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<document id="7D49E1AE8872CAB33B9CDCCC4C172925" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.774.21769" ID-GBIF-Dataset="903c8c1c-8bed-461b-b0ba-15d752e76dbd" ID-PMC="PMC6053470" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-774-53" ID-PubMed="30034263" ID-ZooBank="3F266A726CB74867B13FFBDDDBFB6D0C" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-774-53" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 774" ModsDocTitle="Freshwater bryozoans of Lithuania (Bryozoa)" checkinTime="1531468480032" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Satkauskienė, Ingrida, Wood, Timothy, Rutkauskaitė-Sucilienė, Jurgita, Mildazienė, Vida &amp; Tuckutė, Simona" docDate="2018" docId="02AA1A14157AB18BB8E463380FE1D9B3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 774: 53-75" docOrigin="ZooKeys 774" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.774.21769" docTitle="Plumatella fungosa Pallas 1768" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="361E546C3A19FFEA1925B272FFD35E3F" masterDocTitle="Freshwater bryozoans of Lithuania (Bryozoa)" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="53" updateTime="1701317434132" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B71A918BB4E2E66E7387664DFAB79A80">Freshwater bryozoans of Lithuania (Bryozoa)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1C47D88D1243795D44FC963CB926CE8C">Satkauskienė, Ingrida</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2B35112826518B3B6A73560B508CABF3">Rutkauskaitė-Sucilienė, Jurgita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4780E728ABC4F525A31C812742B1750F">Mildazienė, Vida</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="46FB797FC21BC91CB15BB12B8DCBCF86" ID-CoL="4KJ7C" authority="Pallas, 1768" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1768" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Plumatellidae" genus="Plumatella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plumatella fungosa" order="Plumatellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="fungosa">Plumatella fungosa (Pallas, 1768)</taxonomicName>
Fig. 4
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="BAC8DBB3FD33CD2DD6203B98E3860BEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8997B10F2135A17142A08220CD5EE0C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B9C498C2B2C3331C72C71144D5A3030" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
A floatoblasts collected from Linksmakalnis pond (June 2015) and
<normalizedToken id="A9241771F0DAA39B6EE251A22C71B9FE" originalValue="Maišia">Maisia</normalizedToken>
stream (April 2015). Colony from Aristava pond (locates in
<normalizedToken id="F5E38C17F41A4871CB648A6AE0AD7402" originalValue="Kėdainiai">Kėdainiai</normalizedToken>
district
<geoCoordinate id="2BEF470BC240272676E1E5DB6FC1FA1B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="55.285305">55°17'07.1&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="14346CE746AEB07D3EA095C8553A3775" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="24.074612">24°04'28.6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
and it is not included in general list of studied sites during this survey) was taken in June 2017 (Fig. 4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5134C7D95B6D71F0BC77B6B5DD780662" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="897EFFE4059390B0C66D9D033282176E" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74B4545B1C0AE9752605995845507E6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
The colony dark, spindle shaped, and large (15-17 cm), formed on stems of reeds (
<taxonomicName id="4C34B437CB6C40F5492B9AC52B5F3752" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Phragmites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phragmites" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phragmites</taxonomicName>
). Examined floatoblasts exhibited characteristic tubercles on the floatoblast annulus (Fig. 4) and a ridge-like suture between the dorsal and ventral valves. Dorsal floatoblast tubercles were larger on the fenestra than on the annulus. The length of floatoblasts was 324-368 (339
<normalizedToken id="C82E5996B10F8D472C057307BC9EB58B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
5)
<normalizedToken id="8FE5EB513168D05A5FABEED976839ECE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; width 220-290 (254
<normalizedToken id="88FD7364354C1B536D695DCB613FC80A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
8)
<normalizedToken id="1E0B6031E58DF583E4C2838BB2994ABC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(n=8), L/W ratio 1.3; DfL 130-160 (147
<normalizedToken id="DEC45B2B6B82BB5B67261F37A47C6A6F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
4)
<normalizedToken id="6FB0CEC22023C1E769B259A2800F7D88" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(n=6); DfW 125-161 (144
<normalizedToken id="9E8F8503820F0F6EFCE20F309EF0DBE4" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
5)
<normalizedToken id="9F4EB07A6EE77317B54288C5DC7F33AF" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(n=6); VfL 214-250 (227
<normalizedToken id="91D07C78726B81C7FE97A469BF2A8173" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
4)
<normalizedToken id="477C0AF820C8EF4F8019E7441683EB51" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and VfW 205-228 (214
<normalizedToken id="AE33F53A96E2B596375E4BF7EFB7E619" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2)
<normalizedToken id="116BC53E710FB78883AFABB64AAB830B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(n=6). However, dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="B064426F36ADA59A243B9A8EE592568D" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
floatoblasts provided by
<bibRefCitation id="2A09B58973C73DB715B581106697C6F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<normalizedToken id="BFC5B9D92BB990594A400AE2F1112F07" originalValue="Pajiedaitė">Pajiedaitė</normalizedToken>
(1933)
</bibRefCitation>
, were slightly larger: 470
<normalizedToken id="1A6D1A695989FCA765B830073AF3F835" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="596A2C90A4BADF72DBC40EB857337734" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
290
<normalizedToken id="CBBCAD2DF906CBC81CE214867E542AEB" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
<normalizedToken id="9B1DAF8E477A94FB185DE0BB9796A75E" originalValue="Pajiedaitė">Pajiedaitė</normalizedToken>
also recorded the variability in sessoblast dimensions from different localities: 790
<normalizedToken id="4468FBF2252B8E50755E9FD7B1876081" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="35A04648C5D46340822C83D3EEEB1A1B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
470
<normalizedToken id="42A4D6311354B130AA8D1228C90F459C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in
<normalizedToken id="E17D794EE310CBB58645409AC87FD70A" originalValue="Nevėžis">Nevėzis</normalizedToken>
river (Kaunas district); 480
<normalizedToken id="5F52D8C58A3B5459D0C399C7151D59E3" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7F078B1952018EE3DAECE2757E9E4F08" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
370
<normalizedToken id="327A7B3A8C969B2A4809F8B1DE6C1CB1" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in Lake
<normalizedToken id="5F617DE04C2AFD5E26DCE5A1F3EF195D" originalValue="Aukštadvaris">Aukstadvaris</normalizedToken>
(Trakai district), and 580
<normalizedToken id="E0D52E26FCBD1DE6B7DB5B281C2C7ACB" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="36796A6A61DEA9B47186164785DD31F3" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
420
<normalizedToken id="924A0A74B946FC2413EEDF41C2DBFD0B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in Snaigynas Lake (Lazdijai district) (Pajiedaite 1933). During current study sessoblasts were not found.
</paragraph>
<caption id="CBB7A48439E88C7485A839F4B8AC0465" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<paragraph id="2917B3CD3F585DB8393DB7347594779C" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
Figure 4.
<taxonomicName id="F9B738B0A4344FB6736D890B26B56003" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Plumatellidae" genus="Plumatella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plumatella fungosa" order="Plumatellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="fungosa">Plumatella fungosa</taxonomicName>
. Scanning electron micrograph showing characteristic tubercles on the floatoblast annulus. Scale bar: 100
<normalizedToken id="360FA7DD0361FB60DC54208BD7F63884" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07CC97D1B4918F62B9AD3A1D832CA82A" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6F6CE8AD418F0B6DAD13AEC56CF94F1B" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Distribution in Europe.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB583ADF7126F6FD8022F43CE3C86A3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="00BFB921C65ED36CB9D066A078A7072D" author="Wood, TS" journalOrPublisher="Fresh Water Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, Scientific Publication" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 113" title="A new key to the Freshwater Bryozoans of Britain, Ireland and Continental Europe, with notes on their Ecology." volume="63" year="2005">Wood and Okamura (2005)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="B730D2E767FC596B9C54337DF2475DCF" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
is widespread in Europe. It has been recorded from several places in southern Sweden and Finland; it is common in Denmark and has been reported from Iceland (
<bibRefCitation id="1170C49F1133C939688B54880FBF6D39" author="Okland, KA" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" pagination="31 - 55" title="Freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa) of Norway, V: review and comparative discussion of the distribution and ecology of the 10 species recorded." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-1320-5" volume="534" year="2005">
<normalizedToken id="517191BCB2AE104229F34D772C2D3818" originalValue="Økland">Okland</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken id="D1B54494430F22BE24EC91A5F84D30CF" originalValue="Økland">Okland</normalizedToken>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
) and Poland (
<bibRefCitation id="726E031088521C62F4043DC1B76F62C8" author="Kaminski, M" journalOrPublisher="Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" pagination="45 - 53" title="Food composition of three bryozoan species (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata) in a mesotrophic lake." volume="31" year="1984">Kaminski 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC4FB664F5CBFB12647D1FD2C2D079E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="12942DA1702C65E0FA2F8320500A9B7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Remarks on habitat and ecology in Lithuania.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E507B61119DB98D04362CA1113C950B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
During this survey, floatoblasts of
<taxonomicName id="428B91AE714171FCADF1327E4131A2BE" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
were found in seven water bodies from 18 surveyed, with prevalence in stagnant water, with neutral to slightly alkaline pH 7.01-8.15 (Table 1).
<bibRefCitation id="4692F819560CC11C4E37D629465E21F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<normalizedToken id="ABD14FEE5079EDFA706EC9EA5CDB43C8" originalValue="Pajiedaitė">Pajiedaitė</normalizedToken>
(1933)
</bibRefCitation>
described the colonies in Kaunas Lagoon,
<normalizedToken id="ACBDABCDC84705190DFA0894C5DDCB54" originalValue="Nevėžis">Nevėzis</normalizedToken>
River (Kaunas district) and Dubysa River (
<normalizedToken id="2BA175202C87FF02DFBB5FE739E401CC" originalValue="Šiauliai">Siauliai</normalizedToken>
district). She noted that
<taxonomicName id="5EA0ADC1CFB68B51B9EB2CB3E45B1106" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
often occurred in polluted water and described colonies, found in old port of Kaunas city, where water was polluted by oil of ships and trash. A similar observation has been made by other authors (
<bibRefCitation id="316480AC81E7C91AA7BC94D5BA882FB1" author="Bushnell, JH" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" pagination="95 - 123" title="Environmental relations of Michigan Ectoprocta, and dynamics of natural populations of Plumatellarepens." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1942151" volume="36" year="1966">Bushnell 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CC1B862C0615CF1F72A2CB05883ECEE3" author="Geimer, G" journalOrPublisher="Travaux scientifiques du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Luxembourg" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 188" title="Les bryozoaires du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg et des regions limitrophes." volume="7" year="1986">Geimer and Massard 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the available data, we consider
<taxonomicName id="E7F5EF3348EC53D26114A947F4512987" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
to be prevalent in Lithuania.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3F04C3F0D07DB80545E1B20292ED91C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="9CC812B718A147744A3EB5EC4F7E41E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19A1EE8E51E3EE469256EA49207414E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
Large bulky colonies of
<taxonomicName id="A310B34FB2B1D2071923C8FDB481D895" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
are easily recognizable freshwater bryozoan species in Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="A33F267BA2D222758A63638936A83E77" author="Wood, TS" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 7" title="Plumatellageimermassardi, a newly recognized freshwater bryozoan from Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025051.65713.85" volume="518" year="2004">Wood and Okamura 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Floatoblasts of
<taxonomicName id="2431FE19863489970EAEFC3D75DFB12F" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
are lateralyasymmetrical and distinctfrom the symmetrical floatoblasts of
<taxonomicName id="CD4E7C56720B595A40C3AAF5514FCB65" lsidName="P. repens" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="repens">P. repens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A357C9D9FC1EE5B45B9A488A8E499F62" lsidName="P. rugosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="rugosa">P. rugosa</taxonomicName>
. Molecular studies showed a close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="3DEC5507A769B9629B634C8FBDB39BFC" lsidName="P. repens" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="repens">P. repens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="312DF33A70675B197C983D51644186C7" lsidName="P. fungosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="fungosa">P. fungosa</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F6724AEBE5D6950C41E6628D3970A98" author="Hirose, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.28.318" year="2011">Hirose et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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