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<document id="18093E567E6447BDA3D213242594807D" ID-DOI="10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13332563" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1720669084001" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley &amp; de Pinna, Mário" docDate="2022" docId="03D75034FFC0E419FD6F53C1756DFEF6" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.20.1.e210009.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology (e 210009) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823.3:NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Microsternarchus Fernandez-Yepez 1968" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FFEE284CFFE1E438FFB65162717CF803" masterDocTitle="Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy" masterLastPageNumber="117" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1723818792354" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="72097DE87506C281B97F783529389761">Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B0FF1B890CDDF1BB437BEECE6846105">Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9E496A0A10CC5FB6492E03A55AA4DA8A">de Pinna, Mário</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E61A227627FDCBBD898898D356513A49">Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D75034FFC0E419FD6F53C1756DFEF6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12719992" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12719992" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D75034FFC0E419FD6F53C1756DFEF6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D75034FFC0E419FD6F53C1756DFEF6" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFC0E419FD6F53C1755FFB98" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FD6F53C175BDFAB8" blockId="33.[729,1217,675,699]" box="[729,1217,675,699]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D089564EFFC0E419FD6F53C175BDFAB8" box="[729,1217,675,699]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFC0E419FD6F53C175BDFAB8" ID-CoL="5SGH" authority="Fernandez-Yepez, 1968" authorityName="Fernandez-Yepez" authorityYear="1968" box="[729,1217,675,699]" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Microsternarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FD6F53C172D2FAB8" bold="true" box="[729,942,675,699]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Microsternarchus</emphasis>
Fernández-Yépez, 1968
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FDB0538C755FFB98" blockId="33.[486,1460,750,1408]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDB0538C7265FB05" bold="true" box="[518,793,750,774]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Adductor mandibulae.</emphasis>
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FCEF538C72D9FB05" box="[857,933,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
originates from the mid-dorsal portion of the hyomandibula and preopercle. Its insertion occurs on the posteromedial portion of the antorbital bone by a fibrous attachment. Its mesialmost fibers converge onto a small endomaxillary ligament, less than one-third the length of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB19523C7587FB75" box="[1199,1275,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
which, in turn, inserts on the posteromedial portion of the maxilla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFC0E419FDB052CA756DFEF6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FDB052CA7317FD13" blockId="33.[486,1460,750,1408]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FD8C52CA7302FBC3" box="[570,638,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">rictalis</emphasis>
originates in the preopercle, quadrate and hyomandibula. The lateralmost fibers of
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDFE52AC73F0FBE5" box="[584,652,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">rictalis</emphasis>
surpass the anterior margin of the preopercular fossa and reach the mid-portion of the preopercle. That subsection inserts mainly on the coronoid process, but with some lateral fibers on the anguloarticular and buccopalatal membrane. The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FADE557A74CEFC33" box="[1384,1458,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">stegalis</emphasis>
arises from the hyomandibula, sphenotic, pterosphenoid, parasphenoid, sympletic and metapterygoid. Anteriorly, the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FCF4550172F0FC78" box="[834,908,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">stegalis</emphasis>
differentiates into an intersegmental aponeurosis, dorsally entering the mandibular tendon and ventrally the meckelian tendon, inserting onto the coronomeckelian bone. The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC2155CC729DFCC5" box="[919,993,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">stegalis</emphasis>
is located laterally in relation to the basal region of the endopterygoid and
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FCD855B1751CFCE8" box="[878,1120,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">adductor arcus palatini</emphasis>
, overlapping those structures completely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FDB0547C74E7FD83" blockId="33.[486,1460,750,1408]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FD8C547D7247FD35" box="[570,827,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">segmentum mandibularis</emphasis>
is located dorsally to Meckels cartilage and contacts it by slightly more than a half of the cartilages extension. The path of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB5354267328FD83" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ramus mandibularis trigeminus</emphasis>
nerve is mesial to all sections of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC5D540A75BFFD83" box="[1003,1219,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">adductor mandibulae</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB67540B74E9FD83" box="[1233,1429,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">segmentum facialis</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FDB054D1756DFEF6" blockId="33.[486,1459,1459,1782]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDB054D17269FDC8" bold="true" box="[518,789,1459,1483]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Levator arcus palatini.</emphasis>
The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FCE454D17556FDC8" box="[850,1066,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
has a roughly parallelogram shape, originating from the ventral margin of the frontal and sphenotic and inserting onto the hyomandibula. The origin of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC2B549C7507FE15" box="[925,1147,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
is wider than its insertion, approximately one and a half of its insertion (
<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFC0E419FC6D57417557FE38" box="[987,1067,1571,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="40.[136,209,1014,1034]" captionTargetBox="[223,1373,171,990]" captionTargetId="figure-223@40.[223,1373,171,991]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 19 | Lateral view of adductor mandibulae, pars malaris of Rhabdolichops eastwardi (Sternopygidae), MZUSP 81178, 188.3 mm LEA. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332603/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). At the insertion, the anterolateral, posterolateral and anteromesial fiber bundles of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB8A572A7466FE63" box="[1084,1306,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are lateral to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDA4570C7322FE85" box="[530,606,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
, while its posteromesial bundles are medial to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB39570C75A7FE85" box="[1167,1243,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
. The posterodorsal fibers of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDCA57F17226FEA8" box="[636,858,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are parallel to the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB8157F17596FEA8" box="[1079,1258,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">dilatator operculi</emphasis>
, with no overlap between the two muscles. The
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC8957DB7541FED3" box="[831,1085,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">truncus hyomandibularis</emphasis>
nerve run through the lateral and mesial bundle of fibers of the
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC8457BC7576FEF5" box="[818,1034,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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