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226 lines
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<document ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7400026" checkinTime="1670242945939" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2022" docId="3C6787EDFFF0FFAA60F7FA69FE5BF942" docLanguage="en" docName="BAmMusNatHist.2022.458.1-177.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-458/issue-1/0003-0090.458.1.1/Revision-of-the-Nearctic-Species-of-the-Genus-Amiota-Loew/10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.8:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Amiota" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="C05EFF95FFF4FFAC6000FFF0FFEDFF88" masterDocTitle="Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="181" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1672936474275" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Jones, Lance E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-15</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>2022</mods:number>
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<mods:number>458</mods:number>
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<mods:url>https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-458/issue-1/0003-0090.458.1.1/Revision-of-the-Nearctic-Species-of-the-Genus-Amiota-Loew/10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1.full</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7400026</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7506897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7506897" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C6787EDFFF0FFAA60F7FA69FE5BF942" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C6787EDFFF0FFAA60F7FA69FE5BF942" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection box="[247,497,1433,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[247,497,1433,1457]" box="[247,497,1433,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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<heading box="[247,497,1433,1457]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" reason="4">
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DIVERSITY OF
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<taxonomicName authority="Loew, 1862" box="[409,497,1433,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[409,497,1433,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">AMIOTA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[108,636,1482,1738]" lastBlockId="4.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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The genus consists of 154 species found worldwide (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bachli, G." box="[238,377,1515,1540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref83329" refString="Bachli, G. 2020. TaxoDros: The Database on Taxonomy of Drosophilidae. Internet resource (https: // www. taxodros. uzh. ch /), accessed May 4, 2020." type="url" year="2020">Bächli, 2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wang, Y. L. & H. L. Cao & H. W. Chen" box="[388,581,1515,1540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref86884" refString="Wang, Y. L., H. L. Cao, and H. W. Chen. 2020. Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of Amiota alboguttata and Amiota basdeni species groups (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from East Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2020">Wang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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), but the greatest number is found primarily in the northern temperate areas of the world comprising the Nearctic and Palaearctic Region. Southwestern
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<collectingCountry box="[221,294,1648,1672]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">China</collectingCountry>
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, especially the Hengduan Mountains, is home to an exceptionally rich fauna (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, H. W." box="[183,370,1714,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="265 - 310" refId="ref83931" refString="Chen, H. W. et al. 2005. Species diversity of the subgenus Amiota (s. str.) Loew, 1862 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in southern China. Journal of Natural History 39 (3): 265 - 310." type="journal article" year="2005">Chen et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
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; Zhang and Chen, 2006;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cao, H. L. & T. Li & W. X. Zhang & H. W. Chen" box="[684,856,226,250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="193 - 205" refId="ref83747" refString="Cao, H. L., T. Li., W. X. Zhang, and H. W. Chen. 2008. Five new species and five new records of Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. Oriental Insects 42: 193 - 205." type="journal article" year="2008">Cao et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). With a large number of species waiting to be described from Nearctic, four times the number previously known from the region, this area is now another center of species diversity for this genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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Diversity of
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<taxonomicName box="[857,937,392,415]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[857,937,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems much lower outside of the temperate zones. They appear to be relatively absent from low tropical islands like those of the Caribbean, where just one species is known to us (an undescribed one from
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<collectingCountry box="[1127,1212,524,548]" name="Jamaica" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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in the collections of the AMNH). In their treatment of the drosophilids of
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<collectingCountry box="[986,1110,590,614]" name="Micronesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
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, Wheeler and Takada recorded no species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1130,1212,623,646]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1130,1212,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1964). Few species have been described from the Paleotropics, and only one has been described from the mainland Neotropics,
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<taxonomicName authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steganoptera">
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<emphasis box="[1043,1212,722,746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">A. steganoptera</emphasis>
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Malloch
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</taxonomicName>
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, although many undescribed species do occur there based on museum collections (L.E.J., personal obs.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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Prior authors have attempted to delineate lineages within the genus and as the genus became more narrowly defined. At times,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has contained nearly six subgenera, including:
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<taxonomicName box="[744,827,987,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
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<emphasis box="[744,827,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[844,898,987,1010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Schiner" authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1862" box="[920,1122,987,1011]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Phortica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[920,1016,987,1011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Phortica</emphasis>
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Schiner
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Kertesz" authorityName="Kertesz" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Erima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1142,1212,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Erima</emphasis>
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Kertesz
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Okada" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1971" box="[797,1040,1020,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Apsiphortica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[797,942,1020,1044]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Apsiphortica</emphasis>
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Okada
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Duda, and Sinophthalmus Coquillett (Maca, 2003)" authorityName="Duda, and Sinophthalmus Coquillett (Maca" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Paraphortica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1063,1212,1020,1044]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Paraphortica</emphasis>
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Duda, and
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<emphasis box="[824,990,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sinophthalmus</emphasis>
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Coquillett (
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<bibRefCitation author="Maca, J." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="247 - 274" refId="ref85131" refString="Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274." type="journal article" year="2003">Máca, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Of all the subgenera, only
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<taxonomicName box="[1071,1152,1086,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
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<emphasis box="[1071,1152,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1161,1212,1086,1109]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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seems to be worldwide, and only three of the subgenera are known from the Nearctic:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1862" box="[741,836,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Phortica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[741,836,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Phortica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<emphasis box="[914,1080,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sinophthalmus</emphasis>
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(Marshall, 1965), the last of which is now considered a synonym of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1862" box="[848,945,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Phortica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[848,945,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Phortica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Maca, J." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="247 - 274" refId="ref85131" refString="Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274." type="journal article" year="2003">Máca (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[779,861,1285,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[779,861,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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now contains no subgenera; these subgenera were reinstated at the genus level or transferred to other genera.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[684,1213,226,1738]" lastBlockId="6.[108,637,226,1738]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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Although the study of this worldwide genus may have begun with a study of American species, during the last 70 years most descriptive work has been conducted on the Palaearctic species. Some important works include
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<bibRefCitation author="Okada, T." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref85640" refString="Okada, T. 1956. Systematic study of Drosophilidae and allied families of Japan: 1 - 183. Tokyo: Gihodo Company." type="book" year="1956">Okada (1956</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Okada, T." box="[771,829,1548,1572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="89 - 102" refId="ref85665" refString="Okada, T. 1960. On the Japanese species of the genus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Mushi 34 (3): 89 - 102." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Okada, T." box="[848,908,1548,1572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="82 - 98" refId="ref85729" refString="Okada, T. 1971. A revision and taximetrics analysis of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and adjacent countries (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu 39: 82 - 98." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
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). These works primarily centered on the Japanese fauna but are notable in their foresight of including descriptions and figures of the male genitalia, which has aided in the understanding of Nearctic species. The European fauna was initially revised by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duda, O." lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref84212" refString="Duda, O. 1934. Drosophilidae. In E. Lindner (editor), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen region, part 58 g: 1 - 67. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung." type="book chapter" year="1934">Duda (1934)</bibRefCitation>
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and later by
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<bibRefCitation author="Maca, J." box="[333,479,226,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="328 - 346" refId="ref85100" refString="Maca, J. 1980. European species of the subgenus Amiota s. str. (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 77: 328 - 346." type="journal article" year="1980">Máca (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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. A third revision, including the East Asian species, was conducted by
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, H. W. & M. J. Toda" box="[268,526,292,316]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1517 - 1563" refId="ref83804" refString="Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563." type="journal article" year="2001">Chen and Toda (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Bachli, G. & C. R. Vilela & S. A. Escher & A. Saura" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 362" refId="ref83366" refString="Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, S. A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill." type="journal article" year="2004">Bächli et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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provided a key, descriptions, and illustrations of most known species in western Palaearctic. Most descriptive work in the genus, however, has been in South and southwestern
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<collectingCountry box="[220,295,457,481]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
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, especially the Hengduan Mountains, by Chen and colleagues (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, H. W." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="265 - 310" refId="ref83931" refString="Chen, H. W. et al. 2005. Species diversity of the subgenus Amiota (s. str.) Loew, 1862 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in southern China. Journal of Natural History 39 (3): 265 - 310." type="journal article" year="2005">Chen et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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; Zhang and Chen, 2006;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cao, H. L. & T. Li & W. X. Zhang & H. W. Chen" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="193 - 205" refId="ref83747" refString="Cao, H. L., T. Li., W. X. Zhang, and H. W. Chen. 2008. Five new species and five new records of Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. Oriental Insects 42: 193 - 205." type="journal article" year="2008">Cao et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wang, Y. L. & H. L. Cao & H. W. Chen" box="[185,409,556,581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref86884" refString="Wang, Y. L., H. L. Cao, and H. W. Chen. 2020. Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of Amiota alboguttata and Amiota basdeni species groups (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from East Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2020">Wang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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; and others). The region of high diversity has been hypothesized to be the center of origin for the genus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, H. W." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="265 - 310" refId="ref83931" refString="Chen, H. W. et al. 2005. Species diversity of the subgenus Amiota (s. str.) Loew, 1862 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in southern China. Journal of Natural History 39 (3): 265 - 310." type="journal article" year="2005">Chen et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wang, Y. L. & H. L. Cao & H. W. Chen" box="[258,471,656,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref86884" refString="Wang, Y. L., H. L. Cao, and H. W. Chen. 2020. Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of Amiota alboguttata and Amiota basdeni species groups (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from East Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2020">Wang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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), but this has never been tested with a global phylogenetic analysis.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7400028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7400028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7400028/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" startId="5.[108,150,1679,1700]" targetBox="[177,1148,224,1652]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[108,1211,1677,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
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FIG. 1. Example notes and illustrations by George C. Steyskal held in the AMNH. He had been gradually working on a revision of the genus for several decades and sent material to various drosophilists.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1099,1123,1706,1730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A.</emphasis>
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Illustrations and notes of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones & Grimaldi" authorityYear="2022" box="[298,404,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incurva">
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<emphasis box="[298,404,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A. incurva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[417,439,1736,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">B.</emphasis>
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Illustrations and notes of
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<taxonomicName box="[707,778,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hsui">
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<emphasis box="[707,778,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A. hsui</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[830,962,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="communis">
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<emphasis box="[830,962,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A. communis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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Compared with well-known animals such as birds, insects are vastly understudied. Unlike birds, where features such as geographic ranges, diets, plumage variation, female morphology, calls, nesting preferences, and behavior is well documented for most species, essentially nothing is known about the biology of most invertebrate species. In fact, many insect species are known only from their
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<typeStatus box="[365,461,1019,1043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
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or from a small number of specimens (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bickel, D." box="[361,500,1052,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="279 - 301" refId="ref83557" refString="Bickel, D. 2009. Why Hilara is not amusing: The problem of open-ended taxa and the limits of taxonomic knowledge. In T. Pape, D. Bickel, and R. Meier (editors), Diptera diversity: Status, challenges and tools: 279 - 301. Leiden: Brill." type="book chapter" year="2009">Bickel, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Deng, J. & Y. Guo & Z. Cheng & C. Lu & X. Huang" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref84131" refString="Deng, J., Y. Guo, Z. Cheng, C. Lu, and X. Huang. 2019. The prevalence of single-specimen / locality species in insect taxonomy: an empirical analysis. Diversity 11 (7): 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2019">Deng et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). The difficulty of studying insects is probably due to many factors, including the immense number of invertebrate taxa, the low number of working specialists relative to species richness, lack of collection effort for certain taxa, high rates of endemism, diverse life histories that make collection difficult or require specialized protocols, and a lack of literature for identification in most groups.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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For these reasons and others, the study of
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<taxonomicName box="[108,191,1417,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[108,191,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is still at an exploratory stage. This stage is essentially defined by taxonomic descriptions and the gradual fleshing out of regions of diversity with every new record acquired. Scant is known of how they live. What little is known about their biology is scattered and anecdotal in the literature, primarily concerning the Palaearctic fauna. Indeed, as Steyskal found,
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|
<taxonomicName box="[435,518,1681,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Amiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[435,518,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Amiota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been ripe for revision for decades.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |