239 lines
30 KiB
XML
239 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="80B4491877A18C3E5D40C3519D12069A" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2370663" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219769" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1722843533298" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Denys, Christiane, Gabriel, Nadine W., Lalis, Aude & Jenkins, Paulina" docDate="2024" docId="038C87C6FFFDFFFBB1F1FC06FD75FC98" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.25-28.796-839.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (25 - 28)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2370663" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Rattus rattus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="809" masterDocId="FFB5FFBEFFF6FFF6B02CFFB3FF8FFFA2" masterDocTitle="Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children’s Cave, Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="839" masterPageNumber="796" pageNumber="807" updateTime="1723487275992" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="7432389C12849D5BB84AFE6250777D30">Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children’s Cave, Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1ADB1470849BDF847D576DC96653EDC2">Denys, Christiane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="62537488483BDAC23F3BB4B698182012">Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7415F1E7AADDCDF69D9EA8D25E116996">Gabriel, Nadine W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A296C45B63717105D3067A40F48AF10F">Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FA849B75ADDE8942E30144ACB8E6D519">Lalis, Aude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9238A3F8FC07221A216F14F9544B0E86">Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0E096772336B174FE03712BDC9563D68">Jenkins, Paulina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="020CEDA2F1B39CAA9636C542086084DC">Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5BDF80CDCD7BA8474F9FE78DE631A70D">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3EB85F81DD9A652FB941E69775B5E3B1">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2B10AD4B59716DA4E9A491AE274DBBBD">2024-07-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="104D8FC1773467E83274C2A6B9A9AE57">58</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="837C71CF378FE602C33E8777B1918870">25 - 28</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="41A62FC23F193D311D47A18F12D4EA6F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7541A1B19FE85F04FADFC03EFFE86B8C" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2024.2370663</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6CC95F7DACD1A50ABB4C1FBE697BC07A" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C33F655BFFFDFFFDB1F1FC06FCC9FC72" box="[477,838,949,976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFDFFFDB1F1FC06FCC9FC72" blockId="11.[477,838,949,976]" box="[477,838,949,976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">
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<heading id="D0D281BCFFFDFFFDB1F1FC06FCC9FC72" box="[477,838,949,976]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFDFFFDB1F1FC06FCC9FC72" ID-CoL="4RM6W" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[477,838,949,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
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<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB1F1FC06FDFAFC72" box="[477,629,949,976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
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||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33F655BFFFDFFFBB08CFC59FD53FE38" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="809" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFDFFFDB08CFC59FE9AF9F3" blockId="11.[160,1156,1002,1721]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">
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Today this species is present in all
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<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFDFFFDB20DFC59FD28FBA1" box="[545,679,1002,1027]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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habitats from
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<quantity id="4CDD9B35FFFDFFFDB367FC59FC5EFBA1" box="[843,977,1002,1027]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="2500.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 2500 m</quantity>
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above sea level (a.s.l.) and is relatively abundant in anthropogenic places as well as in natural forests (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB08AFB83FD9FFBEB" author="Soarimalala V & Goodman SM" box="[166,528,1072,1097]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" refId="ref16468" refString="Soarimalala V, Goodman SM. 2011. Les petits mammiferes de Madagascar. Antananarivo: Association Vahatra." type="book" year="2011">Soarimalala and Goodman 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The date of arrival of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFDFFFDB33BFB83FCFEFBEB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[791,881,1072,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
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<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB33BFB83FCFEFBEB" box="[791,881,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">R. rattus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFDFFFDB3B9FB83FB94FBEB" box="[917,1051,1072,1097]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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is poorly known but the earliest archaeological evidence dates from the ninth to eleventh century CE at the Islamic port of Mahilaka on the north-western part of the island (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB42BFBC6FF58FB13" author="Rakotozafy LMA" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" refId="ref16283" refString="Rakotozafy LMA 1996. Etude de la constitution du regime alimentaire des habitants du site de Mahilaka du XIe au XIVe siecle a partir des produits de fouilles archeologiques. [PhD Thesis] University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo." type="book" year="1996">Rakotozafy 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB0CAFB2BFE2CFB13" author="Radimilahy C" box="[230,419,1176,1201]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" pagination="342 - 363" refId="ref16227" refString="Radimilahy C. 1997. Mahilaka, an eleventh- to fourteenth century Islamic port: the first impact of urbanism on Madagascar. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 342 - 363." type="book chapter" year="1997">Radimilahy 1997</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB19EFB2BFE66FB13" author="Radimilahy C" box="[434,489,1176,1201]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" refId="ref16194" refString="Radimilahy C. 1998. Mahilaka: an archaeological investigation of an early town in northwestern Madagascar. Studies in African Archaeology 15. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History." type="journal volume" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
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). Other eastern and south-eastern coastal sites date from even earlier centuries, with archaeological evidence of well-established human settlements from the seventh to tenth century CE in southern
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<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFDFFFDB338FB6EFC12FB54" box="[788,925,1245,1270]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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||
, and the presence of Arabic trade providing a likely explanation for the early colonisation of the island by
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFDFFFDB08CFA90FF72FA9E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[160,253,1315,1340]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
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||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB08CFA90FF72FA9E" box="[160,253,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">R. rattus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This is consistent with a recent investigation showing that the arrival of the earliest
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFDFFFDB0D4FAF6FEDCFAFC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[248,339,1349,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
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<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB0D4FAF6FEDCFAFC" box="[248,339,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">R. rattus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the Swahili coast of Africa and in
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<collectingRegion id="49E1F832FFFDFFFDB2D1FAF6FCC4FAFC" box="[765,843,1349,1374]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Pemba</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFDFFFDB3A9FAF6FC69FAFC" box="[901,998,1349,1374]" name="Tanzania" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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islands dated from the seventh to eighth century CE (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB24CFADBFCEBFA23" author="Prendergast ME & Buckley M & Eager H & Crowther A & Lebrasseur O & Frantz L & Hulme-Beaman A & Hutterer R & Van Neer W & Douka K" box="[608,868,1384,1409]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" refId="ref16123" refString="Prendergast ME, Buckley M, Eager H, Crowther A, Lebrasseur O, Frantz L, Hulme-Beaman A, Hutterer R, Van Neer W, Douka K, et al. 2017. Reconstructing Asian faunal introductions to Eastern Africa from multi-proxy biomolecular and archaeological datasets. PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e 0182565. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0182565." type="journal volume" year="2017">
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Prendergast
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<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB2DCFADBFCAFFA23" box="[752,800,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2017
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The scenario of a single colonisation event was suggested by successive molecular analyses of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB3F6FA38FF69FA64" author="Hingston M & Goodman SM & Ganzhorn JU & Sommer S" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" pagination="1549 - 1559" refId="ref15209" refString="Hingston M, Goodman SM, Ganzhorn JU, Sommer S. 2005. Reconstruction of the colonization of southern Madagascar by introduced Rattus rattus. J Biogeograph. 32: 1549 - 1559. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2005.01311. x." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Hingston
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<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB466FA38FBF1FA06" box="[1098,1150,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2005)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB130FA1EFD98FA64" author="Tollenaere C & Brouat C & Duplantier J-M & Rahalison L & Rahelinirina S & Pascal M & Mone H & Mouahid G & Leirs H & Cosson J-F" box="[284,535,1453,1478]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" pagination="398 - 410" refId="ref16563" refString="Tollenaere C, Brouat C, Duplantier J-M, Rahalison L, Rahelinirina S, Pascal M, Mone H, Mouahid G, Leirs H, Cosson J-F. 2010. Phylogeography of the introduced species Rattus rattus in the western Indian Ocean, with special emphasis on the colonization history of Madagascar. J Biogeograph. 37: 398 - 410. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2009.02228. x." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Tollenaere
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||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB1BBFA1EFE4AFA64" box="[407,453,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, with the Arabian Peninsula as the possible origin of the species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFDFFFDB130FA63FE2AFA4B" box="[284,421,1488,1513]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, molecular evidence from a later study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB3D8FA63FF58F9AE" author="Brouat C & Tollaenaere C & Estoup A & Loiseau A & Sommer S & Soanandrasana R & Rahalison L & Rajerison M & Piry S & Goodman SM" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" pagination="4153 - 4167" refId="ref13419" refString="Brouat C, Tollaenaere C, Estoup A, Loiseau A, Sommer S, Soanandrasana R, Rahalison L, Rajerison M, Piry S, Goodman SM, et al. 2014. Invasion genetics of a human commensal rodent: the black rat Rattus rattus in Madagascar. Mol Ecol. 23: 4153 - 4167. doi: 10.1111 / mec. 12848." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Brouat
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||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB466FA63FBF1FA4B" box="[1098,1150,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
), while in agreement with a single ancestral source, instead suggested two independent introduction events for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFDFFFDB23EF9A6FDE3F98C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[530,620,1557,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB23EF9A6FDE3F98C" box="[530,620,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, one in the north and the other in the south of the island.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFDFFFBB0ECF9E8FEBBFEF7" blockId="11.[160,1156,1002,1721]" lastBlockId="13.[160,1156,142,826]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="809" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFDFFFDB0ECF9E8FEC6F9D6" ID-CoL="4RM6W" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[192,329,1627,1652]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB0ECF9E8FEC6F9D6" box="[192,329,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was listed from Andrahomana cave, a coastal site of the south-eastern part of the island, dated between 4500 and 1500 BP (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB2FAF9CEFC6AF934" author="Vasey N & Burney DA" box="[726,997,1661,1686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" refId="ref16639" refString="Vasey N, Burney DA 2007. Subfossil rodent species assemblages from Andrahomana Cave, southeastern Madagascar: evidence of introduced species and faunal turnover. Poster at the conference ' Rats, Humans, and their Impacts on Islands', Hawaii." type="proceedings paper" year="2007">Vasey and Burney 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB3D8F9CEFF58F91B" author="Burney DA & Vasey N & Godfrey LR & Ramilisonina & Jungers WL & Ramarolahy M & Raharivony L" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" pagination="13 - 24" refId="ref13610" refString="Burney DA, Vasey N, Godfrey LR, Ramilisonina, Jungers WL, Ramarolahy M, Raharivony L. 2008. New Findings at Andrahomana Cave, Southeastern Madagascar. J Cave Karst Stud. 70 (1): 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="2008">
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||
Burney
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||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB460F9CEFBF1F934" box="[1100,1150,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and is briefly listed at Ankilitelo (SW
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFDFFFDB2B4F913FCAFF91B" box="[664,800,1696,1721]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFDFFFDB379F913FBC3F91B" author="Muldoon KM & Blieux DDD & Simons EL & Chatrath PS" box="[853,1100,1696,1721]" pageId="11" pageNumber="807" refId="ref15982" refString="Muldoon KM, Blieux DDD, Simons EL, Chatrath PS. 2009. The subfossil occurrence and paleoecological significance of small mammals at Ankilitelo Cave, Southwestern Madagascar. J Mammal. 90: 1111 -- 1131. doi: 10.1644 / 08 - MAMM-A- 242.1." type="journal volume" year="2009">
|
||
Muldoon
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFDFFFDB3E8F913FC79F91B" box="[964,1014,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The timing of colonisation of the Central Highland forests by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFAFFFAB30DF9AEFCF4F994" ID-CoL="4RM6W" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[801,891,1565,1590]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB30DF9AEFCF4F994" box="[801,891,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is uncertain. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFAFFFAB091F98CFEF6F9FA" author="Goodman SM" box="[189,377,1599,1624]" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" pagination="450 - 453" refId="ref14235" refString="Goodman SM. 1995. Rattus on Madagascar and the dilemma of protecting endemic rodent fauna. Conserv Biol. 9: 450 - 453. doi: 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995.9020450. x." type="journal article" year="1995">Goodman (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the earliest presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFAFFFAB2A9F98CFD51F9FA" ID-CoL="4RM6W" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[645,734,1599,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB2A9F98CFD51F9FA" box="[645,734,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the central region dates from 1916. However, this is predated by a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFAFFFAB2B8F9D1FD60F9D9" ID-CoL="4RM6W" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[660,751,1634,1659]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB2B8F9D1FD60F9D9" box="[660,751,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK 1897.9.1.155) collected by Major from Ivohitra, a locality visited by him while working in the vicinity of Antsirabe in 1895 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFAFFFAB0C4F914FD90F962" author="Jenkins PD & Carleton MD" box="[232,543,1703,1728]" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" refId="ref15332" refString="Jenkins PD, Carleton MD. 2005. Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major's expedition to Madagascar, 1894 to 1896: beginnings of modern systematic study of the island's mammalian fauna. J Nat Hist. 39 (20): 1779 -- 1818. doi: 10.1080 / 00222930400023719." type="journal volume" year="2005">Jenkins and Carleton 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moroever, in the material from Lavajaza, collected around 1901–1905,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFBFFFBB153FF3DFDC3FF05" author="Denys C & Argot C & Lalis A & Goodman S" box="[383,588,142,167]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" pagination="89 - 201" refId="ref13865" refString="Denys C, Argot C, Lalis A, Goodman S. 2021. Holocene subfossil rodents from the Lavajaza Cave, Central Highlands of Madagascar. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen. 300 (1): 89 - 201. doi: 10.1127 / njgpa / 2021 / 0980." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Denys
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB1E6FF3DFE75FF05" box="[458,506,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated the abundant presence of the species in the cave. The lack of reference by Major may be due to his incomplete sorting of the very large quantity of material from the Children’s Cave. In fact, our study allowed sorting of the cranio-dental remains of many relatively large sized murids which display the typical morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB161FEAAFE29FE90" ID-CoL="4RM6W" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[333,422,281,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB161FEAAFE29FE90" box="[333,422,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, notably three rows of three bunodont and relatively well-aligned cusps on M1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5A6658FFFAFFFAB08CFA89FD8DFA0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219779/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" startId="12.[160,225,1338,1361]" targetBox="[163,1153,144,1303]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFAFFFAB08CFA89FD8DFA0B" blockId="12.[160,1157,1338,1449]" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB08CFA89FF72FAF3" bold="true" box="[160,253,1338,1361]" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Scatter diagram of modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFAFFFAB20EFA89FD51FAF3" box="[546,734,1338,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Macrotarsomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB20EFA89FD51FAF3" box="[546,734,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">Macrotarsomys spp</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFAFFFAB337FA89FB86FAF3" authorityName="Carleton & Goodman" authorityYear="1996" box="[795,1033,1338,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Monticolomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koopmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB337FA89FB86FAF3" box="[795,1033,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">Monticolomys koopmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
molars and Children’s Cave
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFAFFFAB112FAE4FE48FACC" authorityName="Milne-Edwards and G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1898" box="[318,455,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Macrotarsomys" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bastardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB112FAE4FED9FACC" box="[318,342,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">M.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFAFFFAB155FAE4FE48FACC" box="[377,455,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="808">bastardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus other fossil specimens. Top: LS13: length of the upper molar row, WM1: width of M1. Measurements in mm. Bottom: abcissa: length of the mandible (LMDB), ordinate: L13: length of the lower molar row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB0ECFEEDFD53FE38" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Attributed material: all from the Upper Stratum: 12 partial skulls and maxillaries; 41 mandibular rami; 6 isolated incisors; see Appendix.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33F655BFFFBFFFBB0ECFE17FD75FC98" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB0ECFE17FC36FD2F" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
|
||
The incisive foramen is long, entering the maxillary at the level of the first root of the M1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A55FFFBFFFBB0FDFE75FEB8FE7D" box="[209,311,454,479]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[326,996,152,1494]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[316,1000,142,1503]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Rodent dental material from Childrens’s Cave.(a) Left upper molar row of B. betsileoensis NHMUK PV M 105365; (b) Right lower molar row B. betsileoensis NHMUK PV M 105196; (c) Right upper molar row R. rattus NHMUK PV M 105616; (d) Left upper molar row of M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 102315; (e) Left upper molar row of M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 102316;(f) Right lower molar row of Mus musculus NHMUK PV M 105164-sequence; (g) Right lower molar row M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 105123; (h) Left m1 M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 104879; (i) Left m1 and m3 M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 105124." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219777/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The largest tooth of the upper molar row is M1 and M3 is the smallest, but the latter molar is not very reduced and displays two lobes of cusps with the second lobe constituted by a single round cusp. On poorly worn molars the cusps are relatively well aligned transversally and the t1 and t4 are round and as large as the t2 and t5. The lobes are well separated by shallow convex valleys. The t3, t6 and t9 are small. There is no trace of longitudinal crests. On M2 and M3 the t1 cusp is larger than on M1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB0ECFD25FBBBFD57" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
|
||
The lower molars display a classical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB27EFD25FD18FD0D" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1803" box="[594,663,662,687]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB27EFD25FD18FD0D" box="[594,663,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pattern of cusps with a prelobe constituted by four round cusps of equal size on the m1. The rows of cusps are relatively aligned transversally and there is a cingulum posteriorly on the distal part of m1 and m2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB0ECFD4DFD75FC98" blockId="13.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
|
||
The size of the upper molar rows as well as the width of M1 fit well with modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB08CFC92FF75FC98" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[160,250,801,826]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB08CFC92FF75FC98" box="[160,250,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFBFFFBB1B1FC92FDACFC98" box="[413,547,801,826]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A7036BFFFBFFFBB21EFC92FD0AFC98" box="[562,645,801,826]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="13.[160,216,1149,1172]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 3. Cranio-dental measurements of the modern and Children’s Cave (CC) subfossil R. rattus and Mus musculus in millimetres. Range: minimum and maximum values, mean = average value, N = number of specimens measured. LS13: upper tooth row length; WM1: width of the upper M1; LMDB: maximum length of the mandible; HMDB: maximal height of the coronoid process; LI13: lower tooth row length." pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A55FFFBFFFBB2BDFC92FD61FC98" box="[657,750,801,826]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[160,225,1263,1286]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1229]" captionTargetId="figure-123@14.[163,1153,142,1232]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Scatter diagram of dental measurements from modern Rattus rattus and specimens from Children’s Cave and Lavajaza. Top: LS13: length of the upper molar row, WM1: width of M1. Measurements in mm. Bottom: length of the mandible (LMDB), L13: length of the lower molar row." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219783/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |