238 lines
29 KiB
XML
238 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="278E44CC78CE80E172A1AE992380E0B3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021526" ID-ZooBank="987FAD00-32A7-4E38-AFAD-6EAC8D808FB2" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1730450932891" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yiu, Sam King Fung & Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2024" docId="03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5526.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5526 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Prionocidaris baculosa" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FF86FFC7260F5D436153BE46FFA14013" masterDocTitle="New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1730893521481" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:title id="885D497DF3D734F3AF254720B8384F87">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF9ADE0BA111E00BDF9E7A5F477C3C97">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="732D2FEB6D53C83A85E8AEB70D3EF97D">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="452D267B5F514573BDDB76D99EDA51DC" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F3CF8E0726F5BED9B0D8622BD2F2A7DD">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E8889E789F37C54AE9D9065AD0CE1DAF">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="24CA8DABC4EF4995CB5335CEB2B94F82" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="957EB3A1487DD2568A9196774A91F651">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="67B0637D44BEF44BF23B43B4E926DC27">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C602AC011824BA78F7E2A64F3B8DE7BA">2024-10-22</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" box="[151,639,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" blockId="10.[151,639,906,969]" box="[151,639,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0E181C526055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" bold="true" box="[151,639,906,933]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" ID-CoL="4MFL5" authority="(Lamarck 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,639,906,933]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" bold="true" box="[151,639,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDCCFE0E43B6" bold="true" box="[151,431,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D496093BDCDFDD743B7" author="Lamarck, J. - B. M. de" box="[448,630,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref40450" refString="Lamarck, J. - B. M. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, Tome troisieme. In: Lamarck, J. - B. M. de (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent. Vol. 00. [Book series]. Paris, 586 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11580" type="book" year="1816">Lamarck 1816</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" box="[151,325,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" blockId="10.[151,639,906,969]" box="[151,325,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" box="[151,325,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 3A–E</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226055D4961C4BDB0FE25468A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BDB0FEBF4403" blockId="10.[151,286,1014,1040]" box="[151,286,1014,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDB0FEBF4403" bold="true" box="[151,286,1014,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BA79FB4C446E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D4961C4BA79FF56444A" box="[151,247,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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A-D documents the first occurrence of this species from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4962C7BA79FBBF444A" box="[916,1054,1087,1113]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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, where it was recorded from the Ninepin Islands at 18.0 m. This species occurs between
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<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26055D496259BA25FCC8446E" box="[778,873,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10-30 m</quantity>
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in rocky habitats from this region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194BAC1FAB144FA" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D496194BAC1FE6F44B2" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[199,462,1159,1185]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
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||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D496194BAC1FE6F44B2" box="[199,462,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been recorded previously from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D496233BAC1FC0244B2" box="[864,931,1159,1185]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
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and throughout the Indo-Pacific, specifically from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D49618BBAEDFEB944D6" box="[216,280,1195,1221]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
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to the west coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D49635DBAEDFDD944D6" box="[526,632,1195,1221]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, the
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4963E1BAEDFC9244D6" box="[690,819,1195,1221]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, the Indonesian region and in the Indian Ocean from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4961C4BA89FF4A44FA" box="[151,235,1231,1257]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
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, the Red Sea and
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4960E1BA89FD8344FA" box="[434,546,1231,1257]" name="Mauritius" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
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, between depths of
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<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26055D496253BA89FCD844FA" box="[768,889,1230,1257]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 250 m</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D4962D4BA89FBC144FA" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[903,1120,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D49653FBA89FAA544FA" author="Schultz, H." box="[1132,1284,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref42527" refString="Schultz, H. (2015) Echinodermata. Vol. 1. Echinoidea. Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin, 386 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110368574" type="book" year="2015">Schultz 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194BAB5FC1D451E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" box="[199,956,1267,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Feeding observations of this species are included in the Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BB19FDE4456B" blockId="10.[151,581,1374,1401]" box="[151,581,1374,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0E181C526055D4961C4BB19FDE4456B" bold="true" box="[151,581,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BB19FDE4456B" bold="true" box="[151,581,1374,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BB19FF47456A" bold="true" box="[151,230,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In situ</emphasis>
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and aquarium observations
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BBE1FCCC463E" blockId="10.[151,1437,1447,1689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D4961C4BBE1FEC745D2" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[151,358,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BBE1FF7C45D3" box="[151,221,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In situ</emphasis>
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observation
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</taxonomicName>
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of one individual (
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D49636ABBE1FD3145D2" box="[569,656,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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) showed a majority of spines carrying fouling materials on them, with only approximately five spines in view without any fouling growth. These spines appear to be shorter and could represent spine loss from predators or other damage or possibly there is preferential fouling growth on the more elongate spines. Reasons for this preferential growth are unclear.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194B871FE25468A" blockId="10.[151,1437,1447,1689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Under aquarium conditions (
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D496355B871FD214642" box="[518,640,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3B–D</figureCitation>
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), one individual was observed attacking two asteroids, including
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D496400B871FF5E4666" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" class="Asteroidea" family="Luidiidae" genus="Luidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D496400B871FF5E4666" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Luidia maculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D496047B81DFECF4666" box="[276,366,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
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) and the oreasterid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D49630CB81DFCF84667" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[607,857,1627,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D49630CB81DFCF84667" box="[607,857,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culcita novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggesting predatory tendencies. These were not observed in the field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF69662126045D4861C4B933FB9647EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" targetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926045D4861C4B933FB9647EA" blockId="11.[151,1437,1908,2041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4861C4B933FD8F479E" bold="true" box="[151,558,1908,1933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
FIGURE 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D48604FB932FDAF479F" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[284,526,1908,1932]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D48604FB932FDAF479F" bold="true" box="[284,526,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486366B933FC84479E" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[565,805,1909,1933]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486366B933FC84479E" box="[565,805,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in proximity to soft coral
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486565B933FB72479E" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1887" box="[1078,1235,1909,1933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Scleronephthya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486565B933FB72479E" box="[1078,1235,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scleronephthya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, upon which it was presumably feeding.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486038B9DFFE2347A2" bold="true" box="[363,386,1945,1969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Laboratory predation on the luidiid
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4863A2B9DFFC3F47A2" box="[753,926,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D4863A2B9DFFC3A47A2" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[753,923,1945,1969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Luidiidae" genus="Luidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">Luidia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4862F0B9DFFC1A47A2" bold="true" box="[931,955,1945,1969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Laboratory predation on the oreasterid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486401B9DFFE8547C6" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486401B9DFFE8547C6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culcita novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486063B9FBFEE847C6" bold="true" box="[304,329,1981,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D48609BB9FBFD0747C6" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[456,678,1981,2005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D48609BB9FBFD0747C6" box="[456,678,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culcita novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing predation damage around adambulacral region by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486457B9F8FAD947C6" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1284,1400,1981,2005]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486457B9F8FAD947C6" box="[1284,1400,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. baculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4864D6B9FBFA3D47C6" bold="true" box="[1413,1436,1981,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486066B9A7FE3747EA" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1856" box="[309,406,2017,2041]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiactidae" genus="Ophiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiactis</taxonomicName>
|
||
brittl
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D48609EB9A7FE7947EA" bold="true" box="[461,472,2017,2041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">e</emphasis>
|
||
stars present o
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486323B9A4FD6847EA" box="[624,713,2018,2041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n spines.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226035D4F61C4BED1FD0F4173" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926035D4F61C4BED1FE6B40A2" blockId="12.[151,458,151,177]" box="[151,458,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26035D4F61C4BED1FE6B40A2" bold="true" box="[151,458,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926035D4F61C4BE9CFE3240E7" blockId="12.[151,1436,218,353]" box="[151,403,218,244]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F61C4BE9CFEBC40E7" box="[151,285,218,244]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26035D4F607ABE9CFE2E40E7" box="[297,399,218,244]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003BD19A26035D4F607ABE9CFE2E40E7" box="[297,399,218,244]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10–30 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926035D4F6194BEB8FD0F4173" blockId="12.[151,1436,218,353]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62C84E2526035D4F6194BEB8FEBF410B" box="[199,286,254,280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Outside</collectingCounty>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F6075BEB8FE0E410B" box="[294,431,254,280]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
: southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F6370BEB8FDC8410B" box="[547,617,254,280]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the vicinity of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D2F84B26035D4F626ABEB8FC2B410B" box="[825,906,254,280]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hainan</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCDACD326035D4F62C1BEB8FC78410B" box="[914,985,254,280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, and throughout the
|
||
<location id="8EC9607226035D4F6590BEB8FAF1410B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F6590BEB8FAF1410B" box="[1219,1360,254,280]" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Indo-Pacific" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Indo-Pacific</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F640FBEB8FA3D410B" box="[1372,1436,254,280]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F6026BF64FE7E412F" box="[373,479,290,316]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F6341BF64FD32412F" box="[530,659,290,316]" name="Philippines" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<location id="8EC9607226035D4F6394BF64FC30412F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F6394BF64FC30412F" box="[711,913,290,316]" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Indonesian region" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Indonesian region</location>
|
||
and in the
|
||
<location id="8EC9607226035D4F655EBF64FB02412F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F655EBF64FB02412F" box="[1037,1187,290,316]" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Indian Ocean" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Indian Ocean</location>
|
||
from Ceylon, the
|
||
<location id="8EC9607226035D4F643CBF64FF1E4173" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F643CBF64FF1E4173" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Red Sea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Red Sea</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F61A5BF00FEC74173" box="[246,358,326,352]" name="Mauritius" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, between depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26035D4F6317BF00FD0B4173" box="[580,682,326,353]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003BD19A26035D4F6317BF00FD0B4173" box="[580,682,326,353]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="0.0">0–250 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |