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<document id="1512FFB9034086F377B9F83C60A49D02" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Euderma maculatum" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="875" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="875" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="F20E9F1E33BA4AF22A94C26D232264DC">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F69E70865D72D7D38F8E0137B0AFA6D6">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F04D401DCE4B7A5D27CF85654450368D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C52B82D13E4D4A4A0FDCD96982B2A9CB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" lastPageNumber="875" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF8397AA1ED1B917" box="[127,209,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF8397AA1ED1B917" blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[127,209,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<heading id="9F638192FF8E6A31FF8397AA1ED1B917" box="[127,209,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF8E6A31FF8397AA1ED1B917" box="[127,209,499,549]" captionStart="Plate 65: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="117.[124,154,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,18,3657]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="249. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum), 250. Big Red Bat (Lasiurus egregius), 251. Southern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus villosissimus), 252. Northern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 253. Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus semotus), 254. Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), 255. Pleiffer's Red Bat (Lasiurus pfeifferi), 256. Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus), 257. Greater Red Bat (Lasiurus atratus), 258. Southern Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevilii), 259. Desert Red Bat (Lasiurus frantzii), 260. Cinnamon Red Bat (Lasiurus varius), 261. Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), 262. Tacarcunan Bat (Lasiurus castaneus), 263. Hairy-tailed Bat (Lasiurus ebenus), 264. Jamaican Red Bat (Lasiurus degelidus), 265. Western Yellow Bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), 266. Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius), 267. Cuban Yellow Bat (Lasiurus insularis), 268. Southern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398536/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">249.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF1F97AA1FD6B917" box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF1F97AA1FD6B917" blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<heading id="9F638192FF8E6A31FF1F97AA1FD6B917" box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8E6A31FF1F97AA1FD6B917" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[227,470,499,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">Spotted Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FDFA97AA1D97B917" box="[518,919,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FDFA97AA1D97B917" blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[518,919,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<heading id="9F638192FF8E6A31FDFA97AA1D97B917" box="[518,919,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FDFA97AA1D97B917" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[518,919,499,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FDFA97AA1D97B917" box="[518,919,499,549]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Euderma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF82946F1FD8B940" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF82946F1DF8B979" blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[126,1016,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<heading id="9F638192FF8E6A31FF82946F1DF8B979" box="[126,1016,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF82946F1ECAB979" bold="true" box="[126,202,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8E6A31FF2F946F1F75B979" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[211,373,566,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">Oreillard maculé</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FE76946F1FE4B979" bold="true" box="[394,484,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8E6A31FE12946F1CC8B979" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[494,712,566,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">Gefleckte Fledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FD21946F1D38B979" bold="true" box="[733,824,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8E6A31FCBE946F1DF8B979" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[834,1016,566,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8E6A31FCBE946F1D91B979" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[834,913,566,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">Orejudo</vernacularName>
maculado
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF8294041FD8B940" blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[126,472,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<heading id="9F638192FF8E6A31FF8294041FD8B940" box="[126,472,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF8294041F74B940" bold="true" box="[126,372,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8E6A31FE8394041FD8B940" ID-CoL="3BZR6" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[383,472,605,626]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">Pinto Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FD1D94F91A70B80A" blockId="117.[736,1333,672,1099]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FD1D94F91D2AB9DB" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="reference_group">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FD1D94F91D7CB9F3" bold="true" box="[737,892,672,705]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FC7794F91D25B9DB" ID-CoL="3M5GK" authority="J. A. Allen, 1891" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Histiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">Histiotus maculatus J. A. Allen, 1891</taxonomicName>
,
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FCCB94951A70B80A" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="materials_examined">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF8E6A31FCCB94951A70B80A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319507" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
caught on a fence, at Piru [Santa Clara
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FCCB94B61D80B822" box="[823,896,751,784]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">River</collectingRegion>
Valley], in the western part of Ventura County,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FC2C95461A60B80A" box="[976,1120,799,824]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">California</collectingRegion>
.”
</materialsCitation>
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FD1E95671A66BFF3" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FD1E95671A66BFF3" blockId="117.[736,1333,672,1099]" lastBlockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
Based on morphological and chromosomal characters, the genus
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FBE9953C1AA1B8B4" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1923" box="[1045,1185,869,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Idionycteris</taxonomicName>
has been included under
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FC3E95D41A34B89C" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[962,1076,909,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
as a synonym, but they differ enough to be generically distinct. Molecular reconstructions based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes support distinction of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FC6292731A10BF79" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[926,1040,1066,1099]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FBAE92731ADEBF79" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1923" box="[1106,1246,1066,1099]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Idionycteris</taxonomicName>
at the generic level and also showed a controversial positioning of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FC3592081A3BBF40" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[969,1083,1105,1138]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
within plecotines and lasiurines. Despite morphological similarity between
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FC5A92201A18BFA8" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[934,1048,1145,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
and plecotines, the genusis included in Lasiurini by recent phylogenetic studies. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF8092911C50BE22" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FF8E6A31FF8092911C50BE22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398337" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398337/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" targetBox="[122,714,681,1095]" targetPageId="117">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF8092911C50BE22" blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF8092911F2CBFDB" bold="true" box="[124,300,1224,1257]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Distribution.</emphasis>
From
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FE7692911C79BFDB" box="[394,633,1224,1257]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
in SW
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8E6A31FD2592911D43BFDB" box="[729,835,1224,1257]" name="Canada" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Canada</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FC7B92911A06BFDB" box="[903,1030,1224,1257]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Montana</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FBB592911AD1BFDB" box="[1097,1233,1224,1257]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
in NW
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8E6A31FF8192AA1EBDBE22" box="[125,189,1267,1296]" name="United States of America" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">USA</collectingCountry>
S to
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FEF892AA1F95BE22" box="[260,405,1267,1296]" country="Mexico" name="Queretaro de Arteaga" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Querétaro</collectingRegion>
in C
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8E6A31FE1F92AA1C4CBE22" box="[483,588,1267,1296]" name="Mexico" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF80934E1A5ABCB5" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF80934E1A5ABCB5" blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF80934E1F74BE0A" bold="true" box="[124,372,1303,1336]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body ¢.
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FDB9934E1CDEBE0A" box="[581,734,1303,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="60.0">60-65 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FCD5934E1DC0BE0A" box="[809,960,1303,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="47.0">47-50 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FBF1934E1AA4BE0A" box="[1037,1188,1303,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="43.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="37.0">37-50 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot c.
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FF6C931B1EF5BE6D" box="[144,245,1346,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
, forearm
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FE82931B1C11BE6D" box="[382,529,1346,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="49.5" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="48.0">48-51 mm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FD7B931B1CF1BE6D" box="[647,753,1346,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="g" value="18.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.0">16-20 g</quantity>
. Dorsalfuris blackish, with white spots of c.
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8E6A31FF6D93341EF2BEB4" box="[145,242,1389,1414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
in diameter on shoulders and lower back; ventral hair is snow white, with black bases, and band of blackish hairs circles neck. Non-glandular naked area of c.
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in diameter occurs on throat region that is visible only when head is tipped backward. Old World
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is the only genus with comparable color. Ears are very long, almost reaching body length, translucent pale pink, and naked along their lengths, with tuft of white hair at bases and connected across forehead by small membrane. Tragus is elongated and slightly narrowed at tip, basal lobe is absent, and basal notch is indeterminate. Thin and pliable wing membranes and uropatagium are pale pink. Skull has supraorbital region that is sharply ridged, braincase is remarkably elongated, and sagittal crestis absent. C,is small compared with other taxa within the subfamily, appearing unequally bilobed in slightly anterior to lateral view. Dental formulais12/3,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 52, which is most similar to Allens Big-eared Bat (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FE4D91661CB2BC52" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[433,690,1855,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phyllotis">Idionycteris phyllotis</taxonomicName>
), differing by presence of subtelocentric autosome pair in the Spotted Bat rather than medium-sized acrocentric pair.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF8791D71C4EB317" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="biology_ecology">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF8791D71EEBBC9D" bold="true" box="[123,235,1934,1967]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Habitat.</emphasis>
Wide variety of habitats including desert shrub and arid areas, forest openings, woodlands, riparian habitats, wetlands, open areas near streams and ponds, meadows, and old agricultural fields from below sea level in deserts of California up to elevations of ¢.
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in
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF879E751AA1B3D8" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF879E751AA1B3D8" blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF879E751F85B37F" bold="true" box="[123,389,2092,2125]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Analysis of feces and stomach contents showed that Spotted Bats specialize on large moths (mostly
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8E6A31FD9C9E0A1CF8B346" box="[608,760,2131,2164]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
), constituting ¢.99% of diets by volume; they also eat beetles (
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). It is a fast flier and forages alone
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aboveground. It is often captured in open areas and open ponderosa pine (
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,
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) woodlands. Moonlight does not seem to affect foraging behavior.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF879EA81F2DB2B5" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF879EA81F2DB2B5" blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF879EA81F01B220" bold="true" box="[123,257,2289,2322]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Breeding.</emphasis>
A pregnant Spotted Bat was caught in June and lactating females in June and August. Littersize is likely one. Newborns weigh ¢.20% of mothers weights. Ears of young are not completely developed, and spots are missing. Young have been captured in July.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF869FD71D62B00B" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF869FD71D62B00B" blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF869FD71F65B29D" bold="true" box="[122,357,2446,2479]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Spotted Bat tends to fly late, with most captures occurring after midnight. Nevertheless, foraging activity has been recorded throughout the night, and some individuals were observed foraging as early as 20 minutes after sunset. Day roosts are located in crevices of cliffs and outcrops and apparently not in trees. It produces low-frequency echolocation calls that appear to be inaudible to large moths and can be divided into search, approach, and terminal phases. Search phase is divided in two types of calls that are steep, FM, and include different harmonics; frequency sweeps from 12 kHz to 6 kHz. The approach calls are also divided in two forms, which are similar to search calls and include FM pulses and sweeps. Predators include red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), peregrine falcons (
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peregrinus), American kestrels (
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sparverius), and belted kingfishers (Megaceryle alcyon).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FF879D191CFFB7AE" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FF879D191CFFB7AE" blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FF879D191D5DB053" bold="true" box="[123,861,2880,2913]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Spotted Bats have been found roosting alone, except during hibernation when four individuals were found hibernating in a cave. Foraging individuals avoid contact with other species of echolocating bats and keep a distance of at least
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from other foraging conspecifics. Foraging usually occurred within
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from diurnal roost, but movements up to 38-
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from day roosts to foraging areas were recorded. Absence of winter captures and records in caves and mines in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8E6A31FD989A751CEEB77F" box="[612,750,3116,3149]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
suggest that Spotted Bats migrate or use hibernacula other than underground sites. Winter activity in south-western
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was associated with poor hibernacula in the area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FA859742183EBA9C" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FA859742183EBA9C" blockId="117.[1400,2607,283,588]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FA85974218E7BA0A" bold="true" box="[1401,1767,283,312]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spotted Bat is widespread but considered rare. Loss of roosting and foraging areas, destruction or disturbance of hibernacula, and loss of clean and open water are major threats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8E6A31FA8697E51716B97E" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8E6A31FA8697E51716B97E" blockId="117.[1400,2607,283,588]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8E6A31FA8697E51812BAE7" bold="true" box="[1402,1554,444,469]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Allen, H. (1893), Allen, J.A. (1891), Amador et al. (2018), Arroyo-Cabrales &amp; Alvarez-Castafneda (2017a), Easterla (1973), Hall (1981), Handley (1959), Hussain (2000), Leonard &amp; Fenton (1984), Leén-Paniagua (2014), Luce et al. (2004), Mikula et al. (2016), Painter et al. (2009), Poché (1981), Ross (1967), Shi &amp; Rabosky (2015), Simmons (2005), Watkins (1977), Williams et al. (1970), Wilson &amp; Ruff (1999).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>