420 lines
30 KiB
XML
420 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1485e168-157a-47d4-b9fa-2a21400a28ff" ID-PMC="PMC3800810" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-341-77" ID-PubMed="24146599" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-341-77" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 341" ModsDocTitle="Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from coral reefs in the southern Gulf of Mexico" checkinTime="1451246812539" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gonzalez-Munoz, Ricardo, Simoes, Nuno, Tello-Musi, Jose Luis & Rodriguez, Estefania" docDate="2013" docId="F54F08075428B1E0C1A87EFB96692FB0" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 341: 77-106" docOrigin="ZooKeys 341" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816" docTitle="Anemonia sargassensis Hargitt 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="FFEBA2745B17421B007FDB25C72D5A0A" masterDocTitle="Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from coral reefs in the southern Gulf of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="80" updateTime="1668156630225" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from coral reefs in the southern Gulf of Mexico</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gonzalez-Munoz, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Simoes, Nuno</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tello-Musi, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rodriguez, Estefania</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>341</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>77</mods:start>
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<mods:end>106</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-341-77</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152048726" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F54F08075428B1E0C1A87EFB96692FB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F54F08075428B1E0C1A87EFB96692FB0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Anemonia_sargassensis" authority="Hargitt, 1908" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis Hargitt, 1908</taxonomicName>
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Figure 3, Table 2
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="80" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hargitt, CW" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" pagination="95 - 120" title="Notes on a few coelenterates of Woods Hole." url="10.2307/1535721" volume="14" year="1908">Hargitt 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 117-118.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia antillensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antillensis">Anemonia antillensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Pax, F" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam)" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="93 - 122" title="Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curacao." volume="23" year="1924">Pax 1924</bibRefCitation>
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: 94, 99-100, 119.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassiensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassiensis">Anemonia sargassiensis</taxonomicName>
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[sic]:
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<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Kunglia Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 121" title="A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria." volume="1" year="1949">Carlgren 1949</bibRefCitation>
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: 50.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="80" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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Alacranes reef (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.526388">22°31'35"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-89.76806">89°46'05"W</geoCoordinate>
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; two specimens), Cayo Arenas reef (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.118055">22°07'05"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-91.404724">91°24'17"W</geoCoordinate>
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; three specimens), La Gallega reef (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.222223">19°13'20"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-96.1275">96°07'39"W</geoCoordinate>
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; two specimens), Ingenieros reef (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="19.144722">19°08'41"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-96.08945">96°05'22"W</geoCoordinate>
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; two specimens).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="81" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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Fully expanded oral disc and tentacles 9-50 mm in diameter. Oral disc smooth, 4-22 mm in diameter, wider than column, dark-orange, brownish, greenish or dark-red, with white or yellowish endocoelic radial stripes tapering from tentacle bases (Figure 3A, B); mouth bright orange or pink (Figure 3B). Tentacles hexamerously arranged in 4-5 cycles (48-76 in number), moderately long (to 6-19 mm length), smooth, slender, tapering distally, inner ones longer than outer ones, contractile, dark-orange to reddish, sometimes with whitish or yellowish tips and pink or purple flashes (Figure 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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). Fossa well marked (Figure 3G). Poorly marked endocoelic marginal projections, 17-35, forming acrorhagi (Figure 3G), with holotrichs and basitrichs. Column cylindrical, short, smooth, 5-11 mm in diameter and 5-12 mm in height, dark-orange to dark-red. Pedal disc well-developed, 6-16 mm in diameter, wider than column (Figure 3C), bright-orange or pink. Mesenteries irregularly arranged in four cycles: first and second cycles perfect, others imperfect; more mesenteries proximally than distally (82-89 and 44-48 pairs respectively in specimens examined). Directives absent, 5-6 siphonoglyphs in specimens examined (Figure 3D, E). Gametogenic tissue not observed in specimens examined. Larvae observed in coelenteron of one specimen examined (Figure 3E). Retractor muscles diffuse to restricted; parietobasilar muscles weak with short mesogleal pennon (Figure 3F). Basilar muscles well-developed (Figure 3H). Marginal sphincter muscle endodermal, diffuse (Figure 3G). Longitudinal muscles of tentacles ectodermal (Figure 3I). Zooxanthellae present. Cnidom: basitrichs, holotrichs, microbasic b- and p-mastigophores and spirocysts (Figure 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–U">J-U</normalizedToken>
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; see Table 2).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
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. A Live specimen in natural habitat B Oral view C Pedal disc view D Cross section through distal column showing mesenteries; arrows indicate siphonoglyphs E Detail of cross section through distal column showing a siphonoglyph F Detail of retractor and parietobasilar muscles G Longitudinal section through margin showing acrorhagi and marginal sphincter muscle H Longitudinal section through base showing basilar muscles I Cross section through tentacle
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–U">J-U</normalizedToken>
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Cnidae.- acrorhagi: J small basitrich K basitrich L holotrich; actinopharynx: M small basitrich N microbasic p-mastigophore; column: O basitrich; filaments: P basitrich Q microbasic b-mastigophore R microbasic p-mastigophore; tentacle: S small basitrich T basitrich U spirocyst. Abbreviations.- acr: acrorhagi, bm: basilar muscle, e: epidermis, fo: fosse, g: gastrodermis, la: larvae, lm: longitudinal muscle, m: mesoglea, mp: marginal projection, od: oral disc, pd: pedal disc, pm: parietobasilar muscle, rm: retractor muscle, s: siphonoglyph, sp: sphincter, t: tentacle. Scale bars:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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: 10 mm;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–I">D-I</normalizedToken>
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: 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–U">J-U</normalizedToken>
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: 25
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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Table 2. Size and distribution of preserved cnidae from specimens examined.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“ml”">"ml"</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“mw”">"mw"</normalizedToken>
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are the means (length and width respectively),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“dl”">"dl"</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“dw”">"dw"</normalizedToken>
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are the standard deviations (length and width respectively), all in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“1”">"#1"</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“2”">"#2"</normalizedToken>
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is the number of capsules measured per each specimen examined,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“p”">"p"</normalizedToken>
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is the proportion of animals examined with respective to the type of cnida present.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<table pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Species</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Tissue</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Cnida</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Capsule length (µm)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
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m
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<sub pageId="4" pageNumber="81">l</sub>
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
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d
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<sub pageId="4" pageNumber="81">l</sub>
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Capsule width (µm)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
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m
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<sub pageId="4" pageNumber="81">w</sub>
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
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d
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<sub pageId="4" pageNumber="81">w</sub>
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
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#
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<sup pageId="4" pageNumber="81">1</sup>
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
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#
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<sup pageId="4" pageNumber="81">2</sup>
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="12">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="13">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="11">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Bunodosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bunodosoma cavernatum" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cavernatum">Bunodosoma cavernatum</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Isoaulactinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isoaulactinia stelloides" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stelloides">Isoaulactinia stelloides</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="13">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Aliciidae" genus="Lebrunia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lebrunia coralligens" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coralligens">Lebrunia coralligens</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Capneidae" genus="Actinoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Actinoporus elegans" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">Actinoporus elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" genus="Calliactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calliactis tricolor" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tricolor">Calliactis tricolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="81" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits shallow waters of the lagoon reef zone, often above
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thalassia testudinum" order="Alismatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="testudinum">Thalassia testudinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
blades, but is also found under stones and coral gravel, between 0.5-2 m. It is often reported on floating
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="Sargassum" order="Fucales" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">Sargassum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="143 - 172" title="Actiniaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharia from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico." year="1952">Carlgren and Hedgpeth 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Asexual propagation by longitudinal fission is common (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="143 - 172" title="Actiniaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharia from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico." year="1952">Carlgren and Hedgpeth 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and bifurcated tentacles can occur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hargitt, CW" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" pagination="95 - 120" title="Notes on a few coelenterates of Woods Hole." url="10.2307/1535721" volume="14" year="1908">Hargitt 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hargitt, CW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" pagination="221 - 254" title="The Anthozoa of the Woods Hole region." volume="788" year="1912">1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pax, F" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam)" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="93 - 122" title="Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curacao." volume="23" year="1924">Pax 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correa, DD" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo, Tese, Brasil" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Corallimorpharia e Actiniaria do Atlantico Oeste Tropical." year="1964">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Corrêa">Correa</normalizedToken>
|
||
1964
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Western Atlantic, from the northern coast of USA and Caribbean Sea, to the northern coast of Brazil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="143 - 172" title="Actiniaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharia from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico." year="1952">Carlgren and Hedgpeth 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Varela, C" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Investigaciones Marinas" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="233 - 234" title="Nuevas consignaciones de Actiniarios (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) para aguas cubanas." volume="23" year="2002">Varela 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zamponi, MO" journalOrPublisher="Physis" pageId="19" pageNumber="96" pagination="31 - 45" title="Distribution and some ecological aspects of Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria from shallow waters of the South American Atlantic coasts." volume="55" year="1998">Zamponi et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="81" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Of the 20 valid species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anemonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four species have been recorded in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fautin, DG" journalOrPublisher="Texas University Press, College Station, Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Hexacorallians of the World." url="http://geoportal.kgs.ku.edu/hexacoral/anemone2/index.cfm" year="2013">Fautin 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia melanaster" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">Anemonia melanaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Verrill, 1901),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia depressa" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">Anemonia depressa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia elegans" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">Anemonia elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1901. The anatomy described for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conflicting mainly in the presence of directives, siphonoglyphs, and marginal projections (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hargitt, CW" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" pagination="95 - 120" title="Notes on a few coelenterates of Woods Hole." url="10.2307/1535721" volume="14" year="1908">Hargitt 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hargitt, CW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries" pageId="17" pageNumber="94" pagination="221 - 254" title="The Anthozoa of the Woods Hole region." volume="788" year="1912">1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pax, F" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam)" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="93 - 122" title="Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curacao." volume="23" year="1924">Pax 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Field, LR" journalOrPublisher="Duke University Press, Durham" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Sea Anemones and Corals of Beaufort, North Carolina." year="1949">Field 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="143 - 172" title="Actiniaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharia from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico." year="1952">Carlgren and Hedgpeth 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Just as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Field, LR" journalOrPublisher="Duke University Press, Durham" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Sea Anemones and Corals of Beaufort, North Carolina." year="1949">Field (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="143 - 172" title="Actiniaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharia from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico." year="1952">Carlgren and Hedgpeth (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correa, DD" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo, Tese, Brasil" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Corallimorpharia e Actiniaria do Atlantico Oeste Tropical." year="1964">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Corrêa">Correa</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1964)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we did not find directives in our specimens but 5-6 siphonoglyphs were present. Although some authors suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia melanaster" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">Anemonia melanaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
are synonymous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="81">Cairns et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ocana, O" journalOrPublisher="Ciencias Biologicas e Marinhas" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="33 - 53" title="A catalogue of Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia from the Canary Islands and from Madeira. Arquipelago. Boletim da Universidade dos Acores." volume="19" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ocaña">Ocana</normalizedToken>
|
||
and den Hartog 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wirtz, P" journalOrPublisher="Helogolaender Marine Research" pageId="19" pageNumber="96" pagination="114 - 117" title="Actiniaria and Ceriantharia of the Azores (Cnidaria Anthozoa)." url="10.1007/s10152-003-0146-2" volume="57" year="2003">Wirtz et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), further studies are necessary to establish the current taxonomic status of both species. Differences between the other two species of the genus in the region,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia depressa" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="depressa">Anemonia depressa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia elegans" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">Anemonia elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anemonia sargassensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sargassensis">Anemonia sargassensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not clear based on the scarce information available and also require further revision.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |