242 lines
19 KiB
XML
242 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" ID-PMC="PMC8930920" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e76050" ID-Pensoft-UUID="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" ID-PubMed="35437414" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e76050" checkinTime="1647039089382" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Simon, Andrew D. F., Adamczyk, Emily M., Basman, Antranig, Chu, Jackson W. F., Gartner, Heidi N., Fletcher, Karin, Gibbs, Charles J., Gibbs, Donna M., Gilmore, Scott R., Harbo, Rick M., Harris, Leslie H., Humphrey, Elaine, Lamb, Andy, Lambert, Philip, McDaniel, Neil, Scott, Jessica & Starzomski, Brian M." docDate="2022" docId="3C3B08E8A6FA59B1A5963EAA6D0F0F75" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e76050" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" docTitle="Eurylepta Ehrenberg 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" lastPageNumber="76050" masterDocId="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" masterDocTitle="Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology" masterLastPageNumber="76050" masterPageNumber="76050" pageNumber="76050" updateTime="1668121969866" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Simon, Andrew D. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-8974</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">adfsimon@imerss.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Adamczyk, Emily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Basman, Antranig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chu, Jackson W. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-9446</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gartner, Heidi N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fletcher, Karin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Port Orchard 98366, Port Orchard, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Charles J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Donna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gilmore, Scott R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>7494 Andrea Cres, Lantzville, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harbo, Rick M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harris, Leslie H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Humphrey, Elaine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lamb, Andy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lambert, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McDaniel, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>McDaniel Photography, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott, Jessica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ocean Wise, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Starzomski, Brian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>76050</mods:start>
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<mods:end>76050</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C3B08E8A6FA59B1A5963EAA6D0F0F75" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C3B08E8A6FA59B1A5963EAA6D0F0F75" lastPageNumber="76050" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName LSID="3C3B08E8-A6FA-59B1-A596-3EAA6D0F0F75" authority="Leuckart, 1854" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="phylum">Chaetognatha Leuckart, 1854</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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[
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">1 class</emphasis>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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The name '
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="phylum">Chaetognatha</taxonomicName>
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' derives from the Greek
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<normalizedToken originalValue="χαίτη">xαίτη</normalizedToken>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="khaítē">khaitē</normalizedToken>
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), meaning
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“bristle”">"bristle"</normalizedToken>
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, and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="γνάθος">γνάθος</normalizedToken>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="gnáthos">gnathos</normalizedToken>
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), meaning
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“jaw”">"jaw"</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="phylum">Chaetognatha</taxonomicName>
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(arrow worms) are a small phylum of predatory animals, all of which are marine, including 130 extant species in the class
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" class="Sagittoidea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="class">Sagittoidea</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Cetacean Research and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6696482" refString="Board WoRMS Editorial World Register of Marine Species https://www.marinespecies.org 2021-01-12T00:00:00+02:00" year="2007">WoRMS Editorial Board 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Though they are not diverse, arrow worms are extremely numerous, representing a major component of marine plankton worldwide. Of the six species of arrow worm known to the Northeast Pacific, four have been sampled in the waters off the coast of British Columbia (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Lea, H. E." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="593 - 617" refId="B6726550" refString="Lea, H. E., 1955. The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 12: 593 - 617" title="The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters" volume="12" year="1955">Lea 1955</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gardner, G. A." journalOrPublisher="Biological Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="255 - 270" refId="B6726559" refString="Gardner, G. A., 1982. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of selected zooplankton species from the coast of British Columbia. Biological Oceanography 1 (3): 255 - 270" title="Patterns in the distribution and abundance of selected zooplankton species from the coast of British Columbia" volume="1" year="1982">Gardner 1982</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Parasagitta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasagitta elegans" order="Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Parasagitta elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Verrill, 1873) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F6769102" captionText="Figure 9. Parasagitta elegans (arrow worm) - scanning electron miscroscope micrograph by Elaine Humphrey." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512155" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">9</figureCitation>
