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<document ID-DOI="10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237" ID-GBIF-Dataset="41bd81a8-8d16-41cb-950f-8fab1660f845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943081" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="3" checkinTime="1594481635270" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Kenneth Carpenter &amp; D. Bruce Young" docDate="2002" docId="038D8781B569FF9DFE396A96FE31A0A5" docLanguage="en" docName="CarpenterYoung2002ABBYY14.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Rocky Mountain Geology 37" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Ceratopsidae Marsh 1888" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="249" masterDocId="FFB4FFF9B562FF91FFE46D07FFD6A911" masterDocTitle="Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado" masterLastPageNumber="254" masterPageNumber="237" pageNumber="248" updateTime="1663156125279" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kenneth Carpenter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>D. Bruce Young</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rocky Mountain Geology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2002</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>37</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>237</mods:start>
<mods:end>254</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">41bd81a8-8d16-41cb-950f-8fab1660f845</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332685" ID-GBIF-Taxon="165074924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332685" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8781B569FF9DFE396A96FE31A0A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D8781B569FF9DFE396A96FE31A0A5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<heading bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" reason="4">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[477,1247,1937,1976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1888" box="[477,710,1937,1976]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratopsid</taxonomicName>
genus and species indet.
</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[679,1048,1988,2026]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<figureCitation box="[679,850,1988,2026]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[1412,1537,2948,2980]" captionTargetBox="[1446,2370,1936,2927]" captionText="Figure 3. (Caption on facing page.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943087/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Figures 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[874,896,1988,2026]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[369,490,1391,1423]" captionTargetBox="[414,1677,332,1344]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. Ceratopsian pelvicbones (UCM 68914) from Denver Formation. Right ilium lacking most of preacetabular blade in dorsal (A), lateral (B), medial (C), and ventral (D) views. Left pubis in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Right ischium in medial (G) and lateral (IT) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943101/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">8</figureCitation>
, and
<figureCitation box="[1004,1048,1988,2026]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="11.[1408,1530,2858,2890]" captionTargetBox="[1451,2357,2106,2773]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 17. Restored pelvis of the ceratopsian shown in Figure 8 in right lateral view (pubis reversed). Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943119" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943119/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">17</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" box="[369,1007,2038,2076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<heading bold="true" box="[369,1007,2038,2076]" fontSize="13" level="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" reason="0">
<taxonomicName authority="Cope, 1874 a" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1874" box="[369,1007,2038,2076]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Polyonax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mortuarius">
<emphasis box="[369,766,2038,2076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Polyonax mortuarius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Cope" box="[779,1007,2038,2076]" firstAuthor="Cope" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" pagination="9 - 28" part="1" refId="ref9726" refString="Cope, E. D., 1874 a, Report on the stratigraphy and Pliocene vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado: U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report, v. 1, p. 9 - 28." title="Report on the stratigraphy and Pliocene vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado" type="journal article" year="1874" yearSuffix="a">Cope, 1874a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" box="[369,910,2088,2126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<heading bold="true" box="[369,910,2088,2126]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" reason="6">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[369,664,2088,2126]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Ceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alticornis">
<emphasis box="[369,474,2088,2126]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Bison</emphasis>
alticornis
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Marsh" box="[676,910,2088,2126]" firstAuthor="Marsh" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" pagination="323 - 324" part="34" refId="ref10760" refString="Marsh, O. C., 1887, Notice on some new fossil mammals: American Journal of Science, v. 34, p. 323 - 324." title="Notice on some new fossil mammals" type="journal article" year="1887">Marsh, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" box="[372,966,2138,2176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1889" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[372,966,2138,2176]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Ceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alticornis">
<emphasis box="[372,722,2138,2176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Ceratops alticornis</emphasis>
Marsh, 1889
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" box="[372,1041,2189,2227]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authority="Hatcher, 1907" authorityName="Hatcher" authorityYear="1907" box="[372,1041,2189,2227]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alticornis">
<emphasis box="[372,767,2189,2227]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">TYiceratops alticornis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher" box="[779,1041,2189,2227]" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Hatcher" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" pagination="3 - 157" part="49" refId="ref10177" refString="Hatcher, J. B., 1907, Monograph on the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 3 - 157." title="Monograph on the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Hatcher, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" box="[372,976,2239,2277]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1888" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1888" box="[372,976,2239,2277]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Ceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montanus">
<emphasis box="[372,731,2239,2277]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Ceratops montanus</emphasis>
Marsh, 1888
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" box="[372,949,2289,2327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[372,706,2289,2327]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeus">
<emphasis box="[372,706,2289,2327]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">TYiceratops galeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Marsh, 1889
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="11.[368,1359,1937,2978]" lastBlockId="11.[1406,2397,276,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis box="[444,619,2339,2377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Material.</emphasis>
—AMNH 3950 dorsal centra, caudal centra, rib fragment, fibula fragment (holotype of
<emphasis box="[368,748,2439,2477]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authority="Cope, 1874 a" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1874" box="[368,741,2439,2477]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Polyonax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mortuarius">Polyonax mortuaris-</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Laramie Formation, East Bijou Creek); DMNH 2823 horn core, vertebra fragment (Denver Formation, Loc. 19); DMNH 25914 braincase (Denver Formation, Loc. 18); DMNH 25915 braincase, horn core fragment, frill fragment, dentary fragment with teeth (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 27743 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 27744 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 29951 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 33301 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 33351 horn core, squamosal fragment (Laramie Formation, Loc. 8); DMNH 34291 left mandible (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 34391 dentary, parietal fragment with base of horn core, left squamosal fragment (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 34392 section of horn (Denver Formation, Loc. 20); DMNH 34595 radius? fragment (Denver Formation, Loc. 21); DMNH 44392 braincase (Denver Formation, Loc. 18); UCM 68914 right articular, posterior dorsal, neural spine, rih fragments, left humeral shaft, right partial ilium, right ischium, distal end of left ischium, left pubis (Denver Formation, Loc. 31); UCM 13746 horn core (Laramie Formation, Loc. 3); UCM 13749 horn core (Laramie Formation, Loc. 3); UCM 36398 humeral shaft, femoral shaft, rib fragments (Denver
<emphasis box="[2256,2396,980,1018]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Formation</emphasis>
, Loc. 22); UCM 42328 teeth (Laramie Formation, Loc. 1); UCM 43699 braincase (Laramie Formation, Loc. 2); UCM 47634 dentary fragment (Denver Formation, Loc. 27); UCM 47635 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 27); USNM 2410 nasal horn core (holotype of
<emphasis box="[1455,1795,1282,1320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[1455,1789,1282,1320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeus">Triceratops galeus-</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Arapahoe Formation, Loc. 11); USNM 4739 pair of frontals and horn cores (holotype of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Marsh" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1562,1890,1383,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alticornis">
<emphasis box="[1562,1696,1383,1421]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">“Bison&quot;</emphasis>
alticornis
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1890,1904,1383,1421]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">)</emphasis>
Denver Formation, Loc. 29); and USNM uncataloged (Arapahoe Formation, Locs. 21, 22).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="11.[1406,2397,276,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis box="[1480,1775,1534,1572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Description and</emphasis>
discussion. —The hulk of the ceratopsian remains from the Denver Basin cannot he identified below family level. Most of the specimens indicate large, hence adult individuals. For example, the nearly complete dentary, DMNH 34391, is 52 cm in length and has 24 alveoli. A fragment of the predentary is present and is slightly curved, measuring 9.5 cm in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[1406,2397,276,2024]" lastBlockId="12.[269,1260,292,2484]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
The material
<bibRefCitation author="Cope" box="[1734,1980,1937,1975]" firstAuthor="Cope" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" pagination="9 - 28" part="1" refId="ref9726" refString="Cope, E. D., 1874 a, Report on the stratigraphy and Pliocene vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado: U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report, v. 1, p. 9 - 28." title="Report on the stratigraphy and Pliocene vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado" type="journal article" year="1874" yearSuffix="a">Cope (1874a)</bibRefCitation>
named
<taxonomicName authority="Cope, 1874 a" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1874" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Polyonax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mortuarius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Polyonax mortuaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the eastern part of the Denver Basin is badly abraded and fragmented. In his review of the ceratopsians,
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher" box="[543,835,345,383]" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Hatcher" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="3 - 157" part="49" refId="ref10177" refString="Hatcher, J. B., 1907, Monograph on the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 3 - 157." title="Monograph on the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Hatcher (1907)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that none of the material can he assigned to any of the known ceratopsian taxa, a point with which we concur. Marsh (1888) tentatively referred some bones from Colorado, which
<bibRefCitation author="Lull" box="[606,819,551,589]" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Lull" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="161 - 195" part="49" refId="ref10591" refString="Lull, R. S., 1907, Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 161 - 195." title="Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Lull (1907)</bibRefCitation>
identified as from the Arapahoe Formation as belonging to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1888" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Ceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Ceratops montanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(these are uncataloged USNM specimens).
<bibRefCitation author="Lull" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Lull" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="161 - 195" part="49" refId="ref10591" refString="Lull, R. S., 1907, Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 161 - 195." title="Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Lull (1907)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the referral is improbable because of the vast age difference between the Judith River and the Arapahoe Formations. He further noted that the material is too fragmentary for positive identification.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943119" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943119" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943119/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" startId="11.[1408,1530,2858,2890]" targetBox="[1451,2357,2106,2773]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="11.[1408,2393,2855,2980]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1602,2858,2890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1530,2858,2890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Figure</emphasis>
17.
</emphasis>
Restored pelvis of the ceratopsian shown in Figure 8 in right lateral view (pubis reversed). Scale bar = 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="12.[269,1260,292,2484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
Two holotypes of Marsh are also among the indeterminate ceratopsians. Marsh (1889) named
<emphasis box="[273,613,1063,1101]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[273,477,1063,1101]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Triceratops</taxonomicName>
galeus
</emphasis>
for a nasal horn core collected from the Arapahoe Formation (Loc. 13).
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Hatcher" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="3 - 157" part="49" refId="ref10177" refString="Hatcher, J. B., 1907, Monograph on the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 3 - 157." title="Monograph on the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Hatcher (1907)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the specimen closely resembles that of the
<emphasis box="[501,716,1216,1254]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1891" box="[501,709,1216,1254]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Torosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Torosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but Lull (1933) noted that it also resembles that of a
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[788,991,1268,1306]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[788,991,1268,1306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Triceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skull, AMNH 5116 (compare
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher" box="[574,842,1320,1358]" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Hatcher" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="3 - 157" part="49" refId="ref10177" refString="Hatcher, J. B., 1907, Monograph on the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 3 - 157." title="Monograph on the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Hatcher, 1907</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 111 with
<bibRefCitation author="Forster" firstAuthor="Forster" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="259 - 270" part="16" refId="ref10143" refString="Forster, C. A., 1996, Species resolution in Triceratops-. Cladistic and morphometric approaches: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 16, p. 259 - 270." title="Species resolution in Triceratops-. Cladistic and morphometric approaches" type="journal article" year="1996">
<emphasis box="[1115,1248,1320,1358]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Forster</emphasis>
, 1996
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4A). He therefore considered
<emphasis box="[1055,1218,1371,1409]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">T. galeus</emphasis>
a nomen dubium, a point with which we concur. Another holotype is the famous pair of brow horn cores originally named by Marsh as
<emphasis box="[957,1253,1524,1562]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Marsh" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[957,1246,1524,1562]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alticornis">Bison alticornis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but later referred by him (Marsh, 1889) to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Ceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alticornis">
<emphasis box="[1096,1255,1575,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Ceratops</emphasis>
alticornis
</taxonomicName>
. More recently, the specimen has been referred to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[505,710,1678,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[505,710,1678,1716]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Triceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher" box="[744,1021,1678,1716]" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Hatcher" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="3 - 157" part="49" refId="ref10177" refString="Hatcher, J. B., 1907, Monograph on the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 3 - 157." title="Monograph on the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Hatcher, 1907</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lull" box="[1049,1246,1678,1716]" editor="Hatcher, J. B. &amp; Marsh, O. C. &amp; Lull, R. S." firstAuthor="Lull" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Geological Survey Monograph" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="161 - 195" part="49" refId="ref10591" refString="Lull, R. S., 1907, Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the Ceratopsia, in Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., and Lull, R. S., The Ceratopsia: U. S. Geological Survey Monograph, v. 49, p. 161 - 195." title="Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the Ceratopsia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Ceratopsia" year="1907">Lull, 1907</bibRefCitation>
; Lull, 1933; Ostrom and Welnhofer, 1986), although
<bibRefCitation author="Forster" box="[272,565,1780,1818]" firstAuthor="Forster" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="259 - 270" part="16" refId="ref10143" refString="Forster, C. A., 1996, Species resolution in Triceratops-. Cladistic and morphometric approaches: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 16, p. 259 - 270." title="Species resolution in Triceratops-. Cladistic and morphometric approaches" type="journal article" year="1996">
<emphasis box="[272,414,1780,1818]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Forster</emphasis>
(1996)
</bibRefCitation>
noted that the horns cannot be assigned to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[499,703,1831,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[499,703,1831,1869]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Triceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with certainty, a conclusion independently reached here. The horns most certainly could belong to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1868" box="[724,923,1933,1971]" class="Reptilia" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[724,923,1933,1971]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Diceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1891" box="[998,1202,1933,1971]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Torosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[998,1202,1933,1971]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Torosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as readily as to
<emphasis box="[525,737,1985,2023]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[525,732,1985,2023]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Triceratops</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[269,1260,292,2484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
A partial ceratopsian skeleton was collected from the flanks of South Table Mountain (
<figureCitation box="[1125,1239,2087,2125]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[369,490,1391,1423]" captionTargetBox="[414,1677,332,1344]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. Ceratopsian pelvicbones (UCM 68914) from Denver Formation. Right ilium lacking most of preacetabular blade in dorsal (A), lateral (B), medial (C), and ventral (D) views. Left pubis in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Right ischium in medial (G) and lateral (IT) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943101/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) by the Colorado School of Mines. The specimen has since been transferred to the University of Colorado Museum. The specimen includes pelvic material, which allows a composite restoration to be made (
<figureCitation box="[287,431,2344,2382]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="11.[1408,1530,2858,2890]" captionTargetBox="[1451,2357,2106,2773]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 17. Restored pelvis of the ceratopsian shown in Figure 8 in right lateral view (pubis reversed). Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943119" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943119/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). The pelvis is rather small compared to those in the Smithsonian collections from the Lance Formation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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