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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6284207" ID-GBIF-Dataset="75935bca-ee29-4caf-aa36-fbd89cedb131" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159873885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6284207" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D866F4F2-1B44-422D-A5E4-B088EABA607D" checkinTime="1427717168273" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Kullander, Sven O." docDate="1977" docId="929EFD9D86C4F75B97CE357F531C9B94" docLanguage="en" docName="Kullander_Papiliochromis_1977.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zoologica scripta 6" docTitle="Papiliochromis SVEN O. KULLANDER 1977, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="D866F4F2-1B44-422D-A5E4-B088EABA607D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="254" masterDocId="FF90FF84FFE8FF80FF96FFCAFFD70027" masterDocTitle="Papiliochromis gen. n., a new genus of South American cichlid fish (Teleostei, Perciformes)" masterLastPageNumber="254" masterPageNumber="253" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" updateTime="1645810255915" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Papiliochromis gen. n., a new genus of South American cichlid fish (Teleostei, Perciformes)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kullander, Sven O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zoologica scripta</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>1977</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>6</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>253</mods:start>
<mods:end>254</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1978.tb00777.x</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D0A9D253-0959-4715-8D96-2A4F3384474B</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6284207" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159873885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6284207" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D866F4F2-1B44-422D-A5E4-B088EABA607D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/929EFD9D86C4F75B97CE357F531C9B94" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="254" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<subSubSection box="[219,565,3059,3094]" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph box="[219,565,3059,3094]" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<heading bold="true" box="[219,565,3059,3094]" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" reason="2">
<taxonomicName authority="SVEN O. KULLANDER, 1977" authorityName="SVEN O. KULLANDER" authorityYear="1977" box="[219,451,3059,3093]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen . n .">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[219,451,3059,3093]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Papiliochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[466,565,3069,3094]" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[257,420,3126,3160]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Diagnosis</emphasis>
based on living and preserved aquarium-bred specimens, two living wild specimens of unknown origin and a large number of wild preserved specimens from Colombia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
New information is given in italics. For some details distinguishing
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1424,1610,1561,1590]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.bestMatchDistance="3210" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis box="[1424,1610,1561,1590]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">P. ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName box="[1708,1955,1561,1594]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apístogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1708,1955,1561,1594]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Apístogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see Table I.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
Small neotropical
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1835" box="[1628,1781,1613,1641]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cichlidae</taxonomicName>
with a small lobe on the first epibranchial. 3-4 small rakers along the margin of the lobe, 6 along the lateral rim of the first ceratobranchial.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
A
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">single supraneural. N0 rakers along the edges 0f the lower pharyngeals.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">2 lateral lines on each side, the terminal scale of the upper (anterior) at 1 -1 % scales distance from the dorsal fin.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">First dorsal spine inserted behind vertical line from hind margin of gill-cover.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Body scales ctenoid, occasionally cycloid elements preventrally.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[1321,1922,2197,2232]" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Fins naked, except proximal caudal.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
Preoperculum naked,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">its vertical hind margin smooth or serrate</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Mouth small, subinferior. Lacrimal bone narrow, its depth less than å the diameter of orbit.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Secondary sex differences slight. Monogamous, openbreeder on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
Type-species
<emphasis box="[1545,1981,2621,2656]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
:
<taxonomicName authority="Myers &amp; Harry, 1948" authorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" authorityYear="1948" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">Apistogramma ramirezi Myers &amp; Harry, 1948</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. The genus is currently monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1315,1731,2743,2774]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
Etymology.
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="SVEN O. KULLANDER" authorityYear="1977" box="[1507,1731,2743,2774]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Papiliochromis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is derived from a combination of two generic names,
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1578,1683,2783,2814]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName box="[1578,1683,2783,2814]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papílio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Papílio</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1708,1887,2783,2814]" class="Insecta" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1971,2094,2784,2808]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName box="[1971,2094,2784,2808]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chromís" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chromís</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(formerly the generic name of many cichlids, now a pomacentrid genus). The meaning would be “Butterfly Cichlid” in allusion to the international popular name. The gender is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="254" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="discussion">
<paragraph box="[1283,1497,3053,3088]" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
<heading bold="true" box="[1283,1497,3053,3088]" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" reason="2">Relationships</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="254" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
There are no indications suggesting that P.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" authorityYear="1948" box="[2002,2139,3127,3157]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2002,2139,3127,3157]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is particularly closely related to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" box="[1691,1938,3180,3213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1691,1938,3180,3213]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Apistogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. What suggested the original classification was probably in the first place the
<heading bold="true" box="[2037,2291,3319,3346]" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2037,2168,3319,3345]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z oologica</emphasis>
S
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2196,2291,3319,3346]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">cripta 6</emphasis>
</heading>
For
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" box="[191,408,291,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[191,408,291,320]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Apistogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, morphological data is based on about 40 spp., behaviour on about 10 spp. New information is in italics. small size in combination with the presence of an epibranchial lobe, but in
<taxonomicName box="[335,522,1151,1180]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papílio" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramírezi">
<emphasis box="[335,522,1151,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramírezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lobe is much smaller, as already pointed out by Myers &amp; Harry (1948), and the small size is probably coincidental.
</paragraph>
<subSection pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="multiple">
<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="254" targetBox="[132,2087,361,977]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
Table I. A comparison between
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[667,1058,189,223]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">Papiliochromis ramirezi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" box="[1144,1386,190,224]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
spp. based on selected morphologícal characters und reproductive behaviour.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSection>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<table box="[132,2087,361,977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<tr box="[132,2087,361,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,277,361,385]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Character</td>
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="SVEN O. KULLANDER" authorityYear="1977" box="[851,1073,361,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<td box="[851,1073,361,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[851,1073,361,392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Papiliochromis</emphasis>
</td>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<td box="[1573,1793,363,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1573,1793,363,392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Apistogramma</emphasis>
</td>
<tr box="[132,2087,449,553]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,487,449,479]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Reproductive behaviour</td>
<td box="[853,1415,451,553]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental</td>
<td box="[1577,2087,450,551]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care</td>
</tr>
</taxonomicName>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,556,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,345,556,587]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Colour pattern</td>
<td box="[853,1282,557,623]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Bright colours. A lateral spot predominant</td>
<td box="[1579,2048,557,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Usually sober colours. A lateral band, sometimes together with cross-bars, predominant</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,662,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[133,516,662,693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Secondary sex differences</td>
<td box="[854,1393,663,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
Slight: Males with longer ventrals,
<emphasis box="[862,1393,698,730]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">females with irregular blue spotting</emphasis>
in lateral spot
</td>
<td box="[1578,2055,663,760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Conspicuous: Males larger, with larger fins and often additional colours</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,768,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,370,768,799]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Dorsal fin origin</td>
<td box="[852,1257,770,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[852,1257,770,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Behind margin o f gill-cover</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1575,1975,770,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[1575,1975,770,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Before margin of gíll-cover</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,803,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,621,803,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Ratio dorsal spines to dorsal rays</td>
<td box="[856,1058,805,830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Less than 2: l</td>
<td box="[1578,2048,805,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">More than 2: 1 (few exceptions)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,838,905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[133,664,838,905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Distance between dorsal fin and last scale in upper lateral row</td>
<td box="[859,1014,874,903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">1 -1 % scales</td>
<td box="[1577,1672,876,905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">å scale</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,910,943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,672,910,942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Predorsal and preventral squamation</td>
<td box="[853,1076,911,942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[853,1076,911,942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Chíefly ctenoid</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1576,1858,911,943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[1576,1858,911,943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Exclusively cycloíd</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,2087,945,977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<td box="[132,611,945,977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gill-rakers on lower pharyngeals</td>
<td box="[850,954,946,971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[850,954,946,971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Absent</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1575,1688,948,972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis box="[1575,1688,948,972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Present</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
The relationships of
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[533,725,1310,1339]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.bestMatchDistance="2190" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis box="[533,725,1310,1339]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not clear, but considering the similarities in familial structure and general appearance and the shared “ sex monomorphism” high number of ceratobranchial rakers, low ratio dorsal spines to dorsal rays (D. XIV-XV 8-9 in
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" box="[661,844,1524,1553]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramírezí">
<emphasis box="[661,844,1524,1553]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramírezí</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) etc., they appear to be with
<taxonomicName authority="Heckel" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1840" box="[315,634,1576,1610]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[315,500,1576,1610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Geophagus</emphasis>
Heckel
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy" authorityYear="1903" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Biotodoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[718,898,1576,1604]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Biotodoma</emphasis>
Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
However,
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" box="[350,540,1683,1713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramírezí">
<emphasis box="[350,540,1683,1713]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramírezí</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is certainly distinct from members of these genera and others with an epibranchial lobe as presently known in one or more of the following characters: position of epibranchial rakers, colour pattern, maximum size (less than 40 mm SL in
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[528,719,1895,1927]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.bestMatchDistance="1851" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis box="[528,719,1895,1927]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), distance between upper lateral line and dorsal fin, size of epibranchial lobe, number of supraneurals, depth of lacrimal and breeding behaviour, to mention but a few characters generally recognized.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy" authorityYear="1903" box="[172,352,2107,2136]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Biotodoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,352,2107,2136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Biotodoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1840" box="[434,619,2108,2143]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[434,619,2108,2143]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Geophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recently revised by Gosse (1976). Although our knowledge of the species in these genera is now considerably expanded, we still lack material for a satisfactory explanation of the phylogeny of a “
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1840" box="[952,1143,2267,2301]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[952,1143,2267,2301]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Geophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group” of genera including
<emphasis box="[586,846,2320,2355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="SVEN O. KULLANDER" authorityYear="1977" box="[586,835,2320,2355]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Papiliochromis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
Further indication that
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[578,769,2374,2403]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.bestMatchDistance="1581" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis box="[578,769,2374,2403]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be more closely related
<emphasis bold="true" box="[269,499,2426,2461]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1840" box="[314,499,2426,2461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Geophagus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
than to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" box="[646,892,2427,2461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[646,892,2427,2461]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Apistogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was presented by Wickler (1956) in a comparative study of egg-type and egg-attachment in cichlid fishes (see also Wickler 1960). It is possible, however, that the egg-type is a function of incubation type and thus only a parameter of the reproductive behaviour in general, which is already very different in
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramírezi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramírezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" box="[364,609,2747,2781]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[364,609,2747,2781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Apistogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., but similar in
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" box="[960,1148,2748,2777]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramírezí">
<emphasis box="[960,1148,2748,2777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramírezí</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a number of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1840" box="[422,606,2800,2834]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[422,606,2800,2834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Geophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
Scheel’s (1972) discussion of the karyotypes of a few cichlid species was probably not intended as a serious presentation of research results, judging from the title and the style, but certainly suggests karyotype differences between
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reproductive behaviour Monogamous, open-breeder, eggs laid on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental Polygynous, concealment breeder, eggs laid on vertical or roofing surfaces, maternal brood-care" authorityYear="1913" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Apistogramma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[452,640,3066,3096]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.bestMatchDistance="1176" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis box="[452,640,3066,3096]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Probably further studies will bring this out in detail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
A redescription of
<taxonomicName authority="Kullander, 1977" authorityName="Kullander" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Myers &amp; Harry" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[505,696,3172,3201]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Papiliochromis" genus.bestMatchDistance="1125" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
<emphasis box="[505,696,3172,3201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">P. ramirezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in preparation and will amplify our understanding of the new genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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