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) is the most abundant species reported from the sheltered inland waters of the Salish Sea (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lea, H. E." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="593 - 617" refId="B6726550" refString="Lea, H. E., 1955. The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 12: 593 - 617" title="The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters" volume="12" year="1955">Lea 1955</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Mobius" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Sagittoidea" family="Eukrohniidae" genus="Eukrohnia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukrohnia hamata" order="Phragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="hamata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Eukrohnia hamata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Möbius">Moebius</normalizedToken>
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, 1875) is also known to occur infrequently in inland channels, as an oceanic species that is occasionally borne in by the intrusion of offshore waters (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lea, H. E." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="593 - 617" refId="B6726550" refString="Lea, H. E., 1955. The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 12: 593 - 617" title="The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters" volume="12" year="1955">Lea 1955</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gardner, G. A." journalOrPublisher="Biological Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="255 - 270" refId="B6726559" refString="Gardner, G. A., 1982. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of selected zooplankton species from the coast of British Columbia. Biological Oceanography 1 (3): 255 - 270" title="Patterns in the distribution and abundance of selected zooplankton species from the coast of British Columbia" volume="1" year="1982">Gardner 1982</bibRefCitation>
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). It is not possible to determine chaetognath reports in the Galiano Island record as they are based on dive observations, but studies indicate that, in all likelihood, these observations refer to
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<taxonomicName class="Scaphopoda" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. elegans" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">P. elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Sampling by use of plankton tows and microscopic analysis would help confirm the local fauna.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Chaetognaths are active predators, grasping their prey with two sets of rigid hooks located at the sides of the head, hence the common name
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“bristle-mouth.”">"bristle-mouth."</normalizedToken>
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These predatory animals are chiefly pelagic, occurring in the open ocean. Appearing like a glass arrow in the water, chaetognaths swim by flexing in the middle of the body, which is supported by a hydrostatic skeleton. The lateral fins on either side of the body appear to aid buoyancy, but are not involved in movement. As few species are present locally, students may disregard more cryptic characteristics and distinguish species by focusing on the arrangement of lateral fins and eye colouration (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Lea, H. E." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="593 - 617" refId="B6726550" refString="Lea, H. E., 1955. The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 12: 593 - 617" title="The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters" volume="12" year="1955">Lea 1955</bibRefCitation>
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||
). For a treatment of British Columbia's chaetognaths, including a set of technical keys, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wailes, G. H." journalOrPublisher="Museum and Art Notes" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="159 - 165" refId="B6733545" refString="Wailes, G. H., 1929. The marine zooplankton of British Columbia. Museum and Art Notes 4 (4): 159 - 165" title="The marine zooplankton of British Columbia" volume="4" year="1929">Wailes (1929)</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lea, H. E." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="593 - 617" refId="B6726550" refString="Lea, H. E., 1955. The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Canada 12: 593 - 617" title="The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters" volume="12" year="1955">Lea (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Bieri, R." journalOrPublisher="Limnology and Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="1 - 28" refId="B6733554" refString="Bieri, R., 1959. The distribution of the planktonic chaetognatha in the Pacific and their relationship to the water masses. Limnology and Oceanography 4 (1): 1 - 28" title="The distribution of the planktonic chaetognatha in the Pacific and their relationship to the water masses" volume="4" year="1959">Bieri (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gardner, G. A." journalOrPublisher="Biological Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="255 - 270" refId="B6726559" refString="Gardner, G. A., 1982. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of selected zooplankton species from the coast of British Columbia. Biological Oceanography 1 (3): 255 - 270" title="Patterns in the distribution and abundance of selected zooplankton species from the coast of British Columbia" volume="1" year="1982">Gardner (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, E. N." journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Press, Seattle" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662860" refString="Kozloff, E. N., 1996. Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle" title="Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest" year="1996">Kozloff (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamb, A." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662869" refString="Lamb, A., Hanby, B. P., 2005. Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes" year="2005">Lamb and Hanby (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Carlton, JT" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662886" refString="Carlton, JT, 2007. The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley" title="The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon" year="2007">Carlton (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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||
provide additional accounts. For annotated records of chaetognaths reported for Galiano Island, see supplementary materials (Suppl. material 7).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |