242 lines
24 KiB
XML
242 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="85F50D0D616680DEA803300CDC1223E4">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6FA0B61FC7C5FA15AB316B70741760A7">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5CAB34708B460C314E5CABA36CE4CBF4">Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6116AEBB816FF9D8E96AC5BCD8CF7211">De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BE073F498AE84F6B860573BCECB90F7" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Stoeba">
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<subSubSection id="C0D64FD27B7B4E4E1ACF231A6CF01F90" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="58BBDA0BE0241F027500B68164BF93F8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="56E2E6681ED47066E8424A602A8F67FD" ID-CoL="34W2J" authority="Carter, 1880" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">
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<pageBreakToken id="159C47F9A88960A43B5DE4E73F64F11B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
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Stoeba simplex (Carter, 1880)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 6
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<normalizedToken id="ECFA1D018A7E57E9D06A77C6C72505D1" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8EF6F6686E63DB4A9FCFD1AB7464D857" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BD69EC33DEE60A46130075133BAB34B5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="1A005A7C4D649EB0B36EA5E3B3F25D0B" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Samus simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Samus simplex</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="75AEFCBF9F060EA90E8C40DC3FC07B45" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="35 - 156" title="Report on Specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren" volume="6" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
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: 60, pl. V fig. 26.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ECBDF07CF50C3EACDF35F3C21DC14B66" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="FC0AFA1D12DA9942EBC267B20B49C54B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Stoeba simplex</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A93C17F79230C20EE19FE807C78BF841" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 102;
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<bibRefCitation id="62F11058DA97612D734BD2DA0C7C356C" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 155, fig. 12
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<normalizedToken id="1671EB7ED1FC985B7920230EA08A8D3A" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7DD3E7B11105C3E53DD1600DD272E606" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="73B16BCD74B14FB23AB08BF3F377AA6B" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Dercitus simplex</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="4982411FDE220499C340328583499F04" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="19 - 80" title="Kieselschwaemme von Ternate. I." volume="25" year="1900">Thiele 1900</bibRefCitation>
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: 20, pl. II fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C15C1F2555678BDF6A7EA8307112E3FC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="3D6628DFF4909005325B5D3247DAC4CE" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stoeba plicata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Stoeba plicata</taxonomicName>
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var. simplex;
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<bibRefCitation id="78B38E538B4E5B23E171589122A01CA4" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="457 - 478" title="Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family" volume="11" year="1915">Annandale 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 458.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B1CE433B8D2F8907E3797A02936D490" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="6D0ADE8870D856E534A29F1C2AC29890" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus var. simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="plicatus" variety="simplex">Dercitus plicatus var. simplex</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="30305B7C20EE274A2B3ACADE2AFD206D" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I" volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao 1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 309.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E23DEB31EAE377220CAC291BF727A96E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="AE8341B0A97941034AC2EE3D17A77DD9" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="938E3FEEB43E72045FDACE50B362A74C" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="333 - 362" title="Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral and Coral Reefs" year="1972">Thomas 1972</bibRefCitation>
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: 353, pl. II figs 6
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<normalizedToken id="50A01B8BFFBA87BC3E95CF562F3F3887" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="01B680DB97A0206593CEC90239CC28EE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="779997913634F07E094D3535E8A75E6B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="81976B900830E51218AC192882745CCC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH 1931.1.1.31a, Invisible Bank, Andaman Islands, slide only of which it is uncertain whether it represents the present species. Type: Indian Museum Calcutta? (not seen).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C13860126E1817E53D2A1C33CAA0721F" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E188336C4BA417B819A49F159C5C20F2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D6DC38D5FD0E88859C2C7DAB13034A5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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(from Carter and Sollas). "Sponge excavating. Spicules: Megasclere dichotriaene, rhabdome 0.210
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<normalizedToken id="DE7DA1298D075B2B5B120257E34848FE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.042 mm. Microsclere rod-like with numerous small spines 0.0127 mm in length. Habitat: Gulf of Manaar".
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="3CE824890F2CE330749A8E536C40CB92" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph id="2E51B63C9559F14F95BC16213F427400" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Figure 6.
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<taxonomicName id="A08125FDD2B9E29531C0E3517E2AB8F4" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba)</taxonomicName>
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microphotos,
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<normalizedToken id="413CFBA07F94B0685408F9E20B7C5814" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="42F8896D2B58D8510B3EB698B68DBBD1" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
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, BMNH 1931.1.1.31a, slide of specimen from Invisible Bank, Andaman Islands, A overview of dichocalthrops (scale bar 100
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<normalizedToken id="4BD3D771A2446A74A4788C146D0492DD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) B sanidasters (scale bar 50
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<normalizedToken id="4FD618CD1D5E31B4162DD56E2CD176E3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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)
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<normalizedToken id="72B6A0C69789177272D138CE55B7815B" originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName id="90EEFF502C050460AD3E1E14DFB4B7CA" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
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, holoype MNHN DT 3635, with schizotype BMNH 1868.3.2.1. (slide only), from Algiers 1868, C photo of holotype, made by P.
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<normalizedToken id="C17A75986DC1F9F6D3F0FF05B8C6849B" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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(scale bar 1 cm) D overview of spicules in BMNH type slide (scale bar 100
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<normalizedToken id="1FB55A615A51C8485D4DDA7F7B3A6C74" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) E SEM photo of megascleres from holotype F sanidasters from holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4C5F8381EAA0386DA01A07ABF8648C30" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="0E08E2F9569D0281DDD9E1F9E759AA8B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F55FCE4EEBC53EA4AF618D4B37C058B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">The exact properties and variation of this species have not been established so far, so we can only provide a discussion pending a proper revision. The type material has not been reexamined and its precise whereabouts are uncertain.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="934DBDD690EFEF7838A1FA6768BEDDCE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<bibRefCitation id="93648206597C1C0A357451D93EB98979" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="457 - 478" title="Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family" volume="11" year="1915">Annandale (1915)</bibRefCitation>
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described specimens from the Mergui Archipelago (now Myanmar) as similarly
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<normalizedToken id="1E7311F60F008E5869A0E4814A2B015C" originalValue="‘excavating’">'excavating'</normalizedToken>
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(they are insinuating dead corals and filling spaces presumably made by clionaid sponges) and having dichocalthrops, and a single calthrops, as megascleres (sizes not given); sanidasters 16.2
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<normalizedToken id="A01439C7F777066BAECFA0F108E10764" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="954ECBA7C64E5872B1994491D5F793A3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<bibRefCitation id="CEBC7A54937B0DA93B623F07A0F5D099" author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Association of India" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="333 - 362" title="Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral and Coral Reefs" year="1972">Thomas (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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described 'coral
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<normalizedToken id="25F886DC436A935988B942F14AE1C5FD" originalValue="boring’">boring'</normalizedToken>
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material from the Gulf of Manaar, insinuating, with dichocalthrops having protocladi 33
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<normalizedToken id="21BD733A0BDF7010437087F9DED9114D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2, deuterocladi 79
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<normalizedToken id="41CD8C60403AA6B35F98C40E0B990403" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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16, rhabdome 63
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<normalizedToken id="BC80A0FDCE60476E2D16BDC17F74991C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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16 and cladome 210
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<normalizedToken id="58B34D6450A3415814CE9F4F5DDEE185" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. The rhabdome is clearly shorter than in the other described specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FC15F08906007C5E595FFE2CCDD743F0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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In contrast to previous descriptions,
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<bibRefCitation id="8F1CD43899AD62D346DC026745CDF56D" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="19 - 80" title="Kieselschwaemme von Ternate. I." volume="25" year="1900">Thiele (1900)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded this species from Ternate (Indonesia, Halmahera) as forming a black encrustation likened to
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<taxonomicName id="1A91576E4747180E17DBF926973511C5" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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. Spicule dimensions provided were: rhabdome of dichocalthrops 150
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<normalizedToken id="B856EAFDB59645320D07947894B6D1E6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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25
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<normalizedToken id="97E67FCAB810157C2D3FD6F154425439" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladome also similar in size, sanidasters 9
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<normalizedToken id="27E1DB009C5E40D82676F66ABEDE3A44" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, provided with 'numerous clear
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<normalizedToken id="955E9EB006B54EB9E072B2106535FBDE" originalValue="spines’">spines'</normalizedToken>
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. Thiele also mentions the presence of large (12-35
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<normalizedToken id="9E921E9452470CA43512B648ADDE713F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) pigment cells.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1FBE360CD7E41961097EE9FFDF68F42D" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A2FFD596FA6C474903E63469093CF5BD" author="Maldonado, M" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publications, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="141 - 162" title="Pachastrellidae" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Maldonado (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a description of an Indian specimen from the Andaman Islands, supposedly of this species, but not the Gulf of Manaar type specimen itself. It is presumed that he described the specimen mentioned in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C3E3416105F4E949288AB06F5421FA9" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I" volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We borrowed the same slide from the NHM collection (BMNH 31.1.1.31a). It is possible that this specimen which according to Burton and Rao (l.c.) in external form resembled
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1858930FE6C5FAECD7F2598960AE1D51" author="Dendy, A" editor="Herdman, WA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="57 - 246" title="Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902" volumeTitle="Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar" year="1905">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="69056C17B2229B3C372200D6BB1C81AB" originalValue="Dendy’s">Dendy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1905)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60870B86D0526FAA4209C2229FF90B1E" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
|
||
more than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CB37826D5C5840103B89F898233FF39" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
may indeed have been of another species as there is a big difference between the original description of Carter and the Burton and Rao slide in the size of the microrhabds: 12.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CDAF1A10F3F7437DFDA1F38E229CA0B6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the type, 18-28
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2F43C85642685DD39BC4623882A02C2B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="251F7E694D88337C7FA7ADAF414E35F9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the Andaman specimen (Fig. 6B). The rhabd of the dichocalthrops of the type is given as 210
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F703DB9EA08969FA92F782ECA3C5E346" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
42
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F640DA10431BAA2B0B2704AB320ABACE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
whereas Maldonado gives 40-225
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9BBEF1D3E043AB1151FB8E6AE101E07B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
60-75
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4AAF09F7700CED7136DE04EA18F5B9D8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the Andaman specimen (remeasured by us 75
|
||
<normalizedToken id="86574B5E09F09BC6C282BF5064EA81C1" originalValue="–251.5–">-251.5-</normalizedToken>
|
||
317
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3B184E74D6F3163C65B7F4261604FF98" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EC2D5463B4C559D6BFD8854C5F569D01" originalValue="–39.8–">-39.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
52
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2BD211F22B74ACABAACA1E50E5753E23" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) (Fig. 6A). Maldonado additionally gives protocladi as 30-50
|
||
<normalizedToken id="237511C05B9163DB26D98505727DF876" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12-60
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EE443ED15F5D3963E053978FC0123FF3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(remeasured by us: 53
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6CEDDE83E4F9F849836DEB10036989D6" originalValue="–84.3–">-84.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
117
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D9168BB57885E8EF317F0619CFAA4144" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
14
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C23EFDB5B565A188FC616AAF1E286F85" originalValue="–39.7–">-39.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
51) and deuterocladi as up to 150
|
||
<normalizedToken id="293F3F93FEDE34E093A3B9EEB50D4632" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
35-40
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D17B4E2239E983DB472E72AE571EAC7C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(remeasured 15
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D1BD25DC725BF7031C61E3DE470FE53A" originalValue="–105.0–">-105.0-</normalizedToken>
|
||
157
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E3D634A5C761536E58E7888A5DA051B6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="91C007D4CD3E563E4B804DA061728E9E" originalValue="–29.4–">-29.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
38
|
||
<normalizedToken id="409BDBE20EC3FFA1840E5381CC05F41F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Cladomes 128
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A47E20B8AE9CF4ADD5B9594745012353" originalValue="–386.8–">-386.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
492
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0238FF1F41DB5F98718FB794C938087D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Small dichocalthrops were rare in the slide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="45BC626BF170BF7D990E789DF2116913" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">If all these specimens are members of a single species, then it occurs on both sides of the Gulf of Bengal as well as on the islands in the middle of it and to the east into Indonesia. However, specimens need to be reexamined.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |