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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.84080" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-1324-2-151" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B7D8CC48BD32502C819369D75ADA50C8" ID-ZooBank="3B245B5371564A3F96672F2CD756779A" ModsDocID="1860-1324-69-2-151" checkinTime="1658871268840" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liston, Andrew, Mutanen, Marko, Heidemaa, Mikk, Blank, Stephan M., Kiljunen, Niina, Taeger, Andreas, Viitasaari, Matti, Vikberg, Veli, Wutke, Saskia &amp; Prous, Marko" docDate="2022" docId="4A2976EA8ABB5F0791F772F7E338C1DF" docLanguage="en" docName="DeutEntomolZeit 69(2): 151-218" docOrigin="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 69 (2)" docPubDate="2022-07-26" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.84080" docTitle="Phymatoceropsis Rohwer 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="B7D8CC48BD32502C819369D75ADA50C8" lastPageNumber="151" masterDocId="B7D8CC48BD32502C819369D75ADA50C8" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and nomenclature of some Fennoscandian Sawflies, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)" masterLastPageNumber="218" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="151" updateTime="1658871268840" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomy and nomenclature of some Fennoscandian Sawflies, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liston, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1278-424X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">andrew.liston@senckenberg.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mutanen, Marko</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-6308</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heidemaa, Mikk</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Estonian Naturalists' Society, Struve 2, Tartu 51003, Estonia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Blank, Stephan M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-9267</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kiljunen, Niina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Taeger, Andreas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Viitasaari, Matti</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Alkutie 41 E, 00660 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vikberg, Veli</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Liinalammintie 11 as. 6, 14200 Turenki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wutke, Saskia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Prous, Marko</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5329-7608</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany &amp; Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland &amp; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-07-26</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>69</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>151</mods:start>
<mods:end>218</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.84080</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.84080</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-1324-2-151</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">3B245B5371564A3F96672F2CD756779A</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A2976EA8ABB5F0791F772F7E338C1DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A2976EA8ABB5F0791F772F7E338C1DF" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName LSID="4A2976EA-8ABB-5F07-91F7-72F7E338C1DF" authority="Rohwer, 1916" authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phymatoceropsis</taxonomicName>
Rohwer, 1916: 107-109. Type species:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis fulvocincta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvocincta">Phymatoceropsis fulvocincta</taxonomicName>
Rohwer, 1916, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Dicrostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicrostema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dicrostema</taxonomicName>
Benson, 1952: 97-98, 101. Type species:
<taxonomicName authority="Leach, 1817" authorityName="Zaddach" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Selandria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selandria gracilicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilicornis">Selandria gracilicornis</taxonomicName>
Zaddach, 1859, by original designation.
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Department of Agriculture, Washington DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B165" refString="Smith, DR, 1969. Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC 1397: 1 - 176" title="Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U. S." volume="1397" year="1969">Smith (1969)</bibRefCitation>
: synonymy with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus." order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paracharactus.</taxonomicName>
syn. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
Antennal flagellomeres proportionately narrow; flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as distal width; the basal flagellomeres not widening distally, and setae normal (not long and coarse as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatocera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Outer orbit with pronounced groove behind nearly whole length of eye. Postgenal carina developed slightly below eye (clearly in
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. sibiricola" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="sibiricola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. sibiricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but very weakly in
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. gracilicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="gracilicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. gracilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Posterior of mesoscutellum with some conspicuous pits. Epicnemium variably developed, e.g. present in
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. sibiricola" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="sibiricola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. sibiricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, absent in
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. gracilicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="gracilicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. gracilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Claws with a small to minute inner tooth. Stub of 2A + 3A (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Cephidae" genus="Astatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astatus analis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="analis">Astatus analis</taxonomicName>
) of fore wings straight, curved towards anterior, or furcate at apex; hind wing with enclosed cell M.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rhadinoceraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its proportionately narrower flagellomeres (flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as distal width in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2.6-3.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as distal width in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rhadinoceraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); basal flagellomeres not distally widened (widened in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rhadinoceraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); outer orbit with pronounced groove behind whole length of eye (in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rhadinoceraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, if a groove is present, then this is behind only part of the eye.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Lagonis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagonis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Lagonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its mainly smooth mesepisternum (upper mesepisternum of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Lagonis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagonis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Lagonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with numerous, large, crater-like pits).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Paracharactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on North American species and the European
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. hyalinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="hyalinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. hyalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by the mesoscutellum having at least a row of deep, well-defined pits on the posterior part (mesoscutellum entirely without pits in
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Paracharactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Although in all examined specimens of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the stub of 2A + 3A of the fore wing is apically furcate (as is also usual in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rhadinoceraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and in most specimens of various Nearctic
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Paracharactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the European
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. hyalinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="hyalinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. hyalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Konow, 1886) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20586" author="Konow, FW" journalOrPublisher="Wiener entomologische Zeitung" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="211 - 218" refId="B84" refString="Konow, FW, 1886a. Die europaeischen Blennocampen (soweit dieselben bisher bekannt sind). Wiener entomologische Zeitung 5 (6): 211 - 218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20586" title="Die europaeischen Blennocampen (soweit dieselben bisher bekannt sind)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20586" volume="5" year="1886 a">Konow 1886a</bibRefCitation>
) the apex of 2A + 3A is straight, in some individuals of Nearctic
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Paracharactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, as already noted by
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Department of Agriculture, Washington DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B165" refString="Smith, DR, 1969. Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC 1397: 1 - 176" title="Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U. S." volume="1397" year="1969">Smith (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, it is furcate / curved strongly upwards, e.g. in
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. rudis" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="rudis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. rudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Norton, 1861).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
The phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1890" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Blennocampinae">Blennocampinae</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Maximum likelihood tree of Blennocampinae and Allantinae based on mitochondrial COI and two nuclear genes (NaK and POL 2). Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Values of only well supported branches (&gt; 90 for both) are shown. Letters &quot; f &quot; stand for &quot; female &quot;, &quot; m &quot; for &quot; male &quot;, and &quot; l &quot; for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.69.84080.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/719538" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">27</figureCitation>
) requires additional study, including analysis of genetic data obtained from a larger number of taxa. The large number of genus names currently in use as valid (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2580.1.1" author="Taeger, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="B173" refString="Taeger, A, Blank, SM, Liston, AD, 2010. World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa 2580 (1): 1 - 1064, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2580.1.1" title="World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2580.1.1" volume="2580" year="2010">Taeger et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
listed over 100), and their often weak morphological characterization, lead us to suspect that significant
<normalizedToken originalValue="“oversplitting”">&quot;oversplitting&quot;</normalizedToken>
may have occurred. However, at present it seems reasonable to retain
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as valid, and to place
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. sibiricola" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="sibiricola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. sibiricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. gracilicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="gracilicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. gracilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there. The synonymy of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Dicrostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicrostema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Dicrostema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on the close genetic similarity of the type species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Dicrostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicrostema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Dicrostema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liston &amp; Mutanen &amp; Heidemaa &amp; Blank &amp; Kiljunen &amp; Taeger &amp; Viitasaari &amp; Vikberg &amp; Wutke &amp; Prous" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Zhelochovtsev" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis sibiricola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis sibiricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and because these two species possess the same combination of characters exhibited by other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, including its type species. The host plant ranges of lineages of the Phymatocerini may correlate to a certain degree with their phylogeny. As far as is known,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rhadinoceraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are attached to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Iridaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Rhadinoceraea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Liliaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Department of Agriculture, Washington DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B165" refString="Smith, DR, 1969. Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC 1397: 1 - 176" title="Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U. S." volume="1397" year="1969">Smith 1969</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Adoxaceae</taxonomicName>
, i.e.
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. gracilicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="gracilicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. gracilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Adoxa" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adoxa" order="Dipsacales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Adoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. sibiricola" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="sibiricola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. sibiricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Sambucus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sambucus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Sambucus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Sambucus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sambucus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Sambucus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are also the hosts of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Lagonis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagonis nevadensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Lagonis nevadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. opacicollis" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="opacicollis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">L. opacicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which genetically also group with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, albeit with weak statistical support (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Maximum likelihood tree of Blennocampinae and Allantinae based on mitochondrial COI and two nuclear genes (NaK and POL 2). Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Values of only well supported branches (&gt; 90 for both) are shown. Letters &quot; f &quot; stand for &quot; female &quot;, &quot; m &quot; for &quot; male &quot;, and &quot; l &quot; for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.69.84080.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/719538" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">27</figureCitation>
). Unfortunately, the hosts of
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Paracharactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are not known for certain.
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Department of Agriculture, Washington DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B165" refString="Smith, DR, 1969. Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC 1397: 1 - 176" title="Nearctic Sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin, U. S." volume="1397" year="1969">Smith (1969)</bibRefCitation>
reasoned that North American species might be attached to
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carex" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Carex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on a tentative identification of a larva, whereas
<bibRefCitation author="Lacourt, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica gallica, Bulletin d'entomologistes amateurs" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="307 - 313" refId="B101" refString="Lacourt, J, 1985. Notes sur les hymenopteres tenthredoides: especes rares ou nouvelles pour la France (3e note (Hymen. Sympyhta). Entomologica gallica, Bulletin d'entomologistes amateurs 1 (4): 307 - 313" title="Notes sur les hymenopteres tenthredoides: especes rares ou nouvelles pour la France (3 e note (Hymen. Sympyhta)." volume="1" year="1985">Lacourt (1985)</bibRefCitation>
speculated that the West Palaearctic
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. hyalinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="hyalinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">P. hyalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Ranunculus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ranunculus aconitifolius" order="Ranunculales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aconitifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Ranunculus aconitifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="R." lsidName="R. platanifolius" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="platanifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">R. platanifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without presenting any supporting data or observations. On the other hand,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.11.90" author="Okutani, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="90 - 99" refId="B141" refString="Okutani, T, 1967. Food-plants of Japanese Symphyta (II). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 11 (3): 90 - 99, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.11.90" title="Food-plants of Japanese Symphyta (II)." url="https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.11.90" volume="11" year="1967">Okutani (1967)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the East Palaearctic
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Paracharactus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracharactus leucopodus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucopodus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Paracharactus leucopodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rohwer, 1910 from
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Smilax" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Smilax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Liliales</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Smilacaceae</taxonomicName>
), but confirmation of this would be desirable. Both European
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatoceropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatoceropsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatoceropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are univoltine, as are probably nearly all Phymatocerini. Possible exceptions are
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1799" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Eurhadinoceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurhadinoceraea ventralis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Eurhadinoceraea ventralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Severin, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Baumschule" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="256 - 257" refId="B163" refString="Severin, H-J, 1997. Kahlfrass an Clematis durch Blattwespen. Deutsche Baumschule 2: 256 - 257" title="Kahlfrass an Clematis durch Blattwespen." volume="2" year="1997">Severin 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Phymatocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymatocera aterrima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phymatocera aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Chevin, H" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin des Naturalistes des Yvelines" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="106 - 110" refId="B33" refString="Chevin, H, Silvestre de Sacy, R, 2001. La tenthrede du sceau de salomon, Phymatocera aterrima (Hym. Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Blennocampinae). Bulletin des Naturalistes des Yvelines 28 (4): 106 - 110" title="La tenthrede du sceau de salomon, Phymatocera aterrima (Hym. Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Blennocampinae)." volume="28" year="2001">Chevin and Silvestre de Sacy 2001</bibRefCitation>
), but the prolonged phenological periods of activity recorded for these species may be the result of polymodal emergence of adults, rather than true plurivoltinism.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/dez.69.84080.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/719538" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Figure 27.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1890" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Blennocampinae">Blennocampinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Allantinae">Allantinae</taxonomicName>
based on mitochondrial COI and two nuclear genes (NaK and POL2). Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Values of only well supported branches (&gt;90 for both) are shown. Letters &quot;f &quot; stand for
<normalizedToken originalValue="“female”">&quot;female&quot;</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="“m”">&quot;m&quot;</normalizedToken>
for
<normalizedToken originalValue="“male”">&quot;male&quot;</normalizedToken>
, and
<normalizedToken originalValue="“l”">&quot;l&quot;</normalizedToken>
for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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