<documentid="786A6C12A07D34614885F0E7BFA09125"ID-CLB-Dataset="22331"ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4"ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddb62273-2007-405c-968b-ebd41b334d22"ID-ISSN="1175-5326"ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814013"ID-ZooBank="FA9664B5-0439-44E0-BDFA-485CF1C2CCEF"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"checkinTime="1588834819207"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="James, Helen F."docDate="2020"docId="03B6CA67FFF0FFE0FF3FFF0F7C5CF955"docLanguage="en"docName="zootaxa.4772.1.4.pdf"docOrigin="Zootaxa 4772 (1)"docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D"docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="9"docTitle="Tetraoninae Vigors 1825"docType="treatment"docVersion="8"lastPageNumber="118"masterDocId="FF8FB21FFFF7FFE7FFA8FF967F47FFEA"masterDocTitle="The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland"masterLastPageNumber="131"masterPageNumber="111"pageNumber="118"updateTime="1732607442575"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<emphasisid="B96BA763FFF0FFE0FF3FFF777E91FF16"bold="true"box="[151,470,225,252]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118">Material and Descriptions.</emphasis>
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FE75FF777D69FF11"box="[477,558,225,251]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
PAL 641987, l coracoid: sternal half lacking the lateral process and with much of the dorsal surface of the bone damaged, collected in the 1990s. The bone agrees in morphological details with the four species under consideration but does not preserve enough morphological detail to allow for diagnosis at the species level. It is moderately larger than comparative skeletons of
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFE037E5FFE45"box="[199,280,405,431]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
PAL 641975, l coracoid: shaft missing sternal end and part of processus acrocoracoideus, collected
. In galliforms, the ventral surface of the shaft typically has a blunt crest running from the acrocoracoid process nearly to the sternal end of the bone. The fossil differs from
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFDFB7E5FFD6D"box="[199,280,621,647]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCodeid="DBB9D30AFFF0FFE0FE89FDF87EF4FD6D"box="[289,435,621,648]"collectionCode="USNM"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">PAL 641976</specimenCode>
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFD4F7E5FFD19"box="[199,280,729,755]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
PAL 641974, l humerus: shaft only, preserving the proximal tip of the brachial depression, collected in the 1990s. The bone appears adult. The size of the bone and the stout, curvy shaft agree well with
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFCD37E5FFCB5"box="[199,280,837,863]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FC67FCD07BCEFCB5"author="Wetmore, A."box="[975,1161,837,864]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"pagination="561"refId="ref14299"refString="Wetmore, A. (1927) A record of the Ruffed Grouse from the Pleistocene of Maryland. The Auk, 44, 561. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4074859"type="journal article"year="1927">Wetmore (1927)</bibRefCitation>
. A well-preserved specimen that agrees in fine detail with
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFC6F7E5FFBF9"box="[199,280,1017,1043]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
PAL 641988, abraded ulnare collected in the 1990s. An uncatalogued radiale, stored with this one and with the same provenience data, could well be the same species.
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFBD77E5FFBB1"box="[199,280,1089,1115]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCodeid="DBB9D30AFFF0FFE0FEB7FBD47EE9FBB1"box="[287,430,1089,1116]"collectionCode="USNM"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">PAL 769091</specimenCode>
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFBF37E5FFB95"box="[199,280,1125,1151]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCodeid="DBB9D30AFFF0FFE0FEB7FBF07EE8FB95"box="[287,431,1125,1152]"collectionCode="USNM"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">PAL 641978</specimenCode>
, left carpometacarpus: proximal end only, collected by
<collectionCodeid="ED0EE3B4FFF0FFE0FF6FFB3B7E5FFB2D"box="[199,280,1197,1223]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
PAL 641977, l femur: shaft only, collected in 2009.Agrees with
and have left the rest unidentified to genus, including the distal humerus referred to the species by
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FBC5FAA87A60FABD"author="Wetmore, A."box="[1133,1319,1341,1368]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"pagination="561"refId="ref14299"refString="Wetmore, A. (1927) A record of the Ruffed Grouse from the Pleistocene of Maryland. The Auk, 44, 561. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4074859"type="journal article"year="1927">Wetmore (1927)</bibRefCitation>
. As
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FAFDFAAB7E5FFA96"author="Steadman, D. W."pageId="7"pageNumber="118"pagination="231 - 248"refId="ref14171"refString="Steadman, D. W. (2005) Late Pleistocene birds from Kingston Saltpeter Cave, southern Appalachian Mountains, Georgia. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 45 (4), 231 - 248."type="journal article"year="2005">Steadman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, other than the tarsometatarsus, generally cannot be distinguished. However, I note that the other eight bones provide no clear evidence to refute the supposition that
and the oldest fossil record of the genus and species. The species has been reported from late Pleistocene and Holocene sites in North America, particularly in the southeast (e.g.,
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FDB5F9CB7D8BF992"author="Brodkorb, P."box="[541,716,1629,1656]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"pagination="271 - 291"refId="ref12334"refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 4 (9), 271 - 291."type="journal article"year="1959">Brodkorb 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FD72F9C87CC4F99D"author="Wetmore, A."box="[730,899,1629,1656]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"pagination="1 - 17"refId="ref14335"refString="Wetmore, A. (1962) Notes on fossil and subfossil birds. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 145 (2), 1 - 17."type="journal article"year="1962">Wetmore 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FC39F9CB7B02F992"author="Steadman, D. W."box="[913,1093,1629,1656]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"pagination="231 - 248"refId="ref14171"refString="Steadman, D. W. (2005) Late Pleistocene birds from Kingston Saltpeter Cave, southern Appalachian Mountains, Georgia. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 45 (4), 231 - 248."type="journal article"year="2005">Steadman 2005</bibRefCitation>
is the only extant species of grouse that occurs in the mid-latitude Appalachians or in the mixed hardwood forest habitat that is characteristic of the region at present (
<bibRefCitationid="EF8E0680FFF0FFE0FDECF9337C48F955"author="Rusch, D. H. & Destefano, S. & Reynolds, M. C. & Lauten, D."box="[580,783,1701,1727]"pageId="7"pageNumber="118"refId="ref14024"refString="Rusch, D. H., Destefano, S., Reynolds, M. C. & Lauten, D. (2000). Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Version 2.0. Available from https: // birdsna. org / Species-Account / bna / home (accessed 29 January 2020) https: // doi. org / 10.2173 / bna. 515."type="url"year="2000">
