928 lines
124 KiB
XML
928 lines
124 KiB
XML
<document id="B8AED419CD4C1E084E3779544F3B1CF5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.293852" ID-GBIF-Dataset="56b0b7f0-f4b4-4203-909b-eb5f731c20c4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="293852" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460240425787" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kahn, Amanda S., Matsumoto, George I., Hirano, Yayoi M. & Collins, Allen G." docDate="2010" docId="F30E878FFFA7FFA963F9FB28FAB5F864" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02518p059.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2518" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Haliclystus californiensis Kahn, Matsumoto, Hirano & Collins, 2010, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="0F37FFF7FFA6FFAF636EFFD2FF90FFD6" masterDocTitle="Haliclystus californiensis, a “ new ” species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1698240600999" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4DCECAD7724FA1F5A7341D864B4137AA">Haliclystus californiensis, a “ new ” species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="03BAD1E2140A7BD42AC27854FB6A830F">Kahn, Amanda S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EA6FD45D685C7D79A95579CC984645F1">Matsumoto, George I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3165D70BCD11FF8EFCFD5ECFC413BF4E">Hirano, Yayoi M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8A18EDD55DF392AE5B1760C90438AEBB">Collins, Allen G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E848DAC36CCB7CBAE586FEE98A15E13A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8498055DF3F3604FA08446624916A160">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="380E8FB50E394BBA267A5C74F50B58BE">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4127DD8E0155A49C42E6353322D1E7FB">2518</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A24EBFC175DA2A6C284C1F6AE75D77BA" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.293852</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F30E878FFFA7FFA963F9FB28FAB5F864" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5617435" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119389621" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5617435" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30E878FFFA7FFA963F9FB28FAB5F864" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F30E878FFFA7FFA963F9FB28FAB5F864" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA7FFAE63F9FB28FDF8FAC2" box="[151,616,1274,1300]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B183699FFA7FFAE63F9FB28FDF8FAC2" blockId="1.[151,616,1274,1300]" box="[151,616,1274,1300]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<heading id="205081F5FFA7FFAE63F9FB28FDF8FAC2" bold="true" box="[151,616,1274,1300]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE63F9FB28FDF8FAC2" bold="true" box="[151,616,1274,1300]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA7FFAE63F9FB28FE59FAC2" box="[151,457,1274,1300]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE63F9FB28FE59FAC2" bold="true" box="[151,457,1274,1300]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Haliclystus californiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="52E057F0FFA7FFAE62B6FB28FDF8FAC2" box="[472,616,1274,1300]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA7FFAE63F9FA97FD9EFAAA" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="7B183699FFA7FFAE63F9FA97FD9EFAAA" blockId="1.[151,1435,1349,1404]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA7FFAE63F9FA97FDF6FA8A" authority="Gwilliam, 1956" authorityName="Gwilliam" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,614,1349,1372]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE63F9FA97FE21FA8A" box="[151,433,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Haliclystus californiensis:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA7FFAE62D4FA97FDF6FA8A" author="Gwilliam" box="[442,614,1349,1372]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" refString="Gwilliam, G. F. (1956) Studies on western North American Stauromedusae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 192 pp." type="book" year="1956">Gwilliam, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p. 57;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA7FFAE61D7FA97FCDAFA8A" author="Hirano" box="[697,842,1349,1372]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" refString="Hirano, Y. M. (1997) A review of a supposedly circumboreal species of stauromedusa, Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806). Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology 1995, 247 - 252." type="journal article" year="1997">Hirano, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 251;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA7FFAE60C5FA97FB0AFA8A" author="Mills" box="[939,1178,1349,1372]" pageId="1" pageNumber="59" refString="Mills, C. E. & Larson, R. J. (2007) Scyphozoa: scyphomedusae, stauromedusae, and cubomedusae. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's manual: intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Fourth edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 168 - 173." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills & Larson, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 173;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA7FFAE6795FA97FF6FFAAA" author="Miranda" pageId="1" pageNumber="59" refString="Miranda, L. S., Morandini, A. C. & Marques, A. C. (2009) Taxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863. Polar Biology, 32, 1507 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE6630FA97FA1EFA8A" box="[1374,1422,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 1515 [
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE6207FAB7FE6FFAAA" box="[361,511,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA7FFAE63F9FA78FF6AF8C2" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA7FFAE63F9FA78FD90F9D9" blockId="1.[151,1438,1450,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE63F9FA78FE80FA12" bold="true" box="[151,272,1450,1476]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA7FFAE63F9FA78FE9BFA12" box="[151,267,1450,1476]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA7FFAE6098FA78FBDEFA12" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1014,1102,1450,1476]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
) 1106657, northeast Pacific, off Pacific Grove, CA (Otter Point),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1E93505EFFA7FFAE6128FA02FD57FA3C" box="[582,711,1488,1514]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" precision="15" value="36.634445">36º38’4”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1E93505EFFA7FFAE61BAFA02FCE5FA3C" box="[724,885,1488,1514]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" precision="15" value="-121.92027">121º55’13”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA7FFAE60ECFA02FC2EFA3C" box="[898,958,1488,1514]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</quantity>
|
||
depth, on a blade of red alga attached to rock,
|
||
<date id="0F191059FFA7FFAE63B4FA27FEDFF9D9" box="[218,335,1525,1551]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" value="2006-07">July 2006</date>
|
||
, coll. A. Kahn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA7FFAE63ABF9C8FF6AF8C2" blockId="1.[151,1438,1450,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE63ABF9C8FD9FF9E2" bold="true" box="[197,527,1562,1588]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Other material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA7FFAE6179F9C8FD00F9E2" box="[535,656,1562,1588]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA7FFAE61F2F9C8FD62F9E2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[668,754,1562,1588]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1106654, Monterey, CA, near Monterey Bay Aquarium, depth unknown,
|
||
<date id="0F191059FFA7FFAE6232F992FE42F98C" box="[348,466,1600,1626]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" value="2006-07">July 2006</date>
|
||
, coll. J. Mariottini and C. Widmer. California Academy of Sciences (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA7FFAE6791F992FAAAF98C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1279,1338,1600,1626]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
98108), off Christy Cove, Santa Cruz Island, Channel Islands, CA,
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA7FFAE603CF9B7FC1EF9A9" box="[850,910,1637,1663]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="29.0">29 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
|
||
<date id="0F191059FFA7FFAE6089F9B7FBDEF9A9" box="[999,1102,1637,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">7 March</date>
|
||
, 1950, coll. P. Silva.
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA7FFAE6629F9B7FA0CF9A9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1351,1436,1637,1663]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1139484 Point Piños, Pacific Grove, Monterey Bay, CA, ca.
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA7FFAE6012F958FC2AF972" box="[892,954,1674,1700]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
|
||
<date id="0F191059FFA7FFAE6778F958FB00F972" box="[1046,1168,1674,1700]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" value="1987-07">July 1987</date>
|
||
, coll. during a marine biology field course (Hopkins Marine Station).
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA7FFAE606AF962FCCEF91C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[772,862,1712,1738]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1139485 six specimens—one adult and five juveniles— Horseshoe Cove, Bodega Bay, CA,
|
||
<date id="0F191059FFA7FFAE61B7F907FC0DF939" box="[729,925,1749,1775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" value="1990-09">September 1990</date>
|
||
, coll. on settling brushes by Laura Rogers- Bennett.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA7FFAD63ABF8F2FC82FE91" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA7FFAD63ABF8F2FC82FE91" blockId="1.[151,1438,1450,2036]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,152,327]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE63ABF8F2FEDCF8EC" bold="true" box="[197,332,1824,1850]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA7FFAE623BF8F2FE71F8EF" box="[341,481,1824,1849]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA7FFAE623BF8F2FE71F8EF" box="[341,481,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Haliclystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with conical calyx, slightly longer than wide. Calyx tapering towards stalk, becoming nearly tubular; overall shape resembling a martini glass. Gonads extending from base of calyx to tips of each of eight arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA7FFAE62BCF8B8FD86F852" box="[466,534,1898,1924]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
); 40 to 50 gonadal sacs comprising each gonad, with three or four abreast at the widest. Each arm tipped with a cluster of 60 to 80 capitate secondary tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA7FFAE6717F842FB51F87C" box="[1145,1217,1936,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B); with up to five basal tentacles on exumbrellar side possessing a prominent swollen glandular pad (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA7FFAE67EBF867FB5DF819" box="[1157,1229,1973,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B and 2D). Eight primary tentacles lining coronal margin on interradial and perradial axes, alternating with the eight adradial arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA4FFAD638AFF4AFEBCFF64" box="[228,300,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2C). Large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, roughly as wide as tall, wrapping around each primary tentacle with open side up (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA4FFAD6152FF6FFD11FF01" box="[572,641,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2C). Perradial marginal notches between arms about twice as wide and deep as interradial notches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA4FFAD613AFF30FD0AFF2A" box="[596,666,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). White nematocyst clusters lining subumbrellar margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA4FFAD662AFF30FA1AFF2A" box="[1348,1418,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Exumbrellar surface grainy with nematocysts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA4FFAD61D7FEDAFD6EFEF4" box="[697,766,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2E); subumbrellar surface smooth. Pigment stripes along calyx absent. Stalk 1/4 length of calyx in adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="2FD86611FFA4FFAD63F9F88FFCD3F822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA4FFAD63F9F88FFCD3F822" blockId="2.[151,1437,1885,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA4FFAD63F9F88FFE8BF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,283,1885,1909]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA4FFAD624DF88CFDA7F8A3" box="[291,567,1886,1909]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA4FFAD624DF88CFDA7F8A3" box="[291,567,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Haliclystus californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA5FFAA63A8FF45FBACFC9C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC63A8FF45FD18FE72" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,420]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63A8FF45FE69FF67" bold="true" box="[198,505,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA5FFAC62E8FF45FE64FF67" box="[390,500,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Height
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA5FFAC6131FF4AFD29FF64" box="[607,697,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
|
||
; calyx
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA5FFAC607DFF4AFCFAFF64" box="[787,874,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall,
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA5FFAC60C3FF4AFB89FF64" box="[941,1049,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="15.5">15.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; stalk
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA5FFAC67DDFF4AFB6BFF64" box="[1203,1275,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall, 2.0 mm diameter. Arms united in interradial pairs, with perradial marginal notches twice as wide and deep as interradial ones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA5FFAC620FFF0FFE37FF21" box="[353,423,221,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stalk narrow and short—about 1/4 length of calyx—but well-developed with four chambers and four longitudinal muscle bands extending from base through mesoglea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA5FFAC67F6FED2FB4EFECC" box="[1176,1246,256,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F, 2G,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA5FFAC6643FED2FF47FEEA" author="Gwilliam" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" refString="Gwilliam, G. F. (1956) Studies on western North American Stauromedusae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 192 pp." type="book" year="1956">Gwilliam 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four muscle bands continuing through calyx along interradii, then bifurcating in upper third of calyx and extending to base of secondary tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA5FFAC61A9FE97FC9EFE89" box="[711,782,325,351]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Before splitting, each muscle band lying exterior to gonads; in upper 1/3 of calyx, bifurcated muscle bands lining interradial margins of gonads and extending up to bases of clusters of secondary tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FE00FA0CFDFF" ID-Table-UUID="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FE00FA0CFDFF" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FE00FA0CFDFF" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[151,1436,581,732]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC63F9FE00FA0CFDFF" blockId="3.[151,1436,466,553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F9FE00FE9CFE3C" bold="true" box="[151,268,466,490]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions of cnidae found in the gastric filaments and secondary tentacles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC6710FE00FA06FE3F" box="[1150,1430,466,489]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6710FE00FA06FE3F" box="[1150,1430,466,489]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Haliclystus californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Measurements provide the minimum, mean (in bold), and maximum length of each type of cnida sampled. The number of cnidae measured corresponds with the number found in prepared squash slides; some were more abundant than others.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC63F1FD97FACBFD0A" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<table id="09A7C439FFA5005063F9FD97FA0CFD0A" box="[151,1436,581,732]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FD97FA0CFD8A" box="[151,1436,581,604]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FD97FECAFD8A" box="[151,346,581,604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Cnidae</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506144FD97FC8AFD8A" box="[554,794,581,604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Length</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005060D8FD97FB36FD8A" box="[950,1190,581,604]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Width</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA50050662FFD97FA0CFD8A" box="[1345,1436,581,604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">n</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FDBDFA0CFD51" box="[151,1436,623,647]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FDBDFECAFD51" box="[151,346,623,647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FDA2FE94FD51" box="[159,260,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Euryteles</emphasis>
|
||
(ovoid)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506144FDBDFC8AFD51" box="[554,794,623,647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
26.86-
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6101FDBDFD3BFD51" bold="true" box="[623,683,623,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">30.58</emphasis>
|
||
-34.74 µm
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060D8FDBDFB36FD51" box="[950,1190,623,647]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
15.00-
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6095FDBDFBA7FD51" bold="true" box="[1019,1079,623,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">16.85</emphasis>
|
||
-19.35 µm
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050662FFDBDFA0CFD51" box="[1345,1436,623,647]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FD48FA0CFD64" box="[151,1436,666,690]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FD48FECAFD64" box="[151,346,666,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FD48FE94FD67" box="[159,260,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Euryteles</emphasis>
|
||
(round)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506144FD48FC8AFD64" box="[554,794,666,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
8.30-
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC610CFD48FD0EFD64" bold="true" box="[610,670,666,690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">13.22</emphasis>
|
||
-19.68
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060D8FD48FB36FD64" box="[950,1190,666,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
8.80-
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6083FD48FBB9FD64" bold="true" box="[1005,1065,666,690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">10.32</emphasis>
|
||
-13.11
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050662FFD48FA0CFD64" box="[1345,1436,666,690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">40</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FD16FA0CFD0A" box="[151,1436,708,732]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FD16FECAFD0A" box="[151,346,708,732]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Isorhizas</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506144FD16FC8AFD0A" box="[554,794,708,732]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
15.21-
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6101FD16FD3BFD0A" bold="true" box="[623,683,708,732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">23.71</emphasis>
|
||
-29.13
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060D8FD16FB36FD0A" box="[950,1190,708,732]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
4.98-
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6083FD16FB8CFD0A" bold="true" box="[1005,1052,708,732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">6.61</emphasis>
|
||
-9.26
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050662FFD16FA0CFD0A" box="[1345,1436,708,732]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">50</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2" ID-Table-UUID="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2" box="[151,1436,796,820]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[151,1436,879,1325]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2" blockId="3.[151,1436,796,852]" box="[151,1436,796,820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFE9CFCE2" bold="true" box="[151,268,796,820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC62D1FCCFFDAAFCE2" box="[447,570,797,820]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC62D1FCCFFDAAFCE2" box="[447,570,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Haliclystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. References for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC6026FCCFFC3BFCE2" box="[840,939,797,820]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6026FCCFFC3BFCE2" box="[840,939,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
followed by * indicate those that discuss the
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC63F9FCEFFE19FC82" blockId="3.[151,1436,796,852]" box="[151,393,829,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC6269FCEFFE12FC82" box="[263,386,829,852]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6269FCEFFE12FC82" box="[263,386,829,852]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC623FFCBDFAE6FAC5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<table id="09A7C439FFA5005063F9FCBDFA0CFAFB" box="[151,1436,879,1325]" gridcols="7" gridrows="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FCBDFA0CFC4B" box="[151,1436,879,925]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFCBDFE7AFC4B" box="[337,490,879,925]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">G e o g r a p hi c range</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506296FCBDFDF7FC4B" box="[504,615,879,925]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">G on a d a l sacs</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506118FCBDFD4FFC4B" box="[630,735,879,925]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">2o Tentacles</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506181FCBDFCECFC4B" box="[751,892,879,925]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">St a l k: ca l y x length</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FCBDFBDCFC4B" box="[908,1100,879,925]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Anchor shape</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506732FCBDFA0CFC4B" box="[1116,1436,879,925]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FC7DFA0CFBC4" box="[151,1436,943,1042]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FC7DFEBDFBC4" box="[151,301,943,1042]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FC62FE88FC14" box="[159,280,944,962]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FC62FE88FC14" box="[159,280,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFC7DFE7AFBC4" box="[337,490,943,1042]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Southern Ocean: A n t a r c t i c a, S A r ge n t i na, S Chile</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FC7DFDF7FBC4" box="[504,615,943,1042]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">50–150</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FC7DFD4FFBC4" box="[630,735,943,1042]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">6–224</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FC7DFCECFBC4" box="[751,892,943,1042]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1/2 to 2/3 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FC7DFBDCFBC4" box="[908,1100,943,1042]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Biscuit-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FC7DFA0CFBC4" box="[1116,1436,943,1042]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Pfeffer (1889), Kramp (1961), Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC67C7FC19FB5FFC0B" box="[1193,1231,971,989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FBF7FA0CFBBB" box="[151,1436,1061,1133]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FBF7FEBDFBBB" box="[151,301,1061,1133]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FBF7FE91FBE1" box="[159,257,1061,1079]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FBF7FE91FBE1" box="[159,257,1061,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFBF7FE7AFBBB" box="[337,490,1061,1133]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">N A tl a n t i c, N Pacific</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FBF7FDF7FBBB" box="[504,615,1061,1133]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">30–200</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FBF7FD4FFBBB" box="[630,735,1061,1133]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Usually 100 or more, but as few as 30</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FBF7FCECFBBB" box="[751,892,1061,1133]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Equal length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FBF7FBDCFBBB" box="[908,1100,1061,1133]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Coffee bean-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FBF7FA0CFBBB" box="[1116,1436,1061,1133]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rathke (1806), Mayer (1910), Hirano (1997)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FB52FA0CFB1E" box="[151,1436,1152,1224]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FB52FEBDFB1E" box="[151,301,1152,1224]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FB52FF6EFB44" box="[159,254,1152,1170]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FB52FF6EFB44" box="[159,254,1152,1170]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFB52FE7AFB1E" box="[337,490,1152,1224]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">N Pacific</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FB52FDF7FB1E" box="[504,615,1152,1224]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">50, ranging from 30 to 100</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FB52FD4FFB1E" box="[630,735,1152,1224]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">20–30</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FB52FCECFB1E" box="[751,892,1152,1224]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52"><1/3 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FB52FBDCFB1E" box="[908,1100,1152,1224]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Large, round, with longitudinal furrow</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FB52FA0CFB1E" box="[1116,1436,1152,1224]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Uchida (1933), Ling (1937), Kramp (1961), Hirano (1986)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FB08FA0CFB3B" box="[151,1436,1242,1261]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FB08FEBDFB3B" box="[151,301,1242,1261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FB09FEBDFB3B" box="[159,301,1243,1261]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FB09FEBDFB3B" box="[159,301,1243,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFB08FE7AFB3B" box="[337,490,1242,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">NE Pacific</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FB08FDF7FB3B" box="[504,615,1242,1261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">40–50</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FB08FD4FFB3B" box="[630,735,1242,1261]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">60–80</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FB08FCECFB3B" box="[751,892,1242,1261]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1/4 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FB08FBDCFB3B" box="[908,1100,1242,1261]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Horseshoe-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FB08FA0CFB3B" box="[1116,1436,1242,1261]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">This paper</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FAD2FA0CFAFB" box="[151,1436,1280,1325]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FAD2FEBDFAFB" box="[151,301,1280,1325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FAD2FEB2FAC4" box="[159,290,1280,1298]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FAD2FEB2FAC4" box="[159,290,1280,1298]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFAD2FE7AFAFB" box="[337,490,1280,1325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">S Indian</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FAD2FDF7FAFB" box="[504,615,1280,1325]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">?</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FAD2FD4FFAFB" box="[630,735,1280,1325]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">50</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FAD2FCECFAFB" box="[751,892,1280,1325]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Twice as long</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FAD2FBDCFAFB" box="[908,1100,1280,1325]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">S m a l l, o va l, w i t h tentacular knob</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FAD2FA0CFAFB" box="[1116,1436,1280,1325]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Vanhöffen (1908), Kramp (1961)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA5FFAC63F1FA92FB44F8A5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<table id="09A7C439FFA5005063F9FA92FA0CF8A5" box="[151,1436,1344,1907]" gridcols="7" gridrows="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FA92FA0CFA75" box="[151,1436,1344,1443]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FA92FEAEFA75" box="[151,318,1344,1443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FA92FE89FA84" box="[159,281,1344,1362]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monstrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FA92FE89FA84" box="[159,281,1344,1362]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. monstrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFA92FE77FA75" box="[337,487,1344,1443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">NW Pacific</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506296FA92FDF7FA75" box="[504,615,1344,1443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">U nk n ow n; 4– 8 rows at widest</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506118FA92FD70FA75" box="[630,736,1344,1443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">About 100</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506181FA92FCCCFA75" box="[751,860,1344,1443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1/2 length</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FA92FBDDFA75" box="[908,1101,1344,1443]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">L a r ge, f l at t e n e d, margins incurved</th>
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA500506732FA92FA0CFA75" box="[1116,1436,1344,1443]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Naumov (1961)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FA67FA0CFA35" box="[151,1436,1461,1507]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FA67FEAEFA35" box="[151,318,1461,1507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FA67FEB5FA11" box="[159,293,1461,1479]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octoradiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FA67FEB5FA11" box="[159,293,1461,1479]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. octoradiatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFA67FE77FA35" box="[337,487,1461,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">N Atlantic</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FA67FDF7FA35" box="[504,615,1461,1507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">10–70</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FA67FD70FA35" box="[630,736,1461,1507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">30–120</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FA67FCCCFA35" box="[751,860,1461,1507]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Equal length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FA67FBDDFA35" box="[908,1101,1461,1507]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Large, round</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FA67FA0CFA35" box="[1116,1436,1461,1507]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Lamarck (1816), Hirano (1997), Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC67C7FA02FB5FFA34" box="[1193,1231,1488,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9FA27FA0CF9F5" box="[151,1436,1525,1571]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9FA27FEAEF9F5" box="[151,318,1525,1571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1FA27FF66F9D1" box="[159,246,1525,1543]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salpinx">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1FA27FF66F9D1" box="[159,246,1525,1543]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. salpinx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FFA27FE77F9F5" box="[337,487,1525,1571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">NE Atlantic, N Pacific</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296FA27FDF7F9F5" box="[504,615,1525,1571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">40–120</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118FA27FD70F9F5" box="[630,736,1525,1571]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">60–70, may be up to 250</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181FA27FCCCF9F5" box="[751,860,1525,1571]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Much longer</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2FA27FBDDF9F5" box="[908,1101,1525,1571]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">L a r ge, t r um p e t - shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732FA27FA0CF9F5" box="[1116,1436,1525,1571]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Clark (1863), Kramp (1961), Mills & Larson (2007)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9F9E7FA0CF9AB" box="[151,1436,1589,1661]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9F9E7FEAEF9AB" box="[151,318,1589,1661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1F9E7FEAEF991" box="[159,318,1589,1607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
H. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63D1F9E7FEA8F991" box="[191,312,1589,1607]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sanjuanensis">sanjuanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FF9E7FE77F9AB" box="[337,487,1589,1661]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">NE Pacific</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296F9E7FDF7F9AB" box="[504,615,1589,1661]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">2 0 0–3 0 0, but as few as 150</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118F9E7FD70F9AB" box="[630,736,1589,1661]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">100–150</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181F9E7FCCCF9AB" box="[751,860,1589,1661]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">2/3 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2F9E7FBDDF9AB" box="[908,1101,1589,1661]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Coffee bean- shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732F9E7FA0CF9AB" box="[1116,1436,1589,1661]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Gellermann (1926), Hirano (1997), Mills & Larson (2007), pers. obs.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9F942FA0CF96B" box="[151,1436,1680,1725]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9F942FEAEF96B" box="[151,318,1680,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1F942FF6CF974" box="[159,252,1680,1698]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1F942FF6CF974" box="[159,252,1680,1698]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FF942FE77F96B" box="[337,487,1680,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">N W P a c if i c (China)</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296F942FDF7F96B" box="[504,615,1680,1725]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">17–20</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118F942FD70F96B" box="[630,736,1680,1725]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">20–25</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181F942FCCCF96B" box="[751,860,1680,1725]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1/2 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2F942FBDDF96B" box="[908,1101,1680,1725]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">G lobular, slightly wider than tall</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732F942FA0CF96B" box="[1116,1436,1680,1725]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Ling (1937)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9F902FA0CF8CE" box="[151,1436,1744,1816]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9F902FEAEF8CE" box="[151,318,1744,1816]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1F902FE9DF934" box="[159,269,1744,1762]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1F902FE9DF934" box="[159,269,1744,1762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FF902FE77F8CE" box="[337,487,1744,1816]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">N Pacific (Alaska to Japan)</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296F902FDF7F8CE" box="[504,615,1744,1816]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1 0 0–1 50, but as many as 250</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118F902FD70F8CE" box="[630,736,1744,1816]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">70–100, but as many as 200</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181F902FCCCF8CE" box="[751,860,1744,1816]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1/2 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2F902FBDDF8CE" box="[908,1101,1744,1816]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Egg-shaped, taller than wide</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732F902FA0CF8CE" box="[1116,1436,1744,1816]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Kishinouye (1899), Uchida (1929), Ling (1937, 1939), Kramp (1961), Hirano (1986), Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC6642F8D7FAC0F8C1" box="[1324,1360,1797,1815]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C59734DBFFA5005063F9F8F8FA0CF8A5" box="[151,1436,1834,1907]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<th id="86465DA7FFA5005063F9F8F8FEAEF8A5" box="[151,318,1834,1907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA5FFAC63F1F8F9FF7CF8EB" box="[159,236,1835,1853]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA5FFAC63F1F8F9FF7CF8EB" box="[159,236,1835,1853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">H. tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA50050623FF8F8FE77F8A5" box="[337,487,1834,1907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">NW Pacific</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506296F8F8FDF7F8A5" box="[504,615,1834,1907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">30–50</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506118F8F8FD70F8A5" box="[630,736,1834,1907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">20–60</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506181F8F8FCCCF8A5" box="[751,860,1834,1907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">1/2 length</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA5005060E2F8F8FBDDF8A5" box="[908,1101,1834,1907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Globular, wider than tall</td>
|
||
<td id="86465DA7FFA500506732F8F8FA0CF8A5" box="[1116,1436,1834,1907]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Kishinouye (1910), Uchida (1929*), Li ng (1937*, 1939 *), H irano (1986*, 1997)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FD86611FFA2FFAB63F9F978FD49F857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA2FFAB63F9F978FD49F857" blockId="4.[151,1437,1706,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA2FFAB63F9F978FE8FF914" bold="true" box="[151,287,1706,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS#98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA2FFAA63A8F878FDDBFEF4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1962,2025]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Gonads comprising gonadal sacs, beginning at base of calyx and extending to base of secondary tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA2FFAB63CEF81DFF79F83F" box="[160,233,1999,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Gonads paired in lower 2/3 of calyx, but pairing ends at same point that muscle bands bifurcate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA63F1FF4AFF74FF64" box="[159,228,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each gonad with 40 to 50 reddish-brown gonadal sacs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA60E6FF4AFC5FFF64" box="[904,975,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Gonadal sacs ovoid, relatively large (up to
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA638DFF6FFEB6FF01" box="[227,294,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
along longest axis) compared to many other members of the genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA3FFAA6729FF6FFA0BFF00" box="[1095,1435,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA3FFAA6729FF6FFB41FF00" box="[1095,1233,189,214]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">H. auricula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA3FFAA67B3FF6FFA07FF00" box="[1245,1431,189,214]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octoradiatus">H. octoradiatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA3FFAA63F9FF30FEC6FF2A" box="[151,342,226,252]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sanjuanensis">H. sanjuanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA3FFAA620CFF30FE6AFF2A" author="Hirano" box="[354,506,226,252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Hirano, Y. M. (1997) A review of a supposedly circumboreal species of stauromedusa, Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806). Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology 1995, 247 - 252." type="journal article" year="1997">Hirano 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, personal observation). At the widest, just above bifurcation of muscle bands, three to four gonadal sacs lie abreast.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FEFFFB79FE0A" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Exumbrella finely granulated with small nematocyst clusters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA60AEFEFFFB99FE91" box="[960,1033,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2E); subumbrellar surface smooth. Five to 10 white nematocyst clusters, each with a diameter of about
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA672FFE80FB31FEBA" box="[1089,1185,338,364]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, lining subumbrellar margin between each arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA62BCFEAAFD86FE44" box="[466,534,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cnidae examined from gastric filaments and secondary tentacles composed of two size classes of microbasic euryteles and one size class of isorhizas (holotrichous or atrichous;
|
||
<tableCitation id="36250322FFA3FFAA665AFE4FFA1AFE61" box="[1332,1418,413,439]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,241,466,490]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,581,732]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Dimensions of cnidae found in the gastric filaments and secondary tentacles of Haliclystus californiensis. Measurements provide the minimum, mean (in bold), and maximum length of each type of cnida sampled. The number of cnidae measured corresponds with the number found in prepared squash slides; some were more abundant than others." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FE00FA0CFDFF" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FE00FA0CFDFF">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles with ovoid euryteles and isorhizas; gastric filaments with smaller, rounder euryteles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FE3AFE35FD91" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Tip of each arm with 60 to 80 tightly clustered secondary tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA6082FE3AFBA2FDD4" box="[1004,1074,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2B). All tentacles short, capitate. In each cluster, up to five of outermost tentacles with swollen glandular pads at base of tentacular stalk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA63B0FDFFFEB4FD91" box="[222,292,557,583]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B and 2D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FD82FBB2FD0C" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Eight primary tentacles and anchors lining subumbrellar margin, one between each arm in the interradii and perradii (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA625BFDA7FEEBFD59" box="[309,379,629,655]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,256,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[173,1412,367,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,367,1873]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2 G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293853/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Part of primary tentacle retained and well-developed in adult; the anchor surrounding it comprising a large yellow pad with a cleft on upper radius, forming a horseshoe around the tentacle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA3FFAA665CFD48FAE9FD62" box="[1330,1401,666,692]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Anchors approximately same diameter as largest gonadal sacs of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FD37FBACFC9C" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Color in life red, cryptically matching color of its algal substrate. The alga, presumably a rhodophyte, was not identified. Gonads reddish-brown; nematocyst clusters along subumbrellar margin vivid white; tentacles red. Muscles in stalk and along subumbrellar margin red, but colorless in calyx.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA3FFA963A8FC87FC8FF904" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FC87FF7CFB32" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA3FFAA63A8FC87FDE7FCB9" bold="true" box="[198,631,853,879]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Description of additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult specimen (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA3FFAA6027FC87FC30FCB9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[841,928,853,879]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1139484) from Pt. Piños
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA67BFFC87FAB4FCB9" box="[1233,1316,853,879]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height; calyx
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA638CFCA8FEA9FC42" box="[226,313,890,916]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall; stalk
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA62D0FCA8FD95FC42" box="[446,517,890,916]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall,
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA6128FCA8FD35FC42" box="[582,677,890,916]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter (alive). Arms, stalk, muscle bands, and nematocyst clusters as in
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA3FFAA622EFC72FE20FC6C" box="[320,432,928,954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Secondary tentacles 40 to 50, clustered; in each cluster, up to three of outermost tentacles with swollen glandular cushions at base of tentacular stalk. Tentacular stalk varying in length, and may be rather long near subumbrellar side of arm. Anchors similar to those of
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA3FFAA6758FC38FB0FFBD2" box="[1078,1183,1002,1028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, although one anchor of this specimen was smaller than the others and without the primary tentacle. This may be due to a developmental defect, since all other anchors were similar to each other and to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA3FFAA6711FBE7FB7CFB99" box="[1151,1260,1077,1103]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Gonads as in
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA3FFAA63F9FB88FE91FBA2" box="[151,257,1114,1140]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but differing in number of gonadal sacs or follicles. Each gonad with 20 to 30 gonadal sacs. Largest sac about
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA627EFB52FEFBFB4C" box="[272,363,1152,1178]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
along longest axis. At the widest, two gonadal sacs lie abreast. Color similar to
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA3FFAA665AFB52FA0CFB4C" box="[1332,1436,1152,1178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
although ground color of both calyx and stalk almost transparent with slight red tint. Pad of anchor whitishyellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FB22FF66FA49" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
The original adult specimen described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA3FFAA61A7FB22FC04FADC" author="Gwilliam" box="[713,916,1264,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Gwilliam, G. F. (1956) Studies on western North American Stauromedusae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 192 pp." type="book" year="1956">Gwilliam (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, found off of Christy Cove on Santa Cruz Island, is stored at the California Academy of Sciences (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA3FFAA602EFAC7FCECFAF9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[832,892,1301,1327]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
#98108). Half of the specimen was prepared into thin sections, and the remaining tissue has degraded. Still, two intact anchors and the swollen glandular pads of the outermost secondary tentacles were visible on portions of the specimen, allowing us to verify its identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFAA63A8FA78FC96F9E2" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
The young adult specimen (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA3FFAA6174FA78FDE1FA12" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[538,625,1450,1476]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1106654) from Monterey Bay,
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA6098FA78FBADFA12" box="[1014,1085,1450,1476]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height, is similar in body shape to the adults. Gonads are partially developed, with distinct gonadal sacs occurring only in the upper 1/3 of the calyx. Anchors are of a similar shape as those in the adult, but the primary tentacle appears a bit larger in proportion as compared to the surrounding anchor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA3FFA963A8F992FCAAFF2A" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2036]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Six additional specimens (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA3FFAA616FF992FDC8F98C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[513,600,1600,1626]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1139485), including five juveniles, were collected from Bodega Bay. The juvenile specimens cannot be definitively identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA3FFAA600AF9B7FBBCF9A8" box="[868,1068,1637,1662]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA3FFAA600AF9B7FBBCF9A8" box="[868,1068,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We infer them to be the same species because of the co-occurrence of a young adult specimen that can be diagnosed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA3FFAA67C8F959FAF8F972" box="[1190,1384,1675,1700]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA3FFAA67C8F959FAF8F972" box="[1190,1384,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but some caution is warranted. In juveniles, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA6073F962FC35F91C" box="[797,933,1712,1738]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="2.15" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.8">1.8-2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height (preserved), the stalk is almost 1/ 2 the length of the calyx height. Outermost tentacles of these specimens were without obvious pads. The anchors were only poorly developed so that the primary tentacles were proportionately longer than in adults. The number of tentacles for each cluster was 4 to 5 (
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA606AF8F2FCCEF8EC" box="[772,862,1824,1850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen in total height), 5 (
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA67D7F8F2FA84F8EC" box="[1209,1300,1824,1850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen), 5 to 6 (
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA6380F897FEDCF889" box="[238,332,1861,1887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen), 7 to 8 (2.0 mm specimen). A larger juvenile specimen (
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA67ECF897FB70F889" box="[1154,1248,1861,1887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in total height) appeared to have more than 10 tentacles for each cluster, however, this specimen was too heavily damaged for more detailed observation. This large juvenile may have glandular pads on outermost tentacles, but that part was also too damaged to see this character. A single specimen (
|
||
<collectionCode id="1DB6AE5CFFA3FFAA60C4F867FB94F819" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[938,1028,1973,1999]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1139485) from Bodega Bay was mature, measuring
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA6213F808FE48F822" box="[381,472,2010,2036]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in total height; calyx
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA618EF808FCACF822" box="[736,828,2010,2036]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall; stalk
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA3FFAA60D4F808FB86F822" box="[954,1046,2010,2036]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall in preserved condition. This mature specimen was with about 30 tentacles for each cluster, of which the outermost three were with glandular pads. It was difficult to locate white nematocyst spots for sure in small preserved specimens, but one small specimen in good condition appeared to have them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963ABFED5FB23FE61" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963ABFED5FEE7FEF7" bold="true" box="[197,375,263,289]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA962EEFEDAFD28FEF7" box="[384,696,264,289]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA962EEFEDAFD28FEF7" box="[384,696,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="52E057F0FFA0FFA961A6FEDAFCB9FEF4" box="[712,809,264,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, joins 10 other species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9678BFEDAFAFEFEF7" box="[1253,1390,264,289]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9678BFEDAFAFEFEF7" box="[1253,1390,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96611FEDAFE50FE91" authority="Pfeffer, 1889" authorityName="Pfeffer" authorityYear="1889" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96611FEDAFE8BFE90" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9624DFEFFFE50FE91" author="Pfeffer" box="[291,448,301,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Pfeffer, G. (1889) Zur Fauna von Sud-Georgien. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 6, 49 - 55." type="journal article" year="1889">Pfeffer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA962A3FEFFFC83FE91" authority="Rathke, 1806" authorityName="Rathke" authorityYear="1806" box="[461,787,301,327]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA962A3FEFFFDC6FE90" box="[461,598,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
(Rathke, 1806)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96071FEFFFBDEFE91" authority="Uchida, 1933" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1933" box="[799,1102,301,327]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96071FEFFFC34FE90" box="[799,932,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA960C2FEFFFBDEFE91" author="Uchida" box="[940,1102,301,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Uchida, T. (1933) Eine neue Becherqualle aus Hokkaido. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan, 9, 450 - 452." type="journal article" year="1933">Uchida, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, H.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA967EEFEFFFF45FEBA" authority="Vanhoffen, 1908" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1908" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA967EEFEFFFA83FE90" box="[1152,1299,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96674FEFFFF45FEBA" author="Vanhoffen" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1908) Die Lucernariden und Skyphomedusen der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 10, 25 - 49 (with a separate plate and a map)." type="journal article" year="1908">Vanhöffen, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9638FFE80FDC7FEBA" authority="Naumov, 1961" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1961" box="[225,599,338,364]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monstrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9638FFE80FE1BFEBD" box="[225,395,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. monstrosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA962F5FE80FDDEFEBA" author="Naumov" box="[411,590,338,364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1961) Stsifoidnye meduzy morei SSSR (Scyphomedusae of the seas of the USSR). Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 75, 1 - 98." type="book chapter" year="1961">Naumov, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9610AFE80FC60FEBA" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[612,1008,338,364]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octoradiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9610AFE80FC8EFEBD" box="[612,798,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. octoradiatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96040FE80FC77FEBA" author="Lamarck" box="[814,999,338,364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Lamarck, J. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 2 (Lucernaire). Paris, pp. 472 - 475." type="journal article" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96092FE80FA9DFEBA" authority="Clark, 1863" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1863" box="[1020,1293,338,364]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salpinx">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96092FE80FBE6FEBD" box="[1020,1142,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. salpinx</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96710FE80FA9DFEBA" author="Clark" box="[1150,1293,338,364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Clark, H. J. (1863) Prodromus of the history, structure, and physiology of the order Lucernariae. Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 531 - 567." type="journal article" year="1863">Clark, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96674FE80FEB1FE44" authority="Ling, 1937" authorityName="Ling" authorityYear="1937" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96674FE80FA0CFEBD" box="[1306,1436,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA963F9FEAAFEB1FE44" author="Ling" box="[151,289,376,402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Ling, S. W. (1937) Studies on Chinese Stauromedusae. I. Stauromedusae from Tsingtao. Amoy Marine Biological Bulletin, 3, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1937">Ling, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96241FEAAFD25FE44" authority="Kishinouye, 1899" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1899" box="[303,693,376,402]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96241FEAAFE5FFE47" box="[303,463,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA962B9FEAAFD25FE44" author="Kishinouye" box="[471,693,376,402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Kishinouye, K. (1899) A new species of stalked medusae, Haliclystus stejnegeri. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 22, 125 - 129." type="journal article" year="1899">Kishinouye, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96199FEAAFBDBFE44" authority="Kishinouye, 1910" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1910" box="[759,1099,376,402]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96199FEAAFCF8FE47" box="[759,872,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9601EFEAAFBDBFE44" author="Kishinouye" box="[880,1099,376,402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Kishinouye, K. (1910) Some medusae of Japanese waters. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan, 27, 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="1910">Kishinouye, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="36250322FFA0FFA96732FEAAFB2CFE44" box="[1116,1212,376,402]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,241,796,820]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,879,1325]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Haliclystus species. References for H. tenuis followed by * indicate those that discuss the" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Original species descriptions were used for the following comparisons unless specifically noted otherwise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963ABFE10FB1CFD41" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
One distinctive feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96298FE10FD2AFE0D" box="[502,698,450,475]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96298FE10FD2AFE0D" box="[502,698,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of prominent glandular pads on up to five of its outermost secondary tentacles. Glandular pad swellings are encountered in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA967CCFE3AFAA0FDD7" box="[1186,1328,488,513]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA967CCFE3AFAA0FDD7" box="[1186,1328,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96274FDDFFE3FFDF0" box="[282,431,525,550]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96274FDDFFE3FFDF0" box="[282,431,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9629EFDDFFD71FDF0" box="[496,737,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
H. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9614AFDDFFD46FDF0" box="[548,726,525,550]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sanjuanensis">sanjuanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but they are much slighter than those observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96610FDDFFED2FD9D" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96610FDDFFED2FD9D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are variable in occurrence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA961B7FDE0FB15FD9A" author="Gwilliam" box="[729,1157,562,588]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Gwilliam, G. F. (1956) Studies on western North American Stauromedusae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 192 pp." type="book" year="1956">Gwilliam 1956; Hirano pers. obs.</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96669FDE0FA04FD9D" box="[1287,1428,562,587]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96669FDE0FA04FD9D" box="[1287,1428,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, glandular pads associated with secondary tentacles are fairly widespread, occurring for example in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA963F9FDAFFDBBFD41" authority="Carlgren, 1935" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,555,637,663]" class="Staurozoa" family="Depastridae" genus="Depastromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963F9FDAFFECEFD40" box="[151,350,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Depastromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96203FDAFFDB2FD41" author="Carlgren" box="[365,546,637,663]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Carlgren, O. (1935) Uber eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariide, Depastromorpha africana n. gen., n. sp. nebst Bemerkungen uber den Bau und die Systematik dieser Tiergruppe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Series 3, 15, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1935">Carlgren, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96159FDAFFCC9FD41" authority="Larson, 1988" authorityName="Larson" authorityYear="1988" box="[567,857,637,663]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kyopodidae" genus="Kyopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96159FDAFFD31FD40" box="[567,673,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Kyopoda</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA961DEFDAFFCC0FD41" author="Larson" box="[688,848,637,663]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Larson, R. J. (1988) Kyopoda lamberti gen. nov., sp. nov., an atypical stauromedusa (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria) from the eastern Pacific, representing a new family. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 2301 - 2303." type="journal article" year="1988">Larson, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9600BFDAFFB18FD41" authority="Hirano, 1986" authorityName="Hirano" authorityYear="1986" box="[869,1160,637,663]" class="Staurozoa" family="Depastridae" genus="Manania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9600BFDAFFC5FFD40" box="[869,975,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Manania</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA960B0FDAFFBEFFD41" author="Hirano" box="[990,1151,637,663]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Hirano, Y. M. (1986) Species of Stauromedusae from Hokkaido, with notes on their metamorphosis. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 24, 182 - 201." type="journal article" year="1986">Hirano, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963ABFD70FBB7FB11" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
The most distinctive character of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96138FD70FC15FD6D" box="[598,901,674,699]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96138FD70FC15FD6D" box="[598,901,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the unique shape of the marginal anchors. The anchor forms a large, yellow horseshoe around the primary tentacle, with the cleft pointing up (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E39C2A1CFFA0FFA9665FFD1AFAE9FD34" box="[1329,1401,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,258,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[266,1332,194,1683]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[266,1334,194,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS # 98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293854/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Morphologically, the anchors of this species most closely resemble those of
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9674FFD3FFAD4FCD0" box="[1057,1348,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9674FFD3FFB3DFCD0" box="[1057,1197,749,774]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">H. auricula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA967D7FD3FFAD0FCD0" box="[1209,1344,749,774]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">H. borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96611FD3FFF4DFCFD" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96611FD3FFF4DFCFD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96383FCC0FEE6FCFA" author="Clark" box="[237,374,786,812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Clark, H. J. (1878) Lucernariae and their allies. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 242, 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="1878">Clark 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA962EDFCC0FD8DFCFA" author="Hirano" box="[387,541,786,812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Hirano, Y. M. (1997) A review of a supposedly circumboreal species of stauromedusa, Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806). Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology 1995, 247 - 252." type="journal article" year="1997">Hirano 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96114FCC0FCAFFCFD" box="[634,831,786,811]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96114FCC0FCAFFCFD" box="[634,831,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96752FCC0FB54FCFD" box="[1084,1220,786,811]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96752FCC0FB54FCFD" box="[1084,1220,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have anchors that surround a rudimentary primary tentacle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA961FEFCEAFC6DFC84" author="Clark" box="[656,1021,824,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Clark, H. J. (1878) Lucernariae and their allies. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 242, 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="1878">Clark 1878; Hirano pers. obs.</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the anchors of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96611FCEAFF6AFCA0" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96611FCEAFF6AFCA0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9625AFC8FFE68FCA0" box="[308,504,861,886]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9625AFC8FFE68FCA0" box="[308,504,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
curve and are open at the top, the anchors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9677AFC8FFB48FCA0" box="[1044,1240,861,886]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9677AFC8FFB48FCA0" box="[1044,1240,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nearly complete a circuit around the primary tentacle and are approximately as wide as long. The coffee bean-shaped anchors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA963D6FC7AFED2FC17" box="[184,322,936,961]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963D6FC7AFED2FC17" box="[184,322,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
curve gently, wrapping only about halfway into a circle, and are distinctly longer than wide. Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96381FC1FFE25FC30" box="[239,437,973,998]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96381FC1FFE25FC30" box="[239,437,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the marginal anchors of
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96188FC1FFB83FC30" box="[742,1043,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96188FC1FFCFBFC30" box="[742,875,973,998]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">H. borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA960C6FC1FFB83FC30" box="[936,1043,973,998]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">H. tenuis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are round and without a cleft. In addition, the remnant of the primary tentacle is not retained in adults of either of these two species. The geographic range differs as well;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96140FBCAFD25FBE7" box="[558,693,1048,1073]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96140FBCAFD25FBE7" box="[558,693,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9619FFBCAFCCFFBE7" box="[753,863,1048,1073]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9619FFBCAFCCFFBE7" box="[753,863,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found in the northwest Pacific, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96611FBCAFEA9FB80" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96611FBCAFEA9FB80" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus far known only from the coast of California. The gonadal sacs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA967C7FBEFFAE0FB80" box="[1193,1392,1085,1110]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA967C7FBEFFAE0FB80" box="[1193,1392,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are ovoid and relatively large (up to
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA0FFA96179FBB0FDCCFBAA" box="[535,604,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
along the longest axis) compared to many other members of the genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963CFFB5AFC93FB77" box="[161,771,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA963CFFB5AFEA5FB77" box="[161,309,1160,1185]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="auricula">H. auricula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9622DFB5AFD9BFB77" box="[323,523,1160,1185]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octoradiatus">H. octoradiatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, H. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96125FB5AFD68FB77" box="[587,760,1160,1185]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sanjuanensis">sanjuanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9607BFB5AFC25FB74" author="Hirano" box="[789,949,1160,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Hirano, Y. M. (1997) A review of a supposedly circumboreal species of stauromedusa, Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806). Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology 1995, 247 - 252." type="journal article" year="1997">Hirano 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, personal observation). The number of secondary tentacles, gonads, and other differences are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="36250322FFA0FFA960A4FB7FFBB4FB11" box="[970,1060,1197,1223]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,241,796,820]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,879,1325]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Haliclystus species. References for H. tenuis followed by * indicate those that discuss the" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="2FD86611FFA5FFAC63F9FCCEFA0CFCE2">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963A8FB00FC8FF904" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Other species within the genus differ in both morphology and geographic distribution (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9679BFB00FF42FAC4" author="Miranda" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Miranda, L. S., Morandini, A. C. & Marques, A. C. (2009) Taxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863. Polar Biology, 32, 1507 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9660FFB01FA05FB3A" box="[1377,1429,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for further discussion of ranges of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96060FB2AFC02FAC7" box="[782,914,1272,1297]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96060FB2AFC02FAC7" box="[782,914,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Two species are found only in the southern hemisphere:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9625BFACFFE76FAE0" box="[309,486,1309,1334]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9625BFACFFE76FAE0" box="[309,486,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA9615CFACFFD26FAE1" box="[562,694,1309,1335]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and probably southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA9608EFACFFBB3FAE1" box="[992,1059,1309,1335]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA9670EFACFFB4AFAE1" box="[1120,1242,1309,1335]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96785FACFFF46FA8A" author="Miranda" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Miranda, L. S., Morandini, A. C. & Marques, A. C. (2009) Taxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863. Polar Biology, 32, 1507 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96633FACFFA04FAE0" box="[1373,1428,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96273FA91FE44FA8A" box="[285,468,1347,1372]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96273FA91FE44FA8A" box="[285,468,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the southern Indian Ocean.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9600AFA91FBDEFA8A" box="[868,1102,1347,1372]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9600AFA91FBDEFA8A" box="[868,1102,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found only off the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA96391FABAFEDAFA54" box="[255,330,1384,1410]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA962E5FABAFDA8FA57" box="[395,568,1384,1409]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monstrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA962E5FABAFDA8FA57" box="[395,568,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. monstrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA9605DFABAFC18FA54" box="[819,904,1384,1410]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA960FAFABAFB2DFA57" box="[916,1213,1384,1409]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octoradiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA960FAFABAFB2DFA57" box="[916,1213,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus octoradiatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from the northeastern Atlantic, near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA96151FA5FFD05FA71" box="[575,661,1421,1447]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Europe.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA9605FFA5FFBBFFA70" box="[817,1071,1421,1446]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA9605FFA5FFBBFFA70" box="[817,1071,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, restricted to the boreal Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA963F0FA60FE1EFA1A" author="Miranda" box="[158,398,1458,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Miranda, L. S., Morandini, A. C. & Marques, A. C. (2009) Taxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863. Polar Biology, 32, 1507 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96262FA61FED0FA1A" box="[268,320,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96156FA61FD6DFA1A" box="[568,765,1459,1484]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96156FA61FD6DFA1A" box="[568,765,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the number of gonadal sacs, with 90 to 240 versus 40 to 50 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9638BFA0AFE14FA24" author="Hirano" box="[229,388,1496,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Hirano, Y. M. (1986) Species of Stauromedusae from Hokkaido, with notes on their metamorphosis. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 24, 182 - 201." type="journal article" year="1986">Hirano 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anchors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96136FA0AFD65FA27" box="[600,757,1496,1521]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96136FA0AFD65FA27" box="[600,757,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are egg-shaped rather than round, and have a cleft only when there is still a remnant of the primary tentacle.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA96073FA2FFB9BF9C0" box="[797,1035,1533,1558]" genus="Halclystus" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96073FA2FFB9BF9C0" box="[797,1035,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Halclystus auricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in the north Pacific and north Atlantic Ocean.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA962CAF9F1FD1BF9EA" box="[420,651,1571,1596]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salpinx">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA962CAF9F1FD1BF9EA" box="[420,651,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Haliclystus salpinx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a somewhat surprising distribution, with specimens reported from the north Pacific [in bays near the San Juan Islands and southern Vancouver Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA967B1F99AFF46F951" author="Mills" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Mills, C. E. & Larson, R. J. (2007) Scyphozoa: scyphomedusae, stauromedusae, and cubomedusae. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's manual: intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Fourth edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 168 - 173." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills & Larson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in Alaska and the Russian coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03B07609FFA0FFA9618FF9BFFCB4F951" box="[737,804,1645,1671]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9600BF9BFFC7AF951" author="Mills" box="[869,1002,1645,1671]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Mills, C. E. (2001) 4. C. Pelagic Cnidaria and Ctenophora. In: Hines, A. H. & Ruiz G. M. (Ed.) Marine Invasive Species and Biodiversity of South Central Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska, pp. 23 - 38." type="book chapter" year="2001">Mills 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)] and north Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9678BF9BFFF44F97A" author="Mills" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Mills, C. E. & Larson, R. J. (2007) Scyphozoa: scyphomedusae, stauromedusae, and cubomedusae. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's manual: intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Fourth edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 168 - 173." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills & Larson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA9638EF940FE5EF97A" author="Miranda" box="[224,462,1682,1708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Miranda, L. S., Morandini, A. C. & Marques, A. C. (2009) Taxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863. Polar Biology, 32, 1507 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Miranda
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA96225F941FEEEF97A" box="[331,382,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCA74D1AFFA0FFA961E0F941FCC3F97A" box="[654,851,1683,1708]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Haliclystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA961E0F941FCC3F97A" box="[654,851,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">H. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a long stalk—longer than the height of the calyx—and trumpet-shaped anchors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F364B68FFA0FFA96116F96AFC82F904" author="Kramp" box="[632,786,1720,1746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA0FFA963A8F90FFE3CF8CA" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963A8F90FFE3CF8CA" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963A8F90FFEC3F921" bold="true" box="[198,339,1757,1783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name refers to the state of California, the first and thus far only region where the species has been found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33BD6512FFA0FFA963A8F8F5FAB5F864" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963A8F8F5FBCCF8B1" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963A8F8F5FEF7F897" bold="true" box="[198,359,1831,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens have been found in shallow (
|
||
<quantity id="BC5F9B7CFFA0FFA96031F8FAFC5AF894" box="[863,970,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10-30 m</quantity>
|
||
), wave-exposed kelp forests along the California coast from the Channel Islands in the south to Bodega Bay in the north.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B183699FFA0FFA963A8F8A0FAB5F864" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="49D3EA8BFFA0FFA963A8F8A0FE04F85A" bold="true" box="[198,404,1906,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Gene sequences.</emphasis>
|
||
Mitochondrial 16S rDNA and COI were amplified and sequenced from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A41C883BFFA0FFA96658F8A0FA0CF85A" box="[1334,1436,1906,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and young adult specimen (USNM 1106654; GenBank accession numbers
|
||
<accessionNumber id="64F4AB7AFFA0FFA9676BF84AFB1CF864" box="[1029,1164,1944,1970]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/GU201828" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">GU201828</accessionNumber>
|
||
-
|
||
<accessionNumber id="64F4AB7AFFA0FFA967FAF84AFA8AF864" box="[1172,1306,1944,1970]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/GU201831" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">GU201831</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |