275 lines
33 KiB
XML
275 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="786A6C12A07D34614885F0E7BFA09125" ID-CLB-Dataset="22331" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddb62273-2007-405c-968b-ebd41b334d22" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814013" ID-ZooBank="FA9664B5-0439-44E0-BDFA-485CF1C2CCEF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588834819207" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="James, Helen F." docDate="2020" docId="03B6CA67FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7C5CF955" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4772.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4772 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tetraoninae Vigors 1825" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="118" masterDocId="FF8FB21FFFF7FFE7FFA8FF967F47FFEA" masterDocTitle="The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland" masterLastPageNumber="131" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="118" updateTime="1732607442575" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="5B1343A9E366001BBEA2CDBB0A70A595" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="319A46311F2401358D092D7130A2E6EF">
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<mods:title id="9F41997D9DD858A1A2D90EA20CC8A530">The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="EE1EDA2528365C046E74A476924173DA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="50F9A6479649354B597B593A3AC5734A">James, Helen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="48FE66F2B2B80A0B2E1709BAC26CB3A3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FC2C8E6AA90971CE22F68C95EFD49093">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="70486F03EAA634F8C4CCF9EEFD5BC165">
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<mods:date id="D5080FE38DD495525953BC3108482C9D">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5755DB2C8FB25B2A805A76802E4FB9D0" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="99797B7BE002BAD9D09C1B7F6F1B7A24">2020-05-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="42E8F6AFC48F2EF31E2F63E74BBF8762">4772</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A6B3C431B923402E5CC7385E704526FD" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="88162AD78E6992E3C0A35CA328DE4F4D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0980B7D3540B34AB1B7D85DB686E1A39">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3D1412931046A5F52878A877034D49FD" type="CLB-Dataset">22331</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2B0712D596CA799393C8067921D0C837" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="856D59C8DF132139676A97D98C1C5BFD" type="GBIF-Dataset">ddb62273-2007-405c-968b-ebd41b334d22</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="223E66EC8D96DEB8C635B8843F0E118B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4690546580DE1D1ABF4B1885FCEEFBD1" type="Zenodo-Dep">3814013</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C5C11237D8F8D2C09E72396336EC083B" type="ZooBank">FA9664B5-0439-44E0-BDFA-485CF1C2CCEF</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03B6CA67FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7C5CF955" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3815462" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163975539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3815462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6CA67FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7C5CF955" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6CA67FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7C5CF955" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" scope_class="Aves" scope_family="Phasianidae" scope_order="Galliformes">
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7E1FFF5E" box="[151,344,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7E1FFF5E" blockId="7.[151,344,153,180]" box="[151,344,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<heading id="D0E8CC1DFFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7E1FFF5E" bold="true" box="[151,344,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7E1FFF5E" bold="true" box="[151,344,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7E6AFF59" ID-CoL="628B9" ID-ENA="466585" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,301,153,179]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetraoninae">Tetraoninae</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF0FFE0FF3FFF777B33FAFA" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF3FFF777D4FFE61" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FF3FFF777E91FF16" bold="true" box="[151,470,225,252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Material and Descriptions.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FE75FF777D69FF11" box="[477,558,225,251]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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PAL 641987, l coracoid: sternal half lacking the lateral process and with much of the dorsal surface of the bone damaged, collected in the 1990s. The bone agrees in morphological details with the four species under consideration but does not preserve enough morphological detail to allow for diagnosis at the species level. It is moderately larger than comparative skeletons of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC1EFED87B7DFE8D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[950,1082,333,359]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC1EFED87B7DFE8D" box="[950,1082,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The bone has been gnawed by a small mammal, likely a rodent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFE037BF1FD89" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFE037E5FFE45" box="[199,280,405,431]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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PAL 641975, l coracoid: shaft missing sternal end and part of processus acrocoracoideus, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFF0FFE0FAC1FE007FB9FE39" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1999-05-14">May 14, 1999</date>
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. In galliforms, the ventral surface of the shaft typically has a blunt crest running from the acrocoracoid process nearly to the sternal end of the bone. The fossil differs from
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC0CFE487BCBFE1D" box="[932,1164,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC0CFE487B5AFE1D" box="[932,1053,477,503]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Lagopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">L. lagopus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB82FE487BCBFE1D" baseAuthorityName="Montin" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[1066,1164,478,503]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Lagopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutus">L. mutus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB64FE487A23FE1D" box="[1228,1380,477,503]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FB64FE487A23FE1D" box="[1228,1380,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">F. canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and agrees with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FEB6FD947EE5FDF1" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[286,418,513,539]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FEB6FD947EE5FDF1" box="[286,418,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in having this crest more prominent, so that the ventral surface attains a more acute angle. It differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FEE8FDB07E81FDD5" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[320,454,549,575]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FEE8FDB07E81FDD5" box="[320,454,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FE57FDB07DD0FDD5" box="[511,663,549,575]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FE57FDB07DD0FDD5" box="[511,663,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">F. canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and agrees more with
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC0CFDB07B4CFDD5" box="[932,1035,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC0CFDB07B40FDD5" box="[932,1031,550,575]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Lagopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lagopus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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in having a wider facies articularis humeralis. This combination of attributes leaves the generic assignment of the bone uncertain.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFDFB7E40FD25" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF0FFE0FF6FFDFB7E44FD25" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671313" collectingDate="1999-10-08" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" specimenCode="PAL 641976" specimenCount="1">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFDFB7E5FFD6D" box="[199,280,621,647]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF0FFE0FE89FDF87EF4FD6D" box="[289,435,621,648]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">PAL 641976</specimenCode>
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, l scapula: cranial one-third only, collected on
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFF0FFE0FC78FDFB7BCAFD6D" box="[976,1165,621,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1999-10-08">
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<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF0FFE0FC78FDFB7BCAFD6D" box="[976,1165,621,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1999-10-08">October 8, 1999</collectingDate>
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</date>
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. The bone is immature, with its shaft heavily striated and articular surfaces pitted. It is smaller than comparative adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB72FD047ADBFD41" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1242,1436,657,683]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FB72FD047ADBFD41" box="[1242,1436,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Bonasa umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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skeletons
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFD4F7E71FCD6" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFD4F7E5FFD19" box="[199,280,729,755]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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PAL 641974, l humerus: shaft only, preserving the proximal tip of the brachial depression, collected in the 1990s. The bone appears adult. The size of the bone and the stout, curvy shaft agree well with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB40FD687A2BFCFD" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1256,1388,765,791]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FB40FD687A2BFCFD" box="[1256,1388,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FF3FFCB47E68FCD1" box="[151,303,801,827]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FF3FFCB47E68FCD1" box="[151,303,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">F. canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFCD37E53FC05" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFCD37E5FFCB5" box="[199,280,837,863]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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PAL 11690, l humerus: distal half, referred to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC89FCD07CE2FCB5" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[801,933,837,863]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC89FCD07CE2FCB5" box="[801,933,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FC67FCD07BCEFCB5" author="Wetmore, A." box="[975,1161,837,864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="561" refId="ref14299" refString="Wetmore, A. (1927) A record of the Ruffed Grouse from the Pleistocene of Maryland. The Auk, 44, 561. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4074859" type="journal article" year="1927">Wetmore (1927)</bibRefCitation>
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. A well-preserved specimen that agrees in fine detail with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FDB0FCFC7DDCFC69" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[536,667,873,899]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FDB0FCFC7DDCFC69" box="[536,667,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but also closely resembles
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC64FCFC7B05FC69" box="[972,1090,873,899]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Lagopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC64FCFC7B05FC69" box="[972,1090,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">L. lagopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FBDFFCFC7A51FC69" box="[1143,1302,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FBDFFCFC7A55FC69" box="[1143,1298,873,899]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">F. canadensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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In the comparative series examined,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FE11FC187D7AFC4D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[441,573,909,935]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FE11FC187D7AFC4D" box="[441,573,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tends to have a more distinct olecranon fossa than the other two species. The fossil tends to agree with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FE10FC247D7BFC21" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[440,572,945,971]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FE10FC247D7BFC21" box="[440,572,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in this regard, but the trait is variable and is insufficient grounds for positive attribution.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFC6F7C21FBDD" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFC6F7E5FFBF9" box="[199,280,1017,1043]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
PAL 641988, abraded ulnare collected in the 1990s. An uncatalogued radiale, stored with this one and with the same provenience data, could well be the same species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFBD77CF1FBB1" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" box="[199,950,1089,1116]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF0FFE0FF6FFBD77CF6FBB1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671304" box="[199,945,1089,1116]" collectingDate="1999-05-14" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" specimenCode="PAL 769091" specimenCount="1">
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFBD77E5FFBB1" box="[199,280,1089,1115]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF0FFE0FEB7FBD47EE9FBB1" box="[287,430,1089,1116]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">PAL 769091</specimenCode>
|
|
, ulnare: complete, collected on
|
|
<date id="FFA15DB1FFF0FFE0FCBAFBD47CF6FBB1" box="[786,945,1089,1116]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1999-05-14">
|
|
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF0FFE0FCBAFBD47CF6FBB1" box="[786,945,1089,1116]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1999-05-14">May 14, 1999</collectingDate>
|
|
</date>
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFBF37ED4FB4E" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF0FFE0FF6FFBF37EC8FB4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671305" collectingDate="1996-10-02" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Trent Spielman" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" specimenCode="PAL 641978" specimenCount="1">
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFBF37E5FFB95" box="[199,280,1125,1151]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF0FFE0FEB7FBF07EE8FB95" box="[287,431,1125,1152]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">PAL 641978</specimenCode>
|
|
, left carpometacarpus: proximal end only, collected by
|
|
<collectorName id="26EA1EA7FFF0FFE0FBB3FBF07B8FFB95" box="[1051,1224,1125,1152]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Trent Spielman</collectorName>
|
|
probably on
|
|
<date id="FFA15DB1FFF0FFE0FAF4FBF37E51FB49" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1996-10-02">
|
|
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF0FFE0FAF4FBF37E51FB49" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" value="1996-10-02">October 2, 1996</collectingDate>
|
|
</date>
|
|
(illegible)
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFB3B7B33FAFA" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFB3B7E5FFB2D" box="[199,280,1197,1223]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
PAL 641977, l femur: shaft only, collected in 2009.Agrees with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC4AFB387B23FB2D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[994,1124,1197,1223]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC4AFB387B23FB2D" box="[994,1124,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB30FB387A69FB2D" box="[1176,1326,1197,1223]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FB30FB387A69FB2D" box="[1176,1326,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">F. canadensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in having the caudal intramuscular lines less wide-set than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FD79FB447C76FB01" box="[721,817,1234,1259]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Lagopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FD79FB447C76FB01" box="[721,817,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Lagopus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The shaft circumference is greater than in comparative skeletons of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FE8DFB607EEEFAE5" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[293,425,1269,1295]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FE8DFB607EEEFAE5" box="[293,425,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FE77FB607D30FAE5" box="[479,631,1269,1295]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FE77FB607D30FAE5" box="[479,631,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">F. canadensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but still much smaller than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC7CFB637B2AFAE5" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[980,1133,1269,1295]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Tympanuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC7CFB637B2AFAE5" box="[980,1133,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Tympanuchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF0FFE0FF6FFA8C7C5CF955" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FFA8C7EFBF9E6" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FF6FFA8C7E7CFADE" bold="true" box="[199,315,1306,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|
I have referred only two of the ten bones of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC9BFA8F7CF0FAD9" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[819,951,1305,1331]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetraoninae">Tetraoninae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the assemblage to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB03FA8C7A77FAD9" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1195,1328,1305,1331]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FB03FA8C7A77FAD9" box="[1195,1328,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and have left the rest unidentified to genus, including the distal humerus referred to the species by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FBC5FAA87A60FABD" author="Wetmore, A." box="[1133,1319,1341,1368]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="561" refId="ref14299" refString="Wetmore, A. (1927) A record of the Ruffed Grouse from the Pleistocene of Maryland. The Auk, 44, 561. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4074859" type="journal article" year="1927">Wetmore (1927)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. As
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FAFDFAAB7E5FFA96" author="Steadman, D. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="231 - 248" refId="ref14171" refString="Steadman, D. W. (2005) Late Pleistocene birds from Kingston Saltpeter Cave, southern Appalachian Mountains, Georgia. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 45 (4), 231 - 248." type="journal article" year="2005">Steadman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
observed, postcranial skeletal elements of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FD59FAF47C34FA91" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[753,883,1377,1403]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FD59FAF47C34FA91" box="[753,883,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC0FFAF47B7AFA91" box="[935,1085,1377,1403]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC0FFAF47B7AFA91" box="[935,1085,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">F. canadensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, other than the tarsometatarsus, generally cannot be distinguished. However, I note that the other eight bones provide no clear evidence to refute the supposition that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FED0FA3C7EBBFA29" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[376,508,1449,1475]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FED0FA3C7EBBFA29" box="[376,508,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the only species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FD59FA3F7C32FA29" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[753,885,1449,1475]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetraoninae">Tetraoninae</taxonomicName>
|
|
present. Note too that although I referred the two tarsometatarsi to the living species, it is possible that they instead represent a chronospecies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FB7CFA587A1DFA0D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1236,1370,1485,1511]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FB7CFA587A1DFA0D" box="[1236,1370,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or an extinct species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FEC9FA647EF2F9E1" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1819" box="[353,437,1522,1547]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FEC9FA647EF2F9E1" box="[353,437,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Bonasa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF0FFE0FF6FF9837C5CF955" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">
|
|
Cumberland Bone Cave provides the sole Irvingtonian fossil record of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FC4BF9807B20F9C5" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[995,1127,1557,1583]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FC4BF9807B20F9C5" box="[995,1127,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">B. umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the oldest fossil record of the genus and species. The species has been reported from late Pleistocene and Holocene sites in North America, particularly in the southeast (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FDB5F9CB7D8BF992" author="Brodkorb, P." box="[541,716,1629,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="271 - 291" refId="ref12334" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 4 (9), 271 - 291." type="journal article" year="1959">Brodkorb 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FD72F9C87CC4F99D" author="Wetmore, A." box="[730,899,1629,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref14335" refString="Wetmore, A. (1962) Notes on fossil and subfossil birds. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 145 (2), 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1962">Wetmore 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FC39F9CB7B02F992" author="Steadman, D. W." box="[913,1093,1629,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="231 - 248" refId="ref14171" refString="Steadman, D. W. (2005) Late Pleistocene birds from Kingston Saltpeter Cave, southern Appalachian Mountains, Georgia. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 45 (4), 231 - 248." type="journal article" year="2005">Steadman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF0FFE0FBF1F9C87A5CF99D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1113,1307,1629,1655]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FBF1F9C87A5CF99D" box="[1113,1307,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">Bonasa umbellus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the only extant species of grouse that occurs in the mid-latitude Appalachians or in the mixed hardwood forest habitat that is characteristic of the region at present (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FDECF9337C48F955" author="Rusch, D. H. & Destefano, S. & Reynolds, M. C. & Lauten, D." box="[580,783,1701,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" refId="ref14024" refString="Rusch, D. H., Destefano, S., Reynolds, M. C. & Lauten, D. (2000). Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Version 2.0. Available from https: // birdsna. org / Species-Account / bna / home (accessed 29 January 2020) https: // doi. org / 10.2173 / bna. 515." type="url" year="2000">
|
|
Rusch
|
|
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FD3BF9307D8CF955" box="[659,715,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="118">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2000
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |