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<mods:title id="4DB95ED4F33FF6A2CB68F7805F2D7A9B">Zoogeography, taxonomy, and conservation of West Virginia's Ohio River floodplain crayfishes (Decapoda, Cambaridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE2EF17AFDF078BA55FF37244D501C5F">Loughman, Zachary J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7B71D4EC53A2ABE1B8CCD905ABFE56AD">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F11D36CB4BADC8BA5227C072FA048DCB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360982" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F11D36CB4BADC8BA5227C072FA048DCB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F11D36CB4BADC8BA5227C072FA048DCB" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" scope_family="Cambaridae" scope_order="Decapoda">
<subSubSection id="8A051264B36C93A95FA320E71DEAEB7D" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0FF3CFF45F598A34B453E30C56C842D7" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="DAF50DF03AB5BE77B1D9E5BF7AC7FD9F" ID-CoL="7WLQN" authority="Girard, 1852" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1852" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus" subGenus="Ortmannicus">Procambarus Ortmannicus acutus (Girard, 1852)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B46EE42C497A90BE07F747D5F9B229B7" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="9F2F7365422344A049E0F4C27C04AB8D" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Cambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
Girard 1852:91.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24BB0DE077EAB93BF2A571146A194804" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="CD3C894D610A9F039665E33B24BC0822" class="Malacostraca" family="Astacidae" genus="Astacus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astacus (Blandigii)" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Blandigii">Astacus Blandigii</taxonomicName>
Leconte 1956:400.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282F318CE48FB2CBFB4CB3C548BA6874" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="DFF57C6D53A761496FFE3083FEB5389D" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Cambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
var. A
<bibRefCitation id="145B5F7BA53399F3D377803C1FA3C0BD" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Hagen 1870</bibRefCitation>
:36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A10CF4DAE87D4E2C935E33FEC30E49A8" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="35085C43243259C925CC02FA0BFA64F4" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Cambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
var. B
<bibRefCitation id="5FFE050B1682D1E7C3897DFB498891DB" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Hagen 1870</bibRefCitation>
:36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FAA4CE408B80F71367B7C76BC0491BEB" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="8F01A9DC3EAC47CD59FC9CF2B14A5096" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus stygius" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygius">Cambarus stygius</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="A5A7B0097CB7705AC8133FA173CB6889" author="Bundy, WF" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Museum of Natural History" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="3 - 25" title="List of Illinois crustaceans, with descriptions of new species." volume="1" year="1876">Bundy 1876</bibRefCitation>
:3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CEBCF80FA7914E833DA07BCB6B2C1DF" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="EF0187EF961CB30CBAD3B10B3EB04825" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus (Stygius)" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Stygius">Cambarus Stygius</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="0C1F5B82F77A178E7C14ACCCB6182735" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="223 - 286" title="List of described species of freshwater crustacea from America north of Mexico." volume="2" year="1886">Underwood 1886</bibRefCitation>
:373.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D82E47444AF2590A1AF062F636D25DF" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="C676BBBA5FDFEBFED291A66CDB9F456E" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus blandingii subsp. acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingii" subSpecies="acutus">Cambarus blandingii acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="78459DC46330466211CB0568050382FA" author="Faxon, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="619 - 634" title="Notes on the North American crayfishes, family Astacidae." volume="12" year="1890">Faxon 1890</bibRefCitation>
:619.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE287A4A4FFB85F9505C93F4FFF9D792" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="461B5C34262CE02E36636C9BCA49D439" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus blandingi subsp. acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subSpecies="acutus">Cambarus blandingi acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="6BB75695D8D79F5BE8CD1807B23376B4" author="Ortmann, AE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="387 - 406" title="The crawfishes of Western Pennsylvania." volume="3" year="1905 a">Ortmann 1905a</bibRefCitation>
:105.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09F1E3B7D50552E9D07371F6EE361433" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="78D8633D0FB37BB8A7B0FBC9EE8376C9" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus (Cambarus) blandingi subsp. acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subGenus="Cambarus" subSpecies="acutus">Cambarus (Cambarus) blandingi acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="4C3FA45ACFFF71EA536429A43D2D8AB5" author="Ortmann, AE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="387 - 406" title="The crawfishes of Western Pennsylvania." volume="3" year="1905 a">Ortmann 1905a</bibRefCitation>
:105.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="685FA91AAA9580F24C72771E020A3887" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="C16F0FBF634477069EB1508D7F444913" genus="Ortmannicus" lsidName="Ortmannicus blandingi subsp. acutus" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subSpecies="acutus">Ortmannicus blandingi acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="6B27CF34A9D224D7C24C1DDF1BA5703B" author="Rhoades, R" journalOrPublisher="Division of Conservation and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture, State of Ohio" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" title="A list of the crawfishes of Ohio" year="1942">Rhoades 1942</bibRefCitation>
:1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD473393E6F78AAAD499FC0CCF90DB8A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="91FD47BF8E99AFB8F568F21709B4E1A6" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus subsp. acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="acutus" subGenus="Ortmannicus" subSpecies="acutus">Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="6355190EAC3460F1CDC0AEAA606EAF95" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Hobbs 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 9;
<bibRefCitation id="4C8982139E7A540485121B3EA4E510D5" author="Hobbs, HH Jr." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 161" title="A checklist of North and Middle America crayfishes (Decpaoda: Astacidae and Cambaridae)." volume="166" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
:53, fig. 240;
<bibRefCitation id="7456696937236BC5A9DF51DB2CCFAF49" author="Hobbs, HH Jr." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 549" title="The Crayfishes of Georgia." volume="318" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
:372, figs. 15b, 136a, 138b, 140, 143-145, 244.
<bibRefCitation id="A539A1A7B3F41AE3D2DAC26E67FB67FA" author="Hobbs, HH III" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications of the Milwaukee Public Museum" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 177" title="The crayfishes and shrimp of Wisconsin" volume="5" year="1988">Hobbs and Jass 1988</bibRefCitation>
:105-113, figs. 69
<normalizedToken id="91594A368C7BBF8A75CA4BD2B49D7525" originalValue="a–">a-</normalizedToken>
69j, 70.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98A4D75745FC21F2FD6D94B1167F91AE" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="BA2B3A0B1BFC25CDEEC593A4B49F524B" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="479CCD822512DB451C452F9FF16F601A" author="Pflieger, WL" journalOrPublisher="Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" title="The crayfishes of Missouri" year="1996">Pflieger 1996</bibRefCitation>
:130-133, figs. 30
<normalizedToken id="B6565A0D00556CC2A2F744F06C645262" originalValue="A–">A-</normalizedToken>
30J.
<bibRefCitation id="F3168FE20088C529E07463F44521CBD5" author="Taylor, CA" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="25 - 38" title="Conservation status of crayfishes of the United States and Canada." volume="21" year="1996">Taylor et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
:31.
<bibRefCitation id="6C0AE206CFE1C1A201588D2AFC05B08B" author="Taylor, CA" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="372 - 389" title="A reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the United States and Canada after 10 + years of increased awareness." volume="32" year="2007">Taylor et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
:385.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7436DEDDE018E3E2CD4D7CC54B48E65C" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="65938EE45F125723534D57AA445D1500" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus" subGenus="Ortmannicus">Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="4E3424B0924348037BA80C0EBC1CC331" author="Page, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Illinois Natural History Survey" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="335 - 448" title="The crayfishes and shrimp of Illinois." volume="33" year="1985">Page 1985</bibRefCitation>
:376, figs. 107
<normalizedToken id="AA02C1B357F9CE40FEE68D638B66C203" originalValue="A–">A-</normalizedToken>
107F.
<bibRefCitation id="071FAF864389112C06356C017A993FD5" author="Taylor, CA" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" title="Crayfishes of Kentucky" volume="28" year="2004">Taylor and Schuster 2004</bibRefCitation>
:203-205, figs. 172
<normalizedToken id="113CE3EF955A826616DE1BF92CE01A97" originalValue="A–">A-</normalizedToken>
172B, 173
<normalizedToken id="DADF52796A4700B1985B4C03D13C2845" originalValue="A–">A-</normalizedToken>
173H.
<bibRefCitation id="EB11F114593D2852B2F5398A48AC820F" author="Loughman, ZJ" journalOrPublisher="Northeastern Naturalist" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="495 - 500" title="First record of Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus (White River Crayfish) in West Virginia, with notes on its natural history." volume="14" year="2007">Loughman 2007</bibRefCitation>
:495; 2010:57, fig. 20.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12414331CE6F888A1A2DB155B02A5D18" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="380DBABA806496EAF8EB60F883DBA4F3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFA4F4818639BE8BF70B55CA841A20EB" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Rostrum slightly broad and triangular; width of rostrum margins reduced; margins converging terminating in 2 marginal spines; acumen with distal rostral spine; postorbital ridges prominent, cephalic margin with tubercle; cephalothorax dorsolaterally compressed in profile, anterior portion vaulted; areola obliterated at narrowest point; branchiostegal region moderately punctate, with small tubercles; small cervical spine present; chelae elongate and lance shaped; mesial surface of palm with single dorsal row of 7-9 pronounced tubercles; additional tubercles scattered over dorsal surface of palm. Bases of first form male gonopods contiguous; gonopod with 4 terminal elements, covered by dense setae; central projection pointed and corneous; caudal process short; mesial process pointed and straight in profile; cephalic process elongated and pointed; second form gonopod annulus ventralis circular in shape, embedded deeply in sternum, and movable.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C99394A07C840D22BABF150B52C68F5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="color in life">
<paragraph id="6475E5E6C8B5F717E50CF03D3C530AD7" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Color in life.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E37445ADCB8029A78F37102D8869427" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Carapace, chelae, and pereiopods dorsally and laterally red-gray, gray-purple, burgundy, or red; branchial region of smaller individuals mottled with black spots; tubercles on chelae cream, red-brown, red, or black; dorsal surface of abdomen with a distinct black wedge.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="04CA431B3A14A7CD227606FC4BED5E28" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph id="516BB7671F48D1F43240272B4B043869" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="230D17A180F1FC1816477B84C6784F4A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="F7A3DAD4F4DE7C4EFDFBE9D2A4BAEB46" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
were collected in Mason County at three locations, listed below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C69EA39CF5D6E4F1FE15B354041E61E" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">MASON COUNTY: Roadside ditch adjacent to RT 2, 9.17 km (5.7 mi) S of Point Pleasant, 38.80469 -82.18821; 12 April 2004 - (WLU 04041206), 1 I♂, 3 ♀; 13 April 2004 - (WLU 04041301), 1 II♂; 28 April 2004 - (WLU 04042802), 2 I♂, 1 II♂; 17 March 2005 - (WLU 05031701), 2 I♂; 18 March 2005 - (WLU 05031802), 2 II♂, 2 ♀. Krodel Park marsh adjacent to Fort Randolph reproduction, 38.785404 -82.12209; 5 March 2005 - (WLU 05030502), 1 I♂, 2 ♀; 17 March 2005 - (WLU 05031703), 8 I♂; 22 March 2005 - (WLU 05032201), 2 I♂, 2 II♂, 2 O♀, 8 ♀, 1 Juv. Pin oak swamp adjacent to Point Pleasant Moose Lodge in Wagner, 38.833603 -82.12227; 26 February 2004 - (WLU 04022601), 4 I♂, 2 ♀; 26 March 2004 - (WLU 04032601), 3 ♀, 2 Juv.; 12 April 2004 - (WLU 04041205), 4 I♂, 2 ♀, 2 Juv.; 28 April 2004 - (WLU 04042801), 9 II♂, 2 ♀; 21 March 2005 - (WLU 05032101), 1 ♀; 10 April 2005 - (WLU 05041001), 1 I♂, 1♀.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A1ED1DE67B9BA6CE5A791233F83F2CE" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E22F9D5CB8EBF5CC83AE95119BA21559" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51DC8D9CD3811903C1038FA4EACBE76F" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="204614B9D5B74A03F4CE1476434986DA" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
is a wide-ranging species associated with wetlands present throughout the central and eastern United State excluding the majority of the Appalachian Mountains (
<bibRefCitation id="EC82C4F25EC836527E392F754C534AD0" author="Taylor, CA" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" title="Crayfishes of Kentucky" volume="28" year="2004">Taylor and Schuster 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Several introduced populations occur through North America (
<bibRefCitation id="608F1FACB26FBAA23BC2C0D351839D06" author="Taylor, CA" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="372 - 389" title="A reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the United States and Canada after 10 + years of increased awareness." volume="32" year="2007">Taylor et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). In West Virginia,
<taxonomicName id="5E4A7191019DD4B9C70AF4876E0593AA" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Middle Ohio South and Lower Kanawha basins (Figure 16), and was first reported occurring in West Virginia by
<bibRefCitation id="8B5228B98D621CA87A12E26724832922" author="Loughman, ZJ" journalOrPublisher="Northeastern Naturalist" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="495 - 500" title="First record of Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus (White River Crayfish) in West Virginia, with notes on its natural history." volume="14" year="2007">Loughman (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. Given its history of introductions elsewhere,
<taxonomicName id="E0E551F0990F425B82F1A3D5F8B42EA5" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
was initially thought to be an introduced species in West Virginia.
<normalizedToken id="27B48FF5825B0DB28539E31F57D9A4CE" originalValue="It’s">It's</normalizedToken>
use in aquaculture and as bait for fishing has led to non-indigenous populations occurring throughout North America, with confirmed non-indigenous populations documented in California (
<bibRefCitation id="24A92A0660854C7D8AF96BFADFB056AB" author="Gander, FF" journalOrPublisher="California Fish and Game" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="221 - 222" title="Eastern crayfish in San Diego County." volume="13" year="1927">Gander 1927</bibRefCitation>
), Maine (
<bibRefCitation id="6F6FF04287BD95AFB6556FA09BECF42B" author="Crocker, DW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="225 - 252" title="The crayfishes of New England." volume="92" year="1979">Crocker 1979</bibRefCitation>
), and Kentucky (
<bibRefCitation id="26E866D5B880C5110112A99659F04BB3" author="Taylor, CA" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" title="Crayfishes of Kentucky" volume="28" year="2004">Taylor and Schuster 2004</bibRefCitation>
). As discussed below, current evidence suggests that
<taxonomicName id="0F50AE75635A3F203EACC8AA22BC934C" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
is a native species in West Virginia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A0769FCD8B6CBEF40FDD43FF8EAFE3A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Several species, including the oak,
<taxonomicName id="D62A57282F3B6FA6EBAC546CB57B718E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus bicolor" order="Fagales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bicolor">Quercus bicolor</taxonomicName>
Willd., the salamander,
<taxonomicName id="A80FC963AC51B260390B0AB3F95BBE87" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambystoma texanum" order="Caudata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="texanum">Ambystoma texanum</taxonomicName>
(Mathes, 1885), and
<taxonomicName id="2CC4B3A9A3E1D45C756D8852C8997FCE" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Fallicambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fallicambarus fodiens" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fodiens">Fallicambarus fodiens</taxonomicName>
, are found in the Lower Ohio and Lower Kanawha drainages in West Virginia. They are theorized to be pre-glacial Marietta River relicts (
<bibRefCitation id="EE7E2E7C044AAB7D35E92F1EA457F681" author="Green, NB" journalOrPublisher="Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" title="Amphibians and Reptiles of West Virginia" year="1987">Green and Pauley 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CEF3A6EC03812720CF9A69F938648416" author="Jezerinac, RF" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Journal of Science" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="46 - 47" title="Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) fodiens in West Virginia: a new state record." volume="87" year="1987">Jezerinac and Stocker 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CCB823BAA274B74B544A29D7F1969E0E" author="Strausbaugh, PD" journalOrPublisher="West Virginia University Press, Morgantown, West Virginia" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" title="Flora of West Virginia" year="1978">Strausbaugh and Core 1978</bibRefCitation>
). The Marietta River was a major tributary of the pre-glacial Teays River, and the area of the Ohio River and Kanawha River confluence is considered to be the Marietta River Valley (
<bibRefCitation id="08834D84FB8F14295997F46011D2587B" author="Stout, WK" journalOrPublisher="Water in Ohio. Ohio Geological Survey. Bulletin" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" title="Old drainage systems" volume="44" year="1943">Stout et al. 1943</bibRefCitation>
). Several species that are found in no other part of the state inhabit this biotic region.
<bibRefCitation id="EF6C2711918622DA0F8D111916C2E466" author="Jezerinac, RF" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Journal of Science" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="46 - 47" title="Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) fodiens in West Virginia: a new state record." volume="87" year="1987">Jezerinac and Stocker (1987)</bibRefCitation>
used the Marietta River Valley to explain the disjunction of the West Virginia
<taxonomicName id="AF20A2A21348F4A16BAEA22C884E9EF3" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Fallicambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fallicambarus fodiens" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fodiens">Fallicambarus fodiens</taxonomicName>
population from the core of its range across the midwest. This species occurs sympatrically with
<taxonomicName id="5901816B4A271D586D6FB5BE83BB8E72" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
at two of three sites along the floodplain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59442A0A273BDE43C1339CDC98826A30" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="26FD632424F2E22F46AC14F8CBE28A27" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambystoma texanum" order="Caudata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="texanum">Ambystoma texanum</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="521E1F0E71D687EE3FB81102D81C5B7C" author="Green, NB" journalOrPublisher="Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" title="Amphibians and Reptiles of West Virginia" year="1987">Green and Pauley 1987</bibRefCitation>
) occurred at two sites harboring
<taxonomicName id="5472C5869988F81E2CB02F0AFC6836D9" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
populations. Both
<taxonomicName id="CA7EA88AA0ED83479B2C2782F29DB590" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambystoma texanum" order="Caudata" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="texanum">Ambystoma texanum</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F966913DCA9305526C3BC306DF91E29D" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Fallicambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fallicambarus fodiens" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fodiens">Fallicambarus fodiens</taxonomicName>
have limited, disjunct ranges in West Virginia. In Ohio,
<taxonomicName id="C6BB91DE78444B4D570D23C85323E471" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
has been collected from sites in the pre-glacial Teays River drainage, as well as in the area theorized to be the Teays River, Marietta River confluence (
<bibRefCitation id="873F89D8DED4B884AD136F82AD05FC9E" author="Thoma, RF" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Biological Survey Miscellaneous Contributions" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 28" title="Ohio crayfish and shrimp atlas." volume="7" year="2000">Thoma and Jezerinac 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of these two species at three of
<pageBreakToken id="49A108E4811CA7F5A49027057B30FA49" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
four
<taxonomicName id="82297E3EA72D470EAEA4B856A7137C7A" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
collection sites, along with
<taxonomicName id="3C5AE0F046B8E6C59DC718658674A13D" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
only being collected in the Marietta River Valley and nowhere else along the Ohio River floodplain of West Virginia, appears to validate the hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="37863E2C11A80005A1B471522502FE98" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
is native to West Virginia
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9358DAC39FED686C5DD0324C5B9C0250" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="morphometrics">
<paragraph id="F153D4A9E984745A9F030DFE8A531588" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Morphometrics.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="303E718D85A7035E75FFB4920A152133" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
The largest
<taxonomicName id="26928788643EB3ECBB00564CAB135057" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
collected in this study was a 43.1 mm TCL female collected from the Moose Lodge wetland, Mason County. The largest male was a 40.6 mm TCL form I also collected from the same locality. Mean
<taxonomicName id="00CBACDFF676BB6D40033BB6D4DB2D26" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
carapace length was 28.7 mm (n = 68, SD = 7.79). Morphometrics data for
<taxonomicName id="28BA1BDBFB9B1FA53668005B1D2075EC" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
are presented in Table 13.
</paragraph>
<caption id="CE19DF7114B250944BF9AF27F6767563" ID-Table-UUID="CE19DF7114B250944BF9AF27F6767563" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CE19DF7114B250944BF9AF27F6767563" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<paragraph id="DAC477AD67174E638D143D1F6A4146CF" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Table 13. West Virginia Ohio River floodplain
<taxonomicName id="94DCFC3F3FFD159C321E2853C8BD3B14" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
morphometrics.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9943F74FF3F594091B16D64D78768B63" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<table id="DCA38534E7DBBC9FF0E9AD3150AFB2F7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<tr id="49696376DB334CBB3E40A72B832C586D" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="601BA5DF46D3089625C3087DD3B2C485" colspan="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">Sex</th>
<th id="2C2E593550D80D9D65212D81EDCA703A" colspan="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">N</th>
<th id="F70342F16A7ADC70ED589554044C1AE4" colspan="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">Minimum</th>
<th id="9C8909E4EB7DBAEF86E4487BC36768CB" colspan="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">Maximum</th>
<th id="A3FCC100B777138A26D8A8955DDDABFF" colspan="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">Mean</th>
<th id="4294EF2FF83F8EECF866CBA0A1F5DE0F" colspan="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">Standard Deviation</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AD298143A29F24F31FE06FCE6B1DA789" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="habitat and natural history">
<paragraph id="5DD252F7BA2DA1FF7C2FD4F405449254" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Habitat and natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="326C3C05895F5D96EBB2088756E5C3DD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="891ECE4D42D31F5AD9A27131E6CADC1A" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
(Figure 24) had not been collected from West Virginia prior to this survey.
<bibRefCitation id="BFD0321AC0C66F5418DCA6F9127DD65B" author="Loughman, ZJ" journalOrPublisher="Northeastern Naturalist" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="495 - 500" title="First record of Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus (White River Crayfish) in West Virginia, with notes on its natural history." volume="14" year="2007">Loughman (2007)</bibRefCitation>
reported itslife history in the state. He found the species at only three of 18 sites surveyed in Mason County during 2004-2005. Captures in minnow traps peaked in late-March and decreased steadily until May. At this time, trapping rates were minimal and most specimens were collected during nocturnal searches by hand or with dip nets. During the summers of 2004-2005, ephemeral wetlands harboring
<taxonomicName id="BB92CD6A57C4CE925124E4FE0A7108F5" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
experienced periods of drawdown leading to elevated burrowing activity. Burrow morphology for
<taxonomicName id="5CF8A35EF18D951C83E2A1C968E1A0C0" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
consisted of simple vertical shafts 30-40 cm deep ending in an enlarged central chamber. Chimneys present at the entrances of burrows ranged from 5 to 15 cm high.
</paragraph>
<caption id="067198AAE52572376D451B2E785C3564" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<paragraph id="99850A2C4124CC06C6EBE2C57F0D5381" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Figure 24.
<taxonomicName id="901362867D347B71B0EDB7F6A3B419A7" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
, Middle Ohio South, Mason County - WLU 04022601
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="167E9BD9C7BDA16EC6693C98414C4524" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Form I males were collected in all months between February and May, while form II males were also collected from February through April (Table 9). Females were taken in all spring months, with an increase of captures in March. Three with 4th stage instars were collected on 22 March 2005. Number of pleopodal instars for each female was 72, 72 and 65, with a mean of 69. There was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.963, n = 3) between carapace length and total number of pleopodal instars.
<taxonomicName id="4BCDDA8C64D59295A2815127BE724BA1" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken id="0CC18E2DD351160CDAC425893D775E9B" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">populations</pageBreakToken>
appear to have six distinct size cohorts although these data need to be interpreted with caution due to low sample size (
<bibRefCitation id="EEDCC55FAD1B74C5B4144B6CBA2875AA" author="Jezerinac, RF" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 193" title="The Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of West Virginia" volume="10" year="1995">Jezerinac et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5064A1E077AF1611170057336A4BBC9E" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Amplexus was observed in the field on 5 May 2005 at 22:00 h. Two amplexing pairs were observed resting on pond substrate adjacent to fallen logs. No amplexing pairs were observed away from cover objects. Several specimens also amplexed in collecting buckets within minutes of being introduced on this same day. An interspecies amplexus was observed on 5 May 2005, when a large form I male
<taxonomicName id="A24E19A8D9D3A686888BDC7F75CD026F" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
was coupled with a female
<taxonomicName id="51287210EB82063D2C6DD3415BAA0603" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Orconectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orconectes virilis" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">Orconectes virilis</taxonomicName>
for 30 minutes. In the laboratory
<taxonomicName id="F1EE2218950A7B5B15C9B2689883BDC7" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
displayed reproductive behaviors (amplexes) from early May 2005 through mid-July 2005. Crayfish associates collected with
<taxonomicName id="97DB08BD325FE5FB6B4ECD2263EAF71B" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
included
<taxonomicName id="782A245EEF9DF25E23DABFB09964EA93" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus thomai" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomai">Cambarus thomai</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="40C9384293CB867C6083F8CC221DA20B" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Cambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cambarus bartonii subsp. cavatus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="bartonii" subSpecies="cavatus">Cambarus bartonii cavatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7040D22AEBFE7DEA91DACA5744E4D92" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Fallicambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fallicambarus fodiens" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fodiens">Fallicambarus fodiens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F32139D35F4956D19033BE6FFD5BE424" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Orconectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orconectes virilis" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">Orconectes virilis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0DF4A0FE26831BF2836C6D8A8BA6AD3E" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="conservation status within study area">
<paragraph id="D56010F07D604503CD74D3320D0F9040" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Conservation status within study area.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FCD6B27A21688E1B0E477DD6372C46A7" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Based on the Marietta River Valley theory, we believe that
<taxonomicName id="FEBD33E64DA9342DAEFCB6ECEE3ACE19" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
is a native species and should be given protection. Future investigations need to focus on the Kanawha River Floodplain between Point Pleasant and St. Albans. The Moose Lodge wetland is located on the Kanawha River and is the most diverse site surveyed in this study. All major habitats along the Ohio River floodplain that have been surveyed extensively in Mason County did not yield any additional
<taxonomicName id="63D7DD0354E2ADD915FF406F7FB9B749" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
populations. When present at a site,
<taxonomicName id="E592F94351D68799A0C296DE05C42EA7" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
was the dominant surface water crayfish. Conservation efforts for this species should focus on preserving habitat. The Moose Lodge wetland should be conserved for protection and monitoring, not only for
<taxonomicName id="105744EAE2E2E043A7DF04E08816DBEB" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procambarus acutus" order="Decapoda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Procambarus acutus</taxonomicName>
populations, but also for the myriad of Marietta River relicts occurring in the wetland.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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