Laguna Beach, coll. M.W. De Laubenfels, 26 March 1929.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="18FD9A9B22153CA0E8EF74BA153A040F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="2313834CE1006FE7A3D318CE2A9CFA56" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A52F5A9F231D0EBA1A940B9B6583250A" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">USNM 21438, United States, California, Laguna Beach, coll. M.W. De Laubenfels, 26 March 1929.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="6B2F55C383F0681987BB72DDE5718C40" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="4BD9594A7D33D55E367E3F8D73218C38" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C800DE3D0D474C973FC3D55B0870A6C5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(from De Laubenfels, 1932). Consolidating sandy substrate, shape
<normalizedToken originalValue="amorphous">'amorphous'</normalizedToken>
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, colour
<normalizedToken originalValue="drab">'drab'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BD40CBA45544E545D55F27121DB5644C" originalValue="drab">'drab'</normalizedToken>
, surface smooth, consistency slimy. Size of parts containing the characteristic spiculation 0.2-2 mm. Skeleton of interior
<normalizedToken originalValue="packed">'packed'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="8256F418B25D7C5E7F58B594BD89DE43" originalValue="packed">'packed'</normalizedToken>
with megascleres and microscleres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spicules: calthrops and sanidasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<paragraph id="06A67F4415D78837CE98C8BF62F5C08B" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spicules: calthrops and sanidasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="530A5ADBE7AAC124B11B809BB6586711" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Calthrops, small, often reduced to
<normalizedToken originalValue="tripods">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2A9C8412C602D2CC969A0C74E651ACCC" originalValue="tripods">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
, cladi 25
<normalizedToken originalValue="65">-65-</normalizedToken>
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80
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3
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10
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7E63405E210329678F0153F7FB68926D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<paragraph id="81B0B7A5B0B238093ADEC876D350FCA1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Sanidasters variable in spination, often concentrated in two areas of the microsclere to approach an amphiaster condition, but many are irregular, endings blunt, 8-12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3FF94850615C372813DF5E1844954B5D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Intertidal.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="E15797CAC1480B0BBDB7A0435860E705" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="9CEA2870DD9D14C91E09D6C7C13E1E15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B35E3A401064D1B5477C3B8669FBB712" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Intertidal.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">California.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="EA8A3009B3A988BB87347552DACF49E1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="61EE1070A4E13445106ACA5FF1A84D10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA72A7B4D92DE889308C66FBBE62C5B4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">California.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 140" title="The marine and fresh-water sponges of California." volume="81" year="1932">De Laubenfels (1932)</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="8816E68BC6CCB434F7C3EFCA26B8E819" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="C29AEB0D58CB38605AF66CA4A6ED864A" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA1460B761E274E71439D8FDC41B6965" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<bibRefCitation id="347E2480C3818605C6BAE6E8054AF2CC" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 140" title="The marine and fresh-water sponges of California." volume="81" year="1932">De Laubenfels (1932)</bibRefCitation>
mentions the possible presence of toxas, judged to be foreign.
<bibRefCitation author="Lee, WL" journalOrPublisher="Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="The sponges of California" volumeTitle="A guide and Key to the marine sponges of California" year="2007">Lee et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D9385A06BE1F504D2B16C1A68827A222" author="Lee, WL" journalOrPublisher="Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="The sponges of California" volumeTitle="A guide and Key to the marine sponges of California" year="2007">Lee et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
provide SEM photos of the spicules. The species stands out by its small calthrops, which is only shared with
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xanthus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8F805EC71FAC57F5492EDCD3867F5D25" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xanthus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) xanthus</taxonomicName>
, but in that species there are no normal calthrops, only three-claded ones, and the sanidasters are considerebaly longer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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@ -1,42 +1,43 @@
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</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:classification id="3D50E7FD44CE6382729A324F9C7D7557">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8495E33E24F54FF67EDCFA7F00D8231A" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A2796D6EF373ECFC5F7FFBC164AE35D1" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
<treatment id="BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Dercitus">
<subSubSection id="777D2A725083969F2B62423D5313E1EC" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CBE32CF315E3E65A67E15C26723F23DF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="B7F9C1A6C85BEBFEDF500D7D1CED1023" ID-CoL="5DZQL" authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">
<pageBreakToken id="4E56ED6BAB0DC41CAC475205503FF600" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Dercitus bucklandi bucklandi (Bowerbank, 1858)
</taxonomicName>
Figs 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="AD3AE">A-D3A-E</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0AC51A2BD3A2788C0231FB39809FA534" originalValue="AD3AE">A-D3A-E</normalizedToken>
5a-eTable 1
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="279 - 332" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula." volume="148" year="1858">Bowerbank 1858</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="B2001F6DB1E8628700DCD4EC7AD77A2F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="85758DE7C977E5F791CA0E3ACAF6B663" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="53F5C66D6F9E54A3B729E70F722C92CD" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="E1E632EC0425B00AF0D416910B3B84BE" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="279 - 332" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula." volume="148" year="1858">Bowerbank 1858</bibRefCitation>
: 288.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeniacidon bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Hymeniacidon bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="50EC20D89313B41A06D5F57F75EA51A2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="44A737F545ECE284EA7AB9E5304303E2" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeniacidon bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Hymeniacidon bucklandi</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2" year="1866">Bowerbank 1866</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F1646E31EA2948604BE23E5AB7861092" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2" year="1866">Bowerbank 1866</bibRefCitation>
: 226; 1874: pl. 38 figs 9-12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="79C1E59041E53B2BE8FE61DC45CA8AF8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4048612F13B68A14DB014D3A815782E0" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="492 - 558" title="Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera." volume="1867" year="1867">Gray 1867</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="11FB3E5B2EC4E0A067492B13F2B2EAD1" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="492 - 558" title="Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera." volume="1867" year="1867">Gray 1867</bibRefCitation>
: 542;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="4ED71EB9D80C579F18B91F6D565BA304" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 528;
<bibRefCitation author="Ackers, RG" journalOrPublisher="Marine Conservation Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Sponges of the British Isles (' Sponges V')" volumeTitle="A Colour Guide and Working Document" year="1992">Ackers et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="7548B08355DC7179268D8BD91F458642" author="Ackers, RG" journalOrPublisher="Marine Conservation Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Sponges of the British Isles (' Sponges V')" volumeTitle="A Colour Guide and Working Document" year="1992">Ackers et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
(2007): 52;
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2008">Van Soest et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="B59241DD8E83FECB6D95ED32BEFE9587" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2008">Van Soest et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
(CD-ROM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Pachastrella bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="72300C38EF2FA85B80F6DFEA88889F80" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="D22364CE10061B5F974C17F142EC00DD" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Pachastrella bucklandi</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Grundzuege einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="CA393F2DCA72151559515929C07D5A75" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Grundzuege einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 76.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">Carter 1871</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="4247AEDAB69BCAB7D6EBBD750FD35A3F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="3B52550B451C6AB927B5D5571B73F41D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="1BB8E768E9EAB4627BFE7026CD33A782" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">Carter 1871</bibRefCitation>
: 3, pl. IV fig.1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Battersbyia bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="863D3CF10D6DE2B5A33018D20A4BAEE1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="611A8DEDB8CE67B44CBD94431D2335F7" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Battersbyia bucklandi</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">Bowerbank 1874</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F1F8D3ED327934EE886DEE4A61C7F3EC" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">Bowerbank 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 346, pl. 92 fig. 8;
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 4 (Supplement)" year="1882">Bowerbank and Norman 1882</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="33E176EAFFD78E6A4B33E21F4A1FC640" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 4 (Supplement)" year="1882">Bowerbank and Norman 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 93.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection id="CC27B4720133A4DCFD62AB7F0ECF298E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="433D6DE79CDB743C576A8D55A1D1AD2A" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66824AD72E73A3A011F79AF9B7C0BE8B" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Schizoholotype (2 slides, one with dissociated spicules, the other with section at right angles to surface): NHM collection, Bwbk. 542 (labeled as
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Battersbyia bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F8055C672F7B637B2E949107FCD9698C" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Battersbyia bucklandi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeniacidon bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Hymeniacidon bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1138AECECE078721DDB2CAC2CAB0EA80" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeniacidon bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Hymeniacidon bucklandi</taxonomicName>
), part of holotype BMNH 1877.5.21.142 (wet, fragment examined); locality presumed to be Abbey Bay, near Torquay, Devon, England (but this is not indicated on the labels).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph id="DD9D75E8E6B056AB4734A115F3982F1B" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="925FC1DE96B6D625BA60C02078BFA332" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
Carter, 1871 (dry) BMNH 1895.4.27.1-6 (Fig. 3); dry schizotype ZMB 3046, (including 17 slides); locality Straight Point,
<normalizedToken originalValue="BudleighSalterton">Budleigh-Salterton</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D30621B17324C87A7678CA18A3DC72A2" originalValue="BudleighSalterton">Budleigh-Salterton</normalizedToken>
, South Devon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(amalgamated from various descriptions of material from the British Isles and NW France). Cushion-shaped to massive-lobose (Figs 2A, 3A), filling crevices in vertical rock faces. Size frequently over 5cm2. Black to dark grey-brown externally. Surface smooth but often has ridges looking like stretch-marks. The surface is usually concave. Apertures (oscules?) are flush with the surface, variable in size and usually collected into groups towards the centre of the sponge. Consistency moderately firm but compressible and spongy when in situ, liver-like in preserved condition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Skeleton: Main skeleton of confused, randomly arranged calthrops, a layer of sanidasters and many toxas occur near the surface, but these also occur in the choanosome. There are many large pigment cells (?) with black inclusions evident in sections.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Spicules</pageBreakToken>
<subSubSection id="C7E5E8DCDB557F1B0A4C405B3FFDE648" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="9A5A12E0F34FA96C1BBF90501E5C46F2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3620949F77AD207FE9827BE6CC4B2116" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(amalgamated from various descriptions of material from the British Isles and NW France). Cushion-shaped to massive-lobose (Figs 2A, 3A), filling crevices in vertical rock faces. Size frequently over 5cm2. Black to dark grey-brown externally. Surface smooth but often has ridges looking like stretch-marks. The surface is usually concave. Apertures (oscules?) are flush with the surface, variable in size and usually collected into groups towards the centre of the sponge. Consistency moderately firm but compressible and spongy when in situ, liver-like in preserved condition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B546067560AEA1C68428DE4098907BF1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Skeleton: Main skeleton of confused, randomly arranged calthrops, a layer of sanidasters and many toxas occur near the surface, but these also occur in the choanosome. There are many large pigment cells (?) with black inclusions evident in sections.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="72DF44756BF2418FD24CCB31EEE484FB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<pageBreakToken id="3962C48298CDF334163A3D460749C49B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Spicules</pageBreakToken>
: Calthrops, toxiform microscleres, sanidasters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="F0EBEF84AFDDB1987E1B955E531329B1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Calthrops (Figs 2B, 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AEA0A01AB6EB348062993A97A367F5EB" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
), often with axial canals seen clearly, occasional bifid cladi or with angulated curve, rarely with 5 cladi, size of cladi: 80
<normalizedToken originalValue="218.9">-218.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3669D45366C9D78B9E351C933F05C698" originalValue="218.9">-218.9-</normalizedToken>
305
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4AABB8F6895F409B91896E6AED9262D5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12
<normalizedToken originalValue="28.1">-28.1-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2870EC99240A7A23636CA425F53F496F" originalValue="28.1">-28.1-</normalizedToken>
48
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2BD7E58E077E261D0F85C3A0AFA5DAF2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladomes 120
<normalizedToken originalValue="311.3">-311.3-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1B63D9B8409CFB6CAFEF234B4499F290" originalValue="311.3">-311.3-</normalizedToken>
480
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="213B8776A277A191BF579880F0A6D3E9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="B27B6AAC0AC604FB438378DE7CA348F2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Smooth toxiform microscleres (Figs 2C, 3D, 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="ae">a-e</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D7614CA11E8A27B9588C22672C424A98" originalValue="ae">a-e</normalizedToken>
), often slightly swollen near the apices, occasionally with irregular side branches (Fig. 2C): 51
<normalizedToken originalValue="86.8">-86.8-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0BDC389BE02E9417B87D5E7448BA18A2" originalValue="86.8">-86.8-</normalizedToken>
111
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="21D2067A6037489A87B8537657CC10B1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="61C96C1A296F35FAC53A5ACBB77B94ED" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="652C7DCC112FE31F1F84DB710ED86D18" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Sanidasters (Figs 2D, 3E) relatively robust with strong spines in
<normalizedToken originalValue="mature">'mature'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DF1C94E60F40B640402C2D2C8C1F6F5F" originalValue="mature">'mature'</normalizedToken>
condition: 22
<normalizedToken originalValue="25.7">-25.7-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C1755E82AD6CFC341AD67CCA058D47A1" originalValue="25.7">-25.7-</normalizedToken>
31
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="99B18F6B13D2736588A429677E7D3920" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="5.2">-5.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4C84D85589E29734D5F1B0A2B885FDBB" originalValue="5.2">-5.2-</normalizedToken>
7
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CA4112DF37A6D8CFB1A1C3151AA2E6D3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(spines included in width).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<caption id="4A5303CB1FE426C318294162193454E8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="1D999221CF3C1B75EC6B878965B0BC0B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AE0DC46FCDA8DAAFA397BDC615510BB8" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
, fragment of type BMNH 1877.5.21.142, A habit B various calthrops shapes C toxas, including several malformations D various sanidaster shapes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<caption id="151ED927C3777754052BE11AB860D03B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="F0970C4EF4D63476FE24824C3760D042" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Figure 3.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) niger</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="44865D4A96F7447838C2A62721BCE30B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) niger</taxonomicName>
(= j.syn. of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="EA15ACC90D7DCD7E6BBF6C48371AE260" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
), type specimens, BMNH 1895.4.27.1-6, A habit B overview of spicule complement C calthrops D toxas E sanidasters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<caption id="9448F45CA003CDF71B97E2CF8DDAB149" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="B0655FB98507303825F9497F40755568" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Table 1. Spicule data reported for specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B40436612AA9CB233992D5F1ADE44CA3" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
, upper part:
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi bucklandi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E3FAFF210B2D8AF504C7FC7933E562E0" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi bucklandi</taxonomicName>
, lower part
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="094AAEE4E328E196096BF68AA1CCC44D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
ssp. n. (*denotes computed lengths, see text).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">cladome</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">sanidasters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">toxas</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">locality</th>
<paragraph id="9F68CC43172C39865FFF0A1ACAB41017" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<table id="0DA57696319B295A8CB0A3D0432F950E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<tr id="C3F40775B773C43BB0FFF5F9260FF082" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="7B25FD8F4EB06530BC306B039748DD81" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th id="13729A26380617A3CC969C26763BD210" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th id="9EE556BD7B011E44536DE99DD0A0F3F9" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">cladome</th>
<th id="C3A29CE9291379356D78789F4F1DE4C6" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">sanidasters</th>
<th id="CD18EA470ACF3A16C78F8B4551775E52" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">toxas</th>
<th id="B5332F9950533064059FE20AC07E5E35" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">locality</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="279 - 332" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula." volume="148" year="1858">Bowerbank 1858</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2" year="1866">1866</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">1874</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="0A6F57E379F1AB2D3126B3D56AA33CFD" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td id="D7F024A6EDFF4D12F41C09A500514E44" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="F487CC33F0E52FA9A5548AC104EAE692" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="279 - 332" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula." volume="148" year="1858">Bowerbank 1858</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="5DA80709F45BD3256B4B06854982E414" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2" year="1866">1866</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="835A794972D8975EFA7548C9C64C172B" author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">1874</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">Carter 1871</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="AA16A544CC3FBB23B3F405CAE7BA27CF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td id="C7A1D416D8B11EEB29CBEABAA450D4BF" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="7FCFA15926A347CE4D7D1FDAF02CA98C" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">Carter 1871</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="264416EA191B5FDACE27C92763478878" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td id="EA2685C55B2930BA6B0C52A0275FA523" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="90C188EF5D8F55B23F93951D829FCD11" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Ferrer-Hernandez, F" journalOrPublisher="Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Serie Zoologia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 39" title="Esponjas del litoral de Asturias." volume="36" year="1918">Ferrer 1918</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="641EDF7AD3A321EA4DBA20BE93F71B07" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td id="3A960A9D645EF817CBFD39E516267230" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="BC4EDCDA04A31069FBB455CF3E7F5E24" author="Ferrer-Hernandez, F" journalOrPublisher="Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Serie Zoologia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 39" title="Esponjas del litoral de Asturias." volume="36" year="1918">Ferrer 1918</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Xavier, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1643 - 1653" title="Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): diversity and zoogeographical affinities." volume="87" year="2007">Xavier and van Soest 2007</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="4BAE673CAFBAE9E18CDF23B90C5734BB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<td id="35CBF1AD7300E3E5D46B6F9C9E3496B6" colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="0FC5EB5701C3BD3959EB6B7F61A3AC3A" author="Xavier, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1643 - 1653" title="Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): diversity and zoogeographical affinities." volume="87" year="2007">Xavier and van Soest 2007</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">In crevices in vertical rock faces in clean water. Particularly common on limestone substrata. From the extreme low water mark to a few meters subtidally in rock pools and caves.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="661600204662F54581BD2C5732CEBA23" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="22D9C039A58E4CAF58B36783C0BCED28" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500286BDE8CEE24AC61EBDD5CB4C77D5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">In crevices in vertical rock faces in clean water. Particularly common on limestone substrata. From the extreme low water mark to a few meters subtidally in rock pools and caves.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="1A8F8C68052FA958A95721320FDF6055" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3BA25363332B3622A7C021C9F9BA9B16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C9FD91D0CC51DE4B02A2FD56B1C4F3C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
British Isles (SW coast of England and N and W coast of Ireland), and France (Roscoff, Iles de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Glénan">Glenan</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F83865900A4CD57DC790CCA05D30DF6A" originalValue="Glénan">Glenan</normalizedToken>
). There is a record from the northern Gulf of Mexico (
<bibRefCitation author="Teerling, J" journalOrPublisher="University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A survey of the sponges from thr northwestern Gulf of Mexico" year="1975">Teerling 1975</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="CB2F3B43A6D2670878C11EFE340061E8" author="Teerling, J" journalOrPublisher="University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A survey of the sponges from thr northwestern Gulf of Mexico" year="1975">Teerling 1975</bibRefCitation>
), but this has not been verified and is unlikely to be correct.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="523EBCC0DA82C6BC7C5E78460BA2A55B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="CCF257D93412A8D83C53678E21A848E0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68894A5E3BB73F19CBAE51AF9C096694" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Named after Mrs. Buckland of Guernsey, who collected one of the type specimens (in fact the species should probably have been named
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bucklandae”">&quot;bucklandae&quot;</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1C99E0DD94ABDE87D979DBE17D444C05" originalValue="“bucklandae”">&quot;bucklandae&quot;</normalizedToken>
since the named person is female).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbanks">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
<subSubSection id="4A3448E70DBF14AEE8E7602196A8CBFE" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="CDEA462A76DEE31F2B0B8F42799C5A7E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5321FB6A09B9A57E07550C24BB319C8A" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<normalizedToken id="536E97033244BF99758E7BEF61AA5933" originalValue="Bowerbanks">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
type specimen (a fragment, BMNH 1877.5.21.142, Fig. 2A) and slide (Bwbk. 542) and two of
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carters">Carter's</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="FC899EEFE29F26F7B440EEF562A06CC7" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">
<normalizedToken id="C84634577C23EA5A73EA6E24A3FFD248" originalValue="Carters">Carter's</normalizedToken>
(1871)
</bibRefCitation>
types of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="07B4759C0E7789AD2F079F00E073CBED" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
(BMNH 1895.4.27.1-6, Fig. 3A, and ZMB 3046) were reexamined (see also Table 1).
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbanks">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="947A36BC7F729324E63330663920B3CA" originalValue="Bowerbanks">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
material (Fig. 2) had calthrops with cladi 81-318
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="53AA8C08AD4558189FEC7FB079D47CCB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-48
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3146CBB971FEC38EBF4E2531FE4C9141" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(cladome 120-480
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BB2A81468DC0B9251DDD2BF6A7006434" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), toxas 64-111
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E805F199D776D8D8FA111BA8F7006419" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9ABF258A4CE17718BE0318455B381C28" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, and sanidasters 22-31
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="22EAB95CEF9EA9E7631366D7DEBD0ABC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-7. In the type material, the toxas showed some peculiar straight or curled side branches usually in the mid section (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carters">Carter's</normalizedToken>
<paragraph id="A1B22C90C9E282EBE8A16D3811A34289" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<normalizedToken id="3A29F12EEF35EAF4F297D733CC16ACA6" originalValue="Carters">Carter's</normalizedToken>
type specimens (Fig. 3) possessed spicule sizes closely similar to those of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbanks">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4B12E7B58C407A2A421005307D8E5243" originalValue="Bowerbanks">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
type: calthrops 108-356
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C7E552962C6896E4BEA6F176088CB92D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
17-37
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AA5E78C9ED3F99E4B65549F7ABCBED0C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(cladome up to 472
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C7542A4485B4337E2656EB46D7314A29" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), toxas
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">51</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="5DA427E70D9249ADDF25325C826A6B89" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">51</pageBreakToken>
-103
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A1FD9DC60168F937EB3265232F39A076" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-3
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B6598ADF4588EC263DA64417F88E0EA4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, sanidasters 21-31
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5C22EAFDDFDDC01F6CAC5CEB0D798EC2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-7
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EF077AC71E5C475387D7FF44DCBB34CD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. However, there was a curious discrepancy in shapes of calthrops and the sanidasters between the BMNH and ZMB Carter type specimens. Presumably this conveys a large variability among specimens from the same locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
<paragraph id="B23F337F1CD4747B28B1FDB245C384A5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation id="234942E30B4D439634BA2150F6A62195" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
gives the following measurements of specimens from the W coast of France: calthrops with cladi 310-320
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B415F697A132BC73C7FC876072D7E20D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
38-45
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BC281BF1B9D021C094E054D0F05CAD6C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(thicker than the types), toxas 75-90 (similar to the types), sanidasters 21-27
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B19D18B8B215E9DF3C01D0F7796913D1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(similar to the types).
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In view of some of the discrepancies we considered it worthwhile to investigate whether spicular differences of specimens within the known range of the species would yield a pattern that could explain some of the differences. We compared spicular data from the northern samples cited above with those of samples from areas in the southern part of the range, from the coasts and offshore localities of Portugal obtained from Dr Joana Xavier and examined spicule sizes and shapes. This led us to the conclusion that there are consistent differences between samples from these areas which should be recognized at the subspecies level.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC042D396EF0147C48D228FCB7F65F20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In view of some of the discrepancies we considered it worthwhile to investigate whether spicular differences of specimens within the known range of the species would yield a pattern that could explain some of the differences. We compared spicular data from the northern samples cited above with those of samples from areas in the southern part of the range, from the coasts and offshore localities of Portugal obtained from Dr Joana Xavier and examined spicule sizes and shapes. This led us to the conclusion that there are consistent differences between samples from these areas which should be recognized at the subspecies level.</paragraph>
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Subgenus
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: 281 (preoccupied by
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, Protoctista).
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<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Definition:</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="E781132E4CDF8AA7A90A3A1D2041AB47" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Definition:</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="27C758FB00D503AE6D01C4AF2AA1C490" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Calthropella</taxonomicName>
with
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<normalizedToken id="97FE77A881323D9716AF4B4763804FA4" originalValue="normal">'normal'</normalizedToken>
euasters (oxyasters and/or strongylasters).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium stelligerum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligerum">Corticium stelligerum</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="DF33F3B894A1E36843930D02D0A7C2FC" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="type species">
<paragraph id="409469C577DC678B59CBC5F6B721A9B4" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Type species:</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="D0E48C3E01B10622FB7861E873673417" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium stelligerum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligerum">Corticium stelligerum</taxonomicName>
Schmidt, 1868 (by subsequent designation herein).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Key to the species of Corticellopsis</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<table pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<paragraph id="BF0C6B23020665EFA8D2DCF268180006" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Key to the species of Corticellopsis</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) novaezealandiae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="novaezealandiae" subGenus="Corticellopsis">Calthropella (Corticellopsis) novaezealandiae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticellopsis">Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera</taxonomicName>
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Calthropella Pachataxa enigmatica
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&amp;
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, 1983
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Figs 30
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<bibRefCitation author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="101 - 168" title="Eponges Tetractinellides et Lithistides bathyales de Nouvelle- Caledonie." volume="5" year="1983">
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and
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1983
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: 151, fig. 29.
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<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Holotype MNHN DCL 2805; paratypes DCL 2895 (4 small sponges), both from New Caledonia, 22.8°S; 167.15°E, depth 355-360 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E4F27597FF60B5C5D7A9BA1FCBEC0A96" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F11D1C0FD768A4EAF932663F57DDE1E2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Holotype MNHN DCL 2805; paratypes DCL 2895 (4 small sponges), both from New Caledonia, 22.8°S; 167.15°E, depth 355-360 m.</paragraph>
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.
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Massive with rounded flattened lobate outgrowths (Fig. 30A). Size of holotype 3.5
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1.2 cm, paratypes slightly smaller to about 1 cm3. Brownish beige in alcohol. Small slightly raised oscules of less than 1 mm diameter are scattered in vague groups on the upper surface. Consistency firm to hard, crumbly.
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<paragraph pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Skeleton: confused, with a crust of microscleres carried by the triaene megascleres. A few broken oxea-like spicules were present in the slides made from the largest paratype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Spicules (Fig. 30B): Calthrops, spheroxyasters, ataxasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="301403FA7D6FF95995B7CCD97D580A93" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Skeleton: confused, with a crust of microscleres carried by the triaene megascleres. A few broken oxea-like spicules were present in the slides made from the largest paratype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="179E92809A0C5E3F6B0D1F6B32FBB08E" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Spicules (Fig. 30B): Calthrops, spheroxyasters, ataxasters.</paragraph>
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Calthrops (Fig. 30
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), occasionally with five-claded mesotriaene-like forms (called
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by
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), cladi 70
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<normalizedToken id="5D73A54BB10C76643938B271DCF2B43C" originalValue="215.4">-215.4-</normalizedToken>
450
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13
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54
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, cladomes 120
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510
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.
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Spheroxyasters (Figs 30
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, but they do not have blunt rays), small, 4
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12
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diameter (but not as small as 4-5
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as
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stated).
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(Fig. 30F) are microspined, basically ovoid microrhabds, with many forms branched or irregular (shapes may be termed centrotylote rhabds, rods with side branch(es), round balls, cross-shaped, or rarely polyangular/aster-like), size ranging from 9
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4 to 42
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16
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.
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<caption id="4A3DB49498555F84AAE7613293870298" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<paragraph id="AEDCA57942DD64F0F372ED246D5AE34A" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
Figure 30.
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, paratype MNHN DCL 2895 from New Caledonia, A habit (photo P.
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<normalizedToken id="438D6D9CFB945588921D9DB582C4131B" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
, scale bar 1 cm) B overview of spicules C calthrops D larger oxyaster E smaller oxyaster F various ataxasters.
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Deep water, 355 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="542983598E9E4E7D5559FC065E2B3037" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DBD58A6117EDE16C65A47AE57EC2334B" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Deep water, 355 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Known only from off New Caledonia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E7F14B2F3D3DCA107F1FD80390137575" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="019CB6F15E7FFF91EA251BBB11E30C5D" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Known only from off New Caledonia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph id="42FF362CE57E6DAB0402BA9913857D15" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56653E49907B8838503DC34E5A478AA1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
The New Caledonian species differs from the Caribbean
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in overall spicule size and particularly in the small size of the oxyasters; that species is much larger and has a plate-shape.
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<taxonomicName id="1EE2D68FACD88657F2EC14C941DA11EE" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) pyrifera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pyrifera" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) pyrifera</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see below) differs likewise in having larger oxyasters up to 24
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diameter and asymmetrical pear-shaped ataxasters.
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<mods:title id="14AAC4E36107BFDD3C8A3EA475D80F7B">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1880" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella Pachataxa lithistina (Schmidt, 1880)</taxonomicName>
<treatment id="DEB7E51205064EEDD042B9F34B103329" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360731" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DEB7E51205064EEDD042B9F34B103329" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DEB7E51205064EEDD042B9F34B103329" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Pachataxa">
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<taxonomicName id="14C06F56C130A9D7B749DBC147F21D5D" ID-CoL="Q4R5" authority="Schmidt, 1880" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella Pachataxa lithistina (Schmidt, 1880)</taxonomicName>
Figs 28
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina">Pachastrella lithistina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="33 - 90" title="Reports on the dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, by the USCSS ' Blake'. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (Und des caraibischen Meeres). Heft II. Abtheilung II. Hexactinelliden. Abtheilung III. Tetractinelliden. Monactinelliden und Anhang. Nachtraege zu Abtheilung I (Lithistiden)" year="1880">Schmidt 1880</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="510B4595E0E68DEC016D2FEED7F69359" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DEB3BC61A39480D850AD698BE4DA5DBC" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="ADCE3A956FA5AF993BA7C081487855F5" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina">Pachastrella lithistina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="DBC15660287FF00EC8337B0277CFA4BD" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="33 - 90" title="Reports on the dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, by the USCSS ' Blake'. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (Und des caraibischen Meeres). Heft II. Abtheilung II. Hexactinelliden. Abtheilung III. Tetractinelliden. Monactinelliden und Anhang. Nachtraege zu Abtheilung I (Lithistiden)" year="1880">Schmidt 1880</bibRefCitation>
: 68, pl. 9 fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 16" title="Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Choristides." volume="435" year="1923">Topsent 1923</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="06B147D0E5114DE2A3E981C3A14119DD" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 16" title="Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Choristides." volume="435" year="1923">Topsent 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 6, fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina">Pachataxa lithistina</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="5C66A6BFCD33AF05135EA6C8D5F1BE27" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="5B18ADC55442BA6F5DCC7FD082D31E4D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina">Pachataxa lithistina</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A9356F4D85E43E3DBA2FE1448E6D2B7F" author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 225" title="A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera." volume="30" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 179;
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A91BA9B05A0C921E02E046C8B054CEE7" author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 133, fig. 2E.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Holotype MCZ 6384, Blake Exped. 1878-79, Grenada, 160 m. Further type material: schizoholotype fragment MZUS P0095 (not examined) and two type slides in ZMB, nr. 6870 (not examined).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="ADC727714528B319B492B65CD7558CF9" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="F572D884798A159EFDD6EB0AB359D58C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF2A11A98EFF6AF8E405D434B7F5DDD6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Holotype MCZ 6384, Blake Exped. 1878-79, Grenada, 160 m. Further type material: schizoholotype fragment MZUS P0095 (not examined) and two type slides in ZMB, nr. 6870 (not examined).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<subSubSection id="905A9EE485A3D706C2A8B66B2CB42133" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph id="3F4795FE58DC5351AA497AE12014E5BE" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1783162097983C7263C5FA6F523661C8" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Thick plate (Fig. 28), size 9
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<normalizedToken id="F650CBB7235A57F443D3EA565085F06F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6 cm, thickness 2 cm. Surface different on both sides, oscular side (Fig. 28B) with irregularly scattered oscules of 1-2 mm diameter each elevated on small hillocks; the poral side (Fig. 28C) with numerous small openings irregularly arranged in groups separated by areas without such openings. Edges of the plate smooth, without pores or oscules. Colour of the dried specimen pale yellow with a pinkish brown tinge. Consistency hard, slightly crumbly (dry condition). In cross section (Fig. 28D), there is a dense interior yellow-white mass, riddled with thin canals; at the periphery there are subdermal spaces underneath a 1 mm thick crust.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Skeleton: a confused mass of calthrops with at the periphery a dense mass of ataxasters, which are also strewn in the interior.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Spicules: calthrops, spheroxyasters, ataxasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<paragraph id="4D4F6181B6B046CC1D0651296C425F17" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Skeleton: a confused mass of calthrops with at the periphery a dense mass of ataxasters, which are also strewn in the interior.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B4F8FE29128D579D0439878A19807904" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Spicules: calthrops, spheroxyasters, ataxasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3323CAC6D4F5FF5D56771E38D7225261" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Calthrops (Fig. 29
<normalizedToken originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="82F5B139A63546AEAF8778F372F9820F" originalValue="AB">A-B</normalizedToken>
), highly variable in size, cladi conical and straight, occasionally the fourth cladus is lacking or underdeveloped, rarely one of the cladi is longer, 78
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705
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14
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94
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, cladome 144
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<normalizedToken id="0D00C614B2B079352E9AABAF126B1978" originalValue="460.2">-460.2-</normalizedToken>
990
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<normalizedToken id="49D2DBA3F3200BA7FB0272B9D8F9D8C4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
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<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<paragraph id="1B0B349434149279A6DB49528FC96043" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Spheroxyasters (Fig. 29C), with thick center and smooth conical rays of unequal length, some appear undeveloped, many are broken; diameter (including the rays) 7
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12
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DFBDFB5CBFB61D5B6316E85E57B5268F" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Ataxasters, of many different shapes and sizes (Fig. 29
<normalizedToken originalValue="DE">D-E</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="147245A359B93A31F3D53738E5611694" originalValue="DE">D-E</normalizedToken>
) from simple elongate-ovate rhabds to complicated forms looking as if two or more rhabds are fused, surface
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<pageBreakToken id="BD3C3089B1B4B0CBDA7187BEDEAC0366" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="start">uniformly</pageBreakToken>
microspined; size (length of longest axis
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F767CAA08201F24D6F80B99BD95407AF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of shortest axis) 9
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48
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4
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34
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.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<caption id="3EA05E49769AC39E4C43F8C66C9EE662" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<paragraph id="C62603C9E377A6C3C2DF4D5C7DED90A6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
Figure 28.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7C39D381CDEE4896BFF0443254753AC3" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lithistina" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa) lithistina</taxonomicName>
, holotype MCZ 6384, from Grenada, A overview of type B detail of oscular surface C detail of poral surface D cross section of choanosome.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Figure 29.
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, holotype MCZ 6384, A overview of calthrops B detail of calthrops C oxyasters D overview of ataxasters E various ataxasters
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<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Deep water, 160 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="85F6E9C590C7DD6AC93408C281AEBF84" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4055FF90391C4938B6D2C9363893E603" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Deep water, 160 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Only known from the type locality, off Grenada.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A45C1F2968A7FEA3F80617466E55317" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEE107767CB0114F602767897AE2C888" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Only known from the type locality, off Grenada.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<paragraph id="0199922A681E009524258437B6679A4C" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Remarks.</paragraph>
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The type material was assigned by
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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to a lectotype in the Strasbourg Museum and a paralectotype in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA, but it is virtually certain that both are fragments of a single specimen. Thus, both the alleged lectotype and paralectotype are now assigned to the same holotype as schizoholotypes.
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differs from both other
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species in the shape (large plate with different oscular and poral surfaces) and in the large variations in ataxaster shapes and sizes.
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<treatment id="E7523413DFE440B96EF688F9D3A2AC38" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360700" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E7523413DFE440B96EF688F9D3A2AC38" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7523413DFE440B96EF688F9D3A2AC38" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
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<paragraph id="8E8A7ED3934C0DA50263F9B80DA77A9E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="615014AD1872AC6AB86DD981409061DE" ID-CoL="34W27" authority="Sara, 1959" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1959" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis" subGenus="Stoeba">
<pageBreakToken id="04026FB1533679049FD1A2F626DCD8AC" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
Stoeba dissimilis (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="19D880E3461AA5FA9001BE1EF0F041DA" originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
, 1959)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Nethea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nethea dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Nethea dissimilis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sara, M" journalOrPublisher="Annuario dell' Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell' Universita di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 22" title="Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli." volume="11" year="1959">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
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<paragraph id="A2F10C8DD1B115CCC1729003E25BD4A5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="56948C9452C9F9854AE31065AFC0D791" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Nethea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nethea dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Nethea dissimilis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="58F2D74373B3F1310196C33B154C8190" author="Sara, M" journalOrPublisher="Annuario dell' Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell' Universita di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 22" title="Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli." volume="11" year="1959">
<normalizedToken id="E91602E87487659BBAD7D78BBD444E3F" originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
1959
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: 3, fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Stoeba dissimilis</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="455A7C116309E202C29CBC0417DEFF74" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="9AF5659C4C3EBD386DD67B7CC5FCB3CD" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Stoeba dissimilis</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C98A787330E53376AF075347F90FD3C5" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 156.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">None (no response from an online form request to the Stazione Zoologica, Naples).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="282CAEEED72722677B6755381E5534D4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="3AE01F1C826CF9BA489BDB275C842840" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC3697C46B399472422DF45DAB22817B" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">None (no response from an online form request to the Stazione Zoologica, Naples).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection id="9FD7C17F2B44438402724595B092244B" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="4306F0DA92B906D593E5288E7BD3B7CF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C016169C9BB6317FBFF618356EF85B51" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(from
<bibRefCitation author="Sara, M" journalOrPublisher="Annuario dell' Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell' Universita di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 22" title="Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli." volume="11" year="1959">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="79D17B1270F5F670F04EB65EEF4C79EE" author="Sara, M" journalOrPublisher="Annuario dell' Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell' Universita di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 22" title="Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli." volume="11" year="1959">
<normalizedToken id="42CBA0F4F4AE944B14338A9FEB55B12B" originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
1959
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). Numerous specimens (but only one was preserved, the holotype GG907, present whereabouts unknown) in a cave, depth 0-7 m, 30 m from the entrance. Whitish encrustations filling interstices between oysters and barnacles. Individual size 1-6 cm2, total size of all specimens 43 cm2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Skeleton: no data.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters, oxeas (but see discussion).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph id="B3D93178BCB59A622785F816B02F1A17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Skeleton: no data.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CF67072B4CB481DD6514588ADA945DE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters, oxeas (but see discussion).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705B3C9998EDC41292209A6F2BAD691D" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Calthrops with the fourth cladus often shorter, occasionally triactines, cladi 45-175
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="37BB72A32992E5EC4B477DCF07DFC348" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-21
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="93E8CCB31696E1DC8549BA562BF5D830" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph id="22E4121D98337C4CF230F42B4F0EC26D" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Dichocalthrops, cladome 77-102
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D67C1A393EC0553716830B71DF4EDD8B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, thickness of cladi 3.5-6
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EE22026862B07398BB8019759AB00CE5" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, no individual proto-, deuteroclad or rhabd measurements provided.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph id="D13D7A7C52C7B1B318139A56253343F4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Sanidasters, amphiaster-like with spines concentrated on both sides, length 8-15
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2D003A67F7E6EA629E44CEB42370F784" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, thickness 3-4
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2B9FBB48104B3C62EC7E92B11A36FB43" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(with spines) 0.7-1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="68D57D07CEC0F263CAA9AA5DB6CB2C6C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(without spines).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph id="C40BBB4C6CCBB79FA8AB0F032F6F8105" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Oxeas, extreme size variation, 65-930
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="26B1367EE8A320C9243C3D5030E03491" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.8-21
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0463A263B45CC230D8D3800455DCA666" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, no indication what their structural position is within the sponge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Habitat. In shallow-water caves.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution. Naples, Italy.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph id="9EF70B16E77786C73A9DB37CC7198596" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Habitat. In shallow-water caves.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FC1F94A356220807F2F6EA5EF56B488" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution. Naples, Italy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1239F6453F067F4AAAA1E1E6699309C6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Remarks. Because no material has been examined and previous authors assigned this to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AE30286CCC7B11BEE0FAF9B521B55D2F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stoeba</taxonomicName>
we retain this as a valid species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="545EFB54095BFCC4AC46E6A846FE8364" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
for the time being on account of the reported oxeas. However, apart from the oxeas the description perfectly fits that of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BF3C160C17E1A226C14ACC24A6A7695A" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
(Schmidt, 1862) (see above). Especially the white colour, the Mediterranean occurrence and the combined presence of dichocalthrops and calthrops are telltale signs that they could be conspecific.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,233 +1,233 @@
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<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticellopsis">
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<treatment id="F7FFB8FCDA0EDBD736EBD94DD6C64079" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F7FFB8FCDA0EDBD736EBD94DD6C64079" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7FFB8FCDA0EDBD736EBD94DD6C64079" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Corticellopsis">
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<pageBreakToken id="EF480B8973A777E420ABC40485A3AC5C" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" start="start">Calthropella</pageBreakToken>
Corticellopsis stelligera (Schmidt, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
Figs 32
<normalizedToken originalValue="AC">A-C</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C64D35D41B4DF81DE9FC86D5DFE5B84B" originalValue="AC">A-C</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium stelligerum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligerum">Corticium stelligerum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="A84A1411540ABA651302777E4E1A4A10" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="682533F688370206F4DFC1157AE6D14E" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="6212A5AD4D48682FCC6C41868CE6C59F" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium stelligerum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligerum">Corticium stelligerum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="DCE2BB01747DE2783A87AC977F3A9BF3" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 25, pl. III fig. 6;
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue" volumeTitle="An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material" year="1992">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="21CBF3706D45D85388AC2D86ED9FA1D7" author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue" volumeTitle="An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material" year="1992">
<normalizedToken id="7C3B107AD68FD8152851CFC3F511BF08" originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
and Stone 1992
</bibRefCitation>
: 10, pl. I figs 4-6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Corticella stelligera</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="FA710B19D88D9D4940D69462453DD2C2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="03E6E9C6CC42388EC4D5D200F81FD12D" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Corticella stelligera</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="FB989F003C0576EAAA1B8F78C867A086" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 281;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="6B3BD8433C1B83EFDEFDEE42802CFCF6" author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 18, pl. II fig. 11, pl. III fig. 49;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="589C7E3C1385878CDE63BDE2AB1C6DF6" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 339, pl. XXII fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Corticellopsis stelligera</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="DE74661E525704EE76F2B42426BE70BF" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="D3264410613AF7B8EAA474F39E79578C" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Corticellopsis stelligera</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E2764BA73F2CEC8B6BDC76C04847BAAB" author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 62.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Calthropella stelligera</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="BF302B79626991E83CE5107C771B9868" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="51C850C5F18F7E62F6EB3E2BD80180C9" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Calthropella stelligera</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 87" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los espongiarios de las islas Canarias. 1. Demosponjas ' Homosclerophorida y Astrophorida' del litoral de Tenerife." volume="6" year="1982">Cruz and Bacallado 1982</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="08EAA029C9F62923BD69E9056EEB6A20" author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 87" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los espongiarios de las islas Canarias. 1. Demosponjas ' Homosclerophorida y Astrophorida' del litoral de Tenerife." volume="6" year="1982">Cruz and Bacallado 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 81;
<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="B1021071083951CA6303C031A8370B6F" author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 89;
<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="77AED47C07F25496C4DCEF0D13E8D9A1" author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 593.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type fragment of LMJG 15352 from Sebenico, Northern Adriatic (slide in ZMA). There are further fragments, not examined, BMNH 1867.7.26.14, 45, 104, BMNH 1910.1.1.863, MZUS P0005, and slides BMNH 1868.3.2.5 and ZMB 6563).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="0034012B0FB227EDE15E3E109F8F0496" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="ADDDDC751E22002E6F766B3D63EF1106" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="895042798D5FD6E2FB40C72E5B51EC33" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type fragment of LMJG 15352 from Sebenico, Northern Adriatic (slide in ZMA). There are further fragments, not examined, BMNH 1867.7.26.14, 45, 104, BMNH 1910.1.1.863, MZUS P0005, and slides BMNH 1868.3.2.5 and ZMB 6563).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="65D6CDB9818A5232CD2D63A895899673" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="2B98AF5C5787C9C5209960D6BEB5C18E" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6BD4648788F765DD6ED926010DAEFFED" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
From
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A3FFB5CFBA5F95D7D3B492F2EF2B61A1" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D4E1ADB4E8885AF8D06076D602999C38" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
, based on a fragment presented to the British Museum (Natural History), BMNH 1910.1.1.863. Encrusting on corals and bridging crevices between coral branches, thickness about 5 mm. Colour white (in dry condition), yellowish inside.
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue" volumeTitle="An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material" year="1992">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="529F733FEA132491F1DFD9C33DA71A6F" author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue" volumeTitle="An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material" year="1992">
<normalizedToken id="A52906D810C466D81560B1ABDC04ABC0" originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
and Stone (1992)
</bibRefCitation>
picture the Schmidt specimen of which a fragment was studied from Sebenico as a massively encrusting sponge of 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D67A860D70560DB11FE082AEADD5E460" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4 cm, encrusted and riddled with shells. According to
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F2BD35A3BA3C3A741FE2E5CA4B8990AD" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
it has a thickness of 5 mm.
<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz (2002)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="FD17960441D5F2C299157C9F7CE8F35D" author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz (2002)</bibRefCitation>
reports pale yellow or greyish live colour. The World Porifera Database (
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2008">van Soest et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="84C63C4093753005E1E1C6D2DD8EEC15" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2008">van Soest et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
) has an in situ picture made by Dr B. Picton from a locality just off the coast of Marseille showing a pale yellow colour. No apparent oscules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Skeleton: densely spiculous at the surface, organic with few spicules in the interior. No definite skeletal structure.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Spicules: calthrops, euasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph id="0DFF83DCCFDDE4A82AA749A544C22A91" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Skeleton: densely spiculous at the surface, organic with few spicules in the interior. No definite skeletal structure.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5E46DF9278998BAF268506A75562E85" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Spicules: calthrops, euasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14B4564AE7E2F0AEAE8B67DA26D6745" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
Calthrops (Fig. 32B) or short-shafted triaenes (Fig. 32A), variable in size, cladi 142
<normalizedToken originalValue="288.2">-288.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EA9CC377E727ED36B2B4283A93D3F10F" originalValue="288.2">-288.2-</normalizedToken>
356
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="661AB196DE0A6B4BCC9FA69563D5B23C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
16
<normalizedToken originalValue="25.6">-25.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F799AAA7BB034A56B31A690A265D1EB8" originalValue="25.6">-25.6-</normalizedToken>
33
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="85F05FCD71E452E988CCA1EF1B3042E6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(cladomes 212
<normalizedToken originalValue="436.0">-436.0-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="403F1D4AC2260FCEB0780E4F5DA9C8D8" originalValue="436.0">-436.0-</normalizedToken>
570
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="14EFD0CBD6F4D960015B2A217DBFE62A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), Topsent gives cladus lengths 130-400
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="866214116CFC8F361E7C0FE10C98FB57" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-30
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A05846084377DBC06545F1F1B253D596" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph id="F774A1B9F7486698633D5ED0EDF2C637" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
Microscleres euasters in two categories (although the LMJG fragment available to us only contained a single one: strongylasters 16
<normalizedToken originalValue="20.2">-20.2-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AA09EFCD821ADD08108AB29F0897155E" originalValue="20.2">-20.2-</normalizedToken>
22
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B70C127361A4ED3B765CD4D64259D547" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter (Fig. 32C) with microspined rays in the studied fragment).
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="2DB9B695AA29D553BDD8E60DB5C82126" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
gives 20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="17824EB2B34AD32BABC8DDA4614B5466" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
as size of the strongylasters, whereas the oxyasters were measured by him as 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E551FBEFDB90BDE1299F1F92652A3658" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Topsent gives only ray lengths, 30
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1ABD6A3AF72E12EF7EE96D0AB0171E96" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
for the oxyasters (which could conform to 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C1F8E869341FAE0CC6CE7D6171A713A2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in overall diameter), and 4-7
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1240729C8C1A3348DB3A2471B35F1F42" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
for the
<normalizedToken originalValue="chiasters">'chiasters'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CC9F49F339EB16F89422B75F1B29A03A" originalValue="chiasters">'chiasters'</normalizedToken>
(which seems a bit too short for an overall 20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F93A80881E311C702C66019D9DD98FF1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diameter mentioned by Schmidt). Presumably the various type specimens have considerable size variation in the asters.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<caption id="892F1BE48D855935B7025C43C4A50161" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph id="5B3A7C3AB4783CAA80CA1337BBA9BCAE" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
Figure 32.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticellopsis">Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="FE17D64CC8A58B50F966CE3749A8F514" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticellopsis">Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera</taxonomicName>
, one of the types, LMJG 15352 from Sebenico, Northern Adriatic, A overview of megascleres B calthrops C cortical strongylasters (oxyasters were not present in the studied fragment).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fairly shallow water, from intertidal caves to 20 m.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="165B3E6DA43A540C8110E0910523DC7A" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="6E604D2FB125D56E344B0792FDFBD913" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0AFA80EC27DD16B8FA70D205BD367A8" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fairly shallow water, from intertidal caves to 20 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="865751315D238570C1F27FE59E2A58AD" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5E3BAB40A49403C031DE0E0F5326C52F" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="62525E5260EDEB2FFC224FA55A175898" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
Adriatic; Marseille; Canary Islands; NW Aegean Sea, 39°N; 25°E (Algeria is given by previous authors, but this is probably based on a misunderstanding of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4286D701166CD53CFB3096305C8CF3B9" originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
text).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="9FDE8AE3D328BA2B6F020D6E06A7CC3C" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="A795F7ED4C863A18C858516AB9C8B1CA" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AABC290BBE39C00ABB06CDE7C548E985" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
The species is the type of the preoccupied genus
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<taxonomicName id="5A3E89B1B6333FC380E96822AF2C6155" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticella</taxonomicName>
Sollas (1888) replaced by
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ECA91A7C7E326E167E2FF37D29ABF9AB" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
Bergquist, 1968 (see
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F02E4D9552036F8EBB336A4F54EAAD3E" author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
for details). It is apparently quite rare as there are only a few records from the Mediterranean (Northern Adriatic, Greece, and unconfirmed from Marseille). Schmidt (l.c.) mentions Algeria in his text, but very probably refers to another
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<taxonomicName id="CD8EFF25E1EBD079B9BD31411F6B5891" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticium</taxonomicName>
species (either
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella candelabrum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="candelabrum">Calthropella candelabrum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20F6B6DD9659C3376AC43242DA27BE59" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella candelabrum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="candelabrum">Calthropella candelabrum</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Calthropella plicatum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4DDB9F9849B7E1EB4996DC0F5569A5B2" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Calthropella plicatum</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">Dercitus plicatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F2BDE2096D7BF076E18353501B512F24" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">Dercitus plicatus</taxonomicName>
). The species has been reported recently from the Canary Islands (
<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 87" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los espongiarios de las islas Canarias. 1. Demosponjas ' Homosclerophorida y Astrophorida' del litoral de Tenerife." volume="6" year="1982">Cruz and Bacallado 1982</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="21E94F85CF6B5BCB42EE62489D14BD83" author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 87" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los espongiarios de las islas Canarias. 1. Demosponjas ' Homosclerophorida y Astrophorida' del litoral de Tenerife." volume="6" year="1982">Cruz and Bacallado 1982</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="842A89D7741373972CDCF41467EA0F9D" author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz 2002</bibRefCitation>
) as pale yellow or grey masses with a skeleton of calthrops with cladi of 60-320
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D57E0963F3052352A362E29DBED6EF27" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, irregular chiasters (strongylasters) of 8-23
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="95EE216D2233321C91BE674B6C298602" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diameter, drawn with smooth rays,
<normalizedToken originalValue="fiverayed">five-rayed</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A43309B699CC61CFA2DC74A84D876D34" originalValue="fiverayed">five-rayed</normalizedToken>
oxyasters also drawn with smooth rays of 16-40
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6CC7AEA43323D0FC87D5C2AE589BFCFD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="CA6B15333B6D9B3AEFF2288AB6B467C4" author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
give calthrops cladi of 120-240
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A45C2F0FB448F791EBA8339A769AB9FE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E2D4855EB0D18BCC88D6821FBB1B5CF6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="chiasters">'chiasters'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DCB3A49CF846EA662516AA9217E20706" originalValue="chiasters">'chiasters'</normalizedToken>
with 5-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FD461D8BC45D405991BFFF7F27CD14F4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
ray lengths, and
<normalizedToken originalValue="sixrayed">six-rayed</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5A10F8C4B058142D7154406F50791BFC" originalValue="sixrayed">six-rayed</normalizedToken>
oxyasters of 20-28
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AA4F47AF3D397229BB09574FD987EEAB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
ray length. They also mention the presence of considerable amounts of oxeas, but these were assumed to be foreign. The various measurements
<pageBreakToken pageId="63" pageNumber="64" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="1354013744C1EF164FE94DA0F552DE21" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
either ray length or overall diameter make it difficult to monitor the size variation of the asters. This species needs to be revised further, based on examination of all extant specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

View file

@ -1,449 +1,449 @@
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<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba plicatus (Schmidt, 1868)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 6
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<normalizedToken id="A4014C3B98AC8B461E8DF7FED25B2F25" originalValue="CF">C-F</normalizedToken>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Corticium plicatum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="E2C615611F1FC46F554D8C7736C81332" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1FB0854762901359846C476BB6DA93C8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="410AD39914F820959E610DA17CEC455D" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Corticium plicatum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="9599D25DF0041EF195D1809204B8F8E4" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 2, pl. III fig. 11.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Calcabrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcabrina plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Calcabrina plicata</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="4995A10F13B2ECE3B694E75F55009AE6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="353FB9EF5BB01A9B092BCD861D7137A2" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Calcabrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcabrina plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Calcabrina plicata</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D67E25591AF9E373CBB1F62B4D368907" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 281.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Dercitus plicata</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="1A68803B32A597A9453FF0F4B7402B75" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="DBBAC29BB8E9337578C1DD779941D661" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Dercitus plicata</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="3B4FF32BA54E20707C452A3D1A6135C2" author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 17, pl. II fig. 10, l. III fig. 43.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
<paragraph id="37823500371D5E4C79B65C60169B4155" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="2789DC4B0AFA8FE59E142CADCBDE2EBB" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">
<pageBreakToken id="FFC2773614B9A9A57C16876E3DD25B5D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
plicatus
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="83F2F7C8F2633E35A74B3BB5655ACB37" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 531, pl. XXII figs 6-10;
<bibRefCitation author="Babic, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher. Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="217 - 302" title="Monactinellida und Tetractinellida des Adriatischen Meeres" volume="46" year="1922">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Babiç">Babic</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="CC7F6BE74D72A6918CA5674A80CD1966" author="Babic, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher. Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="217 - 302" title="Monactinellida und Tetractinellida des Adriatischen Meeres" volume="46" year="1922">
<normalizedToken id="80B74466191DE0623C40B6ADA5A9E88D" originalValue="Babiç">Babic</normalizedToken>
1922
</bibRefCitation>
: 286, fig. V-1;
<bibRefCitation author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="225 - 246" title="Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique oriental par le ' President Theodore-Tissier' (1955 - 1956)." volume="22" year="1958">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="C394F0673F3D825ECD7DEC2519D8F791" author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="225 - 246" title="Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique oriental par le ' President Theodore-Tissier' (1955 - 1956)." volume="22" year="1958">
<normalizedToken id="F2EDD00904127D6CE190E393A6BD20F0" originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
and Vacelet 1958
</bibRefCitation>
: 231, Figs 10-11;
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="7F44CC31ED9A4DA2A20C7C7B961D992B" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 345;
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="9D94E07FD4B808CA08550A666786A77C" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 467;
<bibRefCitation author="Templado, J" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="93 - 104" title="Estudio preliminar de la fauna asociada a los fondos coraliferos del mar de Alboran (SE de Espana)." volume="3" year="1986">Templado et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="0789DB2473273003C487A81B31439B8E" author="Templado, J" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="93 - 104" title="Estudio preliminar de la fauna asociada a los fondos coraliferos del mar de Alboran (SE de Espana)." volume="3" year="1986">Templado et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 96 (table);
<bibRefCitation author="Pansini, M" editor="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Springer Verlag, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 186" title="Littoral demosponges from the Banks of the Strait of Sicily and the Alboran Sea" volumeTitle="Taxonomy of Porifera from the N. E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea" year="1987">Pansini 1987</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C01AD7F54D157EEA77C925B576899AE0" author="Pansini, M" editor="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Springer Verlag, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 186" title="Littoral demosponges from the Banks of the Strait of Sicily and the Alboran Sea" volumeTitle="Taxonomy of Porifera from the N. E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea" year="1987">Pansini 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 157;
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="205 - 219" title="Affinities of the Marine Demospongiae Fauna of the Cape Verde Islands and Tropical West Africa" volume="159" year="1993">Van Soest 1993</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A4225E387BC13D90528BF997A7F933F4" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="205 - 219" title="Affinities of the Marine Demospongiae Fauna of the Cape Verde Islands and Tropical West Africa" volume="159" year="1993">Van Soest 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 210 (table).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="403CE7343E2413CF273C405EA4C497B3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="21A15ACA3FC89FF5E276E167047E2C9D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46E82F2A8AD94DC3ADAB24F0BEA598D5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Holotype MNHN DT 3635, labeled &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Corticium plicatum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="95C918955A632AC1413348C404DF9FFE" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Corticium plicatum</taxonomicName>
Schmidt 1868 no. 96&quot; (there is also a slide - not examined - with
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="71F1903896BAA8DE26EE5DDEA2C6738D" originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
handwriting, bearing the date 1868); schizotype BMNH 1868.3.2.1. (slide), labeled &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Corticium plicatum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7ACD763C41CDB4E52ADAE07F64EC71E9" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Corticium plicatum</taxonomicName>
Schmidt, 1868,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Calcabrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcabrina plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Calcabrina plicata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="17F1E92A5E83E0890DE40E688744471C" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Calcabrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcabrina plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Calcabrina plicata</taxonomicName>
, Algiers 1868&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="A745C24788D0D2C22179E1DA1F77682B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Additional specimen ZMA Por. 15101a, Banyuls,
<normalizedToken originalValue="coralligène">'coralligene'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="88C4F4673E60914AE37939B447FAE604" originalValue="coralligène">'coralligene'</normalizedToken>
, 42.4833°N; 3.138°E, 10 m, coll. S. Groot, 10 August 1981.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="F673346EB8F40CFA72926846E333FCE5" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="20437796156A06EFAE513DC49D0B4052" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9114A115F6273F779D1AA40AFE3F68C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The wet holotype (Fig. 6C) consists of two pieces, one small brownish mass of 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="15076FCE1510A841618AF84C180A8DA2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 cm, the actual specimen, and a larger limestone mass covered with bryozoans which does not appear to contain any additional sponge material but is presumed to be part of the substratum on which the sponge grew. The holotype is slightly fleshy, and in cross section consists of an outer layer of sanidasters overlying a dense confused mass of calthrops. Later descriptions (e.g.
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="63357CDDB26FB0A39C6C9830A0204164" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
) diagnose this species as encrusting and insinuating between stones and calcareous algae. Colour white, interior yellowish. Consistency firm, collagenous. Surface smooth with single oscules elevated into small conical papillae. Numerous large cells with inclusions (70
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A0BD87FF9E10A38C3CC57D302B3D54C1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Spiculation of the holotype (Figs 6E-F, Table 2): Calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="C0637809CC6715B1816DF1E7777F30E0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Spiculation of the holotype (Figs 6E-F, Table 2): Calthrops, dichocalthrops, sanidasters.</paragraph>
<caption id="1241E60AC89207C34A133732D77292A9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="74F7E43152802D51D642327918A8AC8F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Table 2. Spicule data reported for specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7CB799062F9B2C43B3E09EA0EADA2A09" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
(*denotes computed lengths, see text).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<table pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">a. Specimens from the Northeastern Atlantic-Mediterranean area</th>
<paragraph id="6329B6068070E34C23FC42378DB243FE" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<table id="1BDF932677A2D731A6139782E2FEAAE6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<tr id="03030EAD05E84FE0BE947E1256363FF1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="20DF8CA468BFF464F128DFCC6266FB69" colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">a. Specimens from the Northeastern Atlantic-Mediterranean area</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">calthrops</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">dichocalthrops</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">sanidaster</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">locality</th>
<tr id="43C948FFA9B602B5952FFB96F0436589" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="8AB1A491E2A8F2A97A8F3CB50D159071" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th id="DFD042C879D94E5809ED48DF2E5A4479" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">calthrops</th>
<th id="AB6B6500F2475B0365D0227FBC1AB4A2" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">dichocalthrops</th>
<th id="149F06F0B52D004564419A8406E267D3" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">sanidaster</th>
<th id="350E292789C12AA565D31ECAFE7833F1" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">locality</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="E48CF69BB021266D4F2F32193E4667C8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="01BEB252D477AFE22A051AB0447580C5" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="5CA89A1C4F4AB5CA3279946DE8BD0987" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="A8322B5E680E0B465604938367E97E47" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="17A576F78EE2860068C564C49911540F" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="8D157132C27E45AF964AB88421857FC6" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="7DC46AD3975E21EFD2CA650BBC6E1A11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="F178203695177B6851D6ED9FEB20FD0A" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="41C00B7BDEEDED53477A1B1BA32778C6" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="7E37E6D25C8D9C4678D73324CEFF7BB3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="9AB18BD3D80A1F5E612B9AEAB685CBC9" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CC659CE7C60240BAF054F282A41F2D8F" author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="BAFFA5D3AD02124C27C0F5CD5B8E95F2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="6AB6A045611113F51AD7AFFF377FC3F5" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="04450984887E680417D5CEAD02CDDF2E" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Babic, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher. Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="217 - 302" title="Monactinellida und Tetractinellida des Adriatischen Meeres" volume="46" year="1922">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Babiç">Babic</normalizedToken>
<tr id="DFE9F62A1ED552FBFE182176E26DF820" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="7840D0F7EB1083AF06E89341E520875D" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="2A31B1B81DF7E0BE85A72A0B0DCA488A" author="Babic, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher. Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="217 - 302" title="Monactinellida und Tetractinellida des Adriatischen Meeres" volume="46" year="1922">
<normalizedToken id="122C8576075A472657757884DE2194BB" originalValue="Babiç">Babic</normalizedToken>
1922
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="225 - 246" title="Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique oriental par le ' President Theodore-Tissier' (1955 - 1956)." volume="22" year="1958">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
<tr id="E6B479408DB9D8516484DA4BED830E29" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="3BA01F7343B56F3A62943AEB225A6B43" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="585BE06E51778C64586966D14FD34FDE" author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="225 - 246" title="Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique oriental par le ' President Theodore-Tissier' (1955 - 1956)." volume="22" year="1958">
<normalizedToken id="5602C2CBED4E6C35891A97CF7A1596C2" originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
and Vacelet 1958
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="F39035B721EC3D90081A9901660BF54D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="36CCC88ABBCAF2723DB950534C9FB74A" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="1510CA35AA25EB1A454907B4463DB6F5" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali 1972</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="B1645F8C804456B1FB1ED00BA1EF6493" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="BA4A0C6B2D9CDF8DFBB358A08F134D30" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="DF354C56970EA199B7F73324290FC90F" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Boury-Esnault, N" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 225" title="Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (n. s." volume="61" year="1985">Boury-Esnault and Lopes 1985</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="C4EDC51F2A4AC80E730E604C0FB467EF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="1DEAC0B060744F816E8271F521573823" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CB9CDADA64F2A94AC9E9CFEB2B9C4580" author="Boury-Esnault, N" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 225" title="Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (n. s." volume="61" year="1985">Boury-Esnault and Lopes 1985</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">b. Specimens described as different species suspected to be D. plicatus.</th>
<tr id="2DB5104255723D38DB04EC39A7F8ED1B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="04539B5ED0270698034D7411D8E3E2E1" colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">b. Specimens described as different species suspected to be D. plicatus.</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Dercitus lesinensis</taxonomicName>
<tr id="8A364C8AC536C99E47F6CA4ADCC30601" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="ABD34A26C0589E0C3169586D8B876122" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="806B65DA1FB2CC40B72B835C33F7F37B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis">Dercitus lesinensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Nethea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nethea dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Nethea dissimilis</taxonomicName>
<tr id="6A0C73DCECDC39903D4050878DB71FB6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="819051534D23E0F3E7FE08B87505DDA5" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="338586D2BDF81507CB506574451D0BD4" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Nethea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nethea dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">Nethea dissimilis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">c. Specimens originally identfied as D. plicatus here assigned to new species.</th>
<tr id="3312B3DA929A8868BA7815F1E65F7DE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="27CA307F67EC595CBD3AA897E524A4D0" colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">c. Specimens originally identfied as D. plicatus here assigned to new species.</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus senegalensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="senegalensis">Dercitus senegalensis</taxonomicName>
<tr id="BB76921583879DCD6F7F26242642EDD4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="ECD3FFF952FB2CA3D06FEB550E4B3570" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="CC4285678044A16445FB8E2E307DEB00" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus senegalensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="senegalensis">Dercitus senegalensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="205 - 219" title="Affinities of the Marine Demospongiae Fauna of the Cape Verde Islands and Tropical West Africa" volume="159" year="1993">Van Soest 1993</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="076ECD6D5077D732D9DBDBD1DA65C24C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="E8E6F5E6419D581BF5043BE8113B0FDB" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="B0AA66981CC97DB91E8C06A7D5EA2D25" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="205 - 219" title="Affinities of the Marine Demospongiae Fauna of the Cape Verde Islands and Tropical West Africa" volume="159" year="1993">Van Soest 1993</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire (A, Sciences naturelles)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="34 - 59" title="Spongiaires de la cote du Senegal." volume="14" year="1952">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
<tr id="6AAAD957F15B402B83089A60C4D1818E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="A8410046AE7CF05E495C3DA7663C0D3F" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="C19677284FCE5AACF9FA1B13C48592D0" author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire (A, Sciences naturelles)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="34 - 59" title="Spongiaires de la cote du Senegal." volume="14" year="1952">
<normalizedToken id="AB52696F2EB3B9DB55BBCEA9903C6D3A" originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
1952
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus verdensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="verdensis">Dercitus verdensis</taxonomicName>
<tr id="8401ECC7D2490ED37D9EE38B1CF5BCBE" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="7259B16B6657CA357876E428C056DBC4" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="FC39176B941B417806C59CB378311AFA" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus verdensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="verdensis">Dercitus verdensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis">Dercitus fijiensis</taxonomicName>
<tr id="513952CC46F2C6711FF123AA05CC46D1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="B51EC4FBF522876C2510E4E28FD483DF" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="79F7E19158C164BC5FDF87BF13BD927E" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis">Dercitus fijiensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">d. Specimens from the Indo-West Pacific suspected to belong to undescribed species</th>
<tr id="053819366ED399AC773309F42FD77C44" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="84BD778FB193B5BC1DDE5BE6DB17C848" colspan="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">d. Specimens from the Indo-West Pacific suspected to belong to undescribed species</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, IBJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="210 - 221" title="On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900" volume="2" year="1902">Sollas 1902</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="38CCE147C2F9A32F81020B98DF919345" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="78061F26FC71B7FA3AE0CB2F2CAD2882" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="D248234298BF0DF8CF17E00C5604F89E" author="Sollas, IBJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="210 - 221" title="On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900" volume="2" year="1902">Sollas 1902</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Calcinai, B" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="203 - 219" title="Boring sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Indian Ocean." volume="67" year="2000">Calcinai et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
<tr id="F78A353C6D269F7FF556C776D3FF0B27" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<td id="47A8F29B66B5E53A37839DD8DB214805" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="3026503440CDF26AA859159BDF0635BD" author="Calcinai, B" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="203 - 219" title="Boring sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Indian Ocean." volume="67" year="2000">Calcinai et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="BCE309A529DE4C6AB7730A8516180984" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Calthrops (Fig. 6E) are dominating the megasclere complement, in a wide size range, but not divisible in size classes, most are regular four-claded equal-length spicules, a few three-claded occur and occasionally cladi are a bit crooked, cladi 41
<normalizedToken originalValue="101.0">-101.0-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1778197BF3DC665157AD58F43A220BDB" originalValue="101.0">-101.0-</normalizedToken>
188
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E6F769991E14BD5AE0C403AC151FFBAF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3
<normalizedToken originalValue="14.7">-14.7-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="604C6BFE942C690A9802894D0D5F47E8" originalValue="14.7">-14.7-</normalizedToken>
29
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0DB3A574214BB9E218B70EC74DAD807E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladomes 57
<normalizedToken originalValue="154.4">-154.4-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="42E02380DAEB6B3ED8120E0DE8EAEFAC" originalValue="154.4">-154.4-</normalizedToken>
252
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C3AC9E984308A118D62A3B3212355F3D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="00C52BEB4B54FA8F67D4FEBE92F92628" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Dichocalthrops (Fig. 6E), relatively rare, only a dozen were encountered in the spicule slide made from the holotype, invariably smaller than the biggest calthrops; infrequent incipient dichocalthrops, were encountered, with only two or one of the cladi bifid. Size of protocladi 20
<normalizedToken originalValue="22.4">-22.4-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B0B4D5679B8B1C1DDF773121F8D30AAA" originalValue="22.4">-22.4-</normalizedToken>
28
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1EF58E321FE2E11C63C4F2E19CBA9B0F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4
<normalizedToken originalValue="5.6">-5.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FF4EEB4619CDD0BF27928E7030E249F9" originalValue="5.6">-5.6-</normalizedToken>
8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3B02FF7E0665ECA554EF6E39E03B87FC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, deuterocladi 15
<normalizedToken originalValue="28.0">-28.0-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2A28CFDE404D46C2B0BE26110A63C427" originalValue="28.0">-28.0-</normalizedToken>
36
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C90D2F3EE41DD81EF97CC8D24D04314A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2
<normalizedToken originalValue="3.6">-3.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="51952111E406BBE1B46F1386EEF0A60C" originalValue="3.6">-3.6-</normalizedToken>
6
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1D7FB0377F9C8BB9EE4FFB2981EEF4DB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabds 28
<normalizedToken originalValue="45.6">-45.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F6B066E594E3DA8FB46369F8D03958A9" originalValue="45.6">-45.6-</normalizedToken>
57
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3A5ED4A87F850A914B0B395E6AB3D383" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3
<normalizedToken originalValue="5.6">-5.6-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7442CF747B44FB9266CBB56D6CD19BFC" originalValue="5.6">-5.6-</normalizedToken>
9
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="56B15CC9BE9A4EBCECBA36EE4B32F664" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, and cladomes 67
<normalizedToken originalValue="86.8">-86.8-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="34AF6FEDC28D3C9BFF73A107C1F516E0" originalValue="86.8">-86.8-</normalizedToken>
105
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="62F3EA3E6CBF3A6E5D74CF6D37BAE948" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="3B55A80569B98B5D6DDB0E58C89E66D0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Sanidasters (Fig. 6F) are slightly fusiform and profusedly spined, relatively uniform in shape and size, 11
<normalizedToken originalValue="14.9">-14.9-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="24DF8A8D10A9EBE155EE42382A59DBE5" originalValue="14.9">-14.9-</normalizedToken>
19
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0A73B8987D0C1E0AD910943D7A5309FA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1
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<normalizedToken id="E42659958A9BC8BE68C08903A9EF6328" originalValue="1.65">-1.65-</normalizedToken>
2
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B1C41ACBE0D05341EEC9BF4C650EACA1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="E04F1AB0120C0C0BF9AE26798E1ED288" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Additionally, we observed some oxeas of uniform size, approximately 150
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3131DF49E6039941BD845530E6B47930" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-4
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="13EF3AE707AB94D11E1DB0894E77A2C6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, assumed to be foreign to the sponge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="E62A3633094B2F60331F8D0DF73995A9" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Description of the BMNH
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="11F6AF585C5E7D64DB72EDEE8BEF654E" originalValue="Schmidts">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
type slide (Fig. 6D, Table 2). The spicules (calthrops, dichocalthrops and sanidasters) are dissociated, but even in that condition it can be concluded that the slide is almost certainly taken from the holotype as the frequencies of occurrence and the sizes of the spicules are very similar to those of the holotype. Calthrops dominate the megascleres (Fig. 6C); most are regular, but occasionally some are three-claded or rarely two-claded. Endings of the cladi may occasionally be abruptly bent, bifid, indicating incipient dichocalthrops. They occur in a large size range, cladi 36-183
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FA042BD69742EE1FB6CCBE9AEEE32096" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-28
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="28162E697CEA7145C369382BE724E409" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladomes 62-258
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1E41C81F725D84912175E728282DB3DE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, almost identical in range to the spicules measured from the holotype. Dichocalthrops rare, as the slide contained only four measurable dichocalthrops, protocladi 15-21
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="CF5D3B430E1A0AA3EF7CF9FF4C393DC4" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="8867DBDDEE1C79213714F6BFA18DF03B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</pageBreakToken>
, deuterocladi 21-33
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D6F2B5255AEE1BCD768AD5CE64C3C6ED" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EC89740537A9ECA0478B01AAE8144C0C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rhabds 73-95
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FF23168DBF0880E4A2CABB9E279F4EA8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cladomes 36-45
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2684E06E8D6C8B4F40AF657D4AB8CE0C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Sanidasters 11-18
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="36AC147577E9731A9701305D922E9A15" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1741F307B04F8020F38AB04F3399288F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">The only non-type specimen available to us, ZMA Por. 15101 from Banyuls has spiculation closely similar to the type material (Table 2). Only the sanidasters appear on average slightly longer and more robust.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABC42DEE6528C1564DC02390FE8A772E" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">The only non-type specimen available to us, ZMA Por. 15101 from Banyuls has spiculation closely similar to the type material (Table 2). Only the sanidasters appear on average slightly longer and more robust.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Encrusting and insinuating in crevices, large depth range down to 100 m.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="2E18B3BFDA73499A88078CD5960442E4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="F42BC7BD3E8190CCC4034AB71596EC3B" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED3E31AF028272D062BB651242A170ED" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Encrusting and insinuating in crevices, large depth range down to 100 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="CC71ED60F3271418CA9E5EFDBD0F5EC1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="53F0EEF14396FFD6498D5E91F4BCE1BA" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F1FF151829B5D70D05D0D3C9BA20020" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Originally reported from Algeria. Elsewhere reported with certainty from Banyuls, Naples and the Adriatic. Possibly some of the records from the adjacent North Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="225 - 246" title="Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique oriental par le ' President Theodore-Tissier' (1955 - 1956)." volume="22" year="1958">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="20ACFBB86EFCBA4FCCC87DB029A92155" author="Levi, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches maritimes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="225 - 246" title="Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique oriental par le ' President Theodore-Tissier' (1955 - 1956)." volume="22" year="1958">
<normalizedToken id="53FC46FA51F2A33FE0B1B1D92134C32A" originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
and Vacelet 1958
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Boury-Esnault, N" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 225" title="Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (n. s." volume="61" year="1985">Boury-Esnault and Lopes 1985</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="09A18B3EE0162505A6D4A464473C3C84" author="Boury-Esnault, N" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 225" title="Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (n. s." volume="61" year="1985">Boury-Esnault and Lopes 1985</bibRefCitation>
) also refer to the present species, but see below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="8E648D86379B96C2A6AE2FA333834C1F" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="1EAC997C1192E81E47FECC397B5AE339" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="656A13272783CE393FA423AB95F701A9" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Spicule dimensions of reported specimens are presented in Table 2.
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E5A8278B9BD79D30B8F3210B3C4B840B" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld (1894)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C95ACDA82273CCDD8F5B4956900CCC8E" author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld (1894)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali (1972)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="47203987BB807CFA898934716781819D" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="328 - 354" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. 1. Sclerospongiae, Lithistida, Tetractinellida, Epipolasida." volume="38" year="1972">Pulitzer-Finali (1972)</bibRefCitation>
give unusually small calthrops (cladi 60-80
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="4DE019B6037566F1C5FDC5E54D909A85" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="44036E56F568758ADAFA73B352F17F51" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld (1894)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="1623DCA7EB0B609F7102730230D958C4" author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld (1894)</bibRefCitation>
additionally give very small sanidasters (8.3 and 6-7
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2452B983FFEE459D294A8793A1DF849A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="8D5439B173223A6DD048218D65C3062F" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
gives spicule data for this species as follows: calthrops with cladi 170-200
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D7C91581C83BDAC7882809F180036846" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; dichocalthrops with similar sized cladi, with rabd thickness 25-30
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B8A0316CDD0604E6DF0BD5AE56544A4D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; sanidasters 12-15
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9DFCCF943A4CF4FE137718544266F62D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-3
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D9B79FD75FE4133EBB26F884E0D41BFC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="A6B6FCB635DD34BC87B56F0E0CE29CE0" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
reports this species from various Western Mediterranean localities and depths 1-100 m. Colours reported were white, pink, violet and brown. Both calthrops (cladi 40-200
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A68BC22BEE9D93F08ACE33979C3E6227" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and dichocalthrops (cladome 60-210
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2CFDD388B51F310AE29C4C9E9596E978" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) were present in variable quantities. Sanidasters varied between 10 and 20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A48F6DE15A5ADCA514D159897163ED89" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Pansini, M" editor="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Springer Verlag, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 186" title="Littoral demosponges from the Banks of the Strait of Sicily and the Alboran Sea" volumeTitle="Taxonomy of Porifera from the N. E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea" year="1987">Pansini (1987)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="90402F6D9DB08A9D7DD7EAA9B6572E00" author="Pansini, M" editor="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Springer Verlag, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="149 - 186" title="Littoral demosponges from the Banks of the Strait of Sicily and the Alboran Sea" volumeTitle="Taxonomy of Porifera from the N. E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea" year="1987">Pansini (1987)</bibRefCitation>
reports white specimen
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">s</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="E13A7E8ED85201879DB8105B882D2936" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">s</pageBreakToken>
from the Alboran Sea lacking dichotriaenes, but provided no further data. It is possible this record concerns
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) senegalensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="senegalensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) senegalensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2CAFB7675CF914B6A82C11FCD708E010" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) senegalensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="senegalensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) senegalensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="52D51F8FACC107E82E8B28DC8B8F074C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="366353A142495E6FFBEBBCE7E97E52F3" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
is apparently quite variable and this may have led to widespread reports of the species from various East Atlantic localities, but also from Malaysia (
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, IBJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="210 - 221" title="On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900" volume="2" year="1902">Sollas 1902</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="BAE09A1BE58A739171C1EE6D8D748A41" author="Sollas, IBJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="210 - 221" title="On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900" volume="2" year="1902">Sollas 1902</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf of Mannar (
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="202 - 209" title="On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species" volume="12" year="1970">Thomas 1970</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="30E4D73DD8D9313C9D014F70B677B069" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="202 - 209" title="On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species" volume="12" year="1970">Thomas 1970</bibRefCitation>
), Maldives (
<bibRefCitation author="Calcinai, B" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="203 - 219" title="Boring sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Indian Ocean." volume="67" year="2000">Calcinai et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="954E8F109421221808AAD98E30221F27" author="Calcinai, B" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="203 - 219" title="Boring sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Indian Ocean." volume="67" year="2000">Calcinai et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
), and Fiji (
<bibRefCitation author="Tendal, OS" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="31 - 44" title="Demospongiae from the Fiji islands." volume="132" year="1969">Tendal 1969</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="486BA27403565BDF92CB6D7C7293B02E" author="Tendal, OS" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="31 - 44" title="Demospongiae from the Fiji islands." volume="132" year="1969">Tendal 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="2216B4447D13FF14C8FC6918CD04525F" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
We believe alleged records of this species outside the Mediterranean (Table 2) need to be reviewed critically on the basis of reexamination of the specimens. We have done so for material available to us from West African and Fijian localities (see below). In these specimens we found important differences with Mediterranean
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="07C86393E67149089145210AB01EA7DC" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
, which led us to assign them to three new species. It is likely that further records from e.g. Indo-West Pacific localities which we could not verify are part of a complex of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">Dercitus plicatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="699EC7F9B914753524814AFD6CF989EF" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">Dercitus plicatus</taxonomicName>
-like sister species distributed over most of the warmer parts of the oceans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="4B51DCF5E066EAED9F2FA56BFDDA8FC0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Several species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BE24C95FA309745CADBC69FDAD98F4E2" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
were synonymized with the present species by various authors, including the type species
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F0C82FF80D837BE2193A577EB2C67CB5" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
. In most cases these synonymies are not accepted by us.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>