577 lines
56 KiB
XML
577 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.875.35748" ID-GBIF-Dataset="80fec9f5-82b3-487c-a1e9-6fc1d034a371" ID-PMC="PMC6760214" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-875-63" ID-Pensoft-UUID="222C9E1B135454BEB7144BD7794FA01C" ID-PubMed="31579113" ID-ZooBank="B0F048E4381B4B5D9E905496B3706A16" ModsDocID="1313-2970-875-63" checkinTime="1568689390662" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Prous, Marko, Liston, Andrew, Kramp, Katja, Savina, Henri, Vardal, Hege & Taeger, Andreas" docDate="2019" docId="701E422AD8EE5E85913C78C9556E76E5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 875: 63-127" docOrigin="ZooKeys 875" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.875.35748" docTitle="Hemichroa australis Serville 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="222C9E1B135454BEB7144BD7794FA01C" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="222C9E1B135454BEB7144BD7794FA01C" masterDocTitle="The West Palaearctic genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1668167807925" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The West Palaearctic genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prous, Marko</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liston, Andrew</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kramp, Katja</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Savina, Henri</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vardal, Hege</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Taeger, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>875</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>63</mods:start>
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<mods:end>127</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.875.35748</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.875.35748</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-875-63</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B0F048E4381B4B5D9E905496B3706A16</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">222C9E1B135454BEB7144BD7794FA01C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159412553" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:701E422AD8EE5E85913C78C9556E76E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/701E422AD8EE5E85913C78C9556E76E5" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName LSID="701E422AD8EE5E85913C78C9556E76E5" authority="Serville, 1823" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Hemichroa australis (Serville, 1823)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenthredo alni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alni">Tenthredo alni</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Linné">Linne</normalizedToken>
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, 1767: 925. Lectotype ♀, designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933408654888" author="Malaise, R" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien Skrifter i naturskyddsaerenden" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B111" refString="Malaise, R, Benson, RB, 1934. . https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933408654888" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933408654888" year="1934">Malaise and Benson (1934</bibRefCitation>
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: 8), not examined, in LSUK (images: http://linnean-online.org/16581/). Type locality: Sweden. Primary homonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenthredo alni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alni">Tenthredo alni</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Linné">Linne</normalizedToken>
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, 1758 (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus septentrionalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">Nematus septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Linné">Linne</normalizedToken>
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, 1758)).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenthredo luctuosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosa">Tenthredo luctuosa</taxonomicName>
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Hill, 1773: 5-6, pl. 1. Syntype(s) ♀, lost. Type locality: Uxbridge (United Kingdom). Treated as nomen oblitum and synonymised with
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<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">australis</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2254.1.1" author="Blank, SM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 96" refId="B13" refString="Blank, SM, Taeger, A, Liston, AD, Smith, DR, Rasnitsyn, AP, Shinohara, A, Heidemaa, M, Viitasaari, M, 2009. Studies toward a World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa 2254: 1 - 96" title="Studies toward a World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2254.1.1" volume="2254" year="2009">Blank et al. (2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 32).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenthredo australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Tenthredo australis</taxonomicName>
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Serville, 1823: 16. Syntype(s) ♀, lost. Type locality: Midi (France). Nomen protectum, as stated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2254.1.1" author="Blank, SM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 96" refId="B13" refString="Blank, SM, Taeger, A, Liston, AD, Smith, DR, Rasnitsyn, AP, Shinohara, A, Heidemaa, M, Viitasaari, M, 2009. Studies toward a World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa 2254: 1 - 96" title="Studies toward a World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2254.1.1" volume="2254" year="2009">Blank et al. (2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 32).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenthredo australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Tenthredo australis</taxonomicName>
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Lepeletier, 1823:71. Syntype(s) ♀, lost. Type locality: Midi (France). Primary homonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenthredo australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Tenthredo australis</taxonomicName>
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Serville, 1823.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa monticola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monticola">Hemichroa monticola</taxonomicName>
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Ermolenko, 1960: 208-210. Holotype ♀ (Schmalhausen Institute, Kiev: not examined) and 4 female paratypes (one examined). Type locality: Ukraine, Lvovskoj oblasti, Slavekogo rajona, Tuhovalskom perevale.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="taxonomy">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B36">Ermolenko (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the following characters [character state for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in brackets]:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- lower surface of antenna noticeably paler than the upper [uniformly dark]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- medial emargination of clypeus deep, usually exceeding half of its length [reaching half of its length]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- intercostal and lanceolate cells of the fore wing and main half of the hind wing are clearly darkened [wings nearly completely hyaline]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- the 2nd anal cell of the posterior wing is almost equal to the length of the median cells [2nd anal cell of the posterior wing noticeably shorter than median one]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- 9th tergum predominantly dark [9th tergum red]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- cerci yellow [cerci basally yellow, apically fuscous]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- valvula 3 of ovipositor on lower margin noticeably convex in lateral view [only slightly convex]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">- teeth of the proximal half of the ovipositor have two or more smaller additional denticles at the base [these teeth with only one small additional tooth]</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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Only a single paratype of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was available for examination, but we also examined four females (HNHM) which have the combination of colour characters described for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and were collected at subalpine levels in the Ukrainian Carpathians, as was the type series of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. We did not observe any significant difference in the depth of the clypeal emargination between Carpathian specimens and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other parts of Europe. The other characters used to distinguish
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are either extremely weak, such as the slightly darkened tips of the cerci and the degree of curvature of the lower edge of valvula 3, or are variable among studied
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females, such as the length of the hind wing anal cell and the presence or absence of denticles on the more basal serrulae of the lancet (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 108–112" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 108 - 112. Hemichroa, lancets 108 - 109 australis DEI-GISHym 15387, Sweden, Torne Lappmark; arrow, spurette 110 australis DEI-GISHym 31836, Ukraine, Carpathians 111 australis DEI-GISHym 31837, Russian Federation, Baskiria 112 crocea DEI-GISHym 19401, Germany, Brandenburg; arrow, spurette." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340351" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112">Figs 108-111</figureCitation>
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). The shape of sawteeth and the number of serrulae can even vary between the left and right lancets of the same individual (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 108–112" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 108 - 112. Hemichroa, lancets 108 - 109 australis DEI-GISHym 15387, Sweden, Torne Lappmark; arrow, spurette 110 australis DEI-GISHym 31836, Ukraine, Carpathians 111 australis DEI-GISHym 31837, Russian Federation, Baskiria 112 crocea DEI-GISHym 19401, Germany, Brandenburg; arrow, spurette." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340351" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112">Figs 108-109</figureCitation>
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), possibly as a result of wear (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631295X00062" author="Schmidt, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="385 - 392" refId="B148" refString="Schmidt, S, Walter, GH, 1995. Description of Dineurapullior sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), with quantified observations on saw wear. Entomologica scandinavica 26: 385 - 392" title="Description of Dineurapullior sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), with quantified observations on saw wear." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631295X00062" volume="26" year="1995">Schmidt and Walter 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). Ermolenko considered
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be a neo-endemic element of the Carpathian subalpine fauna, associated with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus viridis" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Alnus viridis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but several of the characters which he gave as distinguishing it from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occur apparently independently of each other in the
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females which we have examined from many parts of the West Palaearctic. For example, tergum 9 mainly pale, but whole wing-membrane blackish from base of fore wing up to approximately the level of the pterostigma [Germany, Berlin], or antennae entirely black, and wing membrane nearly entirely hyaline, but 9th tergum black [Sweden, Lapland]. In our opinion, Ermolenko underestimated the range of variability in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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falls within this range. Therefore, we treat the taxa as conspecific. Nevertheless, comparison of relevant genetic data should still be undertaken.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures104-107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340350" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figures 104–107" startId="F11">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figures 104-107.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Hemichroa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, penis valves
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">104</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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DEI-GISHym15392 Germany, Saxony
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">105</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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DEI-GISHym20618, Sweden, Kiruna
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">106</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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DEI-GISHym84982, Japan, Honshu
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">107</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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DEI-GISHym31838, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340351" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figures 108–112" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figures 108-112.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Hemichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lancets
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">108-109</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DEI-GISHym15387, Sweden, Torne Lappmark; arrow, spurette
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">110</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DEI-GISHym31836, Ukraine, Carpathians
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">111</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DEI-GISHym31837, Russian Federation, Baskiria
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">112</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DEI-GISHym19401, Germany, Brandenburg; arrow, spurette.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Previously published descriptions of the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Hemichroa australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the colour characters which are claimed to distinguish it from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are partly contradictory, and may not be reliable.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48019150702" author="Enslin, E" journalOrPublisher="Sumptibus Guilelmi Engelmann, Lipsiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B35" refString="Enslin, E, 1915. . https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48019150702" url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48019150702" year="1915">Enslin (1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 317) wrote [translated from German]: "According to Cameron, the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Geoffr. is just like that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. alni" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="alni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. alni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]; Cameron (Monograph Brit. Phyt. Hym. II p. 7) saw some males of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reared by Fletcher and could not distinguish them from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. alni" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="alni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. alni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because nothing further on this subject is reported in the literature and it was not possible for us to obtain males of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for examination, the separation of the males of these species must remain unresolved until a later date".
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B9">Benson (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
"Differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂ in that the antenna is at least red below [
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: antenna entirely black] and the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="stigma" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="stigma">stigma</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the wing is piceous [
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: pterostigma brown in the middle] ".
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="297 - 302" refId="B150" refString="Smith, DR, 1975. The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica scandinavica 6: 297 - 302" title="The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" volume="6" year="1975">Smith (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his key to World
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Hemichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, wrote that he did not know the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and repeated the characters given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B9">Benson (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. But in the text under
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="297 - 302" refId="B150" refString="Smith, DR, 1975. The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica scandinavica 6: 297 - 302" title="The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" volume="6" year="1975">Smith (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote "It may be separated from other species by the presence of the radial crossvein [2r-rs] in the fore wing and characters of the genitalia (figs 3, 4)". The first character state was surely mentioned in error: all
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Hemichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species usually possess vein 2r-rs, except for the taxon treated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="297 - 302" refId="B150" refString="Smith, DR, 1975. The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica scandinavica 6: 297 - 302" title="The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" volume="6" year="1975">Smith (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. militaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="militaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. militaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cresson, 1880), which is currently placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Dineura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dineura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Dineura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree of Nematinae based on four genes (COI, NaK, POL 2, TPI). Only specimens sequenced for all four genes were included. Short introns from POL 2 and TPI were excluded. The best-fit model chosen according to Bayesian information criterion was GTR + R 4. Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Support values for weakly supported branches (<90) are not shown. Letters " f " and " m " stand for " female " and " male ", and are not given for larvae. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to the length of the sequence and the number of ambiguous positions (e. g., heterozygosities). The number of ambiguous positions given for two males are due to variation in mitochondrial COI because of possible heteroplasmy. The tree was rooted as in Prous et al. (2014). The scale bar shows the number of estimated substitutions per nucleotide position." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340340" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figure1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.40.7442" author="Prous, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 69" refId="B127" refString="Prous, M, Blank, SM, Goulet, H, Heibo, E, Liston, A, Malm, T, Nyman, T, Schmidt, S, Smith, DR, Vardal, H, Viitasaari, M, Vikberg, V, Taeger, A, 2014. The genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 40: 1 - 69" title="The genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.40.7442" volume="40" year="2014">Prous et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See below under
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for additional discussion of diagnostic characters of males of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Body length: female 6.5-8.5 mm, male 6.0-6.5 mm. Wing colour highly variable in both sexes, from nearly entirely hyaline, to entire hind wing and basal fore wing up to about pterostigma conspicuously darkened. Female (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 98–103" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 98 - 103. Hemichroa 98 - 100 crocea DEI-GISHym 19402 ♀, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 99, 101 australis DEI-GISHym 15401 ♀, Sweden, Torne Lappmark 102 crocea DEI-GISHym 31838 ♂, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 103 australis DEI-GISHym 20618 ♂, Sweden, Torne Lappmark, fore wing. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures98-103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340349" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures98-103">Figs 99</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 98–103" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 98 - 103. Hemichroa 98 - 100 crocea DEI-GISHym 19402 ♀, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 99, 101 australis DEI-GISHym 15401 ♀, Sweden, Torne Lappmark 102 crocea DEI-GISHym 31838 ♂, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 103 australis DEI-GISHym 20618 ♂, Sweden, Torne Lappmark, fore wing. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures98-103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340349" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures98-103">101</figureCitation>
|
||
): Black. Red are head, except more or less for labrum and antenna; pronotum, tegula, mesoscutum, more or less mesoscutellar appendage; more or less the apex of abdomen. Legs black, except for more or less brownish fore legs. Lancet:
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 104–107" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 104 - 107. Hemichroa, penis valves 104 australis DEI-GISHym 15392 Germany, Saxony 105 australis DEI-GISHym 20618, Sweden, Kiruna 106 australis DEI-GISHym 84982, Japan, Honshu 107 crocea DEI-GISHym 31838, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures104-107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340350" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures104-107">Figs 106</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 108–112" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 108 - 112. Hemichroa, lancets 108 - 109 australis DEI-GISHym 15387, Sweden, Torne Lappmark; arrow, spurette 110 australis DEI-GISHym 31836, Ukraine, Carpathians 111 australis DEI-GISHym 31837, Russian Federation, Baskiria 112 crocea DEI-GISHym 19401, Germany, Brandenburg; arrow, spurette." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340351" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112">109</figureCitation>
|
||
. Male (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 98–103" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 98 - 103. Hemichroa 98 - 100 crocea DEI-GISHym 19402 ♀, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 99, 101 australis DEI-GISHym 15401 ♀, Sweden, Torne Lappmark 102 crocea DEI-GISHym 31838 ♂, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 103 australis DEI-GISHym 20618 ♂, Sweden, Torne Lappmark, fore wing. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures98-103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340349" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures98-103">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
|
||
): Head and body entirely black, except more or less for underside of antennae, tegulae, extreme upper posterior edge of pronotum, and subgenital plate. Legs entirely red, except for black coxa and more or less trochanters and trochantelli. One male (DEI-GISHym20617), presumably atypical, has the thorax red and black patterned, exactly as in females. Penis valve:
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 104–107" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 104 - 107. Hemichroa, penis valves 104 australis DEI-GISHym 15392 Germany, Saxony 105 australis DEI-GISHym 20618, Sweden, Kiruna 106 australis DEI-GISHym 84982, Japan, Honshu 107 crocea DEI-GISHym 31838, Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures104-107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340350" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures104-107">Figs 104-106</figureCitation>
|
||
; note the variability in shape of the distal projections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Our characterisation of the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based primarily on three specimens from Germany (BC ZSM HYM 04094), Lapland (DEI-GISHym20618), and Japan (DEI-GISHym84982), with identity confirmed by barcoding. Fore wing basally darkened or mostly subhyaline, the antennae black with reddish undersides (or nearly completely pale in the Japanese specimen), and the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="stigma" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="stigma">stigma</taxonomicName>
|
||
uniformly dark. The body is completely black, except for the slightly brown tegulae, harpes, and distal edge of sternum 9; and all tibiae completely pale. One further male from Torne Lappmark in the SDEI, and the long series of males from Ukraine, have the same coloration except for mostly subhyaline fore wing. The latter exhibit little variability, except that the tegulae and upper posterior edges of the pronotum may be completely black, or more or less brown, and the antennae usually extensively reddish, but occasionally nearly completely black. The wing veins of the males from Lapland, including the fore wing pterostigma, are, however, darker than the Ukrainian specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="similar species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Similar species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
See key, and notes on male (above, and under
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, below). Compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 108–112" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 108 - 112. Hemichroa, lancets 108 - 109 australis DEI-GISHym 15387, Sweden, Torne Lappmark; arrow, spurette 110 australis DEI-GISHym 31836, Ukraine, Carpathians 111 australis DEI-GISHym 31837, Russian Federation, Baskiria 112 crocea DEI-GISHym 19401, Germany, Brandenburg; arrow, spurette." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340351" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112">Fig. 112</figureCitation>
|
||
), the most obvious differences in the lancet of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 108–112" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 108 - 112. Hemichroa, lancets 108 - 109 australis DEI-GISHym 15387, Sweden, Torne Lappmark; arrow, spurette 110 australis DEI-GISHym 31836, Ukraine, Carpathians 111 australis DEI-GISHym 31837, Russian Federation, Baskiria 112 crocea DEI-GISHym 19401, Germany, Brandenburg; arrow, spurette." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340351" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures108-112">Figs 108-111</figureCitation>
|
||
) are the greater number and smaller size of ctenidia on the annular sutures, smaller distance between each basal and median sawtooth and its spurette, and its less hooked median sawteeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="life history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Life history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Host plants (in Europe):
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula pendula" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pendula">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Betula pendula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="pubescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="pubescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kontuniemi, T" journalOrPublisher="Animalia Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B73" refString="Kontuniemi, T, 1960. Suomen sahapistiaeistoukkien ravintokasvit. Die Futterpflanzen der Saegewespenlarven (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Finnlands. Animalia Fennica 9: 1 - 104" title="Suomen sahapistiaeistoukkien ravintokasvit. Die Futterpflanzen der Saegewespenlarven (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Finnlands." volume="9" year="1960">Kontuniemi 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="pubescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="pubescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
var.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="var. pumila" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="variety" variety="pumila">pumila</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Specimens examined),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">utilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schedl, W" journalOrPublisher="Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="93 - 104" refId="B145" refString="Schedl, W, 2010. Die Pflanzenwespen im Botanischen Garten Innsbruck (Tirol, Oesterreich) Artengarnitur, Bluetenbesuch und Phaenologie (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 96: 93 - 104" title="Die Pflanzenwespen im Botanischen Garten Innsbruck (Tirol, Oesterreich) Artengarnitur, Bluetenbesuch und Phaenologie (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Symphyta)." volume="96" year="2010">Schedl 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus glutinosa" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glutinosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Alnus glutinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="incana" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="incana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">incana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kontuniemi, T" journalOrPublisher="Animalia Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B73" refString="Kontuniemi, T, 1960. Suomen sahapistiaeistoukkien ravintokasvit. Die Futterpflanzen der Saegewespenlarven (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Finnlands. Animalia Fennica 9: 1 - 104" title="Suomen sahapistiaeistoukkien ravintokasvit. Die Futterpflanzen der Saegewespenlarven (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Finnlands." volume="9" year="1960">Kontuniemi 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pschorn-Walcher, H" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="273 - 327" refId="B134" refString="Pschorn-Walcher, H, Altenhofer, E, 2000. Langjaehrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer biologische Beitraege 32: 273 - 327" title="Langjaehrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa." volume="32" year="2000">Pschorn-Walcher and Altenhofer 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and further
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Alnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the East Palaearctic. Larvae solitary, and cryptic (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 88–97" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 88 - 97. Larvae of Nematinae 88 Hemichroa australis 89 Nematus lonicerae (photo E. Altenhofer) 90 Nematus wahlbergi 91 Nematus lucidus 92 Euura melanocephalus 93 Nematus latipes 94 Nematus septentrionalis 95 - 96 Nematus alniastri 97 Nematus princeps (photo V. Vikberg)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures88-97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/340348" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.875.35748.figures88-97">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.46.7064" author="Boeve, J-L" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="25 - 33" refId="B14" refString="Boeve, J-L, 2015. Multimodal defensive strategies in larvae of two Hemichroa sawfly species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46: 25 - 33" title="Multimodal defensive strategies in larvae of two Hemichroa sawfly species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.46.7064" volume="46" year="2015">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boevé">Boeve</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared the defensive strategy of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="crocea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="crocea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">crocea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae. Two overlapping generations in the lowlands. Although males of both European
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hemichroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemichroa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Hemichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have generally been considered to be rare (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B9">Benson 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="297 - 302" refId="B150" refString="Smith, DR, 1975. The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica scandinavica 6: 297 - 302" title="The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" volume="6" year="1975">Smith 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), males of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are, at least regionally, evidently rather abundant. In a series of 104 specimens collected by Ermolenko in the montane zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians, 92 are males, and 2 of 5 specimens recently collected in the Torne
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Träsk">Traesk</normalizedToken>
|
||
Region are males.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Malaise, R" journalOrPublisher="Entomologisk Tidskrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B108" refString="Malaise, R, 1921b. Beitraege zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift 41: 1 - 20" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen." volume="41" year="1921 b">Malaise (1921b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also noted that although males of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually extremely rare, three of six specimens which he collected in the Torne
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Träsk">Traesk</normalizedToken>
|
||
area were males. Perhaps males are more frequent in areas with a cooler climate, which would represent an interesting departure from the usual pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Tenthredinoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Tenthredinoidea">Tenthredinoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
of a higher female to male ratio in warmer areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society of British Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="45 - 142" refId="B6" refString="Benson, RB, 1950. An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies. Transactions of the Society of British Entomology 10: 45 - 142" title="An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies." volume="10" year="1950">Benson 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 126).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Trans-palaearctic from the British Isles, through north and central Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B156">Taeger et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to Yakutia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sundukov, YN" editor="Belokobylskij, SA" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Zoologiceskogo Instituta Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, Supplement No" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="20 - 117" refId="B154" refString="Sundukov, YN, 2017. Suborder Symphyta - Sawflies and Wood Wasps. In: Belokobylskij, SA, Lelej, AS, Eds., Annotated Catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Volume 1. Symphyta and Apocrita: Aculeata. . Trudy Zoologiceskogo Instituta Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, Supplement No 6: 20 - 117" title="Suborder Symphyta - Sawflies and Wood Wasps." volume="6" volumeTitle="Annotated Catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Volume 1. Symphyta and Apocrita: Aculeata." year="2017">Sundukov 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Japan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="297 - 302" refId="B150" refString="Smith, DR, 1975. The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica scandinavica 6: 297 - 302" title="The sawfly genus Hemichroa Stephens: a review of species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631275X00145" volume="6" year="1975">Smith 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also Specimens examined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="occurrence in sweden">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Occurrence in Sweden.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Published records:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Skåne">Skane</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1865.tb00032.x" author="Andersson, H" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Entomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="28 - 34" refId="B1" refString="Andersson, H, 1962. Bidrag till kaennedomen om de skandinaviska vaextsteklarnas utbredning (Hym. Phytophaga). Opuscula Entomologica 27: 28 - 34" title="Bidrag till kaennedomen om de skandinaviska vaextsteklarnas utbredning (Hym. Phytophaga)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1865.tb00032.x" volume="27" year="1962">Andersson 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), "this species seems to be widespread throughout Sweden" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomson, CG" journalOrPublisher="Olsson, Lundae" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B161" refString="Thomson, CG, 1871. Hymenoptera Scandinaviae (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). H. Olsson, Lundae" title="Hymenoptera Scandinaviae (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). H." year="1871">Thomson 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Material was examined from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Skåne">Skane</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Småland">Smaland</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergötland">Oestergoetland</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bohuslän">Bohuslaen</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Uppland,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Västmanland">Vaestmanland</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jämtland">Jaemtland</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Lycksele Lappmark, Torne Lappmark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Czech Republic: 1♀ (ZSM). France: Gironde: 1♂ (DEI-GISHym20617), Saucats, 44.65000N, 0.60000W, 16.08.2012, leg. H. Chevin (SDEI). Germany: 17♀ (SDEI, ZSM, ZMHB). 1♂ (DEI-GISHym31923), Bayern, Dingolfing, Stadtwald, 06.06.1992, leg. Liston (SDEI). 1♂ (DEI-GISHym15392), Sachsen, Erzgebirge, Altenberg Umg., 22.07.1985, leg. S. Walter (SDEI). Japan: Honshu: 1♂ (DEI-GISHym84982), Omeshidake W, Road 112, 1900 m, 36.62400N, 138.45400W, 22.07.2016, leg. A. Taeger (SDEI). Russia: Respublika Bashkortostan (Baskiria): 1♀ (DEI-GISHym31837), Burzyanskaya obl. / Baskir Reserve, 53.16666N, 57.50000E, 30.06.1985, leg. V. M. Ermolenko (HNHM). Primorskiy Kray: 1♀, Anisimovka: Gribanovka 1km N, 450 m, 43.12600N, 132.79700E, 18.06.2017, leg. A. Taeger (SDEI). Sweden:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Skåne">Skane</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006494), no exact locality, leg. Boheman (NHRS). 1♀,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Krankesjön">Krankesjoen</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 55.70000N, 13.46666E, 03.08.1974, leg. H. Andersson (MZLU).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Småland">Smaland</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 2♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006495-6), no further data (NHRS). 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006500), no further data (NHRS).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östergötland">Oestergoetland</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006498), no exact locality, leg. Wahlgren (NHRS).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bohuslän">Bohuslaen</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006499), no further data, leg. Boheman (NHRS). Uppland: 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000003425), Frescati, leg. Malaise (NHRS). 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006502),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ulleråkers">Ullerakers</normalizedToken>
|
||
sjukhus (Asylen) (NHRS).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Västmanland">Vaestmanland</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1♀, Sala kommun,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nötmyran">Noetmyran</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Västerfärnebo">Vaesterfaernebo</normalizedToken>
|
||
), birches at Islingby,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Östermyran">Oestermyran</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 59.94198N, 16.30944E, 25.10.2003-08.06.2004, leg. SMTP (NHRS).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jämtland">Jaemtland</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 1♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006501), no further data (NHRS). Lycksele Lappmark: 2♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006503-4), Sorsele, 29.07.1929 and 05.07.1931, leg. Gaunitz (NHRS). Torne Lappmark: 3♀ (NHRS-HEVA000006505, 6507, 6508), Torne
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Träsk">Traesk</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 04/06.07.1918 and one without date, leg. Malaise (NHRS). 2♂ (NHRS-HEVA000006510/12), Abisko, 04/08.07.1918, leg. Malaise (NHRS). 1♂ (NHRS-HEVA000006511),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Torneträsk">Tornetraesk</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 03.07.1918, leg. Malaise (NHRS). 1♂ (NHRS-HEVA000006513), Kummavuopio, 23.07.1923, leg. Bruce (NHRS). 1♂ (DEI-GISHym20618), Kiruna nr. airport, 450 m, 67.84000N, 20.35000E, 21.06.2012, leg. Liston & Taeger (SDEI). 2♀ (DEI-GISHym15387, 15401), Kiruna nr. airport, 450 m, 67.84000N, 20.35000E, 01.07.2012, leg. Liston & Taeger (SDEI). 1♂, Abisko National Park, E10, 390 m, 68.35300N, 18.81500E, 30.06.2012, leg. Liston & Taeger (SDEI). 1♀, Abisko 9 km E (Stordalen), 400 m, 68.35000N, 19.03500E, 04.07.2016, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI).1♀, Abisko 6 km W, 650-900 m, 68.34200N, 18.69100E, 02.07.2016, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI). 1♀, Kiruna, near airport, 450 m, 67.84000N, 20.35000E, 22.06.2016, leg. Liston (SDEI). 1 larva (DEI-GISHym83694), on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula pubescens var. pumila" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pubescens" variety="pumila">Betula pubescens var. pumila</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Abisko 9 km E (Stordalen) (Sweden: Norrbottens
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Län">Laen</normalizedToken>
|
||
), 400 m, 68.35000N, 19.03500E, 05.08.2017, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI). Switzerland: 3♀ (SDEI, ZSM). Ukraine: 12♀, 92♂ (HNHM), and: 1♀ (DEI-GISHym30203: Paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="monticola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">H. monticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ermolenko), Lvivska Oblast, Slavekogo rajona, Tukhovalsky Pass, 16.08.1957, leg. V. M. Ermolenko (ZISP). 1♀ (DEI-GISHym31836),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ivano-Frankivs’ka">Ivano-Frankivs'ka</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Oblast’">Oblast'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Csernogora, Pozsizsevszkaja, 26.06.1975, leg. V. M. Ermolenko (HNHM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |