200 lines
20 KiB
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200 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.47563" ID-GBIF-Dataset="57b9add5-0efe-4b03-a201-03d271474971" ID-PMC="PMC7052027" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-915-17" ID-Pensoft-UUID="3DAF441E367D5E90BD8CEBAEC0DBCAA2" ID-PubMed="32148421" ID-ZooBank="896D7C1D210547FCB5E055135FEDDB9D" ModsDocID="1313-2970-915-17" checkinTime="1582662206152" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="LeMay, Gabriel A. & Agnarsson, Ingi" docDate="2020" docId="49EE210DB31251188C60F50BA272ABA1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 915: 17-24" docOrigin="ZooKeys 915" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.47563" docTitle="Spintharus gracilis Keyserling 1886" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="3DAF441E367D5E90BD8CEBAEC0DBCAA2" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="3DAF441E367D5E90BD8CEBAEC0DBCAA2" masterDocTitle="New species of smiley-faced spider Spintharus (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Brazil, and comments on unobserved diversity in South America" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1668168515350" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New species of smiley-faced spider Spintharus (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Brazil, and comments on unobserved diversity in South America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>LeMay, Gabriel A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Agnarsson, Ingi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>915</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>17</mods:start>
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<mods:end>24</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.47563</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.47563</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-915-17</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">896D7C1D210547FCB5E055135FEDDB9D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">3DAF441E367D5E90BD8CEBAEC0DBCAA2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="162267184" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:49EE210DB31251188C60F50BA272ABA1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/49EE210DB31251188C60F50BA272ABA1" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName LSID="49EE210D-B312-5118-8C60-F50BA272ABA1" authority="Keyserling, 1886" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1886" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Spintharus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spintharus gracilis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Spintharus gracilis Keyserling, 1886</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Spintharus gracilis Keyserling from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo. Female (A-C); A dorsal B ventral C lateral. Male (D-F); D dorsal E ventral F lateral G-I epigynum: G digested dorsal H digested ventral I undigested ventral J palp ventral K male syntype palp illustrated by Levi (1963 a). L-N Male from Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (30 ° 05 ' 32.2 " S, 51 ° 40 ' 20.4 " W) L dorsal M ventral N lateral O palp ventral. While we hypothesize that all illustrated palps belong to S. gracilis, note that the male from Eldorado do Sul is smaller, has smaller palp, and differs subtly in conformation, e. g., area of tegulum exposed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.915.47563.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382979" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figure 1A-O</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1886" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Spintharus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spintharus gracilis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Spintharus gracilis</taxonomicName>
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Keyserling, 1886: 244, plate 20, fig. 298a, b (Holotype unknown, however syntypes from Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil, deposited in the British Museum of Natural History have been re-examined;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/54690" author="Levi, HW" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="223 - 234" refId="B8" refString="Levi, HW, 1963a. The American spider genera Spintharus and Thwaitesia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche 70: 223 - 234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/54690" title="The American spider genera Spintharus and Thwaitesia (Araneae: Theridiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/54690" volume="70" year="1963 a">Levi 1963a</bibRefCitation>
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: 227, figs 2v, 10-13).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Brazil</emphasis>
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, Rio Grande do Sul,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Leopoldo, 19.viii.1986, C.J. Becker, 1 female, (MCTP);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Leopoldo, 19.viii.1986, C.J. Becker, 1 male, (MCTP); Eldorado do Sul,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="32.2" value="-30.092278">30°05'32.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="51" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="20.4" value="-51.672333">51°40'20.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 25.vii.1995, A.A. Lise, 1 male, (MCTP); Novo Hamburgo, 1.x.1986, C.J. Becker, 2 females, 1 male, (MCTP); Campo Bom, 19.x.1987, C.J. Becker, 1 male, (MCTP);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Viamão">Viamao</normalizedToken>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="42.7" value="-30.07853">30°04'42.7"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="51" direction="west" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="02.0" value="-51.050556">51°03'02.0"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 19.viii.1994, A.A. Lise, 1 female, 4 males, (MCTP).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1886" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Spintharus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spintharus gracilis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Spintharus gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females differ from all other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Spintharus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spintharus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Spintharus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species by the long and narrow abdomen being>3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Spintharus gracilis Keyserling from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo. Female (A-C); A dorsal B ventral C lateral. Male (D-F); D dorsal E ventral F lateral G-I epigynum: G digested dorsal H digested ventral I undigested ventral J palp ventral K male syntype palp illustrated by Levi (1963 a). L-N Male from Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (30 ° 05 ' 32.2 " S, 51 ° 40 ' 20.4 " W) L dorsal M ventral N lateral O palp ventral. While we hypothesize that all illustrated palps belong to S. gracilis, note that the male from Eldorado do Sul is smaller, has smaller palp, and differs subtly in conformation, e. g., area of tegulum exposed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.915.47563.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382979" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">1A-C</figureCitation>
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). Males differ from all other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Spintharus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spintharus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Spintharus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species by the extremely long embolus traversing the entire outer edge of the tegulum (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Spintharus gracilis Keyserling from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo. Female (A-C); A dorsal B ventral C lateral. Male (D-F); D dorsal E ventral F lateral G-I epigynum: G digested dorsal H digested ventral I undigested ventral J palp ventral K male syntype palp illustrated by Levi (1963 a). L-N Male from Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (30 ° 05 ' 32.2 " S, 51 ° 40 ' 20.4 " W) L dorsal M ventral N lateral O palp ventral. While we hypothesize that all illustrated palps belong to S. gracilis, note that the male from Eldorado do Sul is smaller, has smaller palp, and differs subtly in conformation, e. g., area of tegulum exposed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.915.47563.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382979" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">1J, K, O</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.915.47563.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382979" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1886" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Spintharus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spintharus gracilis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Spintharus gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Keyserling from Rio Grande do Sul,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Leopoldo. Female (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A-C</emphasis>
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);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
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dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
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ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
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lateral. Male (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">D-F</emphasis>
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);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
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dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
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ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
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lateral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G-I</emphasis>
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epigynum:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G</emphasis>
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digested dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">H</emphasis>
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digested ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">I</emphasis>
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undigested ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">J</emphasis>
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palp ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">K</emphasis>
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male syntype palp illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/54690" author="Levi, HW" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="223 - 234" refId="B8" refString="Levi, HW, 1963a. The American spider genera Spintharus and Thwaitesia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche 70: 223 - 234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/54690" title="The American spider genera Spintharus and Thwaitesia (Araneae: Theridiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/54690" volume="70" year="1963 a">Levi (1963a)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">L-N</emphasis>
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Male from Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="32.2" value="-30.092278">30°05'32.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="51" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="20.4" value="-51.672333">51°40'20.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">L</emphasis>
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dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">M</emphasis>
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ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">N</emphasis>
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lateral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">O</emphasis>
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palp ventral. While we hypothesize that all illustrated palps belong to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">S. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, note that the male from Eldorado do Sul is smaller, has smaller palp, and differs subtly in conformation, e.g., area of tegulum exposed.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Female.</emphasis>
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Total length 4.21 (mm). Cephalothorax 1.05 long, 0.92 wide, 0.67 high, light yellow.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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Sternum 0.77 long, 0.51 wide, extending half way between coxae IV, light yellow. Abdomen 3.16 long, 1.04 wide, 0.88 high. Narrow to oval without humps (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Spintharus gracilis Keyserling from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo. Female (A-C); A dorsal B ventral C lateral. Male (D-F); D dorsal E ventral F lateral G-I epigynum: G digested dorsal H digested ventral I undigested ventral J palp ventral K male syntype palp illustrated by Levi (1963 a). L-N Male from Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (30 ° 05 ' 32.2 " S, 51 ° 40 ' 20.4 " W) L dorsal M ventral N lateral O palp ventral. While we hypothesize that all illustrated palps belong to S. gracilis, note that the male from Eldorado do Sul is smaller, has smaller palp, and differs subtly in conformation, e. g., area of tegulum exposed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.915.47563.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382979" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">1A-C</figureCitation>
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). Fragmented white lines follow the dorsolateral edge from anterior to posterior, excluding the posterior third of the total abdomen length. Terminuses of white lines are inflected slightly medially, being more pronounced at the anterior terminus. White markings nearly join to form a strip just anterior of the abdomen center, but remain separated by an unpigmented gap. All eyes approximately equal in size, anterior median eyes 0.06 in diameter, anterior lateral eyes 0.11 in diameter. All eyes slightly elevated on cephalothorax and located within one eye diameter apart from each other, except the posterior median, which are 0.18 apart. Leg I femur 1.92, patella 0.45, tibia 1.37, metatarsus 1.90, tarsus 0.59. All legs pale yellow.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Epigynum with widely spaced and distinctly round copulatory openings and copulatory ducts spirals extending beyond the ectal margin of spermathecae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Male.</emphasis>
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Total length 3.56. Cephalothorax 0.97 long, 0.99 wide, 0.60 high, yellow with slightly darker shading on lateral sides. Sternum 0.69 long, 0.50 wide, extending half way between coxae IV, light yellow. Abdomen 2.5 long, 0.67 wide, 0.71 high. All eyes approximately equal in size, anterior median eyes 0.09 in diameter, anterior lateral eyes 0.12 in diameter. All eyes slightly elevated on cephalothorax and located within one eye diameter apart from each other, except the posterior medians, which are 0.18 apart. Leg I femur 2.28, patella 0.41, tibia 1.58, metatarsus 2.12, tarsus 0.50. All legs yellow. Darker brown shading on leg IV on patella and where tibia meets metatarsus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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Male pedipalp with an extremely long spiral traversing the entire outer edge of the tegulum, leaving a large area of the tegulum exposed (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Spintharus gracilis Keyserling from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo. Female (A-C); A dorsal B ventral C lateral. Male (D-F); D dorsal E ventral F lateral G-I epigynum: G digested dorsal H digested ventral I undigested ventral J palp ventral K male syntype palp illustrated by Levi (1963 a). L-N Male from Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul (30 ° 05 ' 32.2 " S, 51 ° 40 ' 20.4 " W) L dorsal M ventral N lateral O palp ventral. While we hypothesize that all illustrated palps belong to S. gracilis, note that the male from Eldorado do Sul is smaller, has smaller palp, and differs subtly in conformation, e. g., area of tegulum exposed." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.915.47563.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/382979" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">1J</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
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The specimens examined here are from the southeast coast of Brazil but to the south of the hitherto documented locations. Given the strong genetic structure found in the Caribbean (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1422" author="Dziki, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B4" refString="Dziki, A, Binford, GJ, Coddington, JA, Agnarsson, I, 2015. Spintharusflavidus in the Caribbean-a 30 million year biogeographical history and radiation of a 'widespread species'. PeerJ 3: e1422. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1422" title="Spintharusflavidus in the Caribbean-a 30 million year biogeographical history and radiation of a ' widespread species'. PeerJ 3: e 1422." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1422" year="2015">Dziki et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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) over relatively short distances, we cannot rule out that our redescription represents a new species. However, detailed sampling coupled with DNA data will be necessary to test the limits of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">S. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as was the case for "
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. flavidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="flavidus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">S. flavidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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" (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx056" author="Agnarsson, I" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="758 - 790" refId="B2" refString="Agnarsson, I, Van Patten, C, Sargeant, L, Chomitz, B, Dziki, A, Binford, GJ, 2018. A radiation of the ornate Caribbean 'smiley-faced spiders', with descriptions of 15 new species (Araneae: Theridiidae, Spintharus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 758 - 790, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx056" title="A radiation of the ornate Caribbean ' smiley-faced spiders', with descriptions of 15 new species (Araneae: Theridiidae, Spintharus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx056" volume="182" year="2018">Agnarsson et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |