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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.47936" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ec38c460-c545-4470-a8a6-51a5d0fba33d" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163641922" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-43-117" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F104A75C61CF5E42A2D97A7854E745FE" ID-ZooBank="B8A62C5BC4D44DFC90E8AE424508325A" ModsDocID="2367-5365-43-117" checkinTime="1587051876631" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2020" docId="701E69DB6A665FBAABBF0C30D8E6B517" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 43: 117-138" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 43" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.47936" docTitle="Euploea dorippus Klug 1845" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="F104A75C61CF5E42A2D97A7854E745FE" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="F104A75C61CF5E42A2D97A7854E745FE" masterDocTitle="Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845: species, semispecies, subspecies, junior subjective synonym of Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), and / or form - what does Klug's dorippus represent? (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae)" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="117" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1643448223378" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845: species, semispecies, subspecies, junior subjective synonym of Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), and / or form - what does Klug's dorippus represent? (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW 7 5 BD UK, &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury CT 2 7 NR UK; dickvanewright @ btinternet. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName LSID="701E69DB-6A66-5FBA-ABBF-0C30D8E6B517" authority="Klug, 1845" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Euploea dorippus</taxonomicName>
Klug, 1845: text (signature h[iii]), pl. 48, figs 1-5. Male and female syntypes, Sudan: [New] Dongola, Dunqulah, 19°10'N, 30°29'E, and Ambikol, 18°03'N, 31°31'E, leg. C.G. Ehrenberg &amp; W.F. Hemprich (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" author="Baker, DB" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="165 - 202" refId="B7" refString="Baker, DB, 1997. C.G. Ehrenberg and W.F. Hemprich's travels, 1820-1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44 (2): 165 - 202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" title="C. G. Ehrenberg and W. F. Hemprich's travels, 1820 - 1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" volume="44" year="1997">Baker 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 194) (material apparently lost - not in Museum 
<normalizedToken originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
Naturkunde, Berlin: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" author="Olivier, A" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="95 - 104" refId="B59" refString="Olivier, A, Nekrutenko, YP, 2000. The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775-1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 47 (1): 95 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" title="The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775 - 1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" volume="47" year="2000">Olivier and Nekrutenko 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">Limnas dorippus</taxonomicName>
(Klug): Butler, 1886: 758. Butler acted as first reviser, restricting application of the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Euploea dorippus</taxonomicName>
to 
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug 1845</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 48, figs 1-4 (see also 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" author="Swinhoe, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 148" refId="B86" refString="Swinhoe, C, 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 124 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" title="On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" volume="1885" year="1885">Swinhoe 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 126). [In this paper Butler excluded the specimen represented by 
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug 1845</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 48, fig. 5, to become part of the type series of a new nominal taxon, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klugii">Limnas klugii</taxonomicName>
(Butler, 1886: 758 - type locality currently accepted to be Somalia: inland south of Berbera).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
(1845)
</bibRefCitation>
description of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on at least two males and one female collected by Ehrenberg and Hemprich at two localities on the banks of the Nile in northern Sudan, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">ca</emphasis>
150 km apart, in May and July 1822 (&quot;Habitat ad Dongalae novae castra Aethiopiae in Echii floribus Maio; ad Ambukohl Iulio.&quot;). The precise locations, as noted above, have been given by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" author="Baker, DB" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="165 - 202" refId="B7" refString="Baker, DB, 1997. C.G. Ehrenberg and W.F. Hemprich's travels, 1820-1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44 (2): 165 - 202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" title="C. G. Ehrenberg and W. F. Hemprich's travels, 1820 - 1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" volume="44" year="1997">Baker (1997)</bibRefCitation>
; a very helpful map is presented by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810150107" author="Chester Bradley, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B15" refString="Chester Bradley, J, 1968. The Hemprich-Ehrenberg expedition to Egypt and Asia Minor of 1820-25. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift NF 15(1/3): 107-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810150107" title="The Hemprich-Ehrenberg expedition to Egypt and Asia Minor of 1820 - 25. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift NF 15 (1 / 3): 107 - 109." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810150107" year="1968">Chester Bradley (1968)</bibRefCitation>
. Their approximate location is plotted on Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Outline distribution map for the four subspecies or semispecies of Danaus chrysippus in mainland Africa, as recognised by David Smith and co-workers (e. g. Smith et al. 2010 fig. 1). This map is based on Lushai et al. 2003 fig. 1 (for which the original caption reads: ' geographical distribution of the subspecies of D. chrysippus in the Afrotropical region, showing the approximate boundaries of the hybrid zone ... '). Note this extensive ' hybrid zone' in eastern Africa. The large five-pointed star in northern Sudan is centred on the type localities of D. dorippus (Klug), in an area supposedly occupied by subspecies D. c. chrysippus or semispecies D. [c.] chrysippus. Not one of the three phenotypes exhibited by the type material of D. dorippus (Fig. 2) corresponds to the phenotype regarded as typical of the Horn of Africa subspecies D. c. dorippus or semispecies D. [c.] dorippus (as currently named). The small five-pointed star in northern Somalia is centred on the approximate type locality of D. klugii (Butler) (See text)." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400235" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400235" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Outline distribution map for the four subspecies or semispecies of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in mainland Africa, as recognised by David Smith and co-workers (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
fig.1). This map is based on Lushai et al. 2003 fig. 1 (for which the original caption reads: 'geographical distribution of the subspecies of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Afrotropical region, showing the approximate boundaries of the hybrid zone 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
'). Note this extensive 'hybrid 
<normalizedToken originalValue="zone’">zone'</normalizedToken>
in eastern Africa. The large five-pointed star in northern Sudan is centred on the type localities of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Klug), in an area supposedly occupied by subspecies 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. c. subsp. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. c. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or semispecies 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
. Not one of the three phenotypes exhibited by the type material of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The five images published by Klug (1845, plate 48) to illustrate his original description of Euploea dorippus. a, b - pl. 48 figs 1,2 (&quot; E. dorippus mas. &quot;); c, d - pl. 48 figs 3, 4 (&quot; E. dorippus fem. &quot;); e - pl. 48 fig. 5 (&quot; E. dorippus mar. var. &quot; - this &quot; variety &quot; was later included as part of Limnas klugii Butler, 1886, and subsequently given the infra-subspecific name Danais dorippus ab. ' infumata' (Aurivillius 1899 )). See text." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400236" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">2</figureCitation>
) corresponds to the phenotype regarded as typical of the Horn of Africa subspecies 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. c. subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. c. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or semispecies 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
(as currently named). The small five-pointed star in northern Somalia is centred on the approximate type locality of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. klugii" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Butler) (See text).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
original description was in Latin: &quot;Euploea 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
alis testaceis, nigro-limbatis, limbo, subtus praesertim, albo-punctato, posticis maculis, subtus albo-notatis, in disco nigris. Mas. Fem. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
Magnitudine
</emphasis>
E. Chrysippi, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">cui valde affinis. Caput et thorax nigra, albo-punctata. Antennae nigrae. Alae fulvo-testaceae, supra margine omni, sparsim albo-punctato, nigro; anticae macula insuper triangulari costali media, posticae maculis discoidalibus quatuor (in femina tribus) nigris; subtus alae basi fulvae, limbo maculisque discoidalibus nigris ubique maculis albis ornatis. Pedes nigri. Abdomen fulvo-testaceum, subtus album. Variat uterque sexus alis posticis medio albis.</emphasis>
&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
This has kindly been translated by Tony Galsworthy as follows: &quot;A 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
[now 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
] with orange wings, bordered with black, the border, particularly below, spotted with white, hind wings black on the disc marked below with white. Male. Female. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
Size as 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. chrysippus</emphasis>
, to which it is certainly related. Head and thorax black, spotted with white. Antennae black. Wings fulvo-testaceous, upperside with the margin completely black, sparsely spotted with white; fore wing upperside with a triangular costal marking, hind wings with four black discal marks (three in female); underside wings fulvous at base, with black border and discal marks, everywhere ornamented with white markings. Legs black. Abdomen fulvo-testaceous, white below. Both sexes vary in the white in the middle of the hind wings.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Given the three different phenotypes originally illustrated by Klug (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The five images published by Klug (1845, plate 48) to illustrate his original description of Euploea dorippus. a, b - pl. 48 figs 1,2 (&quot; E. dorippus mas. &quot;); c, d - pl. 48 figs 3, 4 (&quot; E. dorippus fem. &quot;); e - pl. 48 fig. 5 (&quot; E. dorippus mar. var. &quot; - this &quot; variety &quot; was later included as part of Limnas klugii Butler, 1886, and subsequently given the infra-subspecific name Danais dorippus ab. ' infumata' (Aurivillius 1899 )). See text." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400236" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">2</figureCitation>
), it might be considered desirable to select a lectotype. This, however, is not possible in terms of an actual specimen as it appears all the original material is lost (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" author="Olivier, A" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="95 - 104" refId="B59" refString="Olivier, A, Nekrutenko, YP, 2000. The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775-1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 47 (1): 95 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" title="The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775 - 1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" volume="47" year="2000">Olivier and Nekrutenko 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, with respect to the taxonomic application of the name, unless we insist that Klug was working from a mixed series of two or more species (possibly the case based on the conclusions of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
), the type localities are accurately known and sufficiently close together (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">ca</emphasis>
150 km) that any application dependent on geo-location is not likely to be equivocal. Thus I consider making a lectotype (or neotype) designation unnecessary (even undesirable) 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">at the present time</emphasis>
with respect to application of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an available name (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Before considering these matters further, the various ways in which the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been applied over the past 175 years are enumerated and exemplified.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400236" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 2.</emphasis>
The five images published by 
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug (1845</bibRefCitation>
, plate 48) to illustrate his original description of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">a, b</emphasis>
- pl. 48 figs 1,2 (&quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. dorippus</emphasis>
mas.&quot;); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c, d</emphasis>
- pl. 48 figs 3, 4 (&quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. dorippus</emphasis>
fem.&quot;); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">e</emphasis>
- pl. 48 fig. 5 (&quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. dorippus</emphasis>
mar. var.&quot; - this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“variety”">&quot;variety&quot;</normalizedToken>
was later included as part of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Butler, 1886, and subsequently given the infra-subspecific name 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘infumata’">'infumata'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Aurivillius, [PO] C" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 561" refId="B4" refString="Aurivillius, [PO]C, 1899. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 1 - 561" title="Rhopalocera Aethiopica." volume="31" year="1899">Aurivillius 1899</bibRefCitation>
)). See text.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="previous applications of the name euploea dorippus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Previous applications of the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Ignoring differing generic combinations, there are at least nine ways in which the available name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been employed since it was first proposed as a new species: 1) separate monotypic species (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 2) separate polytypic species; 3) form of a polymorphic 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 4) subspecies of a polytypic 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 5) semispecies of superspecies 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
]; 6) subspecies of species 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 7) form of a monotypic but polymorphic 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 8) form of 
<taxonomicName authority="subspecies chrysippus" genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="chrysippus">D. chrysippus subspecies chrysippus</taxonomicName>
; and 9), form of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. aegyptius" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="aegyptius">D. chrysippus subspecies aegyptius</taxonomicName>
(Schreber, 1759). It could also have been used as a form of subspecies 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or of semispecies 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
, but I have not seen this done explicitly - and insofar as David Smith and his co-workers have regarded the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘dorippus’">'dorippus'</normalizedToken>
forewing pattern to be fixed in semispecies or subspecies 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
in its core area (
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith 2014</bibRefCitation>
, page 188; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B83" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Traut, W, Herren, J, Collins, S, Martins, DJ, Saitoti, K, Ireri, P, ffrench-Constant, R, 2016. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" title="A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" year="2016">Smith et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
- but see Discussion), it would be an unlikely previous usage. Instances of all nine uses that I have found are listed sequentially below (ciphers in square brackets refer to the usages listed above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="literary synonymy of euploea dorippus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Literary synonymy of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug 1845</bibRefCitation>
: text (signature h[iii]), pl. 48, figs 1-5. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Peters, WCH" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B65" refString="Peters, WCH, 1862. Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Zoologie 5. Insecten und Myriopoden. Georg Reimer, Berlin." title="Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Zoologie 5. Insecten und Myriopoden. Georg Reimer, Berlin." year="1862">Peters 1862</bibRefCitation>
: 371; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07860.x" author="Godman, FD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="537 - 541" refId="B26" refString="Godman, FD, 1885. A list of the Lepidoptera collected by Mr. H.H. Johnston during his recent expedition to Kilima-njaro. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 537 - 541, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07860.x" title="A list of the Lepidoptera collected by Mr. H. H. Johnston during his recent expedition to Kilima-njaro." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07860.x" volume="1885" year="1885">Godman 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 537; Marshall &amp; de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nicéville">Niceville</normalizedToken>
1882: 52; 
<bibRefCitation author="Pagenstecher, A" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="113 - 204" refId="B64" refString="Pagenstecher, A, 1902. Wissenschaftliche Resultate der Reise des Freiherrn Carlo von Erlanger durch Sued-Schoa, die Galla und Somalilander in 1900 und 1901. Tagfalter. Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 55: 113 - 204" title="Wissenschaftliche Resultate der Reise des Freiherrn Carlo von Erlanger durch Sued-Schoa, die Galla und Somalilander in 1900 und 1901. Tagfalter." volume="55" year="1902">Pagenstecher 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 129. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnas dorippus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06651.x" author="Moore, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B57" refString="Moore, F, 1883. A monograph of Limnainae and Euploeina, two groups of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the subfamily Euploeinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 201-324, 4 pls. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06651.x" title="A monograph of Limnainae and Euploeina, two groups of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the subfamily Euploeinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 201 - 324, 4 pls." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06651.x" year="1883">Moore 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 238; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" author="Swinhoe, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 148" refId="B86" refString="Swinhoe, C, 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 124 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" title="On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" volume="1885" year="1885">Swinhoe 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 126. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaida dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Aurivillius, [PO] C" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B5" refString="Aurivillius, [PO]C, 1910a. Lepidoptera. In: Sjoestedt Y (Ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ost Afrikas 1905-1906 2(9): 56 pp, 2 tabs. Koeniglich Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stockholm." title="Lepidoptera. In: Sjoestedt Y (Ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ost Afrikas 1905 - 1906 2 (9): 56 pp, 2 tabs. Koeniglich Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stockholm." year="1910 a">Aurivillius 1910a</bibRefCitation>
: 2, 1910b: 72 [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus subsp. bataviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="bataviana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus bataviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Moore, 1883) - 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
. [2]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais dorippus subsp. var. var. klugii" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="dorippus" subSpecies="var." variety="klugii">Danais dorippus var. klugii</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Holt White, AE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Tropical Insect Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B33" refString="Holt White, AE, 1894. The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe. Reeve &amp; Co., London, xii + 108 pp. [4 pls]" title="The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe. Reeve &amp; Co., London, xii + 108 pp. [4 pls]" year="1894">Holt White 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 49. [2 or 3]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" author="Suffert, E" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 116" refId="B85" refString="Suffert, E, 1900. Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 45: 115 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" title="Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" volume="45" year="1900">Suffert 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 116. [3]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authority="dorippus" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus subsp. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al 2005</bibRefCitation>
. [4]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
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; 
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, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12113" author="Gordon, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Austral Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="210 - 216" refId="B29" refString="Gordon, IJ, Ireri, P, Smith, DAS, 2015. Preference for isolated host plants facilitates invasion of Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) by a bacterial male-killer Spiroplasma. Austral Entomology 54 (2): 210 - 216, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12113" title="Preference for isolated host plants facilitates invasion of Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) by a bacterial male-killer Spiroplasma." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12113" volume="54" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
. [Note - square brackets around 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
used here indicate that 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of a superspecies of which 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first-named taxon, in accordance with the proposals of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" author="Amadon, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="246 - 249" refId="B3" refString="Amadon, D, 1966. The superspecies concept. Systematic Zoology 15: 246 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" title="The superspecies concept." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" volume="15" year="1966">Amadon (1966</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
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).] [5]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- Bryk, 1937: 66;? 
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: 121; 
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; 
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, 
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, 
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; 
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; 
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; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/703421" author="Martin, SH" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B54" refString="Martin, SH, Singh, KS, Gordon, IJ, Omufwoko, KS, Collins, S, Warren, IA, Mumby, H, Brattstroem, O, Traut, W, Martins, DJ, Smith, DAS, Jiggins, CD, Bass, C, ffrench-Constant, RH, 2019. Whole-chromosome hitchhiking driven by a male-killing endosymbiont. bioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/703421" title="Whole-chromosome hitchhiking driven by a male-killing endosymbiont. bioRxiv preprint." url="https://doi.org/10.1101/703421" year="2019">Martin et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
. [6]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnas chrysippus subsp. var. var. dorippus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="var." variety="dorippus">Limnas chrysippus var. dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb01396.x" author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="923 - 925" refId="B13" refString="Butler, AG, 1897. On a small collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. F. Gillett in Somali-land. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1897: 923 - 925, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb01396.x" title="On a small collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. F. Gillett in Somali-land." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb01396.x" volume="1897" year="1897">Butler 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 923. [6 or 7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais chrysippus subsp. var. var. dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="var." variety="dorippus">Danais chrysippus var. dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11905" author="Kirby, WF" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B43" refString="Kirby, WF, 1871. A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. John Van Voorst, London, vii + 883 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11905" title="A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. John Van Voorst, London, vii + 883 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11905" year="1871">Kirby 1871</bibRefCitation>
: 7; 
<bibRefCitation author="Trimen, R" journalOrPublisher="Cytogenetic and Genome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B89" refString="Trimen, R, 1887. South-african butterflies. Vol. 1. Nymphalidae. Truebner, London, xv + 355 pp. [6 pls]" title="South-african butterflies. Vol. 1. Nymphalidae. Truebner, London, xv + 355 pp. [6 pls]" year="1887">Trimen 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 53. [6 or 7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authority="Moore, 1880" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1880" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Salatura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salatura chrysippus subsp. var. var. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="var." variety="dorippus">Salatura chrysippus var. dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Ormiston, W" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 69" refId="B61" refString="Ormiston, W, 1918. Notes on Ceylon butterflies. Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo 11: 1 - 69" title="Notes on Ceylon butterflies." volume="11" year="1918">Ormiston 1918</bibRefCitation>
: 5. [6 or 7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaida chrysippus subsp. var. var. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="var." variety="dorippus">Danaida chrysippus var. dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Ormiston, W" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B62" refString="Ormiston, W, 1924. The Butterflies of Ceylon. H.W. Cave, Colombo, xi + 143 + [20] pp. [8 pls]" title="The Butterflies of Ceylon. H. W. Cave, Colombo, xi + 143 + [20] pp. [8 pls]" year="1924">Ormiston 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 3. [6 or 7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaida chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Fruhstorfer, H" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="192 - 215" refId="B22" refString="Fruhstorfer, H, 1910. Genus: Danaida Latr. The Macrolepidoptera of the World, (2)9. In: Seitz, A, Ed., The Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart: 192 - 215" title="Genus: Danaida Latr. The Macrolepidoptera of the World, (2) 9." volumeTitle="The Indo-Australian Rhopalocera." year="1910">Fruhstorfer 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 194; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hulstaert, RPG" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum, Bruxelles" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 215" refId="B35" refString="Hulstaert, RPG, 1931. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera: Fam. Danaididae: Subfam. Danaidinae &amp; Tellervinae. Genera Insectorum, Bruxelles 193: 1 - 215" title="Lepidoptera Rhopalocera: Fam. Danaididae: Subfam. Danaidinae &amp; Tellervinae." volume="193" year="1931">Hulstaert 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 27. [7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais chrysippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1912.tb03103.x" author="Manders, N" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="445 - 469" refId="B52" refString="Manders, N, 1912. The study of mimicry (Batesian and Muellerian) by temperature experiments on two tropical butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 445 - 469, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1912.tb03103.x" title="The study of mimicry (Batesian and Muellerian) by temperature experiments on two tropical butterflies." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1912.tb03103.x" volume="1912" year="1912">Manders 1912</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Woodhouse, LGO" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B98" refString="Woodhouse, LGO, Henry, GMR, 1942. The Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon. Ceylon Government Press, Colombo, xiv + 153 pp. [50 pls]" title="The Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon. Ceylon Government Press, Colombo, xiv + 153 pp. [50 pls]" year="1942">Woodhouse and Henry 1942</bibRefCitation>
: 39, pl. 2 fig. 3. [7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Woodhouse, LGO" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B97" refString="Woodhouse, LGO, 1952. The butterfly fauna of Ceylon. Second complete edition. Colombo Apothecaries' Co., Colombo, xxxii + 231 pp." title="The butterfly fauna of Ceylon. Second complete edition. Colombo Apothecaries' Co., Colombo, xxxii + 231 pp." year="1952">Woodhouse 1952</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Donahue, JP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="311 - 312" refId="B20" refString="Donahue, JP, 1962. Danaus chrysippus form dorippus in Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 59: 311 - 312" title="Danaus chrysippus form dorippus in Rajasthan." volume="59" year="1962">Donahue 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Gifford, D" journalOrPublisher="Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B23" refString="Gifford, D, 1965. A list of the butterflies of Malawi. The Society of Malawi, Blantyre, [vi] + vi + 151 pp. [9 pls]" title="A list of the butterflies of Malawi. The Society of Malawi, Blantyre, [vi] + vi + 151 pp. [9 pls]" year="1965">Gifford 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Owen, DF" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B63" refString="Owen, DF, 1971. Tropical Butterflies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xiv + 214 pp. [40 pls]" title="Tropical Butterflies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xiv + 214 pp. [40 pls]" year="1971">Owen 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Dickson, CGC" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B19" refString="Dickson, CGC, Kroon, DM, 1978. Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Donker, Johannesburg, [iv] + 670 pp. [1 map]" title="Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Donker, Johannesburg, [iv] + 670 pp. [1 map]" year="1978">Dickson and Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kielland, J" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B42" refString="Kielland, J, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne" title="Butterflies of Tanzania." year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14812" author="Idris, E" journalOrPublisher="Egyptian Academy Journal of Biological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="95 - 102" refId="B38" refString="Idris, E, Hassan, SSM, 2012. The queen butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Khartoum, Sudan. Egyptian Academy Journal of Biological Science 5: 95 - 102, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14812" title="The queen butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Khartoum, Sudan." url="https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14812" volume="5" year="2012">Idris and Hassan 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2013.13820" author="Idris, E" journalOrPublisher="Egyptian Academy Journal of Biological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="67 - 78" refId="B37" refString="Idris, E, 2013. Aposematic polymorphism in the tropical butterfly Danaus chrysippus: A review. Egyptian Academy Journal of Biological Science 6 (1): 67 - 78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2013.13820" title="Aposematic polymorphism in the tropical butterfly Danaus chrysippus: A review." url="https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2013.13820" volume="6" year="2013">Idris 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hassan, SSM" journalOrPublisher="Austral Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B30" refString="Hassan, SSM, Idris, E, Majerus, MEN, 2013. Is it just a coincidence that aposematic polymorphism and sex ratio distortion co-occur in a tropical butterfly? Evolutionary Ecology Research 15: 93-102." title="Is it just a coincidence that aposematic polymorphism and sex ratio distortion co-occur in a tropical butterfly? Evolutionary Ecology Research 15: 93 - 102." year="2013">Hassan et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
. [7]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authority="chrysippus" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Carcasson, RH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="19 - 32" refId="B14" refString="Carcasson, RH, 1963. The milkweed butterflies of East Africa (Lepidoptera, Danaidae). Journal of the East African Natural History Society 24 (2): 19 - 32" title="The milkweed butterflies of East Africa (Lepidoptera, Danaidae)." volume="24" year="1963">Carcasson 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 21; 
<bibRefCitation author="Larsen, TB" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Svendborg, Dk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B45" refString="Larsen, TB, 1990. The Butterflies of Egypt. Apollo Books, Svendborg, Dk" title="The Butterflies of Egypt." year="1990">Larsen 1990</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Larsen, TB" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Svendborg, Dk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B46" refString="Larsen, TB, 1991. The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford University Press, New York, xxii + 490 pp. [64 pls]" title="The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford University Press, New York, xxii + 490 pp. [64 pls]" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Gillett, MPT" journalOrPublisher="Tribulus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="8 - 13" refId="B24" refString="Gillett, MPT, 1998. Butterflies of the UAE and neighbouring areas of northern Oman - the polymorphic status and phyto-chemical associations of the Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), in the region (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Tribulus 8 (1): 8 - 13" title="Butterflies of the UAE and neighbouring areas of northern Oman - the polymorphic status and phyto-chemical associations of the Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), in the region (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)." volume="8" year="1998">Gillett 1998</bibRefCitation>
;? 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" author="Braby, MF" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="386 - 402" refId="B8" refString="Braby, MF, Farias Quipildor, GE, Vane-Wright, RI, Lohman, DJ, 2015. Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systematics and Biodiversity 13 (4): 386 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" title="Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" volume="13" year="2015">Braby et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; van der Poorten &amp; van der Poorten 2016. [8]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1759" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. aegyptius" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="aegyptius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus aegyptius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
-? 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" author="Talbot, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 148" refId="B87" refString="Talbot, G, 1943. Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 93 (1): 115 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" title="Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" volume="93" year="1943">Talbot 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 120; 
<bibRefCitation author="Pierre, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="601 - 638" refId="B67" refString="Pierre, J, 1974. Polymorphisme et coupes infraspecifiques africaines dans l'espece Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Bulletin of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 149: 601 - 638" title="Polymorphisme et coupes infraspecifiques africaines dans l'espece Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)." volume="149" year="1974">Pierre 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0076" author="Rothschild, M" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B)" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B69" refString="Rothschild, M, Von Euw, J, Reichstein, T, Smith, DAS, Pierre, J, 1975. Cardenolide storage in Danaus chrysippus (L.) with additional notes on D. plexippus (L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 190: 1 - 31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0076" title="Cardenolide storage in Danaus chrysippus (L.) with additional notes on D. plexippus (L.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0076" volume="190" year="1975">Rothschild et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Abrera, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B16" refString="D'Abrera, B, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Based on Synonymic catalogue of the butterflies of the Ethiopian Region by R.H. Carcasson. Lansdowne, East Melbourne, xx + 593 pp." title="Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Based on Synonymic catalogue of the butterflies of the Ethiopian Region by R. H. Carcasson. Lansdowne, East Melbourne, xx + 593 pp." year="1980">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Abrera">D'Abrera</normalizedToken>
1980
</bibRefCitation>
; Ackery &amp; Vane-Wright 1984; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00444.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="17 - 50" refId="B77" refString="Smith, DAS, Shoesmith, E, Smith, A, 1988. Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L.: environmental, seasonal and genetic influences. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 33: 17 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00444.x" title="Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L.: environmental, seasonal and genetic influences." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00444.x" volume="33" year="1988">Smith et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787" author="Ackery, PR" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B2" refString="Ackery, PR, Smith, CR, Vane-Wright, RI, 1995. Carcasson's African butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, East Melbourne, pp. xi + 803 pp. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787" title="Carcasson's African butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, East Melbourne, pp. xi + 803 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="d'Abrera, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B17" refString="d'Abrera, B, 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae &amp; Satyridae. Hill House, Melbourne, xiv + 263 pp." title="Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae &amp; Satyridae. Hill House, Melbourne, xiv + 263 pp." year="1997">
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Abrera">d'Abrera</normalizedToken>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
. [9]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
This usage reflects its original, species-level status - having first been introduced by 
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug (1845)</bibRefCitation>
as a species of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, 1807. Fabricius included three nominal species in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one being 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio plexippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plexippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Papilio plexippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., the type species of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kluk, 1780. The current usage of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not finally stabilised until publication of Opinion 163 (ICZN 1945), which fixed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio corus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Papilio corus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, 1793, as its type species. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio corus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Papilio corus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now used as the name for a subspecies of the butterfly currently known as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaller" authorityYear="1785" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea phaenareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaenareta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea phaenareta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Schaller, 1785).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Species level status for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was maintained by Aurivillius in several publications, notably the very influential 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Seitz’">'Seitz'</normalizedToken>
(Aurivillius 1911, as 
<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaida dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In that work he states that the forewing apex is brown-yellow without any subapical white band, and &quot;the hindwing is not white [sic]&quot;. He does acknowledge that it is often only regarded as a form of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, &quot;but of this there is no sufficient evidence&quot; (Aurivillius, 1911: 12). From 
<bibRefCitation author="Aurivillius, [PO] C" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 561" refId="B4" refString="Aurivillius, [PO]C, 1899. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 1 - 561" title="Rhopalocera Aethiopica." volume="31" year="1899">Aurivillius (1899</bibRefCitation>
: 32/33) it is evident that he regarded 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Butler’s">Butler's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="dorippus" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but recognised 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘albinus’">'albinus'</normalizedToken>
Lanz, 1896, as a variety, and gave 
<bibRefCitation author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
1845
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 48 fig. 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“var.”">&quot;var.&quot;</normalizedToken>
the infra-subspecific name 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘infumata’">'infumata'</normalizedToken>
. This suggests that Aurivillius (see also 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" author="Suffert, E" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 116" refId="B85" refString="Suffert, E, 1900. Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 45: 115 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" title="Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" volume="45" year="1900">Suffert 1900</bibRefCitation>
) conflated 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="dorippus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the all-orange ground colour morph that also lacks all trace of the forewing pre-apical transverse white spots (
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘transiens’">'transiens'</normalizedToken>
) as well as hindwing discal white - a morph which, as shown above, Klug did not describe or illustrate. Thus regardless of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" author="Swinhoe, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 148" refId="B86" refString="Swinhoe, C, 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 124 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" title="On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" volume="1885" year="1885">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Swinhoe’s">Swinhoe's</normalizedToken>
(1885
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 126) earlier stricture 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Klug’s">&quot;Klug's</normalizedToken>
type of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">L. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has white hind wings, a fact which appears to have been entirely overlooked&quot;, this misapplication of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
name to the all-orange phenotype has continued ever since.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Despite 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aurivillius’s">Aurivillius's</normalizedToken>
great authority, during most of the rest of the 20th century 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was generally regarded as a form and/or subspecies of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not a separate species. Particularly important in this shift was 
<bibRefCitation author="Poulton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B68" refString="Poulton, EB, 1924. Danaidachrysippus L. and D.dorippus Klug, proved by breeding to be forms of the same species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1924: cxix-cxxiii." title="Danaidachrysippus L. and D. dorippus Klug, proved by breeding to be forms of the same species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1924: cxix-cxxiii." year="1924">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Poulton’s">Poulton's</normalizedToken>
(1924)
</bibRefCitation>
short paper entitled &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida chrysippus</emphasis>
L. and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
Klug, proved by breeding to be forms of the same species&quot;. However, separate species status was accorded once more by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. Following a series of complex analyses based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA and COI sequences, the authors concluded that &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
is the basal clade of the genus and is reinstated as the species 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 1291). Furthermore, the authors regarded it as composed of two subspecies: 
<taxonomicName authority="dorippus" genus="D." lsidName="D. dorippus subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(range: Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan (Baluchistan), India (Sind, Kutch), and 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. dorippus subsp. bataviana" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="bataviana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus bataviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Moore, 1883) from SE Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Compared with all other interpretations of this group, these were unexpected and radical findings. Five years later 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
announced &quot;we wish to renounce our decision to restore 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to full species status, based solely on the evidence of mtDNA-based phylogenies 
<normalizedToken originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
and designate 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. c. subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. c. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(stat. rev.) as its fourth African semispecies&quot;. This is so despite the fact that fig. 3.3. in 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith (2014</bibRefCitation>
, p. 129, p. 153) shows 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
twice - once (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus-NB</emphasis>
haplotype) as the sister clade to all other taxa of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. plexippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="plexippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. plexippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and second (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus-DP</emphasis>
haplotype) as sister to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. bataviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="bataviana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus bataviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, as pointed out by 
<bibRefCitation author="Brower, AVZ" journalOrPublisher="News of The Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="86 - 87" refId="B9" refString="Brower, AVZ, 2016. [review of] David A. S. Smith. 2014. African Queens and their Kin. News of The Lepidopterists' Society 58 (2): 86 - 87" title="[review of] David A. S. Smith. 2014. African Queens and their Kin." volume="58" year="2016">Brower (2016)</bibRefCitation>
&quot;A recent molecular systematic paper by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" author="Braby, MF" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="386 - 402" refId="B8" refString="Braby, MF, Farias Quipildor, GE, Vane-Wright, RI, Lohman, DJ, 2015. Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systematics and Biodiversity 13 (4): 386 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" title="Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" volume="13" year="2015">Braby et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
does not support 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
results and shows a monophyletic 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including African and Asian forms with very low levels of sequence divergence.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
David 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
research group has not been consistent with application of semispecies/subspecies rank. In recent publications (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B83" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Traut, W, Herren, J, Collins, S, Martins, DJ, Saitoti, K, Ireri, P, ffrench-Constant, R, 2016. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" title="A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" year="2016">Smith et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B84" refString="Smith, DAS, Traut, W, Martin, SH, Ireri, P, Omufwoko, KS, ffrench-Constant, R, Gordon, IJ, 2019. Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" title="Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000484032" author="Traut, W" journalOrPublisher="Cytogenetic and Genome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="46 - 53" refId="B88" refString="Traut, W, Ahola, V, Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, ffrench-Constant, RH, 2017. Karyotypes versus genomes: the nymphalid butterflies Melitaea cinxia, Danaus plexippus, and D. chrysippus. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 153: 46 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000484032" title="Karyotypes versus genomes: the nymphalid butterflies Melitaea cinxia, Danaus plexippus, and D. chrysippus." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000484032" volume="153" year="2017">Traut et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
; Martin 2019) they have reverted to calling 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
] semispecies 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Smith and his associates (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
, summarised in 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith 2014</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2.34) developed a classification of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Afrotropical Region based on a hypothesis of past incipient geographical speciation in Africa during the late Pleistocene. They recognised a superspecies with four semispecies in the Afrotropics, for which they applied the following names (without the use of square brackets, a convention adopted here based on 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" author="Amadon, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="246 - 249" refId="B3" refString="Amadon, D, 1966. The superspecies concept. Systematic Zoology 15: 246 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" title="The superspecies concept." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" volume="15" year="1966">Amadon 1966</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
• 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
in the north-east, to include North Africa, Egypt, northern Sudan (including the type localities for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the Canary Islands and Mediterranean eastwards to China etc.);
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
• 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">alcippus</emphasis>
(Cramer) in West Africa north of the Equator and south of the Sahara;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
• 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
in the Horn of Africa region (including the type localities for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
• 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">orientis</emphasis>
(Aurivillius) in most of Africa south of the Equator, including the Malagasy region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
However, according to the Smith scheme, all these populations are now in contact within a very extensive east African 'Hybrid 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zone’">Zone'</normalizedToken>
covering much of Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia and north of the Horn through Eritrea to Yemen. Although genetically compatible only to varying degrees involving several complex factors (e.g. localised infections with male-killing bacteria - 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099005867" author="Jiggins, FM" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="439 - 446" refId="B39" refString="Jiggins, FM, Hurst, GDD, Jiggins, CD, Schulenburg, JHG vd, Majerus, MEN, 2000. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected with a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120 (5): 439 - 446, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099005867" title="The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected with a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099005867" volume="120" year="2000">Jiggins et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
), due to the migratory nature of these butterflies, extensive gene flow nonetheless occurs. As a result, all of the various phenotypes can be found well beyond their core zones, including those of the other semispecies (within Africa, most notably the case with semispecies 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="orientis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">orientis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B84" refString="Smith, DAS, Traut, W, Martin, SH, Ireri, P, Omufwoko, KS, ffrench-Constant, R, Gordon, IJ, 2019. Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" title="Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" year="2019">Smith et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2). Within the Hybrid Zone, 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith (2014)</bibRefCitation>
has recognised many forms and genotypes as the result of hybridization between the semispecies, where they apparently coexist, in some sense, as sympatric taxa. Thus although the core area for supposedly 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘pure’">'pure'</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
] semispecies 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
is Somalia, eastern Ethiopia and north-eastern Kenya, 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith (2014</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4.1) describes the polymorphism at Dar es Salaam, some 600 km south of this core area, as the result of hybridization between all four semispecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">Danaus chrysippus subspecies dorippus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" author="Talbot, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 148" refId="B87" refString="Talbot, G, 1943. Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 93 (1): 115 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" title="Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" volume="93" year="1943">Talbot (1943</bibRefCitation>
: 121) stated &quot;The form 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
appears dominant in Abyssinia, Somaliland, Kenya and Tanganyika Territory; it may be considered almost as an eastern race.&quot; Subsequently 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has quite often been used for the name of a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName genus="D." lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
centred on the Horn region (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" author="Gordon, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="583 - 593" refId="B27" refString="Gordon, IJ, 1984. Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa. Heredity 53 (3): 583 - 593, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" title="Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" volume="53" year="1984">Gordon 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
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; 
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; 
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, 
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). As noted above, 
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, 
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) have recently reverted to this usage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>