386 lines
57 KiB
XML
386 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="AD1B82A608268D980B20D392ABC4B776" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-CLB-Dataset="52661" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2cc6a882-3bfb-4232-a6c8-c46d4f1cf25f" ModsDocID="z01213p001" checkinTime="1247155641890" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Wilson J. E. M. Costa" docDate="2006" docId="C837CFEFB9BB4DA9A956C3A70419907D" docLanguage="en" docName="2006_Costa_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1213" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3415A121-707B-4676-9259-4FD5CE1C3323" docTitle="Austrolebias" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="7116976AA5DF5C9AF7BCD64CDBAACDB0" masterDocTitle="The South American annual killifish genus Austrolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, descriptive morphology and taxonomic revision." masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1694017982350" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="22C6766E37479FABAF6224AA03722153">The South American annual killifish genus Austrolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, descriptive morphology and taxonomic revision.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DDA9C9EE0E78B4AE88109B798AE6EDBA">Wilson J. E. M. Costa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="790E5A60B1A6EB61161B47579D0C8620">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="13AA7810A1F9B8D5E362F78B1D04FBED">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="516703BB2DF697DA0C71C17DCCCAE5E1">1213</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="26144A6020A09D3C6AF3BC2F9579E548">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="C837CFEFB9BB4DA9A956C3A70419907D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6263688" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100119057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6263688" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C837CFEFB9BB4DA9A956C3A70419907D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C837CFEFB9BB4DA9A956C3A70419907D" lastPageNumber="21" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="64050FAE8790FFE48B8A1A83DB9C3F5C" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="51EA2BB716D83FB37F1B734DAC04CADD" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="58CA7C0893C08E4634003F4D7F696259" ID-CoL="36CL" ID-ENA="308056" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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Costa
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="824C837B2DD0E4540C25A7DD9EC1558F" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B2B48392CE7719CE83438713D6921C51" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="1EF4E232CE1CD9B1797B0AC086A8CAC2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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Costa, 1998a: 75 (type species:
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<taxonomicName id="BA0EA23050B472FF99B562DC45C46344" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:687B5DAC-F827-470A-9B56-DAC69A15C76F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">Cynolebias bellottii</taxonomicName>
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Steindachner, by original designation).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F2B46FD532DD17D854C11C532263B704" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="5A2B0237B07A5BC02A3D0932C972C630" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:88823811-072D-4E95-AB68-11E30A796DE0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Megalebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Megalebias Costa 1998:76" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Megalebias</taxonomicName>
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Costa, 1998a: 76 (type species:
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<taxonomicName id="0D73D27F2DD401FD3845D7431C1DD0C6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26EE2CCC-A3C5-4048-A1F0-D52A06D9272C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias wolterstorffi Ahl 1924:359" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolterstorffi">Cynolebias wolterstorffi</taxonomicName>
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Ahl, by original designation).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54F9C88FB35140C2E419ACF761B518DB" type="multiple">
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<caption id="F9B66A0FCC436D244ADAB601FD8B8916">
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<paragraph id="E40AA2D8376F062BF632837EE62BE9FD" pageNumber="11">
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<pageStartToken id="E6C37BCB4723E572481E5AE77DF063FB" pageNumber="11">FIGURE</pageStartToken>
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1. Strict consensus tree of most parsimonious cladograms among species of
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<taxonomicName id="C37DD808C7BCC380BE255C02F94B0EF1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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based on morphological characters (L = 218, CI = 0.53, RI = 0.80). Numbers above of branches are bootstrap values. A1-5, clades defined in the text.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CAD60D84CA8E564BFF1A190A72AACD47" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="ACB4700EC3B1003F2F6284F5E9781D06" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="778FDBB12B3C83B9BAC5A12E940991C9" lastPageNumber="12" pageNumber="11">
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Similar to
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<taxonomicName id="3AFADDF73214DFB765F542A8B17EF85B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
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and distinguished from other cynolebiatine genera in possessing the following synapomorphic features: tip of pterotic posterolateral rim thickened and directed laterally, presence of a process on the dorsomedial portion of the palatine, dorsal
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<pageStartToken id="A677FF19732EE69D20E48F60E4B0D4F4" pageNumber="12">portion</pageStartToken>
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of opercle about as long as ventral portion, or narrower; medial and distal radials of dorsal and anal fins poorly ossified to completely cartilaginous; and cartilaginous space of shoulder girdle broad; radials discoid, thin, the uppermost radial usually absent or extremely reduced. Other synapomorphies shared by
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<taxonomicName id="3D8AEC0CCA5E602A52DA153B61212D1C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FA138272B9ABC78A99509B4C72EFCE2D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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, but homoplastically occurring in other cynolebiatines, are a) dermosphenotic absent, and b) a narrowed dorsal portion of metapterygoid.
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<taxonomicName id="75E8FF750625F690328F0E7E2ACA8182" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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differs from all other cynolebiatines in possessing the following synapomorphies: a) absence of scales between corner of mouth and anterior portion of preopercular region and ventral portion of opercular region, b) a deep urohyal, and c) a dark gray to black infraorbital bar and supraorbital spot. Other synapomorphies of
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<taxonomicName id="F4B8D280753B4F0D8D122A9F36F4DF43" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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, but independently acquired by other cynolebiatines are: a) dorsal and anal fins rounded in males, b) a long urogenital papilla in male, and c) a reduced ventral process of angulo-articular.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E72FD4DDD3993358B4AAC0D3323BB0D7" pageNumber="12">Osteology</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C05CE73BAE8EDEEB966DBC69F20113FB" pageNumber="12">The description of osteological structures below focuses on features considered phylogenetically informative among rivulids (e. g., Parenti, 1981; Costa, 1998a, 1998c, 2001, 2002a, in press, and present paper) or important for diagnosing taxa (i. e., autapomorphies). For a recent detailed description of osteological structures in cynolebiatines, see Costa (in press).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3662361368ECF02D546347119C41CF79" pageNumber="12">
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Superficial dermal bones and neurocranium (Fig. 2). Nasal scale-like, thin, with short ventral keel. Lacrymal thin and twisted, almost cylindrical, the dorsal portion widened and anteriorly directed; the lacrymal distinctively curved in
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<taxonomicName id="4766A5F19476346221F7AD7F8E9B8A8B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Dermosphenotic absent; sometimes present in
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<taxonomicName id="9BC328A9B8CB86B4622EE5645F66D7D8" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
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species group, one or two minute ossifications on dermosphenotic region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E84FC65F0D6D36F00A4D5DD81BE451E" pageNumber="12">
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Neurocranium slightly depressed. Dorsal surface bones thin, the limits scarcely visible. Frontal approximately rectangular, with concave lateral borders, occupying about anterior two thirds of neurocranium roof. Parietal short, subtriangular, sometimes possessing a distinctive transverse keel. Supraoccipital with short paired posterior process. Sphenotic with narrow lateral process in most species, but broad with anterolateral process in
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<taxonomicName id="E521159C07CA90513E47C33255A2E07B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Vomer subtriangular, without teeth. Lateral ethmoid compact, with distinctive anterior retrorse process, but shorter in
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<taxonomicName id="BF7C34F2FE943B0D6ADD7F09AD0BE459" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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species group; anteromedian portion of lateral ethmoid slightly overlapping lateral portion of vomer, medial margin not reaching lateral surface of anterior process of parasphenoid, or sometimes abutting it in
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<taxonomicName id="092A69F122DEAEE744493DF70F0E7B02" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Parasphenoid cross-shaped, the anterior process dorsally overlapping posterior process of vomer, the median portion sometimes widened, the posterior process firmly attached ventrally to basioccipital, each short lateral process attached to prootic; and posterior process distinctively widened in
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<taxonomicName id="94FA03B0208B6279F492337441FECAD7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Pterotic with thickened, laterally-directed tip.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="CBC03058B6C5DE9BE7BA5531E596BC27">
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<paragraph id="5767CC91F97EFF71F249E6DB262129B1" pageNumber="13">
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<pageStartToken id="F34723CF4882D09781A5AF37D1AC6CC1" pageNumber="13">FIGURE</pageStartToken>
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2. Superficial dermal bones (a -d) and neurocranium (e -g) in
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<taxonomicName id="3AB9A28865081579CF31F7AB583975FC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
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: a, left lacrymal, lateral view, of
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<taxonomicName id="8EFABB464EC7CECA4F24B7237FF7E3C5" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adloffi">A. adloffi</taxonomicName>
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; b, left lacrymal, lateral view, of
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<taxonomicName id="6D457FA7D1904E1DD4358962D67CC74D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosus">A. monstrosus</taxonomicName>
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; c, left dermosphenotic region, dorsolateral view, of
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<taxonomicName id="CE3CAE3AEC6CA8AA20F853B128060947" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:04BEE78C-D8E2-4FE9-B815-7628CD83F09D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa & Cheffe 2005" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="univentripinnis">A. univentripinnis</taxonomicName>
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; d, left nasal, dorsal view, of
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<taxonomicName id="678F36437B3B9A30E00EB7F285C09F3B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
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; e, left posterolateral portion of neurocranium, dorsal view, of
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<taxonomicName id="E8EA7260CBDE28F93C15B71FA4060280" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
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; f, neurocranium, ventral view, of
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<taxonomicName id="8D229B1707DC9C0F9055242199B299DE" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
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; g, neurocranium, ventral view, of
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<taxonomicName id="98AD32419B939484EB3BC814496D06CB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosus">A. monstrosus</taxonomicName>
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. BO = basioccipital; EO = exoccipital; FR = frontal; LE = lateral ethmoid; PA = parietal; PR = prootic; PS = parasphenoid; PT = pterotic; SP = sphenotic; VO = vomer. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bar 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="9E59686203E85AE85B9358ECFE028756" lastPageNumber="14" pageNumber="13">
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Jaws, jaw suspensorium and opercular apparatus (Fig. 3). Premaxilla elongate, with teeth on medial half of anterior border, and trapezoidal anterior process of alveolar arm; premaxilla narrower and longer, the alveolar arm reduced almost imperceptibly in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="A34BBCDDAB7CB1E44183A37D02B3DDAC" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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group; ascending process rectangular, flattened, shorter in
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<taxonomicName id="7B3B5A0EC068BEF41C5589EA40986E49" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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species group; some species of
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<taxonomicName id="F5FDEE4E2B76DA458DF4B77329FE85CC" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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group with distinct concavity on anteromedial portion of ascending process. Maxilla placed dorsolaterally to premaxilla, elongate, slightly curved, bifid on anterior medial portion. Rostral cartilage large and
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<pageStartToken id="B74502CF11E756BE8D3E2AAD7CC8F768" pageNumber="14">ovoid</pageStartToken>
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. Dentary with teeth on anterior two thirds of anterodorsal surface; ventroposterior process prominent; dentary distinctively longer in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="D1BA116A8AB993240010F719A4DA8501" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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group. Angulo-articular with reduced ventral process. Retro-articular small, often with sharp anterior process. Premaxillary and dentary teeth arranged in irregular rows; a few distinctively larger fang-like teeth on most external row; in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="7E3FDA45706CE5653619DF23C780C1EC" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
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group teeth of outer row proportionally smaller, more curved and numerous.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="888FBA657853310FFD6EA781C0E4614D">
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<paragraph id="4A100420F86439DC49E944FA9C7B2120" pageNumber="14">
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FIGURE 3. Left jaws, jaw suspensorium and opercular apparatus, lateral view, in: a,
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<taxonomicName id="4BF19A720490036EA844458E5183C2E0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">A. carvalhoi</taxonomicName>
|
|
; b,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E98B503ECC98CF2CF5FD1603CC76C2DA" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosus">A. monstrosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; and, left upper jaw, dorsolateral view, in: c,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8C09CC666371893F16FE04D58E94BF1A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandenbergi">A. vandenbergi</taxonomicName>
|
|
; d,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5848F3D2591FB5B9A203238E6C5EBF04" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosus">A. monstrosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. AA = angulo-articular; DE = dentary; HY = hyomandibula; IO = interopercle; MS = mesopterygoid; MT = metapterygoid; MX = maxilla; OP = opercle; PL = autopalatine; PM = premaxilla; PO = preopercle; QU = quadrate; RA = retro-articular; RC = rostral cartilage; SO = subopercle; SY = sympletic. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bar 1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="680C1A58D01E2EDABCCF677D3422CC8E" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="E76E7B83F74D4580A117AAD44584901B" pageNumber="15">Palatine</pageStartToken>
|
|
and ectopterygoid completely fused, with prominent dorsomedial process. Mesopterygoid thin, the posterior tip separated from metapterygoid by a cartilaginous interspace, ventral portion abutting or not contacting dorsal portion of quadrate. Quadrate subtriangular, with anterior and ventral margins approximately straight, posterior margin rounded; and posterior process short. Metapterygoid slender, sometimes ventral portion widened, becoming abruptly narrower dorsally. Opercular bones thin, dorsal portion of opercle attenuated; dorsal portion of preopercle short and pointed, medial flap reduced.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AF8DBC47115814B383416F276311E003" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Hyoid and branchial arches (Fig. 4). Basihyal usually triangular and flattened, often wide; basihyal cartilage short in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="378C769072AB195BD3D7825346CF74B1" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group, but broad, occupying most portion of basihyal in other congeners. Dorsal and ventral hypohyals small, always ossified. Anterior ceratohyal usually wide and short, to distinctively elongated in some species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F4C90FB91EE95F1A14CAE6C8C2D73276" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group; two narrow branchiostegal rays attached to ventral border of anterior ceratohyal, except in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83655AEDEEE3D345BB73A03376EFB9F0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolterstorffi">A. wolterstorffi</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which has three rays. Anterior and posterior ceratohyals separated by broad space of cartilage, and supporting four branchiostegal rays. Posterior ceratohyal compressed, subtriangular; oval and cartilaginous interhyal attached to posterior end of posterior ceratohyal. Urohyal thin and deep, with short ventrolateral flap and long anterodorsal process; in some species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3001C85E68178F04D85B4592642A301E" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group the urohyal is slender, and the dorsal process is short and anterodorsally directed.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BBC9226CAEB329977DC479A7E78B6F1A" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Epibranchials and interarcual cartilage long. Distal tip of first epibranchial with elongate cartilage, often with minute ossification. Second pharyngobranchial approximately triangular, shortened in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="73C419AF3B1863C11DF6AAD2E4B0106C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group; often two to six teeth of second pharyngobranchial, sometimes teeth absent; teeth numerous (8-12) in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F46020DB3BE3BD4F5A57BB4E2979020E" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="32495996CD7FC5CBFC3B72D353B9970B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apaii">A. apaii</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A18093267033394F1084DA98C1EA44C7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandenbergi">A. vandenbergi</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see species descriptions below); medial condyle perpendicular to dorsal condyle, except in species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="93BA9C0B65B63A7F5EFDE4C157E67DE7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group, with medial condyle obliquely positioned. Basibranchials 1-3 ossified, rectangular; in species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26FD6779DF4D3AA0B67F002620A05BE0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group, basibranchial 2 wider, with pronounced lateral tips; basibranchial 4 cartilaginous, large, approximately lozenge-shaped. Hypobranchials 1-3 thin, rounded, with broad marginal cartilages; proximal edge of hypobranchial 1 without vestige of branching; ceratobranchials 1-4 narrow, without teeth; ceratobranchial 5 boomerangshaped, anterior portion shorter than posterolateral portion, except in some species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5D8AC7B7256760E1C6D5798915E5082B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
|
|
group and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="37FEBE6421BB81B48169CB2A971F1617" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">A. cinereus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; ceratobranchial 5 with well-developed dentigerous plate and triangular laminar process on ventral surface.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EAC7A399F4F4F76139B03BBE581D3E46" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Vertebrae and fin support (Fig. 5). First vertebra with long neural spine bearing anterior and posterior laminar extensions, longer and narrower in male; neural prezygapophysis absent, neural postzygapophysis reduced or absent; neural spine of second vertebrae similar, neural spine of third vertebra distinctively narrower. Pleural ribs robust, firmly attached to parapophyses; epipleural ribs thin and short. Neural prezygapophyses of caudal vertebrae vestigial or absent, neural postzygapophyses short or absent. Total vertebrae 26-32 in most species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="87CCA4FB80D4ECA8FE626DCDD0DF2CCA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but 30-35 in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B5695DA40FE8EA9AE467C076776352E9" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4BA487F983B2BA863C9CA2904C7CED7F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nonoiuliensis">A. nonoiuliensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and 32-39 in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F0A90A62B266ED15ED4A393384A8B10D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group (see species descriptions below).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="0D8CDFE2DD209785686DFAAA55EBCC64">
|
|
<paragraph id="B44D9D9867A1180AF7B71EBE33B132F5" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="502096223A91F250575F057001AC5FCC" pageNumber="16">FIGURE</pageStartToken>
|
|
4. Hyoid and branchial arches in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="38FEDBE579461525D8ACF50E06C4022A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
: left second pharyngobranchial (a -c), ventral view, of: a,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="836CA336740D1A438546D0B3A8F944BB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandenbergi">A. vandenbergi</taxonomicName>
|
|
; b,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A599C569FFF55144FC54A8273B5BA084" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; c,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CAB365C69D26A6B0024E422366FA6C60" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; left hyoid bar (d -e), medial view, of: d,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED83F95F14B0B83BFCA001FDF7DA9A2B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolterstorffi">A. wolterstorffi</taxonomicName>
|
|
; e,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="134C32CC76EAA71ED20DC9B216F65297" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; f, anterior portion of left dorsal branchial arches, ventral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3FF592C8A34C7997E8D4B9583A3A6095" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; g, basihyal, dorsal view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FC6D9EB5C2D31C8E3B99ECF453899D71" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; h, hyoid and branchial arches, left and middle region, dorsal view of ventral part and ventral view of dorsal part, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8856FE055DE5565EBE1A99B307C2CE8A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; i, basihyal and basibranchials, dorsal view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0FFDFF82F6BC3BBD8A972B84F6CFA5B1" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
; j, fifth ceratobranchial, dorsal view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7F87477F5150F7D29115441D5DB2D529" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
|
|
; urohyal (k -l), left lateral view, of: k,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CC6DA7EBD1CFF864C14DBC609B9C684F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheradophilus">A. cheradophilus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; l,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE3763479A8BCF34E873092162FDD1E4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolterstorffi">A. wolterstorffi</taxonomicName>
|
|
. ACH = anterior ceratohyal; B1-3 = basibranchials 1-3; BB = basibranchial cartilage; BC = basihyal cartilage; BH = basihyal; C1-5 = ceratobranchials 1-5; DHH = dorsal hypohyal; E1-4 = epibranchials 1-4; H1-3 = hypobranchials 1-3; IC = interarcual cartilage; IH = interhyal; P2-3 = pharyngobranchials 2-3; PCH = posterior ceratohyal; R1-6 = branchiostegal rays 1-6; T4 = tooth plate pharyngobranchial 4; VHH = ventral hypohyal. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bar 1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="FF805B80527B5979BBB4A4559FAA60FB" pageNumber="16">Epural and parhypural similar in shape, proximal portion narrowed, often slightly curved with tip anteriorly directed. All hypurals ankylosed, without vestige of gaps. Accessory cartilages absent. Caudal-fin rays 20-35 (see species descriptions below).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C035EDB4BD31FE82C87F5BA25AF40D89" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="F2247BCD8D641677438CA55726D0CD9E" pageNumber="17">Males</pageStartToken>
|
|
with more dorsal and anal-fin rays than females in most species, but both sexes with approximately same number of rays in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="08C3E50E1AECCA40EFB05CC0D8FBE43E" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group, except in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E5436E7AE554FD97956B86E89F2CDADD" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheradophilus">A. cheradophilus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Dorsal-fin rays 17-28 in males, 15-23 in females; anal-fin rays 19-32 in males, 14-29 in females (see species descriptions below). Most dorsal and anal-fin rays branched. Two rays associated with first proximal radial of dorsal fin, and two or three associated with first proximal radial of anal fin; first anal-fin proximal radials widened; median and the distal radials of dorsal and anal fin usually cartilaginous, sometimes poorly ossified.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="17E6DC260BE41432C44100B7B53C1686">
|
|
<paragraph id="5F94BC6C2431A31BD6D23779465F399A" pageNumber="17">
|
|
FIGURE 5. Axial and fin support skeleton in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80B9260018355F2572BC4CC64257C341" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
(fin rays not represented): a, anterior portion of dorsal-fin support, left lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CC6A69EBF4E9D98AFD3B46CE2FB59D75" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
; b, anterior portion of anal-fin support, left lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F0C17A6FD25FDBABBD922E0C44148AB3" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
; c, first three vertebrae, left lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EB8C07C13E6972F4A631395B4B5FA453" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="litzi">A. litzi</taxonomicName>
|
|
; d, last caudal vertebrae and caudal skeleton, left lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="383993BBD2B9FDE3FDAA696E27175A7F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
; e, pelvic girdle, dorsal view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9204FD5CDF8ECB35605C34ACEEA1A6D7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
; f, pelvic girdle, dorsal view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E36C454153E01C35D3F22475F99162AE" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
|
|
; g, left shoulder girdle, left lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3BEF8BF14C149B33E59784C35D03F1F0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
; h, subdistal portion of left third pectoral-fin ray, lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E5028B17F02E97190BF58734A4F0B3AE" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. A1 = first anal-fin ray; CL = cleithrum; CO = coracoid; D1 = first dorsal-fin ray; DR = distal radial; E1= epipleural rib of vertebrae 1; EP = epural; HP = hypural plate; MR = median radial; P2 = pleural rib of vertebrae 2; P3 = post-cleithrum 3; PB = pelvic bone; PR = proximal radials; PT = posttemporal; SC = supracleithrum; SP = scapula; U2-3 = preural centra 2-3; V1-3 = vertebrae 1-3. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bar 1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="EF530A9E8A8D9527C5FE7A7AD288E94E" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="D15012AC002709D52F6AF728E8940558" pageNumber="18">Posttemporal</pageStartToken>
|
|
usually elongated and forked; ventral process often reduced or absent. Supracleithrum elongate. Dorsal portion of cleithrum long and nearly triangular. Ventral tip of cleithrum and ventral tip of coracoid in close proximity. Scapula rounded, separated from coracoid by broad cartilage; coracoid subtriangular, with broad anterior condyle; narrow posterior process on coracoid directed to ventralmost proximal radial, sometimes inconspicuous. Proximal radials rounded and thin, surrounded by broad cartilage, uppermost radial vestigial or absent. Third postcleithrum narrow and long, often contacting first pleural rib; first and second postcleithra absent. Pelvic bone narrow, without a distinct ischial process, small in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EFEEDB8A134E49D7040622E98EDA92EF" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group, sometimes poorly ossified; sometimes pelvic bones in contact or medially coalesced. Pectoral-fin rays 10-14; pelvic-fin rays 3-6 (see species descriptions below).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="2AB2BC6919EF04434AC46B19958126EC" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="C4099A0B1064D6DF218957C261800B9A" pageNumber="18">Remarks</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3ED5965731B9CD9062C857FD8B0C9819" pageNumber="18">
|
|
Loureiro and de
|
|
<normalizedToken id="0A4A01C57E85DDEE1DDBA8B8370E6465" originalValue="Sá">Sa</normalizedToken>
|
|
(1998) reported the occurrence of two rows of conical teeth on ceratobranchials 1-3, longer on ceratobranchial 1, and a single row of similar teeth on the ceratobranchial 4 and epibranchial 2 in species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="150BCFBDDB3BAFFE1B20B6DCF495CAFC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This would be surprising, since these conditions are not found in other cyprinodontiforms and are rarely present in teleostean fishes. Examinination of the position and arrangement of these putative teeth and the figure 6-O in Loureiro and De
|
|
<normalizedToken id="A0870ECBAF04450AE4DD9DDE27596933" originalValue="Sá">Sa</normalizedToken>
|
|
(1998) makes it clear, however, that these alleged structures are, in fact, gill-rakers.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EDA125C42C1F4DA70DE7A3AE48338F21" pageNumber="18">
|
|
Loureiro and de
|
|
<normalizedToken id="9B96D6C5AAC03FD3AF0CD30C84A6D03A" originalValue="Sá">Sa</normalizedToken>
|
|
(1998) also reported a tooth on the vomer of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D22C491ABF757E415440154186662587" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteoflammulatus">A. luteoflammulatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="90219B0EF61521C3D2946C3E6BE15284" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">A. nigripinnis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B6DEBC925A2635DCBFE62E183ACE7DA3" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viarius">A. viarius</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, as a result of careful examination of thousands specimens of all cynolebiatine species, it can be stated that vomerine teeth are always absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AC7593D735D57971856462F555C72D70" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD08FA7B-788B-4285-9548-0F120F97465D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Simpsonichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959:2" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Simpsonichthys</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ACD6ACC4B065F4A545C0A64EBDD81B5E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but are present in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2357F44D3531F4D3103D2CA029218D33" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:19D48D4A-7785-4634-BAEF-790AEA500419" family="Rivulidae" genus="Nematolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nematolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nematolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
and a few species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A57440B6CC213FAC196FCE7A3772261B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
(e. g., Costa, 1998a, 2001, 2002a, in press, and present study). The supposed vomerine tooth illustrated in Loureiro and de
|
|
<normalizedToken id="67D7A7B4CCB18E80F2C839F54DEF605D" originalValue="Sá">Sa</normalizedToken>
|
|
(1998: fig. 4) is a small process commonly found among aplocheiloid fishes.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="46A9E3769476A2A0F9E5AB8BE2BC20B7" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="BA1E478E2A2683F178A3CF58419F1459" pageNumber="18">Laterosensory system</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="504B06C1F624BA952EF3ABB412BBCA8B" pageNumber="18">(Fig. 6)</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8541CABCF99694C63F76B63D2C3BBAEF" lastPageNumber="19" pageNumber="18">
|
|
Laterosensory system highly elaborate on head, always represented by exposed neuromasts, which in turn may comprise distinct series that often vary greatly in number among species (see species descriptions below). Dorsal surface of head includes anterior and posterior rostral series, a single supraorbital series, and a parietal series. Lateral surface includes pre-orbital, infraorbital, otic, post-otic, supratemporal, preopercular, median and ventral opercular, and lateral mandibular series; infraorbital series comprises two sections, one short anterior and oblique to eye, and one around eye always continuous along its extension; otic series always continuous to infraorbital series, post-otic and otic sometimes continuous in species with numerous neuromasts, often also continuous to
|
|
<pageStartToken id="1266DEA62CF9C9C6B7DD7442780EA96E" pageNumber="19">lateral</pageStartToken>
|
|
line of trunk; irregular row of neuromasts parallel to preopercular series; always single isolated neuromast near mouth corner (paramandibular neuromast according to Costa, in press). Ventral surface includes mandibular series, sometimes connected to preopercular series. Lateral line of trunk complete, with one neuromast per scale.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="0E176D9FEF370B032E06478AF69E18C6">
|
|
<paragraph id="748D9621AE4A54532AEB48892797BCB9" pageNumber="19">
|
|
FIGURE 6. Features of the external morphology in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F305533C32590C585C444EF661A31CE7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
: a -c, diagrammatic representation of the laterosensory system of head of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E2E7CC434614609C5FD89BFE237D946" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">A. alexandri</taxonomicName>
|
|
(a, left dorsal view; b, left ventral view; c, lateral view); d, diagrammatic representation of the frontal squamation pattern of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FCD65F5A295DB45D6C61476E9E5B413F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:04BEE78C-D8E2-4FE9-B815-7628CD83F09D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa & Cheffe 2005" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="univentripinnis">A. univentripinnis</taxonomicName>
|
|
; e, male urogenital papilla and anterior portion of anal fin, left lateral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CFE2AD596AF1211F3019CFE11D7C2E73" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:04BEE78C-D8E2-4FE9-B815-7628CD83F09D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa & Cheffe 2005" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="univentripinnis">A. univentripinnis</taxonomicName>
|
|
; f, male pelvic fins, ventral view, of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C087C9AA26A377DAD4E07076E73C5420" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:04BEE78C-D8E2-4FE9-B815-7628CD83F09D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa & Cheffe 2005" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="univentripinnis">A. univentripinnis</taxonomicName>
|
|
. A -H = frontal scales A -H; AIS = anterior infraorbital series; AN = anterior nostril; ARN = anterior rostral neuromast; INS = infraorbital series; LAL = lateral line neuromasts; LMS = lateral mandibular series; MAS = mandibular series; MON = median opercular neuromast; OTS = otic series; PAS = parietal series; PBS = preorbital series; PMN = paramandibular neuromast; PN = posterior nostril; POS = post-otic series; PRN = posterior rostral neuromast; PRS = preopercular series; SOS = supraorbital series; STN = supra-temporal neuromast; UP = urogenital papilla; VOS = ventral opercular series. In bold, frontal scale with all borders free.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="BDC2AD7DBC88B5FA6C031B924D4F7427" pageNumber="20">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="921EE9E3768151029BA53C8C9A522AC2" pageNumber="20">Contact</pageStartToken>
|
|
organs
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3AB5864AC0FDE3F07BC7A101EEAD41CF" pageNumber="20">
|
|
Contact organs occur in males of all species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="487ABCE74E3234BC020E98885475BCC8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but distribution and size highly variable among species (see species descriptions below). These organs often on trunk and opercle scales, usually minute to small and one per scale; sometimes prominent and more than one per scale; these usually restricted to ventral region, but sometimes extending to entire flank and other times restricted to anteroventral region. Often small or minute papillate contact organs on inner surface of uppermost pectoral-fin rays, and sometimes on most pectoral rays; these structures sometimes prominent, with osseous support (Fig. 5h), and sometimes also on outer surface of pectoral-fin rays (see species descriptions below). Often minute contact organs on distal portion of anal-fin rays, these sometimes prominent, with osseous support formed by expansion of fin rays, on most anal-fin rays; sometimes on distal portion of dorsal-fin rays and on caudal-fin rays.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="64C4D5F5CCE9E3073555ABCAD3550E62" pageNumber="20">Squamation</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5223A2E61BC550E1A1FD8C008D7828C1" pageNumber="20">
|
|
Scales thin and cycloid. Scales minute and irregularly arranged in most species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="026E5A6F221396BCC8081BD42E7B5965" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. Scales always absent on ventral portion of head and between corner of mouth and preopercular region; sometimes absent on venter, opercular region and above anal fin; in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B21D67DB717937F7BEEB2A8355C21A7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheradophilus">A. cheradophilus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, body squamation vestigial (see species descriptions below).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="80F7750B40E569BF7341FB3BE2797CEA" pageNumber="20">
|
|
Body squamation often extends slightly over anal-fin base, but in some species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C3C91CDCF3BCFB1A760A0EB7D2824565" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83B9271CDADF32B8EDF5AD278F81A896" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandenbergi">A. vandenbergi</taxonomicName>
|
|
there are some transverse rows of scales on anal-fin base. Pectoral-fin base without scales and caudal-fin base with few transverse rows of scales, except in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28922EE213F92FF0CC37B446A0DBDC58" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="847B0799E603A20CFF3F35BAE353859D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosus">A. monstrosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in which minute scales extend over pectoral-fin base and small scales cover about half of caudal fin.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3AE45B479CAFE639F129CDB3321E81CE" pageNumber="20">
|
|
Frontal squamation (Fig. 6). Highly variable, never forming a circular pattern as in basal rivulids. Frontal scales small in species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="04BEB1BF5150B897C7F21AE8A9E903CA" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group, ranging to minute in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AAEFE1B50A52896B607679020EF6358D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group. Anterior frontal scales absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D0132CB3DA2CC7773D2D5E601F2CCF7C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group. Usually, two or three overlapped scales between supraorbital series of neuromasts and eye. Frontal scales with E, F, G or H pattern (Fig. 6d) (see species descriptions below). Paired E -scales overlapping or not. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E27986F3E6D9B07AE1AAFE44D9375651" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group, frontal scales minute and irregularly arranged.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CF69CC2282DA78C953E9106801A7F0AD" pageNumber="20">Fin morphology</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="50AFE1FFC0B1DB1BBC54DEF06F0F054F" pageNumber="20">
|
|
Dorsal and anal fins rounded in both sexes. Filamentous rays never on tip of dorsal and anal fins, as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED6209E629EC616A5D91FBC5E63612EF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="06FBE23782ACF8055D1A3E4F8F3772B9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD08FA7B-788B-4285-9548-0F120F97465D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Simpsonichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959:2" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Simpsonichthys</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Costa, 2001; in press), but short filamentous rays on distal margin of dorsal fin and sometimes anal fin in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8BA4D8A8C2B49BBD158FEA9A4CBBF672" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patriciae">A. patriciae</taxonomicName>
|
|
male. Distal portion of anal fin always thickened in female. Subanterior rays of anal fin elongated in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26D50E75ACF93437EBCF22D67E25933D" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group female. Caudal fin rounded to subtruncate, without posterior extensions. Pectoral fin elliptical and long. Pelvic fin short, without filamentous extensions. Pelvic-fin bases in close proximity or united; medial membrane sometimes variably coalesced among species (Fig. 6f) (see species descriptions below).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="092BEF7CAEB7EB6ADFDD0447F5CF8A04" pageNumber="21">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="A091FD35EF0E9334527D108C2C40BE89" pageNumber="21">Urogenital</pageStartToken>
|
|
papilla
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D99B8E8EB81CEA20B89DC452F9732E14" pageNumber="21">
|
|
Long and cylindrical in male, pocket-like in female. Attached by thin membrane to anterior portion of anal fin in some species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C33685B4A2A0D048357F7C6B5D11B6CC" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">A. bellottii</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (Fig. 6e).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |