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<mods:title id="A4A1F969E9D7C8CD8AAED3FFCA3DA4F8">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8B441CBBBF5753CE8ADB45FAF72C0BCE">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6713B4B3551BE9D84BEEC3DC76C35A66">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="757461D21DF08AABE29095A62968DE37">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="58CCED0A1491D35B20F63EBDCD095537">2024</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E61C4BD6BFD984354" ID-CoL="3585Z" authority="(Audouin 1809)" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[151,569,813,840]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E61C4BD6BFD984354" bold="true" box="[151,569,813,840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E61C4BD6BFECE435B" bold="true" box="[151,367,813,840]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema savignyi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826025D4E602DBD6BFD904354" author="Audouin, V." box="[382,561,813,839]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="203 - 212" refId="ref36685" refString="Audouin, V. (1809) Explication sommaire des planches d'Echinoderms de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par J. C. Savigny, membre de l'Institut; offrant un expose des caracteres naturels des genres avec la distinction des especes, par Victor Audouin. In: de Savigny, J. C. (Ed.), Description de l'Egypte ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'Expedition de l'Armee Francaise, publie par les ordres de sa majeste l'empereur Napoleon le Grand. Histoire naturelle. Tome premier. Quatrieme Partie. Explication sommaire des planches dont les dessins ont ete fournis par M. J. Savigny, pour l'histoire naturelle de l'ouvrage. L'Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, pp. 203 - 212." type="book chapter" year="1809">Audouin 1809</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E6321BD6BFC4E4354" authority="(Leske 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[626,1007,813,840]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E6321BD6BFC4E4354" bold="true" box="[626,1007,813,840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E6321BD6BFCE8435B" bold="true" box="[626,841,813,840]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826025D4E6209BD68FC474354" author="Leske, N. G." box="[858,998,813,840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref40619" refString="Leske, N. G. (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum..., edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum. G. E. Beer, Leipzig, xxii + 278 pp." type="book" year="1778">Leske 1778</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
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</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226025D4E61C4BD14FD23437F" box="[151,642,850,877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926025D4E61C4BD14FD23437F" blockId="13.[151,1007,813,877]" box="[151,642,850,877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26025D4E61C4BD14FE85437E" box="[151,292,850,877]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetId="figure-172@13.[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Diadema spp. A. D. setosum. B. D. savignyi. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021536/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E6067BD15FE10437F" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[308,433,851,876]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E6067BD15FE10437F" box="[308,433,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), 5B (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E60AABD15FDD9437F" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[505,632,851,876]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E60AABD15FDD9437F" box="[505,632,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. savignyi</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
)
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF69662126025D4E61C4B8E4FBF346A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021536" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021536" box="[151,1106,1698,1723]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021536/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,250,1698,1722]" targetBox="[277,1310,900,1675]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926025D4E61C4B8E4FBF346A8" blockId="13.[151,1106,1698,1723]" box="[151,1106,1698,1723]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E61C4B8E4FEAC46A8" bold="true" box="[151,269,1698,1723]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||||
.
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||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E604AB8E4FE6846A9" bold="true" box="[281,457,1698,1723]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E604AB8E4FE6446A9" box="[281,453,1698,1723]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E604AB8E4FED646A9" bold="true" box="[281,375,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||||
spp. A
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E6083B8E5FDE046A9" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[464,577,1699,1722]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E6083B8E5FDE046A9" box="[464,577,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E631EB8E5FDC546A8" bold="true" box="[589,612,1699,1723]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E6339B8E5FD7C46A9" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[618,733,1699,1722]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E6339B8E5FD7C46A9" box="[618,733,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. savignyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226025D4D61C4B944FEFA419A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926025D4E61C4B944FEBF470F" blockId="13.[151,286,1794,1820]" box="[151,286,1794,1820]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E61C4B944FEBF470F" bold="true" box="[151,286,1794,1820]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comments</emphasis>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926025D4E61C4B90CFB9347E7" blockId="13.[151,1436,1866,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E61C4B90CFF5F4777" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,254,1866,1892]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E61C4B90CFF5F4777" box="[151,254,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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is intensively studied and many species are dealt with in much greater detail elsewhere (e.g.
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826025D4E646EB90CFE28479B" author="Muthiga, N. A. & McClanahan, T. R." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="397 - 418" refId="ref41635" refString="Muthiga, N. A. & McClanahan, T. R. (2020) Chapter 23 - Diadema. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 43, 397 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 819570 - 3.00023 - 8" type="journal article" year="2020">Muthiga & McClanahan 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and as such, are only included briefly here out of completeness. Chinese
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E658FB928FA3D479B" box="[1244,1436,1902,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E658FB928FAE2479B" box="[1244,1347,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were documented by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826025D4E60DAB9D4FDD447BE" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[393,629,1938,1965]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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. Both species are significant as subjects for understanding relationships between species across the tropical-Indo-Pacific region (e.g. Lessios 2000).
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26025D4E62B1B9F0FB0847C3" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[994,1193,1974,2000]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E62B1B9F0FB0847C3" box="[994,1193,1974,2000]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
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in particular has been the cause of coral bioerosion in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926025D4E60AEB99DFD2147E6" box="[509,640,2011,2037]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826025D4E63DCB99CFCCC47E7" author="Dumont, C. P. & Lau, D. C. C. & Astudillo, J. C. & Fong, K. F. & Chak, S. T. C. & Qiu, J. W." box="[655,877,2010,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref38537" refString="Dumont, C. P., Lau, D. C. C., Astudillo, J. C., Fong, K. F., Chak, S. T. C. & Qiu, J. W. (2013) Coral bioerosion by the sea urchin Diadema setosum in Hong Kong: Susceptibility of different coral species. Journal of Experiment Marine Biology and Ecology, 441, 71 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2013.01.018" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Dumont
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E63A0B99DFC8447E7" box="[755,805,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826025D4E622AB99CFB8747E7" author="Qiu, J. W. & Lau, D. C. C. & Cheang, C. & Chow, W." box="[889,1062,2010,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="783 - 788" refId="ref42267" refString="Qiu, J. W., Lau, D. C. C., Cheang, C. & Chow, W. (2014) Community-level destruction of hard corals by the sea urchin Diadema setosum. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85 (2), 783 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2013.12.012" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Qiu
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26025D4E62F9B99DFC7A47E7" box="[938,987,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D6194BED1FEFA419A" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Both species are widely occurring throughout the Indo-Pacific.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D62DDBED1FBF840A3" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[910,1113,151,177]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D62DDBED1FBF840A3" box="[910,1113,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema savignyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
prefers exposed settings and is recorded from deeper depths (
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26015D4D6356BEFDFDFC40C6" box="[517,605,187,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="30.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="0.0">0–60 m</quantity>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26015D4D6326BEFDFD6D40C6" box="[629,716,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetId="figure-172@13.[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Diadema spp. A. D. setosum. B. D. savignyi. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021536/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) compared to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D6223BEFDFB9940C7" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[880,1080,187,213]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D6223BEFDFB9940C7" box="[880,1080,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which prefers sheltered sites at shallower depths, from
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26015D4D60F1BE99FE5940EA" box="[418,504,223,249]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="0.0">0–30 m</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826015D4D635BBE99FD0340EA" author="Schultz, H." box="[520,674,222,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref42527" refString="Schultz, H. (2015) Echinodermata. Vol. 1. Echinoidea. Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin, 386 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110368574" type="book" year="2015">Schultz 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D6386BE99FCF840EA" box="[725,857,223,249]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D6232BE99FC4340EB" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[865,994,223,248]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D6232BE99FC4340EB" box="[865,994,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. savignyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been observed at Tung Ping Chau, Sung Kong and Wang Lan Island (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26015D4D6344BF45FDCC410E" box="[535,621,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetId="figure-172@13.[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Diadema spp. A. D. setosum. B. D. savignyi. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021536/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) at deeper depths,> 10.0 m in rocky habitats and but is more rarely seen.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826015D4D61C4BF61FE294152" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[151,392,294,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D60A9BF61FD664153" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[506,711,295,321]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D60A9BF61FD664153" box="[506,711,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema savignyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as being very abundant at Hainan Island, such that the spines prevented steps between them.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D60A0BF0DFD1B4177" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[499,698,331,357]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D60A0BF0DFD1B4177" box="[499,698,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been observed at Sharp Island (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26015D4D6514BF0DFB3E4176" box="[1095,1183,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetId="figure-172@13.[277,1310,900,1675]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Diadema spp. A. D. setosum. B. D. savignyi. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021536/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and is more common in eastern waters.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226015D4D6194BFD5FE3841E6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D6194BFD5FE3841E6" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D6194BFD5FE3341BF" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[199,402,403,429]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignvi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D6194BFD5FE3341BF" box="[199,402,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema savignvi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is distinguished by a black anal cone and bold blue arch of iridophore pattern on the genital plates, whereas
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D601CBFF1FDBB41C3" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[335,538,439,465]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D601CBFF1FDBB41C3" box="[335,538,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
bears white with an orange ring on its anal cone and blue spotted iridophore pattern (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826015D4D61A7BF9DFE2C41E6" author="Schultz, H." box="[244,397,474,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref42527" refString="Schultz, H. (2015) Echinodermata. Vol. 1. Echinoidea. Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin, 386 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110368574" type="book" year="2015">Schultz 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226015D4D61C4BC7AFE0F42D0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D61C4BC7AFE6B4245" blockId="14.[151,458,572,598]" box="[151,458,572,598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D61C4BC7AFE6B4245" bold="true" box="[151,458,572,598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D61C4BCC2FEC3428D" blockId="14.[151,1436,644,779]" box="[151,354,644,670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<heading id="D0E181C526015D4D61C4BCC2FEC3428D" box="[151,354,644,670]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="5">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D61C4BCC2FEC3428D" ID-CoL="3585Z" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[151,354,644,670]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D61C4BCC2FEC3428D" box="[151,354,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema savignyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D6194BCEFFE0F42D0" blockId="14.[151,1436,644,779]" box="[199,430,680,707]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D6194BCEFFEEC42D0" box="[199,333,681,707]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26015D4D600ABCEEFE0F42D0" box="[345,430,680,707]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="13.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="1.0">1–25 m</quantity>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226015D4D6194BC8AFE0F4364" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D6194BC8AFEF04318" blockId="14.[151,1436,644,779]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<location id="8EC9607226015D4D6194BC8AFEBF42F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26025D4D61C4BD6BFA374388:8EC9607226015D4D6194BC8AFEBF42F5" box="[199,286,716,742]" country="Hong Kong" county="Hawaiian Islands" municipality="West" name="Outside" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Outside</location>
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D6075BC8BFE0D42F4" box="[294,428,717,743]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, throughout the
|
||||
<location id="8EC9607226015D4D6330BC8AFD5142F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26025D4D61C4BD6BFA374388:8EC9607226015D4D6330BC8AFD5142F5" box="[611,752,716,742]" country="Hong Kong" county="Hawaiian Islands" municipality="West" name="Indo-Pacific" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Indo-Pacific</location>
|
||||
, except
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D621FBC8AFC0A42F5" box="[844,939,716,742]" name="Pakistan" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCDACD326015D4D62B1BC8BFBB842F4" box="[994,1049,717,743]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">West</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D6573BC8AFBFD42F5" box="[1056,1116,716,742]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D653BBC8AFB7142F5" box="[1128,1232,716,742]" name="Maldives" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and the
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="62C84E2526015D4D6462BC8AFF484319" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hawaiian Islands</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26015D4D61A6BCB6FEEC4318" box="[245,333,752,779]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="003BD19A26015D4D61A6BCB6FEEC4318" box="[245,333,752,779]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="0.0">0–30 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D61C4BD7EFEFE4341" blockId="14.[151,1430,824,923]" box="[151,351,824,850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<heading id="D0E181C526015D4D61C4BD7EFEFE4341" box="[151,351,824,850]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="5">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26015D4D61C4BD7EFEFE4341" ID-CoL="35864" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[151,351,824,850]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26015D4D61C4BD7EFEFE4341" box="[151,351,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D6194BD1BFE0F4364" blockId="14.[151,1430,824,923]" box="[199,430,860,887]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D6194BD1BFEEC4364" box="[199,333,861,887]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26015D4D600ABD1AFE0F4364" box="[345,430,860,887]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="15.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="1.0">1–30 m</quantity>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226015D4D6194BDC6FA374388" box="[199,1430,896,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926015D4D6194BDC6FA374388" blockId="14.[151,1430,824,923]" box="[199,1430,896,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<location id="8EC9607226015D4D6194BDC6FEBF4389" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26025D4D61C4BD6BFA374388:8EC9607226015D4D6194BDC6FEBF4389" box="[199,286,896,922]" country="Hong Kong" name="Outside" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Outside</location>
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D6076BDC7FE0D4388" box="[293,428,897,923]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926015D4D634DBDC6FDC04389" box="[542,609,896,922]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and throughout the Indo-Pacific.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26015D4D6288BDC6FB924388" box="[987,1075,896,923]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="30.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="003BD19A26015D4D6288BDC6FB924388" box="[987,1075,896,923]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="30.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="0.0">0–60 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
. (based on
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826015D4D65E2BDC6FA284388" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[1201,1417,896,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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<mods:mods id="6E1A39A9230B326C5DB5929E639EC2DD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AA5B7DCEB7F5A779784E68693F46115A">
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<mods:title id="45C4A952C0DBFF55FD64575941146ED0">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="A4135FE279C159B2A4FE5C4D48114F52" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="B85FCE5A0A4DF79CF0169E84D57A441D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AF835877679DEA9985AD3CB224CB349F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDCCFE0E43B6" bold="true" box="[151,431,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
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(
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)
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" box="[151,325,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 3A–E</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDB0FEBF4403" bold="true" box="[151,286,1014,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments</emphasis>
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BA79FB4C446E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D4961C4BA79FF56444A" box="[151,247,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
A-D documents the first occurrence of this species from
|
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|
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, where it was recorded from the Ninepin Islands at 18.0 m. This species occurs between
|
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|
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in rocky habitats from this region.
|
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D496194BAC1FE6F44B2" box="[199,462,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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has been recorded previously from
|
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D496233BAC1FC0244B2" box="[864,931,1159,1185]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
|
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and throughout the Indo-Pacific, specifically from
|
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D49618BBAEDFEB944D6" box="[216,280,1195,1221]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to the west coast of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D49635DBAEDFDD944D6" box="[526,632,1195,1221]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4963E1BAEDFC9244D6" box="[690,819,1195,1221]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, the Indonesian region and in the Indian Ocean from
|
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4961C4BA89FF4A44FA" box="[151,235,1231,1257]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
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, the Red Sea and
|
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4960E1BA89FD8344FA" box="[434,546,1231,1257]" name="Mauritius" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
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, between depths of
|
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(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D4962D4BA89FBC144FA" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[903,1120,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D49653FBA89FAA544FA" author="Schultz, H." box="[1132,1284,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref42527" refString="Schultz, H. (2015) Echinodermata. Vol. 1. Echinoidea. Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin, 386 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110368574" type="book" year="2015">Schultz 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194BAB5FC1D451E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" box="[199,956,1267,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Feeding observations of this species are included in the Discussion.</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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|
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238
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238
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<mods:identifier id="CF7B32F0F8997320DA6B8D5E4559B60A" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="B1663CAA221E08124F0285E01C500EF6" type="Zenodo-Dep">14021526</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="520EA47B1014DB5EDEFD46DF9339E2EB" type="ZooBank">987FAD00-32A7-4E38-AFAD-6EAC8D808FB2</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" box="[151,639,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" blockId="10.[151,639,906,969]" box="[151,639,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<heading id="D0E181C526055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" bold="true" box="[151,639,906,933]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" ID-CoL="4MFL5" authority="(Lamarck 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,639,906,933]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDCCFDDE43B7" bold="true" box="[151,639,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDCCFE0E43B6" bold="true" box="[151,431,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D496093BDCDFDD743B7" author="Lamarck, J. - B. M. de" box="[448,630,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref40450" refString="Lamarck, J. - B. M. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, Tome troisieme. In: Lamarck, J. - B. M. de (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent. Vol. 00. [Book series]. Paris, 586 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11580" type="book" year="1816">Lamarck 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" box="[151,325,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" blockId="10.[151,639,906,969]" box="[151,325,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D4961C4BDE9FEE443DA" box="[151,325,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 3A–E</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226055D4961C4BDB0FE25468A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BDB0FEBF4403" blockId="10.[151,286,1014,1040]" box="[151,286,1014,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BDB0FEBF4403" bold="true" box="[151,286,1014,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BA79FB4C446E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D4961C4BA79FF56444A" box="[151,247,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
A-D documents the first occurrence of this species from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4962C7BA79FBBF444A" box="[916,1054,1087,1113]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, where it was recorded from the Ninepin Islands at 18.0 m. This species occurs between
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26055D496259BA25FCC8446E" box="[778,873,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10-30 m</quantity>
|
||||
in rocky habitats from this region.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194BAC1FAB144FA" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D496194BAC1FE6F44B2" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[199,462,1159,1185]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D496194BAC1FE6F44B2" box="[199,462,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been recorded previously from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D496233BAC1FC0244B2" box="[864,931,1159,1185]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and throughout the Indo-Pacific, specifically from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D49618BBAEDFEB944D6" box="[216,280,1195,1221]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to the west coast of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D49635DBAEDFDD944D6" box="[526,632,1195,1221]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4963E1BAEDFC9244D6" box="[690,819,1195,1221]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the Indonesian region and in the Indian Ocean from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4961C4BA89FF4A44FA" box="[151,235,1231,1257]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the Red Sea and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926055D4960E1BA89FD8344FA" box="[434,546,1231,1257]" name="Mauritius" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, between depths of
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26055D496253BA89FCD844FA" box="[768,889,1230,1257]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 250 m</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D4962D4BA89FBC144FA" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[903,1120,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826055D49653FBA89FAA544FA" author="Schultz, H." box="[1132,1284,1230,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref42527" refString="Schultz, H. (2015) Echinodermata. Vol. 1. Echinoidea. Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin, 386 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110368574" type="book" year="2015">Schultz 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194BAB5FC1D451E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1087,1293]" box="[199,956,1267,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Feeding observations of this species are included in the Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BB19FDE4456B" blockId="10.[151,581,1374,1401]" box="[151,581,1374,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<heading id="D0E181C526055D4961C4BB19FDE4456B" bold="true" box="[151,581,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BB19FDE4456B" bold="true" box="[151,581,1374,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BB19FF47456A" bold="true" box="[151,230,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In situ</emphasis>
|
||||
and aquarium observations
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D4961C4BBE1FCCC463E" blockId="10.[151,1437,1447,1689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D4961C4BBE1FEC745D2" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[151,358,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D4961C4BBE1FF7C45D3" box="[151,221,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In situ</emphasis>
|
||||
observation
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of one individual (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D49636ABBE1FD3145D2" box="[569,656,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) showed a majority of spines carrying fouling materials on them, with only approximately five spines in view without any fouling growth. These spines appear to be shorter and could represent spine loss from predators or other damage or possibly there is preferential fouling growth on the more elongate spines. Reasons for this preferential growth are unclear.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926055D496194B871FE25468A" blockId="10.[151,1437,1447,1689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
Under aquarium conditions (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D496355B871FD214642" box="[518,640,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3B–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), one individual was observed attacking two asteroids, including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D496400B871FF5E4666" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" class="Asteroidea" family="Luidiidae" genus="Luidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D496400B871FF5E4666" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Luidia maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26055D496047B81DFECF4666" box="[276,366,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[201,1386,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prionocidaris baculosa A. Prionocidaris baculosa in proximity to soft coral Scleronephthya, upon which it was presumably feeding. B. Laboratory predation on the luidiid Luidia maculata. C. Laboratory predation on the oreasterid, Culcita novaeguineae. D. Closeup on Culcita novaeguineae showing predation damage around adambulacral region by P. baculosa. E. Specimen with Ophiactis brittle stars present on spines. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and the oreasterid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26055D49630CB81DFCF84667" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[607,857,1627,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26055D49630CB81DFCF84667" box="[607,857,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culcita novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
suggesting predatory tendencies. These were not observed in the field.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF69662126045D4861C4B933FB9647EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021532/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,250,1909,1933]" targetBox="[201,1386,181,1885]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926045D4861C4B933FB9647EA" blockId="11.[151,1437,1908,2041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4861C4B933FD8F479E" bold="true" box="[151,558,1908,1933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
FIGURE 3.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D48604FB932FDAF479F" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[284,526,1908,1932]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D48604FB932FDAF479F" bold="true" box="[284,526,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
A.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486366B933FC84479E" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[565,805,1909,1933]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486366B933FC84479E" box="[565,805,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in proximity to soft coral
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486565B933FB72479E" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1887" box="[1078,1235,1909,1933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Scleronephthya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486565B933FB72479E" box="[1078,1235,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scleronephthya</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, upon which it was presumably feeding.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486038B9DFFE2347A2" bold="true" box="[363,386,1945,1969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Laboratory predation on the luidiid
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4863A2B9DFFC3F47A2" box="[753,926,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D4863A2B9DFFC3A47A2" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[753,923,1945,1969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Luidiidae" genus="Luidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">Luidia maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4862F0B9DFFC1A47A2" bold="true" box="[931,955,1945,1969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Laboratory predation on the oreasterid,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486401B9DFFE8547C6" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486401B9DFFE8547C6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culcita novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486063B9FBFEE847C6" bold="true" box="[304,329,1981,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Closeup on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D48609BB9FBFD0747C6" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[456,678,1981,2005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D48609BB9FBFD0747C6" box="[456,678,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culcita novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
showing predation damage around adambulacral region by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26045D486457B9F8FAD947C6" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1284,1400,1981,2005]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486457B9F8FAD947C6" box="[1284,1400,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. baculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D4864D6B9FBFA3D47C6" bold="true" box="[1413,1436,1981,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E.</emphasis>
|
||||
Specimen with
|
||||
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brittl
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stars present o
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26045D486323B9A4FD6847EA" box="[624,713,2018,2041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n spines.</emphasis>
|
||||
Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26035D4F61C4BED1FE6B40A2" bold="true" box="[151,458,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926035D4F61C4BE9CFE3240E7" blockId="12.[151,1436,218,353]" box="[151,403,218,244]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F61C4BE9CFEBC40E7" box="[151,285,218,244]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
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,
|
||||
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|
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</quantity>
|
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.
|
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|
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F6075BEB8FE0E410B" box="[294,431,254,280]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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: southern
|
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, in the vicinity of
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCDACD326035D4F62C1BEB8FC78410B" box="[914,985,254,280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Island</collectingMunicipality>
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, and throughout the
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F640FBEB8FA3D410B" box="[1372,1436,254,280]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
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to the west coast of
|
||||
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, the
|
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, the
|
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<location id="8EC9607226035D4F6394BF64FC30412F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F6394BF64FC30412F" box="[711,913,290,316]" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Indonesian region" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Indonesian region</location>
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and in the
|
||||
<location id="8EC9607226035D4F655EBF64FB02412F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F655EBF64FB02412F" box="[1037,1187,290,316]" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Indian Ocean" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Indian Ocean</location>
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from Ceylon, the
|
||||
<location id="8EC9607226035D4F643CBF64FF1E4173" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26055D4F61C4BDCCFD0F4173:8EC9607226035D4F643CBF64FF1E4173" country="Hong Kong" county="Outside" municipality="Island" name="Red Sea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Hainan">Red Sea</location>
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and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926035D4F61A5BF00FEC74173" box="[246,358,326,352]" name="Mauritius" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
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, between depths of
|
||||
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|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
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|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document>
|
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|
|
@ -1,56 +1,56 @@
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|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226245D6861C4BC4BFD9D4234" box="[151,572,525,552]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
|
|
@ -138,28 +138,32 @@ Sea, (
|
|||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30C652226245D6861C4B92FFDFB47FC" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926245D6861C4B92FFE2A4790" blockId="43.[151,395,1897,1923]" box="[151,395,1897,1923]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<heading id="D0E181C526245D6861C4B92FFE2A4790" bold="true" box="[151,395,1897,1923]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26245D6861C4B92FFE2A4790" bold="true" box="[151,395,1897,1923]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926245D6861C4B9F7FDFB47FC" blockId="43.[151,1436,1969,2032]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CF426245D6861C4B9F7FDF747FC" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE6C26245D6861C4B9F7FF4947D8" box="[151,232,1969,1995]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">CASIZ</collectionCode>
|
||||
28462, the vicinity of
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CF426245D6861C4B9F7FDF747FC" collectingDate="1908-08-09" collectionCode="CASIZ" collectorName="USFC Steamer Albatross" country="Hong Kong" latitude="21.7" longitude="114.833336" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="CASIZ 28462" specimenCount="1">
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBB09ED226245D6861C4B9F7FE9647D8" box="[151,311,1969,1995]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">CASIZ 28462</specimenCode>
|
||||
, the vicinity of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926245D6860B3B9F4FDC347DF" box="[480,610,1970,1996]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE22506E26245D68633BB9F7FD6C47DF" box="[616,717,1969,1996]" degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="21.7">21º42’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE22506E26245D686385B9F7FCEB47DF" box="[726,842,1969,1996]" degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="114.833336">114º 50’ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26245D686207B9F7FC0047DF" box="[852,929,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.95" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="69.5">69.5 m</quantity>
|
||||
(38 fathoms), Coll. USFC Steamer Albatross,
|
||||
<date id="FFA8106926245D6861C4B993FE9F47FC" box="[151,318,2005,2032]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="1908-08-09">9 August 1908</date>
|
||||
. 1 dry spec.
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED07AE6C26245D686099B993FE7C47FC" box="[458,477,2005,2031]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">R</collectionCode>
|
||||
=8.2 r=1.8
|
||||
(38 fathoms), Coll.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26E3537F26245D68652DB9F7FA3947D8" box="[1150,1432,1969,1995]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">USFC Steamer Albatross</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="FFA8106926245D6861C4B993FE9F47FC" box="[151,318,2005,2032]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="1908-08-09">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EFECE98126245D6861C4B993FE9F47FC" box="[151,318,2005,2032]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="1908-08-09">9 August 1908</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
. 1 dry spec. R=8.2 r=1.8
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue