581 lines
75 KiB
XML
581 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="176F58032782E37F34807C8424A5680D" ID-CLB-Dataset="8494" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a47376ec-9516-470a-9af8-9f819651c2bf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411411" ID-ZooBank="4CDBAC51-FBCA-4157-B361-F56CA3EAC107" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609607788674" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zacca, Thamara, Casagrande, Mirna M., Mielke, Olaf H. H., Huertas, Blanca, Espeland, Marianne, Freitas, André V. L., Willmott, Keith R., Nakahara, Shinichi & Lamas, Gerardo" docDate="2020" docId="D33D878EFFB8746BFF33FC9A5067FCC4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4858.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4858 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Vanima Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke 2020, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="2F04FFF6FFB47465FFA4FFDF5508FFD1" masterDocTitle="Revalidation of Vareuptychia Forster, 1964, description of Vanima gen. nov., and notes on Euptychia cleophes Godman & Salvin, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1698851429731" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6A762D52A83DEB934EF43DFFA37A2437">
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<mods:title id="0DF44284AD30778EB70DA9637456309A">Revalidation of Vareuptychia Forster, 1964, description of Vanima gen. nov., and notes on Euptychia cleophes Godman & Salvin, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="584C171F5FFCB4011FE735B4472D63D4">Zacca, Thamara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6462E02214BEE7B8C2F9E0D396CA7E85">Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Borboletas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="76067AB26FFA6463BD8BBBE40B12B399">Casagrande, Mirna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3820BFBFD15248FE5AE8C26C75287928" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6076-8463</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="E30DA3A3D4E854BCACAF8041C3828E55">Department of Zoology, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6076 - 8463</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="78EA1A1E96CB81D30FF7A8D28E0A9B1C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="61E873A03604477DDC9F4D09686CB97F">Mielke, Olaf H. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5E13DF0710B8E4DFA334C56F43F41336" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3655-4606</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="EF119921C065152FFB48E1E7E1D80726">Department of Zoology, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3655 - 4606</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="883C49654A4F1EEB3AFBE3F97FF38059">Huertas, Blanca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2EDD7C8B1ED88BC680A08912DA359200" type="ORCID">0000-0002-9807-4790</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="2D829952C1A23E4DC25FCF9F681BEF4E">Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9807 - 4790</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="C0CA141D3B6979F0E2F5B0942D78B0BB">Espeland, Marianne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FC42CBE1E186621B306EED19EBE15A55" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6800-4783</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="DDABBD877DB55DD94BE872B34FEB2711">Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6800 - 4783</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8EABE09460B71AA99965ED81715E858E">Freitas, André V. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="55D7736815283DA974AC0A5C2A465E11" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5763-4990</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="20EA6B6826807021817555D6F4DAFE22">Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Borboletas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5763 - 4990</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="39DF5758E10A132B7C1ADB01533CE225">Willmott, Keith R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2C64740A64C569604B5A03B2120BDD33">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Departament of Entomology, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3664 - 6730</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="37544C2CFBD1F42C65681D729D8FF50B">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="13E6B34E2C6EA7BFE8B2FD85B6EDDBBA">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Departament of Entomology, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3664 - 6730</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4A5B704F5CB17BA2DE40BB84BEBC0E1A">Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="867BDDC8ADAD00D5ACBF7F4FA899628A" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3664-6730</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6E7D82C648296947A2BCCB0973185947">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9DBE35C9F4A78FCFCCC5852BA34D9AE8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="C4AD239730939E69DFE2CE34D4C997ED">
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<mods:date id="798F01CF20F4C8BF2D73E240B4E50C94">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="62138F95F6CA1CAE8AE4ECBC92780F5D">2020-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="01DE742D36306919BB63E4CB9C2400DF">4858</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E304AA9D40085FEF7405FEE2F8D568FF" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="3C0CB732ABA61A0601DEC0B74CF0CE6A">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="DDDFD59977B0B067937E8D0803CBEBA0">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="4219662C8127FCD2F634649450A07DA0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9D16F7C9B8B57CF1EB8CB4FEA5523F9F" type="CLB-Dataset">8494</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BB0B10AD6F6FA7715D3DC16DF288E3B8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D852C891C96FDE3F689427B3F3FD0691" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="23B4F1FB63F7F4D4A8C3E31DD7E38977" type="Zenodo-Dep">4411411</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D33D878EFFB8746BFF33FC9A5067FCC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411391" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177207943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411391" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D33D878EFFB8746BFF33FC9A5067FCC4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D33D878EFFB8746BFF33FC9A5067FCC4" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="138E6513FFB87469FF33FC9A57EDFC8E" box="[151,741,837,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87469FF33FC9A57EDFC8E" blockId="12.[151,741,837,863]" box="[151,741,837,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="006381F4FFB87469FF33FC9A57EDFC8E" bold="true" box="[151,741,837,863]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33FC9A57EDFC8E" bold="true" box="[151,741,837,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FF33FC9A5762FC8E" authority="Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke" authorityName="Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,618,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33FC9A55FCFC8E" bold="true" box="[151,244,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vanima</emphasis>
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Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFB87469FDD3FC9A57EDFC8E" box="[631,741,837,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="138E6513FFB87469FF33FC565636FC70" box="[151,830,905,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87469FF33FC565636FC70" blockId="12.[151,830,905,929]" box="[151,830,905,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33FC56542BFC70" bold="true" box="[151,291,905,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<typeStatus id="842F883AFFB87469FF33FC5655C4FC70" box="[151,204,905,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FE8EFC565741FC70" ID-CoL="93ZVP" authority="Butler, 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[298,585,905,929]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FE8EFC5654CBFC70" box="[298,451,905,929]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Euptychia labe</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFB87469FE6DFC565741FC70" author="Butler, A. G." box="[457,585,905,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="250 - 252" refId="ref17852" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) On new or recently described species of diurnal Lepidoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 6 (71), 250 - 252." type="journal article" year="1870">Butler, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by present designation.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="138E6513FFB87469FF33FC0F5474FBE0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87469FF33FC0F5474FBE0" blockId="12.[151,1437,975,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33FC0F5416FC3B" bold="true" box="[151,286,976,1002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The generic name ‘vanima’ means beautiful in the fictional elvish language Quenya from J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle-Earth novels. In this case, we explicitly note that we use the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FB86FC2B517EFBDC" authorityName="Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke" authorityYear="2020" box="[1058,1142,1012,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FB86FC2B517EFBDC" box="[1058,1142,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vanima</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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as a feminine noun in the nominative singular.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="138E6513FFB87469FF63FBE456C9F90F" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87469FF63FBE45756FAA7" blockId="12.[151,1437,975,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
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<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF63FBE4544AFB84" bold="true" box="[199,322,1083,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FE6EFBE45759FB84" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1896" box="[458,593,1083,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FD14FBE3560CFB84" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[688,772,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FD14FBE3560CFB84" box="[688,772,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vanima</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FCAEFBE3567BFB87" bold="true" box="[778,883,1084,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished by the following set of characters: DHW with a large bipupilled ocellus occupying the entire width of cell CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB87469FBF2FBAD5156FB51" attach="left" box="[1110,1118,1138,1152]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</subScript>
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-CuA
|
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<subScript id="C71034DDFFB87469FB38FBAD51ACFB51" attach="left" box="[1180,1188,1138,1152]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</subScript>
|
||
(also present in some other euptychines, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FE02FB5B564BFB4F" authority="(Staudinger, 1887))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[422,835,1155,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusa">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FE14FB5B5754FB4F" box="[432,604,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cissia’ confusa</emphasis>
|
||
(Staudinger, 1887))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, VHW having a reddish-brown quadrate patch at the tornus formed by the expansion of the marginal line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFB87469FD42FB78563FFB13" box="[742,823,1191,1218]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-273@13.[151,1436,633,1385]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Species of Vanima gen. nov., dorsal and ventral: 30–33. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37. Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41. Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
) (also present in other euptychines, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FA84FB77543AFB34" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">‘Magneuptychia’ andrei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFB87469FE9EFB1357C4FB37" author="Zacca, T. & Paluch, M. & Siewert, R. R. & Freitas, A. & Barbosa, E. & Mielke, O. & Casagrande, M." box="[314,716,1227,1254]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="169 - 190" refId="ref24315" refString="Zacca, T., Paluch, M., Siewert, R. R., Freitas, A., Barbosa, E., Mielke, O. & Casagrande, M. (2017) Revision of Godartiana Forster (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with the description of a new species from northeastern Brazil. Austral Entomology, 56 (2), 169 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12223" type="journal article" year="2017">Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and related species), and a tiny ocellus in 2A and inner margin in VHW (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFB87469FEA3FB305451FADB" box="[263,345,1263,1290]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-273@13.[151,1436,633,1385]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30–41. Species of Vanima gen. nov., dorsal and ventral: 30–33. Vanima labe comb. nov.: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37. Vanima lesbia comb. nov.: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41. Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
) (absent in a few individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FD6DFB2F561EFAD8" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[713,790,1263,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FD6DFB2F561EFAD8" box="[713,790,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FCBAFB2F5697FADB" bold="true" box="[798,927,1264,1290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, and present rarely in other euptychines, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FF33FACC565EFAFF" authority="Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, 2015" authorityName="Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,854,1299,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33FACC5461FAFC" box="[151,361,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Euptychia sophiae</emphasis>
|
||
Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, 2015
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FC30FACB5448FA83" authority="Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & LeCrom, 2015" authorityName="Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & LeCrom" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenboroughi">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FC30FACB515CFAFC" box="[916,1108,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. attenboroughi</emphasis>
|
||
Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & LeCrom, 2015
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This combination of characters is unique within the larger ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FC50FAE75146FA80" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1012,1102,1336,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Megisto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FC50FAE75146FA80" box="[1012,1102,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megisto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’-clade of which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FAABFAE7506BFA80" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[1295,1379,1336,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FAABFAE7506BFA80" box="[1295,1379,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FACFFAE755C0FAA7" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
is a member (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFB87469FEC3FA84575AFAA7" author="Espeland, M. & Breinholt, J. W. & Barbosa, E. P. & Casagrande, M. M. & Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Marin, M. A. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Miller, J. Y. & Nakahara, S. & Tan, D. & Warren, A. D. & Zacca, T. & Kawahara, A. Y. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R." box="[359,594,1371,1398]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="116 - 124" refId="ref18567" refString="Espeland, M., Breinholt, J. W., Barbosa, E. P., Casagrande, M. M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Marin, M. A., Mielke, O. H. H., Miller, J. Y., Nakahara, S., Tan, D., Warren, A. D., Zacca, T., Kawahara, A. Y., Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R. (2019) Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 131, 116 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.10.039" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Espeland
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FE72FA83570FFAA4" box="[470,519,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87469FF63FA5F56C9F90F" blockId="12.[151,1437,975,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FE86FAA054A4FA48" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1896" box="[290,428,1407,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the genitalia of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FCACFA5F5654FA48" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[776,860,1408,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FCACFA5F5654FA48" box="[776,860,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FCC7FA5F56C4FA4B" bold="true" box="[867,972,1408,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
resembles the otherwise distantly related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FF33FA7C5610FA6F" authority="(Huertas, Lamas, Fagua & Willmott, 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Huertas, Lamas, Fagua & Willmott" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[151,792,1443,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33FA7C542EFA6C" box="[151,294,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Omacha pax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFB87469FE93FA7B5618FA6F" author="Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Fagua, G. & Mallet, J. & Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K." box="[311,784,1443,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="5 - 11" refId="ref20124" refString="Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Fagua, G., Mallet, J., Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K. (2016) A remarkable new butterfly species from western Amazonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Conservacion Colombiana, 24, 5 - 11." type="journal article" year="2016">Huertas, Lamas, Fagua & Willmott, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFB87469FC83FA7B510EFA6C" author="Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Fagua, G. & Mallet, J. & Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K." box="[807,1030,1443,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="5 - 11" refId="ref20124" refString="Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Fagua, G., Mallet, J., Nakahara, S. & Willmott, K. (2016) A remarkable new butterfly species from western Amazonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Conservacion Colombiana, 24, 5 - 11." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Huertas
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FC2CFA7B56CAFA6C" box="[904,962,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Andrade-C.
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FB38FA7B51DDFA6C" box="[1180,1237,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019) but can be distinguished by the ovoid uncus in dorsal view (elliptical in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FCFDFA1756AEFA30" box="[857,934,1480,1506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FCFDFA1756AEFA30" box="[857,934,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), apex of valva pointed or rounded (double prongs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FEA8FA335450F9D4" box="[268,344,1516,1542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FEA8FA335450F9D4" box="[268,344,1516,1542]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), aedeagus bipartite at the distal region (truncated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FC66FA335107F9D4" box="[962,1039,1516,1542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FC66FA335107F9D4" box="[962,1039,1516,1542]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), papillae anales without posterior apophysis (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FE28F9CF54DEF9F8" box="[396,470,1552,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FE28F9CF54DEF9F8" box="[396,470,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and lateral plate of the 8
|
||
<superScript id="ACE19BD0FFB87469FD52F9D0560BF9CC" attach="left" box="[758,771,1551,1565]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">th</superScript>
|
||
segment with a spiracle dorsally located (spiracle absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FF33F9EB55E9F99C" box="[151,225,1588,1614]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33F9EB55E9F99C" box="[151,225,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lamella antevaginalis absent (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FD1DF9EB560BF99C" box="[697,771,1588,1614]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="pax">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FD1DF9EB560BF99C" box="[697,771,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Compared to the phylogenetically closest genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FAECF9EB5094F99C" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[1352,1436,1588,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FAECF9EB5094F99C" box="[1352,1436,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33F9875408F9A3" bold="true" box="[151,256,1624,1650]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72D357F1FFB87469FF33F9875408F9A3" box="[151,256,1624,1650]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FDE4F9885698F9A3" authority="Ebert & Dias, 1998" authorityName="Ebert & Dias" authorityYear="1998" box="[576,912,1623,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Carminda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FDE4F98857BAF9A0" box="[576,690,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Carminda</emphasis>
|
||
Ebert & Dias, 1998
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the ocelli on the DW (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FABEF9885084F9A0" authorityName="Ebert & Dias" authorityYear="1998" box="[1306,1420,1623,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Carminda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FABEF9885084F9A0" box="[1306,1420,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Carminda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), elongated valva (rhomboid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FE57F9A4576DF944" authorityName="Ebert & Dias" authorityYear="1998" box="[499,613,1659,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Carminda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FE57F9A4576DF944" box="[499,613,1659,1685]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Carminda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and absence of lamella antevaginalis (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FB0CF9A45012F944" authorityName="Ebert & Dias" authorityYear="1998" box="[1192,1306,1659,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Carminda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FB0CF9A45012F944" box="[1192,1306,1659,1685]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Carminda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FF33F9405425F968" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,301,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF33F9405425F968" box="[151,301,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yphthimoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the reddish-brown quadrate patch at the VHW tornus (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FB82F94051B4F968" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1062,1212,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FB82F94051B4F968" box="[1062,1212,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yphthimoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the absence of spine-like projections in the apex of the valva (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB87469FCBFF91C56B9F90C" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[795,945,1731,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FCBFF91C56B9F90C" box="[795,945,1731,1757]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yphthimoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="138E6513FFB8746BFF63F9385067FCC4" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87469FF63F93857B1F8BC" blockId="12.[151,1437,975,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF63F9385451F8D0" bold="true" box="[199,345,1767,1793]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Antennae half length of costal margin of FW, with white scales around base of each flagellomere; chaetosema brown; postgena area with small white or cream scales; labial palp about two times length of head with mixed small white and black scales at distal segment and elongated scales at mid and basal segments. Legs covered with mixed small white, brown and black scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB87468FF63F8A754D3FDB0" blockId="12.[151,1437,975,2016]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB87469FF63F8A7541BF840" box="[199,275,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Wings.</emphasis>
|
||
FW sub-triangular, costa slightly convex, apex rounded, external margin slightly convex, without indentations, and inner margin straight. DHW ground color brown with elements of VFW visible through translucence, large bipupilled ocellus between Radius and M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB87469FD1CF80D57C8F831" attach="left" box="[696,704,2002,2016]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</subScript>
|
||
with black ocellar spot surrounded by a narrow yellow ocellar ring (except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB97468FEE7FF4854A9FF60" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[323,417,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesbia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FEE7FF4854A9FF60" box="[323,417,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">V. lesbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FE0DFF485721FF60" bold="true" box="[425,553,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
in which this ocellus is only present on VFW). VFW with three broad straight lines (basal, submedian and median) of variable color (dark brown or rufous), two thin crenulated dark brown lines (submarginal and marginal), space between median and submarginal lines with a dark brown umbra extending from costa to 2A or costa to M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE1AFECA54CEFEF2" attach="left" box="[446,454,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FDA1FECA5705FEF2" attach="left" box="[517,525,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
(in latter, with an additional yellow spot between M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FBC8FECA517CFEF2" attach="left" box="[1132,1140,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FB16FECA51B2FEF2" attach="left" box="[1202,1210,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
), two to four ocelli between R-M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE95FEE65431FE96" attach="left" box="[305,313,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
, M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FEC5FEE65461FE96" attach="left" box="[353,361,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE2FFEE65490FE96" attach="left" box="[395,408,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2,</subScript>
|
||
M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE11FEE654B5FE96" attach="left" box="[437,445,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE7BFEE654E4FE96" attach="left" box="[479,492,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3,</subScript>
|
||
M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FDADFEE65719FE96" attach="left" box="[521,529,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FDEBFEE6575FFE96" attach="left" box="[591,599,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
; one at M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FD6CFEE657D8FE96" attach="left" box="[712,720,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FD57FEE657F3FE96" attach="left" box="[755,763,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
is always present and larger with a developed black ocellar spot and two pupils while others are smaller with faded ocellar spot and 1–2 large pupils. HW sub-rectangular, costa convex, apex rounded, external margin convex with slight indentations, inner margin slightly convex and curved at tornus. DHW ground color brown with elements of VHW visible through slightly translucent wings, large ocellus in CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FF4CFE1655F8FE06" attach="left" box="[232,240,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE8AFE16543EFE06" attach="left" box="[302,310,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
with black ocellar spot surrounded by a narrow yellow ocellar ring and 1–2 tiny pupils. VHW similar to VFW except for five ocelli between Rs-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FD0AFE3257BEFE2A" attach="left" box="[686,694,493,507]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
and an additional tiny ocellus in 2A and inner margin; bipupilled ocelli in M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FEBCFDCE5428FDCE" attach="left" box="[280,288,529,543]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FEE6FDCE5442FDCE" attach="left" box="[322,330,529,543]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
and CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE18FDCE54CCFDCE" attach="left" box="[444,452,529,543]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FDA6FDCE5702FDCE" attach="left" box="[514,522,529,543]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
are larger than others with developed black ocellar spot surrounded by yellow ocellar ring, ocelli between M
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FE4CFDEA54F8FD92" attach="left" box="[488,496,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
||
-CuA
|
||
<subScript id="C71034DDFFB97468FD8BFDEA573FFD92" attach="left" box="[559,567,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
|
||
with faded ocellar spot and two large pupils; marginal line enlarged at tornus forming a rufous sub-square.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0FEB6610FFB97468FF33FA5E55EDF9D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411428" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411428/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,264,1409,1433]" targetBox="[157,1431,640,1377]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB97468FF33FA5E55EDF9D4" blockId="13.[151,1436,1409,1541]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FF33FA5E545EFA48" bold="true" box="[151,342,1409,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURES 30–41.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB97468FE6BFA5D5713FA48" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[463,539,1410,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FE6BFA5D5713FA48" box="[463,539,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FD87FA5E578BFA48" bold="true" box="[547,643,1409,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and ventral: 30–33.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB97468FC03FA5D512EFA48" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[935,1062,1409,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FC03FA5D512EFA48" box="[935,1062,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vanima labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FB8AFA5E51ABFA48" bold="true" box="[1070,1187,1409,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
: 30–31. male (Chiriquí, Panama), 32–33. female (Verapaz, Mexico); 34–37.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB97468FD01FA79563CFA6C" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[677,820,1445,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesbia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FD01FA79563CFA6C" box="[677,820,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vanima lesbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FC9DFA7A56A4FA6C" bold="true" box="[825,940,1445,1469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
: 34–35. male (Amazonas, Brazil), 36–37. female (Amazonas, Brazil); 38–41.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFB97468FE1DFA155757FA30" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[441,607,1481,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FE1DFA155757FA30" box="[441,607,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vanima palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FDC3FA1657D3FA30" bold="true" box="[615,731,1481,1505]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
: 38–39. Male (Acre, Brazil), 40–41. female (Acre, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB97468FF63F9EB502BF9A3" blockId="13.[151,1437,1587,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FF63F9EB5421F99C" box="[199,297,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Venation</emphasis>
|
||
. FW with vein Sc strongly swollen at base, CuA swollen and 2A slightly swollen at base, dcs reduced, dcm concave, dci straight or slightly sinuous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFB97468FD3FF98857E7F9A3" box="[667,751,1623,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–46" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1295,1319]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1264]" captionTargetId="figure-17@15.[151,1436,181,1271]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 45–46. Wing venation of Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 45. male, 46. female. Black arrows indicate generic diagnostic features. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411432/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
). HW with developed humeral vein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFB97468FB28F988501FF9A3" box="[1164,1303,1623,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–46" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1295,1319]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1264]" captionTargetId="figure-17@15.[151,1436,181,1271]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 45–46. Wing venation of Vanima palladia comb. nov.: 45. male, 46. female. Black arrows indicate generic diagnostic features. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411432/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 45–46</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB97468FF63F9A456F8F840" blockId="13.[151,1437,1587,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FF63F9A4547BF944" box="[199,371,1659,1685]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
Tegumen sub-triangular in lateral view, in dorsal view with a median concavity at posterior region. Uncus about twice length of tegumen, robust at posterior region turning slender from median region to apex in lateral view and dorsally elliptical. Gnathos narrow and curved upwards, almost same length as uncus. Appendices angulares of variable size. Anterior projection of saccus developed and cylindrical. Fultura superior absent. Fultura inferior a thin stripe. Valva sub-triangular covered by long hair-like setae latero-ventrally, and short setae at inner side, costae developed, and apex pointed. Aedeagus straight, shorter than valva, cylindrical, anterior region bottleshaped, posterior region about two times longer than anterior region, with bifid apex in dorsal view, distal opening ventral and almost same length as proximal opening. Vesica without cornuti.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFB9746BFF63F844509AFF04" blockId="13.[151,1437,1587,2010]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,150,789]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFB97468FF63F844548EF864" box="[199,390,1947,1973]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. Eighth tergite rectangular. Papilla anales somewhat triangular, sclerotized at posterior region and covered by long hair-like setae at distal region; posterior apophysis absent. Lateral plate (probably derived from 8
|
||
<superScript id="ACE19BD0FFBA746BFF01FF4955BAFF75" attach="left" box="[165,178,150,164]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">th</superScript>
|
||
sternite) can reach or not 8
|
||
<superScript id="ACE19BD0FFBA746BFE4AFF4954F3FF75" attach="left" box="[494,507,150,164]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">th</superScript>
|
||
tergite, spiracle present. Lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis absent. Ductus bursae membranous and of variable size; corpus bursae membranous with paired signa dorsally or dorso-laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B2B3698FFBA746BFF63FF015067FCC4" blockId="14.[151,1437,150,789]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFF63FF015761FF29" bold="true" box="[199,617,222,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Systematic position and discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFDCBFF0057CBFF29" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[623,707,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFDCBFF0057CBFF29" box="[623,707,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFD6EFF00563BFF28" bold="true" box="[714,819,223,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
comprises three species previously treated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFA90FF005072FF28" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1848" box="[1332,1402,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFA90FF005072FF28" box="[1332,1402,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cissia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFF33FEDC5431FECC" author="Lamas, G." box="[151,313,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref20492" refString="Lamas, G. (2004) Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 217 - 223." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFEE1FEDC549AFECC" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[325,402,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFEE1FEDC549AFECC" box="[325,402,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE3FFEDC5715FECC" bold="true" box="[411,541,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFD88FEDC5784FECC" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[556,652,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesbia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFD88FEDC5784FECC" box="[556,652,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. lesbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFD30FEDC561EFECC" bold="true" box="[660,790,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFCEBFEDC56C1FECC" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[847,969,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFCEBFEDC56C1FECC" box="[847,969,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC76FEDC515CFECC" bold="true" box="[978,1108,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
Previous molecular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFAE2FEDC5445FE90" author="Murray, D. L. & Prowell, D. P." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="67 - 80" refId="ref21641" refString="Murray, D. L. & Prowell, D. P. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34 (1), 67 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2004.08.014" type="journal article" year="2005">Murray & Prowell 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFEFDFEF85719FE90" author="Pena, C. & Wahlberg, N. & Weingartner, E. & Kodandaramaiah, U. & Nylin, S. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z." box="[345,529,295,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="29 - 49" refId="ref22414" refString="Pena, C., Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E., Kodandaramaiah, U., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2006) Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40 (1), 29 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02.007" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Peña
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE33FEF854D8FE90" box="[407,464,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFDB9FEF85751FE90" author="Pena, C. & Nylin, S. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Wahlberg, N." box="[541,601,295,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="243 - 258" refId="ref22345" refString="Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zoologica Scripta, 39 (3), 243 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2010.00421. x" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFDC7FEF85647FE90" author="Wahlberg, N. & Leneveu, J. & Kodandaramaiah, U. & Pena, C. & Nylin, S. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z." box="[611,847,295,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="4295 - 4302" refId="ref23669" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversity following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 276 (1677), 4295 - 4302. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2009.1303" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wahlberg
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFD72FEF85606FE90" box="[726,782,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFBE4FEF8500EFE90" author="Marin, M. A. & Pena, C. & Uribe, S. I. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[1088,1286,295,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="768 - 785" refId="ref21162" refString="Marin, M. A., Pena, C., Uribe, S. I. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2017) Morphology agrees with molecular data: phylogenetic affinities of Euptychiina butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Systematic Entomology, 42 (4), 768 - 785. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12245" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Marín
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB29FEF851CDFE90" box="[1165,1221,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) phylogenies did not sample any species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFE41FE945731FEB5" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[485,569,331,356]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE41FE945731FEB5" box="[485,569,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFDE4FE9457A0FEB4" bold="true" box="[576,680,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFCBAFE94511CFEB4" author="Espeland, M. & Breinholt, J. W. & Barbosa, E. P. & Casagrande, M. M. & Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Marin, M. A. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Miller, J. Y. & Nakahara, S. & Tan, D. & Warren, A. D. & Zacca, T. & Kawahara, A. Y. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R." box="[798,1044,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="116 - 124" refId="ref18567" refString="Espeland, M., Breinholt, J. W., Barbosa, E. P., Casagrande, M. M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Marin, M. A., Mielke, O. H. H., Miller, J. Y., Nakahara, S., Tan, D., Warren, A. D., Zacca, T., Kawahara, A. Y., Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R. (2019) Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 131, 116 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.10.039" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Espeland
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC2FFE9456CBFEB4" box="[907,963,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFB25FE9451C4FEB4" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1153,1228,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB25FE9451C4FEB4" box="[1153,1228,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB77FE94505AFEB4" bold="true" box="[1235,1362,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFA2CFE9455FCFE58" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFA2CFE9455FCFE58" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFF58FEB05476FE58" bold="true" box="[252,382,367,393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
in a backbone phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFD6DFEB05658FE58" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1896" box="[713,848,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on hybrid enrichment data. According to that study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFF45FE4C5425FE7C" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[225,301,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFF45FE4C5425FE7C" box="[225,301,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE92FE4C54BFFE7C" bold="true" box="[310,439,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFE4BFE4C5761FE7C" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[495,617,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE4BFE4C5761FE7C" box="[495,617,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. palladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFDD5FE4C57FAFE7C" bold="true" box="[625,754,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
are distantly related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFC5BFE4C514DFE7C" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1848" box="[1023,1093,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC5BFE4C514DFE7C" box="[1023,1093,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cissia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but sister to a clade that comprises some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFE3CFE685726FE00" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[408,558,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE3CFE685726FE00" box="[408,558,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yphthimoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFDCAFE68568BFE00" authority="(Weymer, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Weymer" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[622,899,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFDCAFE6857CFFE01" box="[622,711,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Y. pacta</emphasis>
|
||
(Weymer, 1911)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFC36FE6851B3FE00" authority="(Schaus, 1902))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[914,1211,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC36FE68510BFE00" box="[914,1027,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Y. borasta</emphasis>
|
||
(Schaus, 1902))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFB55FE68506BFE00" authorityName="Ebert & Dias" authorityYear="1998" box="[1265,1379,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Carminda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB55FE68506BFE00" box="[1265,1379,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Carminda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The results of our present study also corroborate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFD14FE04560CFE25" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[688,772,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFD14FE04560CFE25" box="[688,772,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFCAEFE04567AFE24" bold="true" box="[778,882,475,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
is monophyletic (aLRT = 89.8/BS = 94) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3AF2A1DFFBA746BFA99FE045087FE24" box="[1341,1423,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 87" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1265,1289]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,186,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-17@27.[151,1436,181,1242]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 87. Phylogenetic tree showing the position of Vareuptychia stat. rest. (green) and Vanima gen. nov. (purple) in Euptychiina. Numbers above the branches indicate the support values (SH-aLRT support/ultrafast bootstrap support); numbers below 70 are not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411456/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
|
||
). With the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFE2CFE2054EDFDC8" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[392,485,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesbia" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE2CFE2054EDFDC8" box="[392,485,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. lesbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE48FE205763FDC8" bold="true" box="[492,619,511,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
in the analysis we found that this species is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFB16FE2051F5FDC8" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1202,1277,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labe" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB16FE2051F5FDC8" box="[1202,1277,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. labe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFAA7FE20508BFDC8" bold="true" box="[1283,1411,511,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFA2DFE205418FDEC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFF33FDFC5418FDEC" authority="(Butler, 1867)" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[151,272,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palladia" status="comb. nov.">V. palladia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFEBCFDFC5491FDEC" bold="true" box="[280,409,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
Some studies have recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFD4AFDFC568CFDEC" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[750,900,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFD4AFDFC568CFDEC" box="[750,900,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yphthimoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as polyphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFBE1FDFC5006FDEC" author="Marin, M. A. & Pena, C. & Uribe, S. I. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[1093,1294,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="768 - 785" refId="ref21162" refString="Marin, M. A., Pena, C., Uribe, S. I. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2017) Morphology agrees with molecular data: phylogenetic affinities of Euptychiina butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Systematic Entomology, 42 (4), 768 - 785. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12245" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Marín
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB37FDFC51C4FDEC" box="[1171,1228,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFABEFDFC55FEFDB0" author="Espeland, M. & Breinholt, J. W. & Barbosa, E. P. & Casagrande, M. M. & Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Marin, M. A. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Miller, J. Y. & Nakahara, S. & Tan, D. & Warren, A. D. & Zacca, T. & Kawahara, A. Y. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="116 - 124" refId="ref18567" refString="Espeland, M., Breinholt, J. W., Barbosa, E. P., Casagrande, M. M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Marin, M. A., Mielke, O. H. H., Miller, J. Y., Nakahara, S., Tan, D., Warren, A. D., Zacca, T., Kawahara, A. Y., Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R. (2019) Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 131, 116 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.10.039" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Espeland
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFA2CFDFC55BCFDB0" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Barbosa
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFEC7FD985493FDB0" box="[355,411,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE0DFD9854F7FDB1" box="[425,511,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in prep.</emphasis>
|
||
) and an ongoing study will describe a new genus to contain these species (Barbosa
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFF33FDB455D9FD54" box="[151,209,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFF44FDB4543FFD55" box="[224,311,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in prep.</emphasis>
|
||
). Conversely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFE78FDB45746FD54" authorityName="Ebert & Dias" authorityYear="1998" box="[476,590,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Carminda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFE78FDB45746FD54" box="[476,590,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Carminda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monophyletic based on molecular data and the morphology of the wing pattern, venation, male and female genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F054B69FFBA746BFD34FD50560EFD78" author="Dias, M. M." box="[656,774,655,681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="537 - 540" refId="ref18425" refString="Dias, M. M. (2011) Taxonomic considerations on the genera Moneuptychia Forster and Carminda Dias, reval. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 71 (2), 537 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842011000300026" type="journal article" year="2011">Dias 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Aguiar
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFCC1FD505695FD78" box="[869,925,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC0FFD50510AFD79" box="[939,1026,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in prep.</emphasis>
|
||
) are quite distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFAB4FD50506CFD79" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[1296,1380,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFAB4FD50506CFD79" box="[1296,1380,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFACFFD5055C0FD1C" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
Although the male genitalia morphology of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFCC4FD6C56BCFD1D" authority="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas, 2020" authorityName="Zacca & Casagrande & Mielke & Huertas & Espeland & Freitas & Willmott & Nakahara & Lamas" authorityYear="2020" box="[864,948,691,716]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFCC4FD6C56BCFD1D" box="[864,948,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC1FFD6C512DFD1C" bold="true" box="[955,1061,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
shares some similarities with the monotypic
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFEB3FD08547EFD20" box="[279,374,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Omacha</emphasis>
|
||
, analysis of sequence data from> 300 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFC14FD08513FFD20" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1896" box="[944,1079,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows that both genera are not closely related and
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFED4FD2454C7FCC4" box="[368,463,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Omacha</emphasis>
|
||
appears as sister of the clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C944D1BFFBA746BFC16FD24514DFCC4" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[946,1093,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFC16FD24514DFCC4" box="[946,1093,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Espeland
|
||
<emphasis id="69E0EA8AFFBA746BFB66FD2451F3FCC4" box="[1218,1275,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, in prep.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |