722 lines
51 KiB
XML
722 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225234" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-97-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1239255" ModsDocID="1314-2003-97-1" checkinTime="1524638383340" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Johnson, David M. & Murray, Nancy A." docDate="2018" docId="B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 97: 1-252" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 97" docPubDate="2018-04-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975" docTitle="Xylopia wilwerthii De Wildeman & T. Durand, Ann. Mus. Congo, Sér. 2, Bot. 1 (1): 5. 1899." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF" masterDocTitle="A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Tropical Africa" masterLastPageNumber="252" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" updateTime="1643467003316" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Tropical Africa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Johnson, David M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Murray, Nancy A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">namurray@owu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-04-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>97</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>252</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-97-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1239255</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225234" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">
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<subSubSection pageId="115" pageNumber="116" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="115" pageNumber="116">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="115" pageNumber="116" start="start">25</pageBreakToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName LSID="B6183780-899A-5433-B2C2-A50F2722AEE8" authority="De Wildeman & T. Durand, Ann. Mus. Congo, Ser. 2, Bot. 1 (1): 5. 1899." authorityName="De Wildeman & T. Durand, Ann. Mus. Congo, Sér. 2, Bot. 1 (1): 5. 1899." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
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Xylopia wilwerthii De Wildeman & T. Durand, Ann. Mus. Congo,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sér">Ser</normalizedToken>
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. 2, Bot. 1(1): 5. 1899.
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Xylopia wilwerthii A Habit with nearly mature flower bud B Habit, with open flower C Fruit, side view D Seed, view of micropylar end E Seed, side view F Fertile stamen, abaxial view G Staminode, abaxial view H Flower with petals and some stamens removed, side view I Longitudinal section of flower, with petals removed, showing ovaries surrounded by staminal cone J Inner petal, adaxial view K Outer petal, adaxial view. A, C from Carrington 7 (K) B, F-K from Donis 2041 (BR) D, E from Trochain 9603 (P)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199116" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii subsp. var. var. cuneata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="wilwerthii" subSpecies="var." variety="cuneata">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="116" pageNumber="117" start="start">Xylopia</pageBreakToken>
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wilwerthii var. cuneata
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</taxonomicName>
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De Wildeman in De Wildeman & T. Durand, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 40(2): 63. 1901. Type. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ["Congo Belge"]. Kinshasa Province, Kimuenza, May 1901,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">J. Gillet s. n.</emphasis>
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(holotype: BR!; isotype: BR! [0000008825476]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" country="DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" location="Mongala Province" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Congo" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingCountry name="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO</collectingCountry>
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["
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<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Congo</collectingRegion>
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Belge"].
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8:527FAC088B6BF326422AF05D450AD1FD" country="DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" name="Mongala Province" stateProvince="Congo">Mongala Province</location>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rég">Reg</normalizedToken>
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. III, Upoto, 1896,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Capt. Wilwerth s. n.</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
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: BR!, isotype: BM! [000511002])
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Tree</emphasis>
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up to 15 m tall, d.b.h. up to 10 cm, slender with a short-branched crown.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Twigs</emphasis>
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brown, eventually brownish gray to gray, fine-pubescent, the hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, soon glabrate; nodes occasionally with two axillary branches.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Leaf</emphasis>
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with larger blades 5.1-8.9 cm long, 1.5-2.8 cm wide, chartaceous, concolorous, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, apex acuminate to caudate, the acumen 5.5-16 mm long and rounded at the tip, base cuneate and somewhat decurrent on petiole; glabrous adaxially, sparsely pubescent to glabrate, occasionally with longer seta-like hairs along midrib abaxially; midrib plane or impressed adaxially, raised abaxially, secondary veins indistinctly brochidodromous and more or less parallel, 15-22 per side, diverging at 60-80° from the midrib, these and higher-order veins slightly raised or indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 1.5-3.5 mm long, shallowly canaliculate, sparsely pubescent to glabrate.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Inflorescences</emphasis>
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axillary, 1-flowered, sparsely pubescent; pedicel not pedunculate, 8.5-21.5 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm thick, articulated at midpoint, sometimes slightly thickened just proximal to lower bract; bracts 2, the upper attached just a few mm proximal to the sepals, the lower just distal to the pedicel midpoint, more or less persistent, 0.8-1.8 (-2.6) mm long, ovate to semicircular, apex rounded or emarginate, ciliate on margins; buds linear-lanceolate, apex obtuse, slightly falciform.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Sepals</emphasis>
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slightly spreading at anthesis, 1/2-2/3-connate, 2.1-3 mm long, 2.8-3.1 mm wide, coriaceous, broadly ovate, apex acute to mucronate, sparsely pubescent.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Petals</emphasis>
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white, cream-colored, or yellow
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">in vivo</emphasis>
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; outer petals spreading at anthesis, 19-31 mm long, 3.0-3.5 mm wide at base, 1.9-3.0 mm wide at midpoint, chartaceous, ligulate, apex obtuse, densely puberulent adaxially, sparsely pubescent except for glabrous patch at base abaxially; inner petals probably spreading at anthesis, 14.1-24.0 mm long, 2.0-3.1 mm wide at base, 1.4-1.6 mm wide at midpoint, chartaceous, linear, apex acute, base with undifferentiated margin, puberulent on both surfaces except for the glabrous base.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Stamens</emphasis>
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100-120; fertile stamens 1.1-1.5 mm long, narrowly oblong, apex of connective 0.1-0.3 mm long, shieldlike, overhanging the anther thecae, finely papillate, anthers 12-13-locellate, filament ca. 0.2 mm long; outer staminodes 1.1-1.6 mm long, oblong, apex obtuse, truncate, or emarginate; inner staminodes 1.0-1.1 mm long, oblong to quadrate, apex truncate; staminal cone 2-2.1 mm in
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<pageBreakToken pageId="117" pageNumber="118" start="start">diameter</pageBreakToken>
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, 0.6-0.9 mm high, partially to completely concealing the ovaries, rim laciniate.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Carpels</emphasis>
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6-13; ovaries 0.8-0.9 mm long, oblong, pubescent, stigmas connivent, 2.9-3.2 mm long, linear, with a tuft of hairs at the apex.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Torus</emphasis>
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flat, 2.5-3.1 mm in diameter.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Fruit</emphasis>
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of up to 12 glabrate monocarps borne on a pedicel 7.5-23.5 mm long, 2-3 mm thick, glabrate; torus 4.5-7 mm in diameter, 3-5 mm high, irregularly depressed-globose.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Monocarps</emphasis>
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with a green exterior and scarlet endocarp
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">in vivo</emphasis>
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,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="118" pageNumber="119" start="start">1.7</pageBreakToken>
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-4.0 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm wide, 0.5-1.0 cm thick, asymmetrically oblong or ellipsoid, distinctly torulose, apex rounded or with a broad curved beak 1.4-3 mm long, base tapering gradually into a stipe 3-7 mm long, 2.4-4 mm thick, obliquely or longitudinally wrinkled; pericarp 0.4-0.6 mm thick.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Seeds</emphasis>
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up to 6 per monocarp, in a single row, lying parallel or oblique to long axis, 9.6-10.8 mm long, 5.2-7.1 mm wide, 4.9-7.0 mm thick, ellipsoid, elliptic to roughly circular in cross-section, rounded or obliquely truncate at micropylar end, rounded at chalazal end, chestnut brown, smooth, somewhat shining, raphe/antriraphe indistinct, flush with surface of seed, micropylar scar sunken, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, more or less circular; sarcotesta orange
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">in vivo</emphasis>
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; aril absent.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1239331" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199116" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" start="Figure 31" startId="F31">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Figure 31.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Xylopia wilwerthii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">A</emphasis>
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Habit with nearly mature flower bud
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">B</emphasis>
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Habit, with open flower
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">C</emphasis>
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Fruit, side view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">D</emphasis>
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Seed, view of micropylar end
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">E</emphasis>
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Seed, side view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">F</emphasis>
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Fertile stamen, abaxial view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G</emphasis>
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Staminode, abaxial view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">H</emphasis>
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Flower with petals and some stamens removed, side view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">I</emphasis>
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Longitudinal section of flower, with petals removed, showing ovaries surrounded by staminal cone
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">J</emphasis>
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Inner petal, adaxial view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">K</emphasis>
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Outer petal, adaxial view.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">A, C</emphasis>
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from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Carrington 7</emphasis>
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(K)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">B, F-K</emphasis>
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from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Donis 2041</emphasis>
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(BR)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">D, E</emphasis>
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from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Trochain 9603</emphasis>
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(P).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Phenology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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Specimens with flowers have been collected in March, from May to July, and in September and October, and with fruits from January to March, and in June and October. A ten-year phenology dataset from 1948-1957 from the Luki Reserve in southwestern Democratic Republic of Congo was analyzed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Couralet, C" journalOrPublisher="PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" refId="B38" refString="Couralet, C, 2010. Community dynamics, phenology and growth of tropical trees in the rain forest Reserve of Luki, Democratic Republic of Congo. PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent" title="Community dynamics, phenology and growth of tropical trees in the rain forest Reserve of Luki, Democratic Republic of Congo." year="2010">Couralet (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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, who found that
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<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">X. wilwerthii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Reserve consistently flowered with the beginning of the rainy season from January to March, with fruit production following shortly thereafter and seed dispersal extending into the dry season from June to September.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 32. Distribution of Xylopia wilwerthii. Bolder lines represent country borders, fainter lines lakes and major rivers." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199117" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">32</figureCitation>
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). Occurs in and near the lower Congo River drainage in the southern Republic of the Congo, western Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Cabinda Province of Angola, where it grows in lowland forest, gallery forest, and forest/savanna edges at elevations of 400-500 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="local names">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Local names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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Bengedele (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Donis 2041</emphasis>
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), bengelele (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Devred 3083</emphasis>
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), nginsa (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Pauwels 3478</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1239333" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199117" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" start="Figure 32" startId="F32">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Figure 32.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Xylopia wilwerthii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Bolder lines represent country borders, fainter lines lakes and major rivers.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="1950-05" collectingDateMax="1964-09-21" collectingDateMin="1950-05" collectorName="de Brazzaville, de la Fulakari, de Boko" country="REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" latitude="-4.5827775" location="Bouquet" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="14.974166" municipality="Foulakari" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Congo">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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<collectingCountry name="Republic of the Congo">REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO</collectingCountry>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality>Foulakari</collectingMunicipality>
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[see below],
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<collectingDate value="1964-09-21">21 Sep 1964</collectingDate>
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(fl),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8:2716FB65516389F68BB6E6BA21DE8D00" country="REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" latitude="-4.5827775" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="14.974166" municipality="Foulakari" name="Bouquet" stateProvince="Congo">Bouquet</location>
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497
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</emphasis>
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(P);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="région">region</normalizedToken>
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ouest
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<collectorName>de Brazzaville</collectorName>
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, chutes
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<collectorName>de la Fulakari</collectorName>
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[
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<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-4.5827775">04°34'58"S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="east" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="14.974166">14°58'27"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingDate value="1960-06-11">11 Jun 1960</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Descoings 5852</emphasis>
|
||
(P); bord au
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Congo</collectingRegion>
|
||
- Brazzaville,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1950-05">May 1950</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Koechlin 1112</emphasis>
|
||
(P);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
|
||
<collectorName>de Boko</collectorName>
|
||
(M.
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Congo</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="1956-01-08">8 Jan 1956</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Trochain 9603</emphasis>
|
||
[6451?] (P)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1945-09-22" collectingDateMax="1978-06-31" collectingDateMin="1945-09-22" collectorName="Robyns, Luki, Lukula, Parc, de la Nkula, Breyne, Prov. Leopoldville, Zundu, Mbanza-Ngungu, Territ. Thysville, Coupere, I. N. E. A. C. Luki, Devred, Kiobo, Donis, Terr. Boma, de la n'Kula, Maudoux, Mahieu, Terr. Popokabaka, Bombo Makuka, Pauwels, Toussaint, Mai-Ndombe, Taketa, Oshwe, Jans" country="DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" elevation="400" latitude="-3.25" location="Luvanium" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="19.1" municipality="Kimuenza" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kinshasa">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Bas-Congo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Kimuenza</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, plateau des restents,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8:D19441BF949C0FE15D67FD2CF0098DCD" country="DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" latitude="-3.25" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="19.1" municipality="Kimuenza" name="Luvanium" stateProvince="Kinshasa">Luvanium</location>
|
||
[
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="4.45917" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-4.45917">4.45917°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.288889" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="15.288889">15.288889°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingDate value="1966-03-28">28 Mar 1966</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl, fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Breyne 96</emphasis>
|
||
(MO); Lovanium, plateau of the residence,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="400.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1965-07-31">31 Jul 1965</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl, fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Carrington 7</emphasis>
|
||
(K); Univ. Lovanium,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Léopoldville">Leopoldville</normalizedToken>
|
||
camp Livulu,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1961-06-26">26 June 1961</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Evrard 6317</emphasis>
|
||
(MO); Prov. Leopoldville, Territ. Kasangulu, Keimrwenza-Lobanium, plateau near the guest house,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="500.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1957-07-29">29 Jul 1957</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Robyns</collectorName>
|
||
4394
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(K).-
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Kongo Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectorName>Luki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Lukula</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Parc</collectorName>
|
||
forestier
|
||
<collectorName>de la Nkula</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1978-06-31">31 June 1978</collectingDate>
|
||
(buds),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Breyne</collectorName>
|
||
3348
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(MO);
|
||
<collectorName>Prov. Leopoldville</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Zundu</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Mbanza-Ngungu</collectorName>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectorName>Territ. Thysville</collectorName>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingDate value="1960-03-14">14 Mar 1960</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Coupère">
|
||
<collectorName>Coupere</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
1675
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(K);
|
||
<collectorName>I. N. E. A. C. Luki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1947-02-03">3 Feb 1947</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Devred</collectorName>
|
||
3083
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(BR, P);
|
||
<collectorName>Kiobo</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1945-09-22">22 Sep 1945</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Donis</collectorName>
|
||
368
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(K);
|
||
<collectorName>Luki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1948-10-11">11 Oct 1948</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Donis</collectorName>
|
||
2041
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(BR, K, P);
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
Prov.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Léopoldville">Leopoldville</normalizedToken>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Terr. Boma</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Luki</collectorName>
|
||
, parc
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
de la
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="n’Kula">n'Kula</normalizedToken>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1948-10">Oct 1948</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Maudoux</collectorName>
|
||
72
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(K, WAG);
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Bas-Congo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Luki</collectorName>
|
||
, INEAC, 1957 (fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Mahieu</collectorName>
|
||
53
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(BR);
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Bas-Congo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Luki</collectorName>
|
||
, 1959,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Mahieu</collectorName>
|
||
295
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(BR).-
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Kwango</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectorName>Terr. Popokabaka</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Bombo Makuka</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1959-06-26">26 Jun 1959</collectingDate>
|
||
(st),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Pauwels</collectorName>
|
||
3478
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(BR);
|
||
<collectorName>Luki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1947-01-13">13 Jan 1947</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Toussaint</collectorName>
|
||
2114
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(K).-
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maï-Ndombe">
|
||
<collectorName>Mai-Ndombe</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectorName>Taketa</collectorName>
|
||
, terr.
|
||
<collectorName>Oshwe</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.25">3°15'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="east" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="19.1">19°06'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1962-07-21">21 Jul 1962</collectingDate>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectorName>Jans</collectorName>
|
||
1110
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(BR)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1916-01-11" country="ANGOLA" county="In" location="Mayumbe" municipality="Bungo Mungo" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Angola">ANGOLA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty>In</collectingCounty>
|
||
dense woods E of residence of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Bungo Mungo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B6183780899A5433B2C2A50F2722AEE8:AB95EEC9C9C3D1CE61E027B5ACD879BF" country="ANGOLA" county="In" municipality="Bungo Mungo" name="Mayumbe">Mayumbe</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1916-01-11">11 Jan 1916</collectingDate>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Gossweiler 6169</emphasis>
|
||
(BM)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="119" pageNumber="120" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
long pedicel of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Xylopia wilwerthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique among African species and unusual within the genus worldwide. This, along with the glabrous caudate leaves, reliably distinguish the species. An unusual aspect of its floral development is that elongation of the axillary pedicel seems to precede elongation of the terminal shoot from which it arises. The orange sarcotesta of its seeds suggest its placement within the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. odoratissima" order="Magnoliales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="odoratissima">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">X. odoratissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, but it is isolated there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii subsp. var. var. cuneata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="wilwerthii" subSpecies="var." variety="cuneata">Xylopia wilwerthii var. cuneata</taxonomicName>
|
||
was distinguished by the leaves being more narrowly cuneate at the bases than in the
|
||
<typeStatus>type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of the nominate variety, but we have now seen specimens where this range of variation in the leaf base is encompassed by a single specimen, and the two specimens do not show any other differences, so we do not distinguish them taxonomically. More perplexing is the variation in size and shape of the monocarps; monocarps with larger numbers of seeds are more slender and torulose than those with only 1-3 seeds, which tend to be wider and less strongly constricted between the seeds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Xylopia wilwerthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. flamignii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="flamignii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">X. flamignii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar leaves and overlap in distribution, and are thus likely to be confused, especially in the fruiting condition.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia flamignii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flamignii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Xylopia flamignii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in having a denser persistent indument of the young twigs, a prominent raised reticulum formed by the higher-order veins on the adaxial leaf surface, a distinctly pubescent lower leaf surface, leaves with 13-17 secondary veins per side, up to 22
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="120" pageNumber="121" start="start">monocarps</pageBreakToken>
|
||
per fruit, and seeds only
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="7.0" unit="mm" value="7.3" valueMax="7.6" valueMin="7.0">7-7.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia flamignii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flamignii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Xylopia flamignii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a larger tree, of up to
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
in height, reaching canopy or subcanopy level. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. wilwerthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an understory tree with finely pubescent and soon glabrate twigs, indistinct higher-order veins on the adaxial leaf surface, leaves with 15-22 secondary veins per side, never more than 12 monocarps per fruit, and seeds
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" metricValueMax="1.08" metricValueMin="0.96" unit="mm" value="10.2" valueMax="10.8" valueMin="9.6">9.6-10.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Couralet, C" journalOrPublisher="PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" refId="B38" refString="Couralet, C, 2010. Community dynamics, phenology and growth of tropical trees in the rain forest Reserve of Luki, Democratic Republic of Congo. PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent" title="Community dynamics, phenology and growth of tropical trees in the rain forest Reserve of Luki, Democratic Republic of Congo." year="2010">Couralet (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. wilwerthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. A. Petit" authorityYear="1961" baseAuthorityName="K. Schum." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Aidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aidia ochroleuca" order="Gentianales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ochroleuca">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Aidia ochroleuca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Welw" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Corynanthe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Corynanthe paniculata" order="Gentianales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Corynanthe paniculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to be a dominant understory species in the Luki Reserve forests, which were characterized as tropical semi-evergreen forest with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.J. Breteler" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="F.M. Vermoesen" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prioria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prioria balsamifera" order="Fabales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="balsamifera">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Prioria balsamifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Terminalia superba</emphasis>
|
||
as important canopy species. Forest of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Marquesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Marquesia acuminata" order="Malvales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Marquesia acuminata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was mentioned as the habitat at another site. We calculated a relatively large EOO for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. wilwerthii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="wilwerthii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. wilwerthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="8" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.79602" unit="km" value="179602.0">179,602 km</quantity>
|
||
2, coupled with an AOO of only
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" unit="km" value="52.0">52 km</quantity>
|
||
2. The size of the EOO is largely due to the great distance of the
|
||
<typeStatus>type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, Upoto in
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Democratic Republic of the Congo">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from the remainder of localities where the plant has been collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="xylopia acutiflora group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Richard, Hist. phys. Cuba, Pl. vasc. 1: 55. 1841 ["" authorityYear="1845" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Xylopia acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Plants of this group vary in habit from shrubs to canopy-sized trees or rarely lianas. The leaves of several species, for example
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. cupularis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="cupularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. cupularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. hypolampra" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="hypolampra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. hypolampra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. villosa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have a fine shiny appressed indument abaxially, a character not seen elsewhere among African species. The inflorescences may consist of a single flower, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or, in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. paniculata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="paniculata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. paniculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, up to 32 flowers, and pedunculate inflorescences are common. Monocarps of many species have a thick woody or leathery pericarp and seeds lying in two rows and oriented more or less perpendicular to the long axis of the monocarp. The sarcotesta of most species in this group is pale green, gray, or blue;
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. phloiodora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="phloiodora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. phloiodora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an orange sarcotesta, and sarcotesta color is unknown for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. calva" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="calva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. calva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. dinklagei" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="dinklagei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. dinklagei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. elliotii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="elliotii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. elliotii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. talbotii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="talbotii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. talbotii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Four species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group were included in the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X695484" author="Stull, GW" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="211 - 225" refId="B159" refString="Stull, GW, Johnson, DM, Murray, NA, Couvreur, TLP, Reeger, JE, Roy, CM, 2017. Plastid and seed morphology data support a revised infrageneric classification and an African origin of the pantropical genus Xylopia (Annonaceae). Systematic Botany 42 (2): 211 - 225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X695484" title="Plastid and seed morphology data support a revised infrageneric classification and an African origin of the pantropical genus Xylopia (Annonaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X695484" volume="42" year="2017">Stull et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and all fell within a strongly supported clade along with several Madagascar species. In Africa this species group has a Guineo-Congolian distribution, reaching its eastern limits in South Sudan, western Tanzania, and central Angola.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Three subgroups within the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group are worth noting, all represented in the
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X695484" author="Stull, GW" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="211 - 225" refId="B159" refString="Stull, GW, Johnson, DM, Murray, NA, Couvreur, TLP, Reeger, JE, Roy, CM, 2017. Plastid and seed morphology data support a revised infrageneric classification and an African origin of the pantropical genus Xylopia (Annonaceae). Systematic Botany 42 (2): 211 - 225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X695484" title="Plastid and seed morphology data support a revised infrageneric classification and an African origin of the pantropical genus Xylopia (Annonaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X695484" volume="42" year="2017">Stull et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular study. The first subgroup comprises
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. dinklagei" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="dinklagei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. dinklagei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. mildbraedii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="mildbraedii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. mildbraedii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. monticola" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="monticola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. monticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. piratae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="piratae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. piratae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. talbotii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="talbotii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. talbotii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. thomsonii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. thomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. unguiculata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. unguiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most of them segregates of the former
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. acutiflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="acutiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. acutiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s. l., These are shrubs, sometimes lianescent, or small trees with single-flowered inflorescences borne on short bract-covered pedicels. A second subgroup includes the common and widespread West and Central African riparian species
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. longipetala" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="longipetala">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. longipetala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, formerly known as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. parviflora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="parviflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. parviflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. katangensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="katangensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. katangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The third subgroup comprises species with large woody monocarps that often split into three segments upon dehiscence:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. hypolampra" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="hypolampra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. hypolampra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. letestui" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="letestui">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. letestui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. paniculata" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="paniculata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. paniculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. phloiodora" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="phloiodora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. phloiodora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. tanganyikensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="tanganyikensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. tanganyikensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. villosa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and probably
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. calva" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="calva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. calva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Species with a smaller fruit, which may be associated with this final subgroup, include
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. cupularis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="cupularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. cupularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. elliotii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="elliotii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. elliotii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. pynaertii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="pynaertii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">X. pynaertii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |