Taxonomy and nomenclature of some Fennoscandian Sawflies, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Author Liston, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1278-424X Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany andrew.liston@senckenberg.de Author Mutanen, Marko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-6308 Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Author Heidemaa, Mikk Estonian Naturalists' Society, Struve 2, Tartu 51003, Estonia Author Blank, Stephan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-9267 Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany Author Kiljunen, Niina Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Author Taeger, Andreas Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany Author Viitasaari, Matti Alkutie 41 E, 00660 Helsinki, Finland Author Vikberg, Veli Liinalammintie 11 as. 6, 14200 Turenki, Finland Author Wutke, Saskia Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland Author Prous, Marko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5329-7608 Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany & Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland & Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia text Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 2022 2022-07-26 69 2 151 218 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.84080 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.69.84080 1860-1324-2-151 3B245B5371564A3F96672F2CD756779A B7D8CC48BD32502C819369D75ADA50C8 Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916 Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916: 107-109. Type species: Phymatoceropsis fulvocincta Rohwer, 1916, by original designation. Dicrostema Benson, 1952: 97-98, 101. Type species: Selandria gracilicornis Zaddach, 1859, by original designation. Smith (1969) : synonymy with Paracharactus. syn. nov. Description. Antennal flagellomeres proportionately narrow; flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7 x as long as distal width; the basal flagellomeres not widening distally, and setae normal (not long and coarse as in Phymatocera ). Outer orbit with pronounced groove behind nearly whole length of eye. Postgenal carina developed slightly below eye (clearly in P. sibiricola , but very weakly in P. gracilicornis ). Posterior of mesoscutellum with some conspicuous pits. Epicnemium variably developed, e.g. present in P. sibiricola , absent in P. gracilicornis . Claws with a small to minute inner tooth. Stub of 2A + 3A ( Astatus analis ) of fore wings straight, curved towards anterior, or furcate at apex; hind wing with enclosed cell M. Diagnosis. Phymatoceropsis can be distinguished from Rhadinoceraea by its proportionately narrower flagellomeres (flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7 x as long as distal width in Phymatoceropsis , 2.6-3.1 x as long as distal width in Rhadinoceraea ); basal flagellomeres not distally widened (widened in Rhadinoceraea ); outer orbit with pronounced groove behind whole length of eye (in Rhadinoceraea , if a groove is present, then this is behind only part of the eye. Phymatoceropsis differs from Lagonis in its mainly smooth mesepisternum (upper mesepisternum of Lagonis with numerous, large, crater-like pits). Phymatoceropsis can be separated from Paracharactus (based on North American species and the European P. hyalinus ) by the mesoscutellum having at least a row of deep, well-defined pits on the posterior part (mesoscutellum entirely without pits in Paracharactus ). Although in all examined specimens of Phymatoceropsis the stub of 2A + 3A of the fore wing is apically furcate (as is also usual in Rhadinoceraea ), and in most specimens of various Nearctic Paracharactus and the European P. hyalinus (Konow, 1886) ( Konow 1886a ) the apex of 2A + 3A is straight, in some individuals of Nearctic Paracharactus species, as already noted by Smith (1969) , it is furcate / curved strongly upwards, e.g. in P. rudis (Norton, 1861). Comments. The phylogeny of the Blennocampinae (Fig. 27 ) requires additional study, including analysis of genetic data obtained from a larger number of taxa. The large number of genus names currently in use as valid ( Taeger et al. 2010 listed over 100), and their often weak morphological characterization, lead us to suspect that significant "oversplitting" may have occurred. However, at present it seems reasonable to retain Phymatoceropsis as valid, and to place P. sibiricola and P. gracilicornis there. The synonymy of Phymatoceropsis and Dicrostema is based on the close genetic similarity of the type species of Dicrostema to Phymatoceropsis sibiricola , and because these two species possess the same combination of characters exhibited by other Phymatoceropsis species, including its type species. The host plant ranges of lineages of the Phymatocerini may correlate to a certain degree with their phylogeny. As far as is known, Rhadinoceraea species are attached to Iridaceae and Liliaceae ( Smith 1969 ), and Phymatoceropsis species to Adoxaceae , i.e. P. gracilicornis on Adoxa , and P. japonica and P. sibiricola on Sambucus . Interestingly, Sambucus species are also the hosts of Lagonis nevadensis , and L. opacicollis , which genetically also group with Phymatoceropsis , albeit with weak statistical support (Fig. 27 ). Unfortunately, the hosts of Paracharactus species are not known for certain. Smith (1969) reasoned that North American species might be attached to Carex , based on a tentative identification of a larva, whereas Lacourt (1985) speculated that the West Palaearctic P. hyalinus feeds on Ranunculus aconitifolius and R. platanifolius , without presenting any supporting data or observations. On the other hand, Okutani (1967) recorded the East Palaearctic Paracharactus leucopodus Rohwer, 1910 from Smilax ( Liliales , Smilacaceae ), but confirmation of this would be desirable. Both European Phymatoceropsis species are univoltine, as are probably nearly all Phymatocerini. Possible exceptions are Eurhadinoceraea ventralis ( Severin 1997 ) and Phymatocera aterrima ( Chevin and Silvestre de Sacy 2001 ), but the prolonged phenological periods of activity recorded for these species may be the result of polymodal emergence of adults, rather than true plurivoltinism. Figure 27. Maximum likelihood tree of Blennocampinae and Allantinae based on mitochondrial COI and two nuclear genes (NaK and POL2). Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Values of only well supported branches (>90 for both) are shown. Letters "f " stand for "female" , "m" for "male" , and "l" for larva. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to sequence length.