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<mods:title id="CE8D3D83D3E350B37FBEA57165500C45">Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Costa Rica</mods:title>
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<heading id="FC3381AE324AFFC0FF4B3F35C594FA26" bold="true" box="[151,765,1399,1426]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" reason="1">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3F35C594FA26" bold="true" box="[151,765,1399,1426]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
16.
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF1F3F35C594FA26" authority="(Westwood, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[195,765,1399,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF1F3F35C57EFA25" bold="true" box="[195,535,1399,1426]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Prometheus zagraea salvina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FDFB3F35C59DFA26" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[551,756,1399,1425]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="155 - 207" refId="ref29118" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Westwood, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3FD9C61BFA02" blockId="27.[151,765,1399,1461]" box="[151,370,1435,1461]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
(
<figureCitation id="3FFF2A47324AFFC0FF433FD9C65BFA02" box="[159,306,1435,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,191,1403]" captionTargetId="figure-17@21.[151,1435,181,1407]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. AB: Prometheus zagraea zagraea; A: ♂, Estación Santa Rosa, Prov. Guanacaste, 300m, Junio 1995, D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, 313000, 359800, INBIOCRI002427675, MNCR-A2427675 (MNCR); B: ♀, Puntarenas, P. Nal. Corcovado, Est. Cirena, 13-V-86, R Canet, INBIOCRI001056100, MNCR-A1056100 (MNCR); CD: Prometheus zagraea salvina; C: ♂, Estac. Pitilla, 700m, 9km S. Santa Cecilia, Guanac. Prov., Mar1989, GNP Biodiversity Survey, W 85 25 40, N 10 59 26, INBIOCRI001056099, MNCR-A1056099 (MNCR); D: ♀, Estac. Pitilla, 700m, 9km S Santa Cecilia, Guanacaste, Mar 1990, P. Ríos &amp; R. Blanco, 330200, 380200, INBIOCRI00091782, MNCR-A191782 (MNCR). Scale bar = 2cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12749660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12749660/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Figs. 8C, 8D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3FFF2A47324AFFC0FEE23FD9C603FA02" box="[318,362,1435,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,284,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-67@28.[152,1435,273,1608]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distribution maps of the genera Amauta (A), Athis (B, C), Corybantes and Mirocastnia (D), Divana (E) and Prometheus (F) in Costa Rica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12749672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12749672/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">12F</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3FA2C681FA4F" ID-CoL="967LN" authority="Westwood, 1877" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,488,1504,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3FA2C65CFA4F" box="[151,309,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Castnia salvina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FEE73FA2C681FA4F" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[315,488,1504,1528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="155 - 207" refId="ref29118" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Westwood, 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FE2E3FA2C5F6FA4F" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[498,671,1504,1528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="155 - 207" refId="ref29118" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Westwood, 1877</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FD743FA2C367FA40" bold="true" box="[680,1038,1503,1528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon., Zoo. 2 (1)</emphasis>
, p. 190, pl. 32, fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3FBDC49AF9A1" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" box="[151,1011,1534,1558]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3FBDC6D2F9A1" ID-CoL="96YGM" authority="Schaus, 1911" authorityName="Schaus, Carrillo CR" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,443,1534,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3FBDC645F9A1" box="[151,300,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Gazera carilla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FEEE3FBCC6D2F9A1" author="Schaus W." box="[306,443,1534,1558]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="173 - 193" refId="ref28493" refString="Schaus W. (1911) New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. V. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7 (38), 173 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692920" type="journal article" year="1911">Schaus, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FE1A3FBCC526F9A1" author="Schaus W." box="[454,591,1534,1558]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="173 - 193" refId="ref28493" refString="Schaus W. (1911) New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. V. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7 (38), 173 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692920" type="journal article" year="1911">Schaus, 1911</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FD843FBCC4C9F9A1" bold="true" box="[600,928,1534,1558]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 7 (38)</emphasis>
, p. 192.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3C5FC413F982" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" box="[151,890,1564,1591]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3C5FC65CF982" box="[151,309,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3C5FC644F982" ID-CoL="96YGM" authorityName="Schaus, Carrillo CR" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,301,1565,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">Gazera carilla</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FEE63C5FC6BEF982" author="Houlbert, C." box="[314,471,1565,1589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref26267" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert, 1918</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FE3C3C5CC5A8F982" bold="true" box="[480,705,1564,1591]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Étud. Lép. Comp. 15</emphasis>
, pp. 66, 635, 704.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3C7EC4B2F9E3" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" box="[151,987,1595,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3C7EC650F9E3" box="[151,313,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3C7EC65AF9E3" box="[151,307,1596,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">Gazera salvina</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FE9C3C7EC6B4F9E3" author="Houlbert, C." box="[320,477,1596,1620]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref26267" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert, 1918</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FE3A3C7FC5AEF9E4" bold="true" box="[486,711,1595,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Étud. Lép. Comp. 15</emphasis>
, pp. 66, 636, 704, fig. 230.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3C19C3BAF9C5" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" box="[151,1235,1626,1650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3C19C5DBF9C5" authority="Talbot" authorityName="Talbot" box="[151,690,1626,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="columbina" subGenus="Doubledaya" subSpecies="panamensis">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3C19C78FF9C5" box="[151,230,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Castnia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF293C18C618F9C5" box="[245,369,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Doubledaya</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FEA33C18C500F9C5" box="[383,617,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">columbina panamensis</emphasis>
Talbot
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FD673C18C457F9C5" author="Talbot, G." box="[699,830,1626,1650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="68 - 71" refId="ref28685" refString="Talbot, G. (1929) Some new forms of Castniidae. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 3 (1), 68 - 71." type="journal article" year="1929">Talbot, 1929</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FC943C18C377F9C5" bold="true" box="[840,1054,1626,1650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Bull. Hill Mus. 3 (1)</emphasis>
, p70, pl. 1, fig. 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3C38C2EBF926" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" box="[151,1410,1657,1681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3C38C642F926" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,299,1657,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3C38C642F926" box="[151,299,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Zegara carilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FEE43C3BC6DFF926" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[312,438,1657,1681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref27137" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller, 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FE1E3C3BC6BEF926" bold="true" box="[450,471,1657,1681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">in</emphasis>
Heppner.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FD9C3C3BC259F926" bold="true" box="[576,1328,1657,1681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
Castnioidea:
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FD133C3BC42FF926" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1828" box="[719,838,1657,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FC8D3C3BC4AFF926" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[849,966,1657,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Castniinae">Castniinae</taxonomicName>
, Checklist part 2,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FB553C3BC259F926" authority="Neo. Lep." authorityName="Neo. Lep." box="[1161,1328,1657,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Atlas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atlas Neo. Lep.</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, p. 137.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3CDAC664F979" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3CDAC6F6F907" box="[151,415,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="columbina" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3CDAC6F6F907" box="[151,415,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Zegara columbina salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FE773CDAC541F918" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[427,552,1687,1712]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref27137" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller, 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FDEF3CD5C521F918" bold="true" box="[563,584,1687,1711]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">in</emphasis>
Heppner.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FD733CD5C2FFF907" bold="true" box="[687,1430,1687,1712]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
Castnioidea:
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FCE13CD5C4DDF918" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1828" box="[829,948,1687,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FC623CD5C35AF918" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[958,1075,1687,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Castniinae">Castniinae</taxonomicName>
, Checklist part 2,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FB2E3CD5C2FFF907" authority="Neo. Lep." authorityName="Neo. Lep." box="[1266,1430,1687,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Atlas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atlas Neo. Lep.</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, p. 137.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC0FF4B3C94C45CF95A" blockId="27.[151,1436,1503,1773]" box="[151,821,1749,1773]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FF4B3C94C6E1F95A" box="[151,392,1749,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3C94C6E1F95A" box="[151,392,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Zegara zagraea salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FE493C97C571F95A" author="Lamas, G." box="[405,536,1749,1773]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref26450" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller´s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas, 1995</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FDF93C97C587F95A" bold="true" box="[549,750,1749,1773]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Revta. Per. Ent. 37</emphasis>
, p. 85.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324AFFC7FF4B3D59C698FF4E" blockId="27.[151,1437,1819,2026]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FF4B3D59C6EBF882" bold="true" box="[151,386,1819,1845]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">General comments.</emphasis>
Initially, the genus
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FDB53D5EC5D3F882" authorityName="Oiticica" authorityYear="1955" box="[617,698,1820,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FDB53D5EC5D3F882" box="[617,698,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Zegara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(currently a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FC3E3D59C30EF882" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1824" box="[994,1127,1819,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FC3E3D59C30EF882" box="[994,1127,1819,1845]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Prometheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) included over 10 species, among which were
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FEA43D02C68BF8EE" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[376,482,1855,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FEA43D02C68BF8EE" box="[376,482,1855,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. carilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FE2D3D02C47AF8EE" baseAuthorityName="Talbot" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[497,787,1855,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="columbina" subSpecies="panamensis">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FE2D3D02C47AF8EE" box="[497,787,1855,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. columbina panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FCFF3D02C4FAF8EE" box="[803,915,1855,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FCFF3D02C4FAF8EE" box="[803,915,1855,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FC113D02C32FF8EE" baseAuthorityName="Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[973,1094,1856,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FC113D02C32FF8EE" box="[973,1094,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. zagraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FBA93D7DC266F8ED" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1141,1295,1855,1882]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref27137" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller (1995)</bibRefCitation>
indicated in her list. However,
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FEB53D26C56FF8C9" author="Lamas, G." box="[361,518,1891,1918]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref26450" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller´s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized the majority and only left two valid species with some subspecies.
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FF4B3DCAC65BF815" author="Lamas, G." box="[151,306,1927,1954]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref26450" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller´s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
also considered
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FE363DC5C552F816" box="[490,571,1927,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FE363DC5C552F816" box="[490,571,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FC953DCAC4A9F816" baseAuthorityName="Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[841,960,1928,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FC953DCAC4A9F816" box="[841,960,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. zagraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but considered
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FBB23DCAC3BFF816" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1134,1238,1927,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carilla">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FBB23DCAC3BFF816" box="[1134,1238,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. carilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FAD63DCAC672F872" baseAuthorityName="Talbot" baseAuthorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="columbina" subSpecies="panamensis">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FAD63DCAC672F872" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Z. columbina panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as synonyms of
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FE063DEEC50BF872" box="[474,610,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
Z.
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324AFFC0FE243DEEC50BF872" box="[504,610,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">z. salvina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, distributed in
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324AFFC0FCD23DEEC40EF871" box="[782,871,1964,1990]" name="Panama" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Panama</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324AFFC0FC423DE9C375F872" box="[926,1052,1963,1989]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FBFA3DEEC205F872" author="van den Berghe, E. &amp; Maes, J. M. &amp; Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." box="[1062,1388,1963,1990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="272 - 284" refId="ref28713" refString="van den Berghe, E., Maes, J. M., Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2020) Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America. Zootaxa, 4895 (2), 272 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4895.2.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Van den Berghe
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324AFFC0FB3D3DEEC273F872" box="[1249,1306,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324AFFC0FF4B3D92C6D9F85E" author="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." box="[151,432,1999,2026]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref26963" refString="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2022) Ampliacion geografica de Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1977) para la fauna de Nicaragua (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 274, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 7200048" type="journal article" year="2022">Maes &amp; González (2022)</bibRefCitation>
reported it from
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324AFFC0FDB73D8DC5B7F85E" box="[619,734,1999,2025]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324AFFC0FD303D8DC4F3F85E" box="[748,922,1999,2025]" country="Nicaragua" name="Nueva Segovia" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Nueva Segovia</collectingRegion>
, Cerro Jesús). It belongs to a mimetic ring that contains various “tiger pattern” species (
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FDBF3AD5C586FF06" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[611,751,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref27094" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera: Castnoidea: Castniidae), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FD203AD5C484FF06" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Boone, J. H. &amp; Brilmyer, G. M. &amp; Le, D." box="[764,1005,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="385 - 409" refId="ref25361" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Boone, J. H., Brilmyer, G. M. &amp; Le, D. (2010) The Giant Butterfly-moths of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, with notes on the Herman Strecker collection (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 385 - 409." type="journal article" year="2010">
González
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FCB23AD5C4C1FF06" box="[878,936,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). As in the nominal subspecies, males are darker and smaller than females. The coloration of
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FD283AF9C411FF62" box="[756,888,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
P.
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FCD33AF9C411FF62" box="[783,888,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">z. salvina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
tends to be darker than in the nominal subspecies (
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FF433A9DC68CFF4E" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Domagala, P." box="[159,485,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref25483" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Domagala, P. (2019) A catalog of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) in the California Academy of sciences with general and historical comments. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 28, 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 2587666" type="journal article" year="2019">González &amp; Domagała 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="F3BB664A324DFFC7FF4B3C1DC6A2F92C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12749672" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12749672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12749672/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" startId="28.[151,250,1631,1655]" targetBox="[156,1435,284,1602]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324DFFC7FF4B3C1DC6A2F92C" blockId="28.[151,1437,1631,1692]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FF4B3C1DC64BF9C0" bold="true" box="[151,290,1631,1655]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Distribution maps of the genera
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FD5C3C22C5A6F9C0" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[640,719,1632,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Amauta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FD5C3C22C5A6F9C0" box="[640,719,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Amauta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A),
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FCD63C1DC457F9C0" box="[778,830,1631,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Athis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FCD63C1DC457F9C0" box="[778,830,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Athis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B, C),
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FC453C1DC367F9C0" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[921,1038,1631,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Corybantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FC453C1DC367F9C0" box="[921,1038,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Corybantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FB983C22C3D6F9C0" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1980" box="[1092,1215,1632,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Mirocastnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FB983C22C3D6F9C0" box="[1092,1215,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Mirocastnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(D),
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FB273C22C22FF9C0" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1982" box="[1275,1350,1632,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Divana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FB273C22C22FF9C0" box="[1275,1350,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Divana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E) and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FF4B3CC1C666F92C" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,271,1667,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FF4B3CC1C666F92C" box="[151,271,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Prometheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F) in Costa Rica.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="EFDE6549324DFFC7FF1B3CACC218F82F" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324DFFC7FF1B3CACC218F82F" blockId="28.[151,1437,1773,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FF1B3CACC6B8F8B0" bold="true" box="[199,465,1773,1800]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FD953CACC4E1F8BF" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[585,904,1774,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FD953CACC4E1F8BF" box="[585,904,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Prometheus zagraea salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are diurnal and fly on sunny days in sync with species of their mimetic ring. It has been found in
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324DFFC7FD1A3D50C450F89B" box="[710,825,1810,1836]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
flying together with
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FBF83D50C2F5F89B" authority="(Walker, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1060,1436,1809,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Chetone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulosa">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FBF83D50C386F89B" box="[1060,1263,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Chetone angulosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FB203D50C2FDF89B" author="Walker, F." box="[1276,1428,1809,1836]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref29032" refString="Walker, F. (1854) List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I-Lepidoptera Heterocera. Vol. 1. British Museum, London, 278 pp." type="book" year="1854">Walker, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FF433D74C660F8E7" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[159,265,1846,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FEC53D74C5B4F8E7" authority="Doubleday, 1847" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1847" box="[281,733,1846,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lycorea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="halia" subSpecies="atergatis">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FEC53D74C570F8F8" box="[281,537,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Lycorea halia atergatis</emphasis>
Doubleday, 1847
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FD3A3D74C3FAF8E7" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[742,1171,1845,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mechanitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polymnia">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FD3A3D74C4A6F8E7" box="[742,975,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Mechanitis polymnia</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FB403D74C7B3F8C3" authority="(Stoll, 1781)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1781" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eueides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isabella">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FB403D74C23AF8E7" box="[1180,1363,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eueides isabella</emphasis>
(Stoll, 1781)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FF343D18C5E5F8C3" authority="Latreille, [1817]" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1817" box="[232,652,1882,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ismenius">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FF343D18C6A2F8C4" box="[232,459,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Heliconius ismenius</emphasis>
Latreille, [1817]
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FD193D18C3C7F8C3" authority="(Doubleday, [1849])" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[709,1198,1882,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Consul" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="fabius" subSpecies="cecrops">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FD193D18C4D6F8C4" box="[709,959,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Consul fabius cecrops</emphasis>
(Doubleday, [1849])
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FB613D18C231F8C3" box="[1213,1368,1882,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FAB33D18C6F3F82F" author="van den Berghe, E. &amp; Maes, J. M. &amp; Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="272 - 284" refId="ref28713" refString="van den Berghe, E., Maes, J. M., Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2020) Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America. Zootaxa, 4895 (2), 272 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4895.2.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Van den Berghe
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FEC23D3CC63FF82F" box="[286,342,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). According to the latter authors, the flight pattern of both sexes is similar to heliconids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EFDE6549324DFFC6FF1B3DE3C534FE3E" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A77B36C2324DFFC6FF1B3DE3C534FE3E" blockId="28.[151,1437,1773,2016]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FF1B3DE3C551F80C" bold="true" box="[199,568,1953,1980]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Distribution and biogeography.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324DFFC7FDE13DE0C41CF80B" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[573,885,1954,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zagraea" subSpecies="salvina">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FDE13DE0C41CF80B" box="[573,885,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Prometheus zagraea salvina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324DFFC7FBC03DE0C3FBF80B" box="[1052,1170,1954,1980]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324DFFC7FB473DE0C27BF80B" box="[1179,1298,1954,1980]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324DFFC7FA983DE0C2F4F80B" box="[1348,1437,1954,1980]" name="Panama" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FF433D84C640F857" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[159,297,1990,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref27094" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera: Castnoidea: Castniidae), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FEE83D87C606F857" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[308,367,1989,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref27137" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FEA63D84C56EF857" author="Lamas, G." box="[378,519,1989,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref26450" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller´s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FDCE3D84C5B1F857" author="Vinciguerra, R." box="[530,728,1990,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="491 - 499" refId="ref28779" refString="Vinciguerra, R. (2008) Osservazioni su alcuni taxa dei generi: Corybantes Hubner, [1819], Athis Hubner, [1819], Zegara Oiticica, 1955, Mirocastnia Miller, 1980 e Insigniocastnia Miller, 2007 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 36 (144), 491 - 499." type="journal article" year="2008">Vinciguerra 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FD383D84C4A6F857" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Boone, J. H. &amp; Brilmyer, G. M. &amp; Le, D." box="[740,975,1990,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="385 - 409" refId="ref25361" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Boone, J. H., Brilmyer, G. M. &amp; Le, D. (2010) The Giant Butterfly-moths of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, with notes on the Herman Strecker collection (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 385 - 409." type="journal article" year="2010">
González
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FC893D84C4E4F857" box="[853,909,1990,2016]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 2017;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC7FBFC3D84C23CF857" author="van den Berghe, E. &amp; Maes, J. M. &amp; Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." box="[1056,1365,1990,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="272 - 284" refId="ref28713" refString="van den Berghe, E., Maes, J. M., Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2020) Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America. Zootaxa, 4895 (2), 272 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4895.2.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Van den Berghe
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324DFFC7FB063D84C27BF857" box="[1242,1298,1990,2016]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324DFFC6FABC3D84C60BFF06" author="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref26963" refString="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2022) Ampliacion geografica de Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1977) para la fauna de Nicaragua (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 274, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 7200048" type="journal article" year="2022">Maes &amp; González 2022</bibRefCitation>
); however,
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324CFFC6FE3F3AD5C5AFFF06" author="Salazar, J. A. &amp; Rodriguez, G. &amp; Rodriguez, C." box="[483,710,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref28334" refString="Salazar, J. A., Rodriguez, G. &amp; Rodriguez, C. (2013) Datos adicionales sobre castnidos colombianos (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Boletin del Museo Entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego, 5 (2), 7 - 17." type="journal article" year="2013">
Salazar
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FDE03AD5C51CFF06" box="[572,629,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
cited it for
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324CFFC6FC963AD5C4D2FF06" box="[842,955,151,177]" name="Colombia" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, but did not illustrate any of the specimens cited. The Colombian specimens should be regarded as
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FCDB3AF9C45DFF63" box="[775,820,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">P. z.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324CFFC6FCE73AF9C3D5FF62" authority="(Maes &amp; Gonzalez 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Maes &amp; Gonzalez" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[827,1212,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FCE73AF9C4FCFF63" box="[827,917,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">zagraea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324CFFC6FC783AF9C3DDFF62" author="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." box="[932,1204,187,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref26963" refString="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2022) Ampliacion geografica de Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1977) para la fauna de Nicaragua (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 274, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 7200048" type="journal article" year="2022">Maes &amp; González 2022</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The subspecies has been found in the following cantons in
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324CFFC6FD853A9DC5B0FF4E" box="[601,729,223,249]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FD393A9CC43DFF4F" bold="true" box="[741,852,222,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324CFFC6FD393A9CC426FF4F" box="[741,847,222,248]" country="Costa Rica" name="Alajuela" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Alajuela</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Upala;
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FC733A9CC372FF4F" bold="true" box="[943,1051,222,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324CFFC6FC733A9CC37CFF4F" box="[943,1045,222,248]" country="Costa Rica" name="Cartago" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cartago</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Turrialba;
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FB463A9CC259FF4F" bold="true" box="[1178,1328,222,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324CFFC6FB463A9CC243FF4F" box="[1178,1322,222,248]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
La Cruz;
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FF4B3B40C669FEAB" bold="true" box="[151,256,258,284]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324CFFC6FF4B3B40C792FEAB" box="[151,251,258,284]" country="Costa Rica" name="Heredia" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Heredia</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Sarapiquí;
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FE5E3B40C6B2FEAA" bold="true" box="[386,475,258,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324CFFC6FE5E3B40C6BFFEAA" box="[386,470,258,285]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Limón</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Pococí;
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FDE23B41C5B9FEAA" bold="true" box="[574,720,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<collectingRegion id="6500F820324CFFC6FDE23B41C5A2FEAA" box="[574,715,259,285]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Golfito. Considering the biogeographic proposal of
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324CFFC6FAC33B41C661FEF6" author="Morrone, J. J. &amp; Escalante, T. &amp; Rodriguez-Tapia, G. &amp; Carmona, A. &amp; Arana, M. &amp; Mercado-Gomez, J. D." pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref27719" refString="Morrone, J. J., Escalante, T., Rodriguez-Tapia, G., Carmona, A., Arana, M. &amp; Mercado-Gomez, J. D. (2022) Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 94, e 20211167. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167" type="journal volume" year="2022">
Morrone
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324CFFC6FA543B41C7DDFEF6" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
(2022)
</bibRefCitation>
, in
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324CFFC6FEED3B65C6C7FEF6" box="[305,430,295,321]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, this subspecies has been recorded in localities that belong to the Guatuso-Talamanca and Puntarenas-Chiriquí provinces of the Pacific dominion, and the Pacific Lowlands province of the Mesoamerican dominion, all in the Brazilian subregion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>