523 lines
50 KiB
XML
523 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.673.12108" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95f982b9-0e20-4db9-bd46-5221fe59b03f" ID-PMC="PMC5523194" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-673-1" ID-PubMed="28769670" ID-ZBK="F1221C2E42434D4F900C21F5C2251F8B" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-673-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 673" ModsDocTitle="A marvelous new glassfrog (Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium) from Amazonian Ecuador" checkinTime="1494587816242" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Guayasamin, Juan M., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Maynard, Ross J., Lynch, Ryan L., Culebras, Jaime & Hamilton, Paul S." docDate="2017" docId="F533003D68119034A70BB6EC4C3F2E95" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 673: 1-20" docOrigin="ZooKeys 673" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.673.12108" docTitle="Hyalinobatrachium yaku Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, Maynard, Lynch, Culebras & Hamilton, 2017, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="93A045E0-130D-4217-B20F-60CB55510B06" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="AE1FFFAAFFFBFFC3FFF6350EFFB26C17" masterDocTitle="A marvelous new glassfrog (Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium) from Amazonian Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668164455077" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A marvelous new glassfrog (Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium) from Amazonian Ecuador</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guayasamin, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Maynard, Ross J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lynch, Ryan L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Culebras, Jaime</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hamilton, Paul S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>673</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>20</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.673.12108</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.673.12108</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-673-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F1221C2E42434D4F900C21F5C2251F8B</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F1221C2E42434D4F900C21F5C2251F8B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809533" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:93A045E0-130D-4217-B20F-60CB55510B06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F533003D68119034A70BB6EC4C3F2E95" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/93A045E0-130D-4217-B20F-60CB55510B06" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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MZUTI 5001 (Fig. 1), adult male collected from a stream affluent of the Kallana river (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-1.4696">1.4696°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-77.2784">77.2784°W</geoCoordinate>
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, 325 m), nearby the Kichwa community of Kallana, province of Pastaza, Ecuador, collected by JC and Carlos Morochz on 15 April 2016.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in life. Top row: adult male, MZUTI 5001, holotype, in dorsal and ventral view. Bottom row: adult male, paratype, QCAZ 55628.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratopotype">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratopotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MZUTI 5002, adult male, same locality and collection data as holotype.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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QCAZ 55628 (Fig. 1), adult male, QCAZ 53352, immature male, and QCAZ 53354, 56664, juveniles, all from Timburi-Cocha Research Station (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-0.48">0.4800°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-77.2829">77.2829°W</geoCoordinate>
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, 300 m) near San
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<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
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de Payamino, province of Orellana, Ecuador, collected by RJM, PSH, and RLL on June 2012. ZSFQ 02322, adult female from Ahuano (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-1.0632">1.0632°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-77.5265">77.5265°W</geoCoordinate>
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, 360 m), province of Napo, Ecuador, collected by DFCH and Jean-Marc Touzet on 5 April 1998.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic placement">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Generic placement.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The new species is placed in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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(Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991, as modified by
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<bibRefCitation author="Guayasamin, JM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 97" volume="2100" year="2009">Guayasamin et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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) on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The main diagnostic phenotypic traits of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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are: (1) ventral parietal peritoneum completely transparent; (2) digestive tract and bulbous liver covered by iridophores; (3) humeral spines absent; (4) white bones in life; and (5) males call from the undersides of leaves. All the aforementioned characteristics are shared by the new species. Additionally, analyses of three mitochondrial genes place the new species as a close relative of other
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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species (Fig. 2); thus, generic placement in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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is unambiguous.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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inferred from combined mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, ND1) under ML criterion. All sequences were downloaded from GenBank, except for those of the new species (Genbank codes: MF002063-68). Genbank codes cited next to species names are in the following order: 12S, 16S, ND1. Associated locality data is available at Genbank, as well as in
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<bibRefCitation author="Guayasamin, JM" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="574 - 595" title="Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.012" volume="48" year="2008">Guayasamin et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Castroviejo-Fisher, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="66 - 80" title="Neotropical diversification seen through glassfrogs." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12208" volume="41" year="2014">Castroviejo-Fisher et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation author="Twomey, EM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 87" title="A review of northern Peruvian glassfrogs (Centrolenidae), with the description of four new remarkable species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3851.1.1" volume="3851" year="2014">Twomey et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The following combination of characters can distinguish
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
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from other glassfrogs: (1) dentigerous process of the vomer lacking teeth; (2) snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views; (3) lower half of tympanic annulus visible; tympanic membrane clearly differentiated and with coloration similar to that of surrounding skin; (4) dorsal skin shagreen; (5) ventral skin areolate; cloacal area glandular, with one tubercular slightly enameled patch on each side of the cloaca, paired round tubercles below vent absent; (6) parietal peritoneum, pericardium, kidneys and urinary bladder transparent (lacking iridophores); hepatic, gastrointestinal, and testicular peritonea covered by iridophores; (7) liver bulbous; (8) humeral spines absent; (9) basal webbing between Fingers I and II, moderate webbing between external fingers; hand webbing formula: I 2 - 2 II 0+ - 3+ III 2- - (1-2-) IV; (10) foot webbing moderate; webbing formula: I (1-1+) - (2-2-) II (0+-1) - (2+-21/3) III 1 - 21/3 IV 21/3 - (1-11/3) V; (11) fingers and toes with thin lateral fringes; ulnar and tarsal folds present, but low and difficult to distinguish, with thin layer of iridophores
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
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extends to ventrolateral edge of Finger IV and Toe V; (12) nuptial excrescence present as a small pad on Finger I (Type V), prepollex not enlarged; prepollical spine not projecting (spine not exposed); (13) when appressed, finger I longer than II; (14) diameter of eye 2.1 times wider than disc on Finger III; (15) coloration in life: dorsal surfaces apple green to yellowish green with small yellow spots and minute gray to black melanophores; posterior head and anterior half of the body with few small, well-defined dark green spots placed middorsally; bones white; (16) coloration in preservative: dorsal surfaces pale cream with minute lavender to black melanophores; (17) iris coloration in life: silver to yellow, with minute dark spots that are concentrated around pupil, giving impression of a diffuse ring; (18) melanophores present on Finger IV and Toes
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–V">IV-V</normalizedToken>
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, absent on other fingers and toes; in life, hands and feet are cream with a light green hue, with tips of fingers and toes being yellowish green; (19) males call from the undersides of leaves; advertisement call consisting of a single tonal note; call duration note 0.27-0.4 s, dominant frequency 5219-5330 Hz, with no frequency modulation; (20) males attend egg clutches located on the underside of leaves overhanging streams, clutch size unknown; (21) SVL in adult males 20.8-22.3 mm (n = 3), in adult female 21.1 mm (n = 1); (22) enameled glands absent from sides of head.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Comparisons with similar species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Many species of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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are difficult to diagnose using only morphological or chromatic characters (
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<bibRefCitation author="Castroviejo-Fisher, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="24 - 44" title="A new species of Hyalinobatrachium (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the Amazonian slopes of the central Andes with comments on the diversity of the genus in the area." volume="2143" year="2009">Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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; 2011); however the new species is diagnosable in life due to the presence of two unusual coloration traits: (i) the presence of middorsal dark green spots on the anterior half of the body (Fig. 1), and (ii) a completely exposed heart (parietal peritoneum and pericardium transparent). Only two other glassfrog species share, to some degree, these traits, the Central American
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. talamancae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="talamancae">H. talamancae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. vireovittatum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="vireovittatum">H. vireovittatum</taxonomicName>
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. However, phylogenetically, the new species is not closely related to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. talamancae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="talamancae">H. talamancae</taxonomicName>
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nor
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. vireovittatum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="vireovittatum">H. vireovittatum</taxonomicName>
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. Also, the new species is easily distinguished by having a row of dark green middorsal spots (continuous middorsal line in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. talamancae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="talamancae">H. talamancae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. vireovittatum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="vireovittatum">H. vireovittatum</taxonomicName>
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). Furthermore, they have a very disjunct distribution (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. talamancae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="talamancae">H. talamancae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. vireovittatum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="vireovittatum">H. vireovittatum</taxonomicName>
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are found in Central America, whereas
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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inhabits the Amazonian lowlands). No Amazonian glassfrog has a dorsal pattern similar to the new species.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium munozorum" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="munozorum">Hyalinobatrachium munozorum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. ruedai" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="ruedai">H. ruedai</taxonomicName>
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are sympatric with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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, but they are distinguished by having white or mostly white pericardium (transparent in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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), dorsal melanophores as punctuations of different sizes (uniform-sized in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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), snout rounded in lateral view (truncate in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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) and by lacking the row of dark green middorsal spots of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium anachoretus" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anachoretus">Hyalinobatrachium anachoretus</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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but differs by lacking the midddorsal dark green spots, and by its call with a lower dominant frequency (4670-4800 Hz versus 5219.3-5329.6 in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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). The most closely related species to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pellucidum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pellucidum">H. pellucidum</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 3); the two species differ by their call (Table 1) and dorsal color pattern (middorsal dark green spots present in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
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and absent in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pellucidum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pellucidum">H. pellucidum</taxonomicName>
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; Figs 1, 3).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum</taxonomicName>
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in life. Left and center: QCAZ 4200. Right: QCAZ 41648. Photos by L. A. Coloma.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Table 1. Comparison of relevant variables of the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and two populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pellucidum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pellucidum">H. pellucidum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Time is in seconds and frequency in Hertz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<table pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Species, museum number, source</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Number of individuals/Numbers of calls</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Call structure</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1"># notes</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Call duration (s)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Dominant frequency (hz)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Lower frequency (hz)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Upper frequency (hz)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Other frequencies (hz)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
MZUTI
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pellucidum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pellucidum">H. pellucidum</taxonomicName>
|
||
MEPN
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pellucidum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pellucidum">H. pellucidum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wen, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="80 - 87" title="Description of the previously unknown advertisement calls of Hyalinobatrachiumfragile, H. pellucidum, and Vitreoranaantisthenesi (Amphibia: Centrolenidae)." volume="3480" year="2012">Wen et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description of the holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Adult male (MZUTI 5001) with SVL 20.8 mm. Head just wider than body; head width 37% of SVL; head width 1.07 times head length; head relatively short (Head length = 34% of SVL). Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views. Loreal region slightly concave, nostrils slightly protuberant, elliptical; internarial region concave anterodorsally; canthus rostralis not well defined. Eyes small (eye diameter 12% of SVL), directed anterolaterally, eyes about 45° relative to midline. Tympanum with conspicuous dorsal inclination. Posterior half of tympanic annulus visible; tympanic membrane differentiated, pigmented as surrounding skin. Dentigerous processes on vomers lacking teeth, choanae large, circular; tongue oval, white in preservative, anterior 3/4 attached to mouth; vocal slits present, extending along floor of mouth lateral to tongue; enameled glands absent on sides of head. Ulnar fold present, but low and with very thin layer of iridophores. Relative length of fingers: I <II <IV <III; finger discs rounded, wider than toe discs; disc on Finger III 48% of eye diameter; basal finger webbing between Fingers I and II, moderate webbing between external fingers; hand webbing formula I 2 - 2 II 0+ - 3+ III 2- - 2- IV. Prepollex concealed; subarticular tubercles round, low; supernumerary tubercles absent, palmar tubercle round and small, thenar tubercle ovoid; nuptial excrescences present as a small pad on proximomedial edge of Finger I (Type V). Hind limbs slender, tibia length 59% of SVL; tarsal fold present,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">but</pageBreakToken>
|
||
low and with very thin layer of iridophores enameled; discs of toes small, round, inner metatarsal tubercle oval, small; outer metatarsal round, but very difficult to distinguish. Foot webbing moderate; webbing formula: I 1+ - 2 II 1 - 2+ III 1 - 21/3 IV 21/3 - 11/3 V. In preservative, dorsal skin peppered with small dark melanophores; dorsal skin shagreen; skin on venter areolate; cloacal opening at level of upper thighs, cloacal ornamentation present as an enameled cloacal fold and small tubercles covered with thin layer of iridophores. Parietal peritoneum and pericardium transparent, urinary bladder lacking iridophores, liver and viscera covered by iridophores; liver bulbous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="coloration in life">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coloration in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">In adults, dorsum apple green to yellowish green with small yellow spots and minute gray to black melanophores; posterior head and anterior half of the body with few small, well-defined dark green spots placed middorsally; the anterior-most spot generally being the largest. Hands and feet are cream with a light green hue, with tips of fingers and toes being yellowish green; melanophores absent from fingers and toes, except Finger IV and Toes IV and V. Ventrally, parietal peritoneum and pericardium transparent, with red heart fully visible; visceral peritoneum of gall bladder and urinary bladder transparent; hepatic and visceral peritonea white. Ventral vein red. Iris silver to yellow, with minute dark spots that encircle the pupil, giving the impression of diffuse rings. Bones white.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="coloration in preservative">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coloration in preservative.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dorsal surfaces cream dotted with minute dark lavender to black melanophores; venter uniform white; peritonea as in life. Iris white with lavender melanophores that become more numerous near the pupil. There are no traces of the characteristic middorsal dark green spots in preserved specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Measurements of the type series are shown in Table 2.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="CCFE325449D2674BB6D336516EA7581F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCFE325449D2674BB6D336516EA7581F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Table 2. Meristic variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (in mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<table pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">Character</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
|
||
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ECZAE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZUTI</abbrev>
|
||
5001 (holotype)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
|
||
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ELZAE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZUTI</abbrev>
|
||
5002
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">QCAZ</named-content>
|
||
55628
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">ZUSF 02322</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The other male from the type locality (MZUTI 5002) has more foot webbing (I 1 - 2- II 0+ - 2+ III 1 - 21/3 IV 21/3 - 1 V) than the holotype. Juveniles have the same color pattern as adults, but the number and extent of the middorsal green dots varies, but they are usually smaller and less pronounced posteriorly (Fig. 4).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figure 4. Juvenile of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life, QCAZ 53354.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="vocalizations">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vocalizations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The description is based on a series of ten calls emitted by the holotype and recorded by JC. The advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a single and high pitched tonal note (Fig. 5). Neither frequency nor amplitude modulation was observed. The call lasts 0.27-0.4 s (0.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03) and has an average call rate of 9.0
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">calls</pageBreakToken>
|
||
/minute. Time between calls varied from 5.3-8.9 s (7.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.1). The dominant frequency, which is included in the fundamental frequency, ranges from 5219.3-5329.6 Hz (5283.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
35.0). The frequency band has a lower frequency of 5207.3-5314.8 Hz (5264.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
34.6) and an upper frequency of 5236.5-5340.5 Hz (5299.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
34.1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 5. Call of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
At Kallana, the holotype and one paratype (MZUTI 5002) were found calling from the underside of leaves of riverine vegetation in pristine forest. The holotype was on the same leaf as two egg clutches, approximately 3 m above the stream. The paratype was also calling from the underside of a leaf nearly 6 m above water. The stream itself was slow-flowing, relatively narrow (approximately 3 m wide), and with depths no greater than 100 cm. Syntopic species at Kallana are:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Nymphargus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nymphargus mariae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">Nymphargus mariae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Teratohyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teratohyla midas" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Teratohyla midas</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Agalychnis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agalychnis hulli" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulli">Agalychnis hulli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllomedusa tomopterna" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomopterna">Phyllomedusa tomopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsiboas calcaratus" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">Hypsiboas calcaratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. geographicus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="geographicus">H. geographicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus fuscifacies" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscifacies">Osteocephalus fuscifacies</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis enigmaticus" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">Pristimantis enigmaticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. peruvianus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="peruvianus">P. peruvianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
At Ahuano, the single individual was found on the underside of a leaf at 1 m above water in riverine vegetation along a small stream, tributary of the Arajuno River. The stream was slow-flowing, very narrow (approximately 1m wide), and shallow (approxi
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">mately</pageBreakToken>
|
||
40 cm deep). The area was covered by secondary forests. At Ahuano,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in syntopy with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Teratohyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teratohyla midas" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Teratohyla midas</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. ruedai" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="ruedai">H. ruedai</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cisneros-Heredia, DF" journalOrPublisher="Herpetotropicos" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="21 - 28" title="Primer registro de Hyalinobatrachiumruedai en Ecuador con notas sobre otras especies congenericas." volume="3" year="2006 b">Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Unlike individuals found at Kallana and Ahuano, individuals from San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Payamino were found perched on leaves of small shrubs, ferns, and grasses (30-150 cm above ground) in disturbed secondary forest. All but one individual were found within a relatively small area near the Timburi Cocha Research Station bordering the Payamino River, with the additional individual found in slightly more mature secondary growth 50 m east of a dirt road situated approximately 1.5 km west of the research station (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maynard, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Road-edge effects on herpetofauna in a lowland Amazonian rainforest. Tropical Conservation Science." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="264 - 290" url="https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291600900114" volume="9" year="2016">Maynard et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, all individuals recorded at San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Payamino were found>30 m from any stream. Due to this unusual circumstance, syntopic species associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
at San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Payamino is rather extensive, as amphibian diversity in secondary forest at this site is high (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maynard, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Road-edge effects on herpetofauna in a lowland Amazonian rainforest. Tropical Conservation Science." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="264 - 290" url="https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291600900114" volume="9" year="2016">Maynard et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Syntopic glassfrog species include:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cochranella resplendens" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="resplendens">Cochranella resplendens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium munozorum" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="munozorum">Hyalinobatrachium munozorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Teratohyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teratohyla midas" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Teratohyla midas</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other sympatric amphibian species include:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Allobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allobates femoralis" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">Allobates femoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(complex),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Hyloxalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyloxalus sauli" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauli">Hyloxalus sauli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhaebo ecuadorensis" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">Rhaebo ecuadorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinella margaritifera" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">Rhinella margaritifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. marina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="marina">R. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dendropsophus marmoratus" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">Dendropsophus marmoratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsiboas boans" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boans">Hypsiboas boans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. cinerascens" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="cinerascens">H. cinerascens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. geographicus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="geographicus">H. geographicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. punctatus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="punctatus">H. punctatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Nyctimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nyctimantis rugiceps" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugiceps">Nyctimantis rugiceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. mutabor" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="mutabor">O. mutabor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Phyllomedusidae" genus="Phyllomedusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllomedusa tarsius" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarsius">Phyllomedusa tarsius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. vaillantii" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="vaillantii">P. vaillantii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scinax garbei" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garbei">Scinax garbei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ruber" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="ruber">S. ruber</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Hypodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypodactylus nigrovittatus" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrovittatus">Hypodactylus nigrovittatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis acuminatus" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">Pristimantis acuminatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. altamazonicus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="altamazonicus">P. altamazonicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. conspicillatus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="conspicillatus">P. conspicillatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. croceoinguinis" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="croceoinguinis">P. croceoinguinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. delius" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="delius">P. delius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. diadematus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="diadematus">P. diadematus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kichwarum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="kichwarum">P. kichwarum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lanthanites" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="lanthanites">P. lanthanites</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. librarius" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="librarius">P. librarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. variabilis" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="variabilis">P. variabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="genus">P.</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="martiae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="martiae">martiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Adenomera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adenomera andreae" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andreae">Adenomera andreae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Engystomops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Engystomops petersi" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">Engystomops petersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptodactylus wagneri" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wagneri">Leptodactylus wagneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Lithodytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithodytes lineatus" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">Lithodytes lineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiasmocleis bassleri" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">Chiasmocleis bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolitoglossa peruviana" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruviana">Bolitoglossa peruviana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from three localities on the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador at elevations between 300-360 m. The two most-distant sites, Kallana in province of Pastaza, and San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Payamino in province of Orellana, are approximately 110 km from one another, while Ahuano, province of Napo, is midway between them (Fig. 6). Given the geographic distance between the localities where the new species has been found, it is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a broader distribution, including areas in nearby Peru.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 6. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Ecuador.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="evolutionary relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Evolutionary relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
All inferred phylogenetic trees show that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium yaku" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yaku">Hyalinobatrachium yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pellucidum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="pellucidum">H. pellucidum</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sister species (Fig. 2). Trees obtained for each mitochondrial gene trees are congruent with the tree shown in Figure 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="yaku" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="yaku">yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the Kichwa word for water. Water, in the form of streams, is fundamental for the reproductive biology of all glassfrogs. Water pollution, mainly through oil and mining activities, represents one of the biggest threats for Amazonian amphibians, as well as for numerous other water-dependent species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyalinobatrachium" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are morphologically conserved and that many distinctive color traits are lost in preserved specimens (i.e., dorsal green spots), finding new records of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
in herpetological collections is challenging. Also, many species of the genus are arboreal and difficult to find in nature, but this scarcity does not necessarily mean that the species have low abundances. Available information is insufficient to suggest an evaluation following IUCN criteria, thus we suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. yaku" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="yaku">H. yaku</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Data Deficient species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |